Call the sign are

let
commutative wiki let 12 be a
big and

theorem M be a proper idol

of R i e M R
then M is maximal idol f
RA
is field

let be maximal idol

Proof M a

of R then the only ideals

that contains M are M and

R i e

M E M

M E R

G Ma and
Pa are the

only idols of RA

M Loo idol at
E My
and the whole
viz are
Ryn
the only ideals of Ra
 RA is field

Examples i R is field
then
IYER
aer
B at

a aer

R
3
Ease a

tells That
7 this isomorph
o i's maximal ideal in a field
I can n
sely si e of 03 is

maxindi a
rig the that rig in
a
field
 x a Ktx
not a

Faf
767 E Zn Ki's not
a fried
Ca is not
a maxi elide

Howeves La is
a
poi idol of Kfi

x
E 2,2797k
n aint ta si a s fan finals

2in 2 pin A a rn pas

Nfa f
7M
aotaint a.si aisEk and
91
menus

Also note that

Egeria
x
 IF E IR field

x 2,2 IRK
t
this idol
has invertible

iii
and u be invertible
R s t
felentof
I h f

I R

proposition In a commutative
rig with 1 every
maximal ident is poi ideal
Show That converse need not be
tone in general
 Man pie
Given R be a
commutative
1 M be maximal
ring with Let a

idol of R We need to show that

M is also a prime ideal afR

As MEER
field
By is

is integral domain aswell

Ra become every field
is integral domain

M C
R last lecture
poi ther
ideal

counter Example
x a Rfa but
poi
idea
x
E The 3 12

Then
Pooposition let R be a
finite ring
be idol
ht I a
poop af
R IIR thn I is maxi d
idol of R E I is poi
idol of R

let I be maximal idol of p

Poof a

It it is always a
prime idol
last proposition
a vessel let I be a poi ideal

of R
integral domain
RE is

RI is fit integral domain

R is a finite
rig
field Eve's finite
RE is
integral domain
is field

I is a maximal i del
 Let R be
principal ideal
At
a

domain and let I IR

be an ideal of R then
I is maximal idol of R
I is prime ideal

let R be a big
Definition a polytisititl Pin ERM
is to be irreducible polynomial
paid
not be the
of pea can factored as

product of two polynomials of

smaller degrees than the degree
pin
of
e
g
De 1 EZE

I I 4 G 1 221 is
reducible
in KC i

but set ER fx is irreducible

polynomial over Z
Moreover
Xy E QQ is reducible in
Efx
It ai Ca i

An This Exple

Pen JC TT E K la

T
7 o E

T IT
PCT D
I
pets
PCI g É

N I is a root of IT
X Z is a factor of IT

É
 Hi cÉÉÉÉÉI
not
PAT E Zha is
to Deducible polynomial

x IYI.int

Ttt
xx T
K 2

KIT X Z Ratt
n 17C att

att

In
71
tTjIx
 In Zn i 9 b f En

II at b a b

ant an b 1 b't
7 a

1 a'b t b

Exercise let F be a field

and pin f Ffa be

an e toed lible polynomial of

Ffa then
pins is maximal
ideal of Ffa

Proof let J be another idol

of Floe s t

pen EJ
 pin E J am
for some

arnie Ffx
Ffa is PID

Cpa E Cain

acn divides Pens

Pen arm win

for some wine

in Ffa
since pen is
irreducible
Either arm 1

or a rn Pen

JI Fk or J Pint

C Ffa
pen maxing
cane
Timoetxtte Kk
pro T
PCT TEI
Pen is irreducible polynomial
in 221217
Cotati is maxime
idol of 72 fie

free
Its
HI
III
l
 Recall
let F be a
field let
pen E Ffa be irreducible
polynomial of degree n

