Student No._____________________ Student Name.

_____________________

PART A Questions 1) to 16) are to be answered on the mark sense card provided. Each
question is worth 1.25 marks.

Clearly identify the most appropriate answer to each of the following questions below.
A value of g = 9.80 m/s2 has been adopted in each of the questions listed below.

Question 1: A sediment particle with a diameter of 55.0 m and a density of 2500 kg/m3,
falls through water with a density of 998 kg/m3 and a viscosity of 1.00  10-3 Pa.s. The settling
velocity based on Stokes’ Law is:
a) none of the other listed answers;
b) 247 m/s;
c) 247 mm/s;
d) 45.1 m/s;
e) 2.47 mm/s.

Question 2: A fluid is a substance that:

a) always expands until it fills any container;
b) cannot remain at rest under action of any shear force;
c) is practically incompressible;
d) has the same shear stress at a point regardless of its motion;
e) cannot be subjected to shear forces.

Question 3: A pump with an efficiency of 70% uses 68.0 kW to pump water at 120 L/s
through a 250 mm diameter pipe. The head delivered by the pump is:
a) none of the other listed answers;
b) 82.6 m;
c) 19.4 m;
d) 40.5 m;
e) 57.8 m.

Question 4: For a body submerged in a flowing fluid, the wake:

a) always occurs after a separation point;
b) is the principal cause of skin friction;
c) does not occur when a turbulent boundary layer exists on the surface of the body;
d) is a region of high pressure;
e) none of the listed answers.

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Student No._____________________ Student Name._____________________

Question 5: The mercury-water manometer shown in Figure 1

measures a difference in pressure in the water of 52.5 kPa.
When mercury has a density of 13,600 kg/m3, the manometer
reading h is:
a) 4.25 m;
b) 394 mm;
c) 425 mm; Figure 1
d) 3.94 m;
e) none of the other listed answers.

Question 6: For a planar surface submerged in a fluid at rest, the centre of pressure is:
a) at the centroid of the pressure prism;
b) at the centroid of the submerged area;
c) independent of the orientation of the area;
d) any point on the line of action of the resultant force;
e) always above the centroid of the area.

Question 7: A glass tube with a 90 bend is open at both ends. It is inserted into a stream of
water with a velocity of 2.80 m/s, so that one opening is directed upstream and the other is
directed upwards. How far above the flowing water surface will the water level inside the tube
be?
a) none of the other listed answers;
b) 143 mm;
c) 400 mm;
d) 800 mm;
e) 7.84 mm.

Question 8: Oil with S = 0.850 flows through a 10.0 mm diameter orifice in a reservoir under
a head of 3.50 m. The theoretical velocity through the orifice is:
a) none of the other listed answers;
b) 9.74 m/s;
c) 8.28 m/s;
d) not determinable from the data given;
e) 5.86 m/s.

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Student No._____________________ Student Name._____________________

Question 9: The liquid shown in Figure 2 is oil, Soil = 0.85.

When h = 500 mm, the pressure at A may be expressed
as:
a) none of the other listed answers;
b) -4.17 kPa;
c) 4.17 kPa;
d) -4.90 kPa; Figure 2
e) -4.17 kPa Abs.

Question 10: Runoff from a storm flows into a reservoir with a surface area of 500 m2 at a
constant flow rate of 129.6  103 m3/day. A pipe through the dam wall allows water to flow out
of the reservoir at a rate of 0.580 m3/s. The rate of rise of the water level in the reservoir is:
a) 110.4 mm/min.;
b) none of the other listed answers;
c) 69.6 mm/min.;
d) 180 mm/min.;
e) 15.55 m/min.

Question 11: Water flows in a 1.20 m wide rectangular channel at a depth of 2.55 m and
V = 0.600 m/s. The flow conditions can be described as:
a) sub-critical flow;
b) super-critical flow;
c) not determinable from the data given;
d) critical flow;
e) none of the other listed answers.

Question 12: Stokes’ Law applies to settling of particles in a fluid when:

a) the particle Reynolds number is less than 2000;
b) the particle Reynolds number exceeds 0.5;
c) the particle Reynolds number exceeds 2000;
d) the particle Reynolds number is less than 0.5;
e) none of the other listed answers.

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Student No._____________________ Student Name._____________________

Question 13: Water with a density of 998 kg/m3 and a viscosity of 1.00  10-3 Pa.s flows with
a discharge of 25.1 L/s through a 400 mm diameter pipe with k = 0.080 mm. Using the Moody
Diagram, the friction factor is:
a) 0.014;
b) 0.020;
c) not determinable from the data given;
d) 0.032;
e) none of the other listed answers.

Question 14: Oil (Soil = 0.850) is contained within a 3.50 m diameter oil tank which is open to
the atmosphere at the top. The pressure 2.50 m below the surface of the oil is
120.6 kPa Abs.. The atmospheric pressure is:
a) 99.8 kPa;
b) 99.8 kPa Abs.;
c) 91.4 kPa Abs.;
d) 96.1 kPa Abs.;
e) none of the other listed answers.

