MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUE BASED WRIST

RADIAL PULSE DIAGNOSIS

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

JANANI PRIYADHARSHINI S - 412519106053

PADAM SATYA RESHMA - 412519106095

In partial fulfillment for the award of the

degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

In

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SRI SAI RAM ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An Autonomous Institution; Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai -600 025)
ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

MAY 2023
 SRI SAIRAM ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(An Autonomous Institution; Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai -600 025)

ANNA UNIVERSITY – 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUE

BASED WRIST RADIAL PULSE DIAGNOSIS” is the bonafide work of
“JANANI PRIYADHARSHINI S (412519106053) AND PADAM SATYA
RESHMA (412519106095)” who carried out the project work under my
supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

DR. J. RAJA DR. E. PRIYA

PROFESSOR SUPERVISOR
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

Department of Electronics and Department of Electronics and

Communication Engineering Communication Engineering
Sri Sairam Engineering College, Sri Sairam Engineering
Chennai – 600 048 College, Chennai – 600 048

Submitted for the project viva-voce examination held on ________________________

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF SYMBOLS
1 1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 OBJECTIVE
1.3 SOCIAL RELAVENCE
1.4 RADIAL PULSE
1.5 RADIAL PULSE DIAGNOSIS
1.6 TRIDOSHA
1.6.1 KAPHA
1.6.2 PITTA
1.6.3 VATA
1.7 NORMAL PULSE
1.8 DISEASE IDENTIFICATION
1.8.1 HYPERTENSION
1.8.2 DIABETES MELLITUS
1.8.3 HYPOTHYROID
2 2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1.1 NADI SIGNAL PROCESSING USING
MATLAB AND ARDUINO UNO DEVICE

2.1.2 A REVIEW OF WRIST PULSE

ANALYSIS.

2.2.3 CARDIAC DISORDER DIAGNOSIS

THROUGH NADI (PULSE) USING
PIEZOELECTRIC SENSORS

2.1.4 INVESTIGATION ON PULSE

READING USING FLEXIBLE PRESSURE
SENSOR

2.1.5 AN IOT BASED AYURVEDIC

APPROACH FOR REAL TIME HEALTHCARE
 MONITORING

2.1.6 THE EFFECT OF RADIAL PULSE

SPECTRUM ON THE RISK OF MAJOR
ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS IN
PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES

2.1.7 IDENTIFYING CORONARY ARTERY

LESIONS BY FEATURE ANALYSIS OF
RADIAL PULSE WAVE: A CASE-CONTROL
STUDY

3 METHODOLOGY

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

3.3 WORKING PRINCIPLE

3.3.1 DATA ACQUISITION

3.3.2 FILTERING

3.3.3 FEATURE EXTRACTION

3.3.3.1 TIME DOMAIN

3.3.3.2 FREQUENCY DOMAIN

3.3.3.3 TIME FREQUENCY DOMAIN

3.3.4 MACHINE LEARNING

3.3.4.1 RANDOM FOREST

3.3.4.2 DECISION TREES

3.4 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

3.4.1 PULSE SENSOR

3.4.2 ARDUINO UNO

3.4.3 RASPBERRY PI 4B

3.4.4 LCD 16X2 DISPLAY

3.5 SOFTWARE PLATFORM

3.5.1 PYTHON IDE

3.5.2 JUPYTER NOTEBOOK

3.5.3 ARDUINO IDE

4 RESULTS & DISCUSSION

5 CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

REFERENCES
PUBLICATION
ABSTRACT

A growing research on nadi signal or the radial pulse has shown that blood
chemistry, genetic expression, physiological states, and chronic illnesses are
linked to each pressure changes occurring in the arteries. The variations in the
Kapha, Vata and Pitta energies is associated with various reflexes that help our
body to react to situations. The three energies together is known as Tridosha
and each individual has a unique balance of tridosha. Although the doshas are
present throughout the body, Kapha is positioned above the cardiac region, pitta
is located between the cardiac and umbilical regions, and Vata is found below
the umbilical region. In Ayurveda, nadi signal plays a crucial role in diagnosing
diseases and the imbalances in each has traced nearly 80 diseases due to Vata,
40 diseases due to pitta and 20 diseases due to Kapha. Some of the predominant
diseases which can be identified using nadi pulse are type 2 diabetes mellitus,
blood pressure, coronary diseases such as myocardial infarction, stroke. It
requires great focus and accuracy to exactly determine the tridosha ratio by an
Ayurvedic person. Owing to the advancement in technology in medical
sciences, these signals can be collected, filtered, amplified and categorized with
greater precision. The kit proposed is used to implement the above mentioned
process in order to help patients self-diagnose the imbalance in the tridosha for
diseases diabetes mellitus and blood pressure. The pulse signals are acquired
from the user with the help of pulse sensors positioned at the wrist. The signal
passes through the Arduino where the analog signals are converted to digital
form. The converted signals are sent to the raspberry pi where the features are
extracted from the signal and they are compared with the model built based on
Machine Learning algorithm. The output is finally displayed indicating which
doshas are not balanced and the illness which has occurred due to that
imbalance.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We thank our Founder Chairman Thiru. MJF. Ln. LEO MUTHU for
his great endeavours in establishing this institution and standing as a figure of
guidance.