the FIX t's field

penny

Pen Oc't E IR a has no root

in R however F another field
E and d
I s t IR E c Ed
is a root of 241 l e

pea Pci o

Simi lady Pax 22 E fi has

no root in On however F R
St QER only f IR in

PC par o

theorem let F be a field

let be irreducible polynomial
pin an

Flac t deg k the

of s pen n
K s t
F another field
 is F E K

ii 7 LE k St pas has
foot in K

Solution since pen is irreducible

OU r F

Cpap is maximal idol

of Ffa

Iffy field
is a

at K
Eff
let's prove that D F E K

Define a
mapping If B
Etonian
T F pp
by
pin

a at pens Glentoran
Y

y is is ring homomorphis
 atb at b t Pens
A
pens by Cpas
Cat F X b
X a

x is I I

let Aca Ncb

at pen be pens

a be pans
Is g
costattat
is 0

a b o

a b

we have shown that M

is Ci e
sing homomorphic
Such a
map is also called

embedding
Fauna
f A Fca onto
 N FT TCF is at
mapping

FENCE II
i e f is isomorphic to
pboig of
Ipkf
K

By identifying elects of F
with corresponding element
in T F We Can
Say That

F E k
Eff
F is embedded in K

F F K
big homo Fok
F G e

Gil
secondly let show That
I Le k s t pea O

FIL
 Gie deg pens n let
7
pin Got a
Xt ar n't t an x

Cais E F

Take E k
Eff
a Oct Pins

PCL PC at pins

Ao t a
at pm 7 t 92Gt pm

y anta piny

Etatartanentapan
Pin pans pens

u
i e

Pk plate pan 7 o

i e d E k is a root
of pens
 that
Recall we showed

I D faster
13,4
Eatbntcut at bi
faster
c
anti C
241 ERIN has no real root
peu

but a GED
E4
at

Pca nt CHI It I

X I t C n 417
can
test
o

lets try to be more

familiar
It
with
 We know That We pooed
in the last
theorem

FEI
theabweinclusionate
Ifi
a vector space over F

it
is already an abelian
goop became it
i's a
rig already
Secondly t paler multiplication is
ah clear
x
I
d Aotaint tank't pan

Lao 49Mt r
t Lamont Cpap

In particular
5 2 5nt3n Cpr
10 25N 15212 Pins
 Generally of Fad k be two

field such That FSK the

naturally vector space

K is a

over F
F X K 3 K
K
ARE
K D
Theorem let F be a field al

let pin be irreducible Pabna

of Ffa sit deg pen en then

field and naturally

Effy is

a vector space over F Show

that the set
It pan at Cpap It pint It'eping
basis F
form of
Ipkf
a over
 HI Show that 1,026173
is a basis of R2 over IR
vector space over IR
IR is a

1
CRIT is abelian Chin fast
Chitmata
RI p given
it Ra
26ns Kasay
linear indepace of Clio Con

Plos Cool
ht a bolt

Co OB AP Coo
I 2 0 13 0

Cbo Cos
Span set of
l o Cosi

Clint PCO BER IR

Got Cop IEPER

Ca P SPEIR
RZ
 the Theorem
proof of
let 4o It spin 7 Td ntcpmsyt.tk tcpiap

Pen

do pins Lint Arndt tan a pine

C pas

do that an is t pins spiny

Lott nt tan X G pins

i
Got 9kt thank o

do d 9 o

I pens serpins Itc pan

is linearly independent

second Spanning set of

I can sitcoms
To prove

It Pen Nt Cpap It can

Eff
As It pins x Cpa 3 o
spin
ftp
It pins at Cpr IF Pin
Iffy
let fans
Ept
f
Cpas

deg fan c n then we

of
can take
fine hot bint it
bn.pe

fault pas bot bint bn x t pin

hot pan bint pins t r

t bn pi ping

bo it Can D bi
y xx Pait it by pins
Fra t Pin apart site
 But if dyefen n

Then by division Algorithm we

finna pin win t on

o Edes fan n

faith P rnD
q
In t pen

Go taint an I t pens

I 9 It Can a Cnt Prn

t an a paid

fruit pens E Clt pen extern

Conclusion learn sitcom

bus's
is
offing F
a over
 Recall the field
is also a vector space
FEI
over F with basis
It CPenn at pans octopus
degpinen
dim
Ifi
n

dimensional
Ipkf
i e is m

vector space
over F

Exercise Shu that Passetntfeffa

is irreducible polynomial
Also find the no
of elements
in A
field Kfx
Cann 127

solution clench
Pco I 5

PCT D T o

PCI I o
 Pin a att i's irredulible
Polynomial over
23
Ca't at 27 is maximal
idol
of 74k

III is field

he find at
IEEE
by previous let

has a basis over 7g

Iffy
I Cantata nicitntz

É dtcntn.is PGtcntntss
a PER
 Since a B has 3 Possible
Values C O T T

3
12417,1
3 3
9

Exercise construct a field

order 23
of 8 2 2 2

2 22 R

F R
des Penn 3

ht first find irreducible

polynomial pen of degree 3
in Kfx

Pen Itu t
Pcos Tfo
PCT TF o
 field
Iffy
a
is

with K bar is

Catati Cant
I n 17 a
anti

23,11 94 cant a
fat can i

Get anti E
a
Havana

IIIs I t
2

at att
2 2

I
2 8

let set cretin i L

anti I cant
Cet 22

a t 9244934 9 bar asf

23,11g
 o I d d Ita Ita
2 22,1 4
423
pen N't Htt
L It Cantt
Note that lecture
last
Pca o