Question 15: For a pump and pipe system, the duty point is the intersection of:
a) the pipe system curve and the pump characteristic curve;
b) the pipe system curve and the line of zero discharge;
c) none of the other listed answers;
d) the pump characteristic curve and the line of zero discharge;
e) the pump characteristic curve and the line of zero head.

Question 16: The vertical component of the hydrostatic force on a submerged curved surface
is equal to the:
a) weight of liquid vertically above the curved surface;
b) product of the pressure at its centroid and surface area;
c) horizontal component of force applied to the curved surface;
d) force on a vertical projection of the curved surface;
e) none of the listed answers.

PART A SUB-TOTAL: 20 MARKS

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Student No._____________________ Student Name._____________________

PART B Attempt FOUR Questions from this section of the examination paper
and clearly show all working for your calculations in the answer book
provided.

Question 1 [10 marks]

A 2500 mm long gate, which is inclined at an angle of 45 to the horizontal, is used to
hold water at a depth of 1500 mm in a rectangular channel that is 1.20 m wide, as
shown in Figure B1. Determine the magnitude of the horizontal force Fg that is
required to hold the gate in place.

bd 3
For a rectangle I 
12

Figure B1

Question 2 [10 marks]

A pump consumes energy at a rate of 122.5 kW when it is used to pump water

between the two reservoirs shown in Figure B2 below. The velocity of water in the
pipe is 1.40 m/s, and the friction factor is f = 0.018. You can neglect any minor
losses in the pipe system. Determine the efficiency of the pump.

Figure B2

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Student No._____________________ Student Name._____________________

Question 3 [10 marks]

Water flows in 2.50 m wide rectangular channel at a depth of 1.45 m, and at a

discharge of 4.50 m3/s. The channel has been constructed so that water will
overflow the top of the channel when the water depth exceeds a depth of 1.45 m. At
another section downstream, the bed of the channel is raised. Determine the
maximum height that the bed of the channel can be raised before the upstream
section of the channel over-flows. You can neglect energy losses between the two
sections of the channel.

Question 4 [10 marks]

Water at a temperature of 25 oC (density = 997 kg/m3, viscosity = 8.91 x 10-4 Pa.s)

flows through the steel pipe system in Figure B4 from reservoir 1 to reservoir 2 at a
rate of 0.25 m3/s. The pipeline has an internal diameter of 250 mm and a surface
roughness of 0.046 mm. The entrance and exit of the pipe are square edged and
flush with the walls of the reservoir. There are two 900 bends in the pipeline as shown
in Figure B4. The elevation of the water surface in the lower reservoir is 130 m.

What is the elevation of the water surface in the upper reservoir?

Figure B4

Table of Loss Coefficients for Bends and Fittings

Type of fitting Loss coefficient, k
Gate valve, fully opened 0.19
Gate valve, 50 % opened 2.06
Smooth bend, r/D = 1 0.35
Smooth bend, r/D = 2 0.19
Submerged discharge 1.0
Pipe entrance, bell-mouthed 0.04
Pipe entrance, square-edged, flush 0.5
Pipe entrance, re-entrant 0.8

Question 5 is on the next page

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Student No._____________________ Student Name._____________________

Question 5 [10 marks]

Water flows uniformly at a depth y1 = 500 mm in the rectangular concrete channel,

which is 8 m wide. A sill installed in the channel causes the hydraulic jump to form as
shown in the Figure B5. The resistance coefficient, Manning’s n value, for the
concrete is n = 0.012.
Estimate the height of the hydraulic jump.

Figure B5

PART B SUB-TOTAL: 40 MARKS

TOTAL MARKS: A + B = 60.

END OF EXAMINATION

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Student No._____________________ Student Name._____________________

Formulae of Fluid Mechanics

F  gyc A  pc A p  gh

I
ycp  yc 
yc A
V2
FD  CD  A
2
1/ 3
q2  q2 
yc  3   
g  g 
dM
 M IN  M OUT   QIN   QOUT
dt
q  g yc3
0.25
f  2
  ks 5.74 
log10  3.7 D  0.9 
  Re 

F  m (V)  ρQ(ΔV)  ρQ(Vout  Vin )

1 gD 2
Vs   s   w 
18 
VD V
Re  Fr 
 gy

p1 V1 2 p2 V2 2
 z1  1  hp   z2   2  ht  hL
g 2g g 2g t

L V2
hf  f
D 2g
P   g Q hp
q2
Ey
2g y 2
3
Emin  yc
2

1 2 3 12
V Rh S o
n
p V2
z  constant
g 2g

y2 
y1 
2 

 1  8Fr1  1
2



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(Moody Diagram provided)

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