We also thank our CEO, Shri. SAI PRAKASH LEO MUTHU and
Principal, Dr K. PORKUMARAN for their kind cooperation and inspiration.

We thank Dr J. RAJA, Head of the Department, Electronics and

communication engineering for giving us the freedom to carry out the project
work in the chosen domain.

We thank our Project Coordinator Dr B. PANJAVARNAM and

Mr S VINOTH KUMAR, Associate Professor, for constant support right from
the commencement of the project work and also for providing us necessary
details with regard to presentation and documentation.

We are ever grateful to our Project Guide Dr E. PRIYA, Associate

Professor, who was a buttress to carry out our project and for her valuable
suggestions at every stage of the project. We sincerely thank her for the support
rendered from the day we commenced our work.

Our gratitude extends to the Staff of the ECE Department whose words of
encouragement kept our spirits high throughout the course of the project. We
thank the entire people who contributed directly and indirectly for the
completion of this project.
LIST OF FIGURE
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF SYMBOLS
 CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION

Maintaining good health is essential for everybody to have a prosperous

life. A state of total emotional and physical well-being is referred to as being in
good health. Healthcare exists to assist people in maintaining their optimal state
of health. Well-being entails leading a healthy lifestyle to reduce the risk of
disease. Good health results in well-being and that indicates the prosperity of a
region. The technology driven world is coming up with many ideas and
innovations to help the medical industry. Many devices have been developed to
monitor health which predominantly uses invasive methods. Also, the
identification of diseases is a tedious task and usually requires external
assistance. These identifications does not give any spontaneous prognosis and is
really time consuming. After the outbreak of COVID-19, there rose a demand
for medical kits which needed to work without any help from others. On-spot
results were also expected by the patients in order to act according to situations.

Thus, People prefer non-invasive and spontaneous methods as it is easy to

use and it can be performed on self without external help. Sometimes, a small
imbalance in vital parameters, causes great panic among people despite low to
negligible threat to life. People need devices to identify the actual threat and low
threat to life. This avoids unnecessary commotion and panic among people.

Thus there is a need for a user-friendly kit, which can instantaneously

determine the possible disease without any piercing.
1.2 OBJECTIVE

● Non-invasive parameter detection

● Instantaneous Disease identification

● User-friendly

● Portable

1.3 SOCIAL RELEAVENCE

Accessibility: Radial pulse diagnosis methods are non-invasive and can be

performed easily at the point of care by healthcare professionals or even by
patients themselves. This makes it a valuable tool for diagnosing health
conditions in a variety of settings, including in low-resource settings where
other diagnostic tools may not be available.

Early detection: The radial pulse can provide valuable information about the
health status of an individual, such as the strength, rhythm, and rate of the pulse.
Changes in the pulse can often indicate the presence of underlying health
conditions such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, or diabetes. Early
detection of these conditions can lead to timely intervention and treatment,
which can prevent serious complications and improve health outcomes.

Patient-centred care: Radial pulse can be an important component of patient-

centred care, which places the patient at the centre of the healthcare experience.
By involving patients in the diagnostic process, they can become more engaged
in their own healthcare and better understand their health status. This can lead to
better adherence to treatment plans and improved health outcomes.

Preventive healthcare: Radial pulse diagnosis can also be used for preventive
healthcare, which focuses on maintaining good health and preventing the onset
of disease. By monitoring the radial pulse regularly, individuals can track
changes in their pulse and identify potential health issues before they become
more serious. This can help individuals make lifestyle changes or seek medical
care early, which can prevent the development of chronic diseases.