23 4 1 0

10 1 2 22 1 2 142 Lta Hata

0 0 1 L d 1 2 Ha 2 21 2442
1 I 0 Ita Ita L 22 lean 2 22

L d 1 2 0 422 1 1 492 42 1 92
22221 222 1 O 1 2 2 I L Ith

Ha Ith d 1 tax O Lta 1 22 22

1 21 2 L HAR I AN O Ith d

4 2144 Hai d L 1 22 144 O 1

Hata Ha1222 221 22 H2 92 2 1 O

23 2 1 0
 10 1 2 22 142 1422 Lta 7 2 92
O O O O O O o o o

I 0 1 2 22 Ita 142 ath Had

a 0 a 221 44 2 EE ETE Ia Em
22 O X'In 42441 242 II Eytan
Ha O ltd
I ta O Its
4 2 O dear
Tata Had
O this
Hw Complete
table
2 2

D L 1 2 263
14
1
L Ita
Lt 24
232 2

at 4 1 9422
Enerasi Contact a field of
order 25 TXT

pink Octa
PCE I
PCT 3
PIT T
POET
PCT J

Penn 22 2 is irreducible Rly

over
25
order
field of
Iffy
is a

a It Catz 192Gt 4427

A
fan E
a

At Lutz
a at
Iffy
aia.es
7k a
a a

242 03

HI Contact a field of
order 81 3

Let F be a
finite
field Than F a

mber P and
prime
M E IN S t

IF I pm
 ideal
primary
An ideal Of
of a big R is

said to be
primary ident of
for ab f R
any

ab E Q at Q 00
5Efjneman
or
Equivalents
ab EQ a EQ or
beta

or Equivalenth
abt a n a Q bet

Remark of p is prime
the 3 ER
for any
a

b
of
abe P a EP or bep

P is primary ideal
i e
every prime idol is
 idol
primary
However primary ideal need not

be prime idol e.g

y is not poise idelafz

let abe 47

ab 4 k for he Z

ab 2 R 2 lab
2 a or 2 b

a 2k or b aka

b
Auk or uke

area o b fay
Exercise let p be poi mb

and MEIN show

that Cpn is primary
ident of Z

and
Poof let abt Cp
a f Cpr To Show
Ft F MEIN s t b Eep

As abt Cph
a b phr
P b

be Pk
D papi
b'e c pay
Exercise let I and J be
two ideals of a rise R
then
i if I EJ FIEF

Ii FI FI

IN TINT TIME

Given I EJ
poof Ci
Ohn E EF
To
let a EVE
am E I forME sue
IN

am EI E J

am E J
at TJ

E ers
Poof Cii To show
re
VET
one inclusion is clear i e

E
TEE is contained

idol

let a EFI
F me IN s t dere
F ME IN St

a EI

ante I

a ere

FEE
F E
Poof Ciii PITT VINE
Note that Int E I n INTEJ

Enter n Enter

INTERNE
let at En F

A EVI n aft

an EI n am EJ

let man
am e I ants
a E I n J
a E Ent
 In Ena
Exercise let P be a poi
ideal of R Show
that TP P

Proof Given
P C R
price
ideal

to show that Tp P

p Erp Galwayston

let a Erp
In EIN s t

ane p

or a a a e p
mtinas
 a E P C pis poi
ide

Pep
D p

let be
Proposition a
poinag
ident Show Thatra
13 prime ident Show that Ta
is the smallest poise idol
containing Q

proof Given On Greg R

ideal
to show that
Jon is prime ident

for he R
let
a

ab fro
Cab mE for semen
 am b E Q

a EQ or b EQ
for So Ken
Q is primary
idol
am E Q or b f Q

a era or be ra

A is prime idol

Of course Pri ideal

E

let us now
show that Ta is

the smallest Pri ideal

containing Q

let P is another poi ideal

push that
Q E P

TE rep

To p

To idol
is the
smallest
contains a
Definition An element a of
a
ring R is said to be

nilpotent element of
an o for some men

e g Z
o T E 73

2 8 5

5 is not nilpotent element into

5
5 CEE
5 I T
153 5

copy s t.gg p
5 IT
i
Knew
5370
let's compute all the nilpotent
element of Zo
 ÉÉ 74 05,5 5
JCT O I
zisniep.tn
element

