Name of Learner: ____________________ Grade: _________ Section: _________

School: ___________________________________ Date: ___________________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET 2

NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH

LESSON 2: THE CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES, AND ETHICS OF

RESEARCH

Research is a process of gathering, analysing and interpreting

information to answer questions. A good research follows processes that must
have certain characteristic. It must be systematic, controlled, rigorous, valid
and verifiable, empirical and critical. To avoid unethical practices researchers
had obligations to adhere professional standards in conducting research. Thus
to consider a research writing ethical it must be clear, accurate, just and
authentic.

I. Characteristics of Research
1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the
researcher.

2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.

3. Cyclical. Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem

and ends with a problem.

4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering

the data, whether historical, descriptive, and experimental and case
study.

5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.

6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias

using systematic method and procedures.
 7. Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or
repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results

II. The Seven Steps of the Research Process

Step 1. Define and develop your topic (Research Problem).

Factors to Consider in Selecting a Research Problem

a. Researcher‘s area of interest
b. Availability of funds
c. Investigator‘s ability and training

Step 2. Find background information about your chosen topic (Review of

Related Literature).

Step 3. Plan your research design including your sample (Methodology).

Step 4. Gather necessary data using open ended questions (for qualitative
research) and closed-ended questionnaire or paper pencil test questionnaire
(for quantitative research) (Data Gathering Activities).

Step 5. Process and analyse data using thematic analysis (for qualitative
research) and statistical tools (for quantitative research).

Step 6. Formulate new insights gained (for qualitative research) conclusions

(for quantitative research) and recommendations.
Step 7. Define new problem.

III. Ethics in Research

Research ethics are guidelines for the responsible conduct of research
which educates and monitors researchers to ensure high standard. It promotes
the aim of research, such as expanding knowledge and supports the values
required for collaborative work, such as mutual respect and fairness.
Ethical considerations in conducting research
1. Objectivity and integrity
2. Respect of the research subjects ‘right to privacy and dignity and
protection of subjects from personal harm
3. subjects from personal harm
4. Presentation of research findings
5. Misuse of research role
6. Acknowledgement of research collaboration and assistance
7. Distortions of findings by sponsor
What are these ethics in research?
1. Informed Consent. This is required to secure in order protect the rights
of the participants in your study. Inform your participants about the
criteria set for choosing them as informants and the schedule of one-on-
one interview at the convenient time they are available. Participation to
the study will be completely voluntary.

2. Honesty. It report data, results, methods and procedures, and

publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify and misrepresent the data.

3. Objectivity. Avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data

interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert
testimony, and other aspects of research.

4. Integrity. Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive
for consistency of thought and action.

5. Carefulness. Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically

examine your work and the work of peers. Keep good records of research
activities.
6. Openness. Share data, results, ideas, tools and resources. Be open to
criticism and new ideas.
7. Respect for Intellectual Property. Honour patents, copyrights,
trademarks, trade secrets and other forms of intellectual property. Do not
use published or unpublished data, methods, or results without
permission. Give credit where credit is due. Never plagiarize, fabricate
and falsify.
8. Confidentiality. Protect confidential communications, such as papers or
grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military
secrets, and patient records.
9. Responsible Mentoring. Help to educate, mentor, and advise others.
Promote their welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.
10. Responsible Publication. Publish in order to advance research and
scholarship, not to advance your own career. Avoid wasteful and
duplicative publication.
11. Respect for Colleagues. Respect your colleagues’ opinion, treat them
fairly and do not outsmart others.
12. Social responsibility. Strive to promote social acceptance and prevent
or mitigate social harms through research, public education, and
advocacy.
 13. Non-discrimination. Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students
on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to
their scientific competence and integrity.
14. Competence. Maintain and improve your own professional competence
and expertise through lifelong education and learning; take steps to
promote competence in science as a whole.
15. Legality. Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and government
policies.
16. Animal Care. Show proper respect and care for animals when using
them in research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal
experiments.
17. Human Subjects protection. When conducting a research on human
subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect
human dignity, privacy, and anonymity.

IV. Rights of Research Participants

1. Human Rights. They are moral principles or norms that describe certain
standards of human behaviour and are regularly protected as natural and
legal rights. They constitute a set of rights and duties necessary for the
protection of human dignity, inherent to all human beings.
2. Intellectual Property. It protects creations of the mind, which have both
a moral and a commercial value.
3. Copyright Infringement. It is the use or production of copyright-
protected material without permission of the copyright holder. Copyright
infringement means that the rights accorded to the copyright holder, such
as the exclusive use of a work for a set period of time, are breached by a
third party

Examples:

Downloading movies and music without proper payment for use.

Recording movies in a theatre
Using others’ photographs for a blog without permission

4. Copying software code without giving proper credit

5. Creating videos with unlicensed music clips
6. Voluntary Participation. People must not be coerced into participating
in research process. Essentially, this means that prospective research
participants must be informed about the procedures and risks involved in
research and must give their consent to participate.
7. Anonymity. It is the protection of people’s identity through not disclosing
their name or not exposing their identity. It is a situation in data
gathering activities in which informant’s name is not given nor known.
 8. Privacy. It is someone’s right to keep his personal matters and
relationships secret. It is the ability of an individual to seclude him from
disturbance of any research activity.

V. Ethical Standards in Research Writing

Research Misconduct includes fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism. It

doesn’t include honest error of differences of opinion. It can erode trust
between researchers and funding agencies, which make it more difficult for
colleagues at the same institution to receive grants.

Plagiarism

Plagiarism refers to the act of using another person’s ideas, works,

processes, and results without giving due credit. It should not be tolerated as
the unauthorized use of original works, a violation of intellectual property
rights.

Three different acts are considered plagiarism:

a. Failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas,

b. Failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks, and.
c. Failure to put summaries and paraphrases in your own words.

Activity # 2:

Direction: Complete the sentence stem below. Write your answers on the
space provided.
1. Research process is a step by step procedure that guides the researcher
in conceptualizing and conducting the research. These seven steps are
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2. According to Sanchez (2002) research is a continuous undertaking of
making known the unknown. This definition of research leads to
common characteristics of research. Can you elaborate further on this?

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3. What are some of the ethical codes of research?

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