Overall, radial pulse diagnostic have the potential to improve healthcare access
and outcomes, promote patient-centred care, and support preventive healthcare
efforts.

1.4 RADIAL PULSE

The heart beats generates pulse waves. The pulse which is experienced near the
hand wrists are the radial pulses. The radial artery pulse wave fluctuation
corresponds to the events of the cardiac cycle. Because the radial artery is
shallow and its diameter is relatively thick, it is easy to touch and is not easily
disturbed by subcutaneous tissue, fat, or other factors, the pressure pulse wave
can be measured there. Radial pulse waves have been widely used in non-
invasive monitoring of human health due to their ease of measurement and
safety. They can also reflect the health status of the cardiovascular system,
including information from the aorta and peripheral arteries.

1.5 RADIAL PULSE DIAGNOSIS

Radial pulse diagnosis is also known as Nadi Pariksha in Ayurveda. Nadi

Pariksha is used to assess the patient's health status and to estimate the amount
of Tridosha (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha) in the body, which are considered the basic
components of health, with stability between these components referred to as
good health and instability referred to as ill. The Kapha imbalance causes nearly
20 disease, the Pitta imbalance causes 40 diseases and the Vata imbalance
causes nearly 80 disease. In ancient times, a vaidya (doctor) would examine the
Nadi (Pulse) at the male's right wrist and the female's left wrist for disease
detection and diagnosis. The radial pulse is measured by placing the tip of one
hand's index, middle and ring fingers on the other hand and feeling the pulse
of the radial artery between the wrist bone and the tendon on the thumb side of
the wrist with the palm facing up. When visualised, the pulse patterns which are
observed are the Percussion wave (P), tidal wave (T), valley wave (v), and
dicrotic wave (D). The change in the pulse patterns indicates the presence of
disease.

1.6 TRIDOSHA

Tridosha is a core principle of Ayurveda, an Indian traditional medical

practise. Everyone has a distinct mix of these three doshas, which defines their
bodily and mental constitution, or prakriti. The prakriti of an individual is said
to impact their vulnerability to certain health concerns, as well as the sorts of
therapies and lifestyle changes that will be most beneficial for them.

To identify an individual's dosha composition and prakriti, Ayurveda

practitioners employ a variety of diagnostic approaches, including pulse
diagnosis and observe the physical and mental traits. They will then offer
specific treatment regimens that may include dietary and lifestyle changes,
targeted at balancing the doshas and boosting general health and wellness.

1.6.1 KAPHA

Kapha is one of three doshas, or biological forces, that are said to impact
a person's physical and mental qualities. Kapha is related with the elements of
water and earth and is said to influence properties in the body such as stability,
sustenance, and lubrication.
 A person with a strong Kapha dosha may be bulkier in stature, with thick
hair and skin, and a slower metabolism. They may also be more susceptible to
problems including congestion, obesity, and tiredness.

1.6.2 PITTA

Pitta is related with the elements fire and water and is said to influence
aspects of the body such as metabolism, digestion, and transformation.

A Pitta dosha individual may have a medium frame, fair complexion, and
a keen mind. They may also be more prone to inflammation, acidity, and rage or
impatience.

1.6.3 VATA
Vata is related with the elements of air and space and is said to influence
traits in the body such as mobility, inventiveness, and flexibility.

A Vata-dominant person may have a lighter physique, dry skin, and a

creative mind. They may also be more susceptible to problems including
anxiety, constipation, and sleeplessness.

1.7 NORMAL PULSE

In individuals at rest, the usual range for radial pulse frequency (the
number of heartbeats felt per minute at the radial artery found in the wrist) is
normally between 60 and 100 beats per minute. However, there can be variation
based on age, gender, physical fitness, and other individual characteristics, and
some medical disorders or drugs can also impact pulse rate. The following
conversion factor can be used to convert the usual range of radial pulse
frequency from beats per minute to hertz

60 beats per minute = 1 Hz

As a result, the usual range of radial pulse frequency in hertz is around 1 to 1.67
Hz.
To be more specific, according to ayurvedic principles, the normal range
of Kapha pulse rate is between 36 and 54 beats per minute, which corresponds
to a frequency range of approximately 0.6 to 0.9 Hz, the normal range of Pitta
pulse rate is between 60 and 80 beats per minute, which corresponds to a
frequency range of approximately 1 to 1.33 Hz and the normal range of Vata
pulse rate is between 72 and 108 beats per minute, which corresponds to a
frequency range of approximately 1.2 to 1.8 Hz.