TIE IT I

2,25
5 2.5 12,3 2 laid

E I 53 i

O 37 8 h

E Is

27 0 wds

G 2h
or
an g y

Exercise show that the set

NCR of all nilpotent

elements of a
oig forms
an idol of R
JCR a ER a'so for Senen
 Not that
proof O O OENCR
NCR 0

let a be NCR

Ame o e b
for some m EIN
Consider

G bit 1 a bot 7 a b

it am 5 17am b't
a'b CI b
GII e

All the terms in the above

expression either contains am
or b
all the tears at
zero

Ca SII o
 a be NCR

Absorption poop t
and ENCR
let SER a

a o
for Soen fin

Now To show one NCR

Take
a 8 an o o o

af NCR

Ncr Ever
Remark Note that
every
nilpotent element
non
zero
is divisor
a
zero
let Fa be nilpotent element
of R
 Anto for some men

let n be the smallest

s t
tie integer

ah o

a an o

o I
17 divisor
a zero

Zero divisor need not

be nilpotent
e g
Ie IT 5,5553 7

I 5 0

Tisa zero Irisa

but I is not a nilpotent
elent
be Frein
cam
Into
Theorem let R be a ring
and Q be an ideal of R
R
then O ideal E
ri primary
every zero divisor of Ra is

nilpotent

proof let O be a
primary
idol of R To show that

every zero divisor of Rfa is

nilpotent
let at Be any zero divisor
of Ra
I be ya in
Ra
St
btc A
Cato
abt 0 0

abt a
 that have the situation
Note we

abt a beta
as an
an e
primary

ant a

Cat 5 a

at is nilpotent
element

Conversely let every zero divisor

is nilpotent
of Ra Q is
we show that primary
let abt ad b4

abt A

btQ1 Q
Cata
at is zero divisor of Rq

Cat D 0 for Senen

ant

an a
is primary idol

Henan pooed
 April 18 2023

Read
In K Ia La is
ideal where
primary a ph
is prime nubs and NEIN
p a

I
b
a n limeagbD
observation let I be any
ideal Z since Z
of is

principle ideal domain

I ne z t 5 t

I in
pi be
let ne p p
the prime factorization of
M

I Cn pipe p
I one Cpi nap n pig
 A Shows that
every idol
Z be
of can written as

finite intersection of primary

ideals af Z

primary decomposition of
an ideal
writhing the ideal I as

finite intersection of primary

ideals is called its primary
decomposition
e g

primary decomposition of
727 i's given by
727 923.3 CINCY
HW
Exercise Let Iad J
be two ideals of the ring
R then Show That The

set I J aER aJEI

forms an ideal of R
 From now on our
ring is

S k a sin where k is

field

Definition A monomial
S
of is an expression
of the form
six x

Where di's f IND a

the set of all monomials

of S is denoted by
Mon S i e

Mon s x.sc xa ieinuEi

Remark the Set Moncs

forms a Vector space
basis S
k of
 Definition An i del I
S to be
of is said
a monomial ideal of it
is
generated by finitely
many monomials

e g S Kk Y 3
I Ky 5210 Iz
duo id ideal

S Klay
J Cody y't
monoy.de

K KY
y
monoidal
Recall that
a ar Easter
Lab art BR at bra over

In an a air t tank V JER

 EAT.cn show that Ey
is a
primary ideal

of Klay
Show that Los is primary ideal of Kfi
Exercise Find the
primary
decomposition of the monomial
ideal

I Ky 5210 Iz
in the big S Ker y z

Solution Given
Is Cody y Iz

I cosy's X nails
I x 53 nay oozy
I 23577 233 no X
ACT 27
 x
a
seeing

Lyn assonant

of I qII
And A

Exercise Find the

primary decomposit
of the idol

J Cody ya
in Sa k fay
Definition let

Mi Oct ai In
an
M a
XP 212 and
be two monomials then

a as
lcm mi mo 5cg it I

similarly
 Bait
s
God mi Ma of It

e.fm Ky's
Mz spy 24

lamfm male of y 3
god mama of y 24

Exercise let
I Ui 42 U
ed
Je Cree Vas i 47
be two monomial idols
with monomial system of
generators 4
GCI Un
M Is Vespectively
act
then In J is also a

ideal t
monomial s

Ins laminin É
In Z
a b C