1.8 DISEASE IDENTIFICATION USING RADIAL PULSE

The radial pulse has gained popularity as a diagnostic tool in

contemporary medicine in recent years. As a result, a growing amount of
evidence supports the use of the radial pulse in the diagnosis of a variety of
health issues. The existence of underlying health issues such as cardiovascular
disease, hypertension, or diabetes might be indicated by changes in the radial
pulse. A weak or irregular radial pulse, for example, may indicate the existence
of arrhythmia, whereas a bounding or fast pulse may indicate hypertension or
hyperthyroidism. With technological advancements, there are now equipment
available that can digitally measure the radial pulse, making the process even
more accurate and efficient.

1.8.1 HYPERTENSION
 The intensity of a person's radial pulse is strongly connected to their
blood pressure. The radial pulse is often bounding and strong when blood
pressure is high. When blood pressure is low, however, the radial pulse may be
faint or difficult to detect. Also, the pace of the radial pulse might reveal
information regarding blood pressure. A fast pulse, for example, may suggest
high blood pressure, whereas a sluggish pulse may indicate low blood pressure.
A healthcare expert would normally assess the strength and rate of the radial
pulse and use this information to estimate the individual's blood pressure to
diagnose hypertension using radial pulse diagnosis.
In Ayurveda, hypertension is believed to be caused by an imbalance of
the Pitta dosha. According to Ayurvedic principles, the Pitta dosha is
responsible for metabolism and transformation in the body, and an excess of
Pitta energy can lead to increased metabolic activity and inflammation

1.8.2 DIABETES MELLITUS

Diabetes can cause abnormalities in the radial pulse. Diabetic neuropathy,

for example, a common consequence of diabetes, can alter the intensity and
regularity of the radial pulse. This is due to the fact that diabetic neuropathy can
affect the nerves that regulate the heart and blood vessels, causing variations in
the pulse. Although radial pulse diagnostic cannot be used to diagnose diabetes
mellitus directly, it can be used to monitor changes in the cardiovascular health
of people with diabetes and related problems.
In Ayurveda, diabetes mellitus is known as Madhumeha, and it is
believed to be caused by an imbalance of the Kapha and Pitta doshas. These
imbalances can result in impaired glucose metabolism and the development of
diabetes mellitus.

1.8.3 HYPOTHYROID
The intensity and rhythm of the radial pulse might vary as a result of
hypothyroidism. In patients with hypothyroidism, the radial pulse may be
sluggish, faint, or difficult to detect. This is because thyroid hormones are
necessary for maintaining normal heart rhythm and cardiac function. In
Ayurveda, hypothyroidism is believed to be caused by an imbalance of the
Kapha dosha.

As a result, while radial pulse diagnostic cannot be used to diagnose

hypothyroidism directly, it may be used to monitor changes in cardiovascular
health in hypothyroid patients.
 CHAPTER 2

2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

Kamble and Akant (2019) aimed to develop a low-cost and portable

system for measuring and processing Nadi signals, which are used in Ayurvedic
medicine to diagnose health conditions. The system consisted of an Arduino
Uno device that was used to acquire the Nadi signals and a MATLAB program
for processing the signals. The study included 20 healthy participants, and their
Nadi signals were recorded using a pulse sensor attached to their index fingers.
The study found that the system was able to record and process the Nadi signals
accurately. The MATLAB program was able to extract useful information from
the signals, such as the peak amplitude, pulse rate, and pulse variability. This
study was to implement a non-invasive diagnosis technique for the detection of
diabetes using two methods, tridosha analysis (ayurvedic diagnosis) and ANN
as a soft computing tool. Also, a real-time PC-based system is developed which
allows the user to check his/ her Prakriti at any time based on heart rate
variability. A backpropagation algorithm was used for training and a Neural
Network Toolbox in MATLAB was used for pattern classification. Further
study was done for diseases like cancer or cardiovascular diseases [?].

2.1.2 "A review of wrist pulse analysis." GC, Suguna, and S. T.

Veerabhadrappa. Biomedical Research 30.4 (2019): 538-545.

The aim of this study is to investigate the use of various sensors like
acoustic, optical, piezoelectric, piezoresistive, MEMS pressure sensors for pulse
signal analysis which includes time domain, frequency domain, and time-
frquency domain. Various wrist pulse parameters for diseases like hypertension,
diabetics, gastritis, cancer and inflammation and urinary tract infection
disorders etc were analyzed. The study concluded that wrist pulse analysis has
great potential as a complementary diagnostic tool in modern medicine.
However, further research is needed to standardize measurement techniques,
validate diagnostic criteria, and integrate it into mainstream medical practice.

Narayanan et al. (2015) developed a system that will be very useful

to Indian medicine practitioners as an automated computer-aided
diagnostic tool. This tool helps in the diagnoses of chronic diseases in the
human body and reveals detailed and related information of the human
body. Medical practitioners will also give a clear idea about which part of
the body is affected by the disease, so that accurate medicine can be
provided. The change in the pressure on the vein, changes the meaning of
the pulse. Thus the recorded pulse waveforms and also confirmed by Nadi-
Vaidya .From the observed wave forms, pulse repetition rate (frequency)
and confirmation by Nadi-Vaidya, it can be concluded that it is possible to
identify vata,pitta and kapha dominant subjects analyzing pulse wave
forms.
Published in: IJMRME, 2015

2.1.4 "Investigation on pulse reading using flexible pressure sensor." Rao,

Sukesh, and Rathnamala Rao. International Conference on Industrial
Instrumentation and Control (ICIC). IEEE, 2015.

The study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using a flexible pressure

sensor to measure pulse signals, which could have potential applications in
medical diagnosis and monitoring. The study used a flexible pressure sensor
that was attached to the wrist of 25 healthy participants to record their pulse
signals. The signals were then processed using a signal processing algorithm to
extract features such as amplitude, pulse width, and pulse rate. The study found
that the flexible pressure sensor was able to record pulse signals accurately and
reliably. The signal processing algorithm was also able to extract useful features
from the signals, which could be used for medical diagnosis and monitoring.
The study concluded that the flexible pressure sensor has great potential as a
non-invasive and low-cost diagnostic tool for measuring pulse signals. The
study also highlighted the importance of signal processing techniques in
extracting useful information from the signals. The results of the study could
have potential applications in the development of wearable medical devices for
monitoring vital signs such as pulse rate. Further research is needed to validate
the findings and optimize the sensor design for different applications. Published
in: ICIC, IEEE, 2015

2.1.5 "An IoT-based Ayurvedic approach for real-time healthcare

monitoring." Dubey, Sanjay, et al. AIMS Electronics and Electrical
Engineering 6.3 (2022): 329-344.

In this work, a healthcare monitoring system that uses optical pulse

sensors was developed, and the analysis of Vata, Pitta and Kapha for
various patients is discussed. For each individual, pulse data were collected
for a period of 2 minutes at three separate times on the same day, namely,
in the morning, afternoon and evening. The CC3200 Launchpad XL was
then used to handle the pre-amplified pulse data. Pulse data from the
CC3200 were kept on a personal computer linked via USB, and the same
data were transferred to the cloud. The mean values of Vata, Pita and
Kapha were compared for different age groups and was found that it is
more significant for the age group of 41‒50.
Published in: AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 2022
2.1.6 "The effect of radial pulse spectrum on the risk of major adverse
cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes." Chang, Chi-Wei, et
al. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications 33.2 (2019): 160-164.

The study aimed to investigate the association between radial pulse

spectrum and the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in
patients with type 2 diabetes. The study included 703 patients with type 2
diabetes and followed them up for a median of 4.2 years. The radial pulse
spectrum was measured using a device that recorded pulse waveforms and
analyzed them for spectral components. The study found that patients with a
higher low-frequency to high-frequency (LF/HF) power ratio, which indicates
sympathetic nervous system activation, had a significantly higher risk of
MACE. The risk was independent of other known risk factors for cardiovascular
diseases, such as age, sex, blood pressure, lipid levels, and glycemic control.
The study suggests that measuring the radial pulse spectrum could be a useful
non-invasive tool for identifying patients with type 2 diabetes who are at
increased risk of MACE. It also highlights the importance of sympathetic
nervous system activation in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in
patients with type 2 diabetes.
Published in: Journal of diabetes and its complications, 2019

2.1.7 "Identifying Coronary Artery Lesions by Feature Analysis of Radial

Pulse Wave: A Case-Control Study." Zhang, Chun-ke, et al. BioMed
Research International 2021 (2021).

Around 529 patients who were previously suspected to have CHD and
who underwent coronary angiography participated in the research. Based on the
angiographs they were divided into 3 groups. Participants were excluded if they
had chest pains caused by other heart diseases, severe neurosis, atrial
fibrillation/flutter or aortic valve stenosis, a history of percutaneous coronary
intervention surgeries or coronary artery bypass surgery, or incomplete clinical
medical records. The radial artery pulsates of the left hand were monitored and
recorded for 60secs at a sample rate of 720Hz. The features of the radial pulse
wave signals were extracted using time-domain analysis and multiscale entropy
analysis. Analysis was performed using statistical software SPSS 25.0 (IBM,
Armonk, NY) to compare the baseline features and radial pulse wave features of
patients with different groups. The 3 machine algorithms—k-nearest neighbors
(KNN), decision tree (DT), and random forest (RF)—were used to build
models. these models could be used to develop remote health monitoring based
on noninvasive and wearable radial pulse wave signals and combined with
actuators and modern communication and information technology systems for
monitoring suspected and high-risk patients of CHD in real-time, from a distant
facility.
Published in: BioMed Research International, 2021
 CHAPTER 3

3.1 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

The proposed system is a non-invasive portable kit which can identify the
disease instantaneously. The kit is meant to assist patients in self-diagnosing
tridosha imbalances for conditions such as diabetes, hypothyroidism, and
hypertension. The pulse signals are obtained from the user via pulse sensors
located on the wrist. The signal is sent through the Arduino, which converts
analogue impulses to digital signals. The transformed signals are transferred to
the Raspberry Pi, where the features of the signal are retrieved and compared to
the model pre-trained using the Machine Learning method. Finally, the output is
shown, revealing which doshas are out of balance and which illnesses have
resulted from that imbalance.

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

SIGNAL ARDUINO FEATURE DISEASE

ACQ. UNO EXTRACTION CLASSIFICATION OUTPUT

Figure 3.2 Block diagram of the proposed system

The working principle behind radial wrist pulse diagnosis using machine
learning involves collecting data on the pulse waveform, which contains
information on the amplitude, frequency, and shape of the pulse over time. This
data is then analysed using various signal processing techniques to extract
features that are relevant to different diagnoses. These features can include
things like the peak amplitude, pulse width, and spectral power at different
frequencies.

Once the features are extracted, a machine learning algorithm can be

trained to classify different pulse patterns based on their diagnostic significance.
This involves using a labelled dataset of pulse data that has been manually
diagnosed by TCM experts to train the algorithm to recognize patterns that are
associated with different conditions.

The algorithm can then be tested on new, unlabelled data to see how
accurately it can diagnose different conditions based on the pulse waveform.
Overall, the goal of using machine learning for radial wrist pulse diagnosis is to
automate the process of analysing pulse data and improve the accuracy and
consistency of diagnoses across different practitioners.

3.3.1 DATASET ACQUISITION

The data set was collected from 50 people varying from age group 18 –
65 years of both genders was analogue pulse signals later converted into digital
with the help of microcontroller. Each sample collected had 1000 data points in
it. The data was collected with the help of Arduino Uno and SEN-11574 pulse
senor attached to the wrist of the subject using Velcro bands. The acquired data
was written as CSV files using python. The people from whom the samples
were collected had the following diseases: Diabetes mellitus, hypertension and
hypothyroid along with people having normal pulse values were also collected.

3.3.2 FILTERING PROCESS

The extracted raw data was then subjected to filtering process.

Butterworth Bandpass filter was used. Based on the frequency details inferred
from 1.7., the upper cut off frequency was set to 2Hz and the lower cut off was
set to 0.5 Hz. Using the Nyquist criteria, the sampling frequency was set to
2.01Hz and the files were filtered. Also, the files were filtered for a different set
of frequencies with uppercut-off at 350Hz and lower cut-off at 50Hz with
sampling frequency 1000Hz. The filtered files were separately saved as CSV
files.

3.3.3 FEATURE EXTRACTION

After filtering the files, the features from the signal was extracted. In
order to portray the data in a more useful and condensed manner that may be
used for additional analysis and modelling, features are extracted from the data.
The selection or transformation of raw data into a set of features that can be
used to represent certain specific data attributes is the process of feature
extraction.

Feature extraction is frequently the initial step in the process of creating a

predictive model in machine learning and data analysis. The model learns the
link between the input data and the desired output variable using the extracted
features as input. The efficiency and accuracy of the model can be enhanced
through feature extraction by lowering the dimensionality of the data. The
features were extracted in time domain, frequency domain and time-frequency
domain.

3.3.3.1 Time domain features

Mean:
The arithmetic average of a set of values. In signal processing, it can be
used to determine the "centre" or "average value" of a signal.
 Where, N is the number of samples and xi is the i – th sample.

Variance:
A measure of the spread of a set of values. It indicates how far the values
are from the mean.

Where, N is the number of samples, xi is the i-th sample, and μ is the

mean.

Standard deviation:
A measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values. It is
the square root of the variance.

Where, N is the number of samples, xi is the i-th sample, and μ is the

mean.

Skewness:
A measure of the asymmetry of a distribution. It indicates the degree to
which a distribution is not symmetric
around its mean.

Where, N is the number of samples, xi is the i-th sample, μ is the mean,

and σ is the standard deviation.

Kurtosis:
A measure of the "peaked-ness" or "flatness" of a distribution. It indicates
the degree to which the distribution has more or fewer outliers than a normal
distribution.

Where, N is the number of samples, xi is the i-th sample, μ is the mean,

and σ is the standard deviation.

Energy:
The total energy contained in a signal. It can be used to compare signals
of different durations or amplitudes.

Where, N is the number of samples and xi is the i-th sample.

Root mean square (RMS):

A measure of the "power" or "strength" of a signal. It is the square root of
the mean of the squared values of the signal.

Where, N is the number of samples and xi is the i-th sample.

Crest factor:
A measure of the ratio of the peak amplitude to the RMS value of a
signal. It indicates how "spiky" or "bursty" a signal is.

Where, peak amplitude is the maximum absolute value of the samples

and RMS is the root mean square.

Zero crossing rate:

The rate at which a signal changes sign or crosses zero. It can be used to
determine the frequency content of a signal.

Where, N is the number of samples, xi is the i-th sample, and sign() is the
sign function.
Peak-to-peak amplitude:
The difference between the maximum and minimum values of a signal. It
is a measure of the range of the signal.

Where, x is the signal.

3.3.3.2 Frequency domain features:

Power peak:
The frequency at which the power spectral density of a signal is highest.
It indicates the dominant frequency component of the signal.

Total power:
The sum of the power spectral density of a signal across all frequencies. It
indicates the total "energy" or "strength" of the signal.

Where, N is the number of frequency bins, X(fi) is the ith frequency bin,
and Δf is the frequency resolution.

PSD entropy:
A measure of the "complexity" or "randomness" of the power spectral
density of a signal. It indicates how "spread out" the frequency content of a
signal is.

Where, N is the number of frequency bins, P(fi) is the ith frequency bin,
and Δf is the frequency resolution.

Spectral centroid:
The centre of mass of the power spectral density of a signal. It indicates
the "average" or "typical" frequency component of the signal.

Where, X(f) be the magnitude spectrum of a signal and f is the frequency

Spectral spread:
A measure of the spread of the power spectral density of a signal around
its spectral centroid. It indicates how "wide" or "narrow" the frequency content
of the signal is.

Where, X(f) be the magnitude spectrum of a signal, f is the frequency and

sc is the spectral centroid.
Spectral flatness:
A measure of the "uniformity" or "smoothness" of the power spectral
density of a signal. It indicates how evenly the power is distributed across the
frequency spectrum.
sf =exp ⁡¿

Where, X(f) be the magnitude spectrum of a signal, f is the frequency and N is

the total number of frequencies.

3.3.3.3 Time-frequency domain features:

Wavelets:
A mathematical technique used to analyse signals in both time and
frequency domains simultaneously. It allows for the detection of frequency
changes over time, making it useful for analysing non-stationary signals.

MFCC (Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients):

A technique used in speech processing and music analysis to extract
features that capture the spectral characteristics of a signal. It involves mapping
the power spectrum of a signal onto a non-linear scale that approximates the
human auditory system, followed by taking the cosine transform of the log-
scaled spectrum. The resulting coefficients are typically used as inputs to
machine learning models for speech recognition or music genre classification,
among other applications.
3.3.4 MACHINE LEARNING

Machine learning involves building mathematical models that can "learn"

from data and make predictions or decisions based on that learning. These
models are trained using large amounts of data and are designed to recognize
patterns, classify information, or make predictions based on that data. There are
3 basic categories of machine learning which are supervised learning,
unsupervised learning and reinforcement learning. In supervised learning, the
algorithm is trained on labelled data, where the desired output is known. The
goal is to learn a mapping function that can accurately predict the output for
new, unseen input data. In unsupervised learning, the algorithm is trained on
unlabelled data, where the goal is to identify patterns or structure in the data. In
reinforcement learning, the algorithm learns by interacting with an environment
and receiving rewards or penalties for certain actions. The proposed system uses
supervised learning.

3.3.4.1 MULTICLASS RANDOM FOREST

Multiclass random forest is an extension of the random forest algorithm

for classification problems where the number of classes is greater than two. In
this approach, multiple decision trees are trained on different subsets of the
training data, each using a random subset of features. During prediction, the
majority vote of the individual decision trees is taken as the final predicted
class. This approach works well for multiclass problems because it can handle
imbalanced class distributions and can prevent overfitting.

In multiclass random forest, each decision tree is built independently and

is based on the Gini impurity or entropy criteria. The algorithm splits the data
into smaller subsets based on the values of different features, and the splitting is
done in such a way that it minimizes the impurity or entropy of the resulting
subsets. The process is repeated recursively until the subsets are pure, or until a
stopping criterion is reached.

The random forest algorithm can handle a large number of features, and it
can also be used to identify the most important features for classification. The
performance of the multiclass random forest algorithm depends on various
factors such as the number of trees in the forest, the maximum depth of the
decision trees, and the number of features used at each split. In general,
increasing the number of trees in the forest can improve the performance of the
algorithm, but this can also increase the computational complexity and training
time.

In our proposed system, the dataset is loaded from a CSV file and split
into features and labels. The training and testing sets are also split using the
train_test_split function from the scikit-learn library. The random forest
classifier is then trained on the training set and used to predict the classes of the
test data. The accuracy of the classifier is calculated using the accuracy_score
function, and the confusion matrix is calculated using the confusion_matrix
function. Additionally, the sensitivity and specificity are calculated using
custom code. Finally, a classification report is generated using the
classification_report function, which provides detailed information about the
performance of the classifier.

3.3.4.2 DECISION TREES

Decision Trees is a type of supervised learning algorithm used for
classification and regression problems. It works by recursively partitioning the
input space into smaller regions by making binary splits along the input
features. The splits are chosen based on the features that best separate the data
into the different classes. The decision tree is constructed in a top-down manner
by selecting the best split at each level, and this process continues until some
stopping criteria are met, such as when all the data points belong to the same
class or when a maximum tree depth or number of nodes is reached. The final
decision tree can be used to make predictions on new data by following the
splits from the root node to a leaf node, which corresponds to the predicted class
label. Decision Trees have the advantage of being easy to interpret and
visualize, and they can handle both categorical and continuous input features.
However, they can be prone to overfitting and can become too complex if not
properly regularized.

Here, the method imports the DecisionTreeClassifier class from

sklearn.tree module and the necessary modules like train_test_split,
accuracy_score, confusion_matrix, classification_report, pandas, numpy, and
matplotlib.pyplot. Then, the dataset is loaded from a CSV file and split into
training and testing sets using train_test_split function. Next, a
DecisionTreeClassifier object is created and trained on the training data. The
model is then used to make predictions on the testing data and the accuracy of
the model is calculated using accuracy_score. The confusion matrix is
calculated using confusion_matrix, and the sensitivity and specificity are
calculated using a for loop. Finally, a classification report is printed to evaluate
the model's performance.

3.4 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

3.4.1 SEN-11574 PULSE SENSOR

The SEN-11574 pulse sensor is a small and low-cost device that can
detect heart rate and pulse measurements. It is worn on a finger or earlobe and
uses optical sensors to detect the changes in blood volume that occur as blood
flows through the blood vessels. The output of the sensor is a small electrical
signal that can be processed by a microcontroller or other device.

It works by emitting an infrared light that is reflected back by blood

vessels, and the changes in the reflected light are used to calculate the pulse
rate. The sensor operates on a supply voltage of 3.3V to 5V and has a signal
output that can be connected to an analog input pin of the microcontroller. It
also has a LED indicator that blinks in sync with the heart rate.

3.4.2 ARDUINO UNO

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P.

It has 14 digital input/output pins, 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a
USB connection, and a power jack. The Arduino Uno can be used to read the
signal from the Pulse Sensor and process it in various ways.The Arduino Uno
can be powered by either USB or an external power supply (7-12V DC). It has
several pins that can be used for input and output, including digital input/output
pins (2-13), analog input pins (A0-A5), and other pins for power and
communication.

3.4.3 RASPBERRY PI 4B