ABSTRACT

(ROLE OF UN IN MAINTENANCE OF INTERNATIONAL PEACE & SECURITY)

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating
cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress,
human rights, and achievement of world peace. The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II
to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for
dialogue. It contains multiple subsidiary organizations to carry out its missions.

There are currently 193 member states, including every internationally recognised sovereign
state in the world but the Vatican City. From its offices around the world, the UN and its
specialized agencies decide on substantive and administrative issues in regular meetings held
throughout the year. The organization has six principal organs: the General Assembly (the main
deliberative assembly); the Security Council (for deciding certain resolutions for peace and
security); the Economic and Social Council (for assisting in promoting international economic
and social cooperation and development); the Secretariat (for providing studies, information, and
facilities needed by the UN); the International Court of Justice (the primary judicial organ); and
the United Nations Trusteeship Council (which is currently inactive). Other prominent UN
System agencies include the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Food Programme
(WFP) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).

One of the primary purposes of the United Nations is the maintenance of international peace and
security. Since its creation, the UN has often been called upon to prevent disputes from
escalating into war, to persuade opposing parties to use the conference table rather than force of
arms, or to help restore peace when armed conflict does break out. Over the decades, the UN has
helped to end numerous conflicts, often through actions of the Security Council — the primary
organ for dealing with issues of international peace and security.
The Security Council, the General Assembly and the Secretary-General all play major,
complementary roles in fostering peace and security. . United Nations activities cover the
principal areas of conflict prevention, peacemaking, peacekeeping, enforcement and peace
building.

Submitted by:
Abhishek Agrawal.
3rd yr. (Vth SEM), Student of Hidayatullah National Law University,
RAIPUR (CHHATTISGARH)-492001
(M):- +91-94252-76131

1
MEANING & NEED FOR PEACEKEEPING:

General Indar Jit Rktye,1 the former President of the International Peace Academy who has
participated in several peacekeeping missions, defines peace keeping 2 as being "The prevention,
limitation, moderation and cessation of hostilities between or within States due to the
intervention of a third party, which is organized and directed at the international level and which
calls upon military, police and civilian personnel to restore peace."

The United Nations (UN) was established on 24 October 1945 in the aftermath of two World
Wars and was dedicated, in the enduring words of the UN Charter, to saving “succeeding
generations from the scourge of war.” Since its creation, the UN has been called upon to prevent
disputes from escalating into war, to persuade opposing parties to use the conference table rather
than the force of arms and to help restore peace when conflict breaks out. Over the decades, the
UN has helped to contain or end numerous conflicts, in many cases through the deployment of
peacekeeping operations.

HISTORY OF UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING

United Nations peacekeeping was initially developed during the Cold War as a means of
resolving conflicts between states by deploying unarmed or lightly armed military personnel
from a number of countries, under UN command, to areas where warring parties were in need of
a neutral party to observe the peace process. Peacekeepers could be called in when the major
international powers (the five permanent members of the Security Council) tasked the UN with
bringing closure to conflicts threatening regional stability and international peace and security.
These included a number of so-called proxy wars waged by client states of the superpowers. As
of October 2004, there have been 59 UN peacekeeping operations since 1948, with sixteen
operations ongoing. Suggestions for new missions arise every year.

The first peacekeeping mission was launched in 1948. This mission, the United Nations Truce
Supervision Organization (UNTSO), was sent to the newly created State of Israel, where a
conflict between the Israelis and the Arab states over the creation of Israel had just reached a
ceasefire. The UNTSO remains in operation to this day, although the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
has certainly not abated. Almost a year later, the United Nations Military Observer Group in
India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) was authorized to monitor relations between the two nations,
which were split off from each other following the United Kingdom's decolonization of the
Indian Subcontinent.
In 1988 the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the United Nations peacekeeping forces. The
press release stated that the forces "represent the manifest will of the community of nations" and
have "made a decisive contribution" to the resolution of conflict around the world.

1 th
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/28/world/americas/28iht-obits.3.5899403.html, last accessed on 18
October’2011.
2 th
http://www.shareyouressays.com/376/essay-on-the-united-nations-and-peacekeeping, last accessed on 18
October’2011.

2
Since 1991 The end of the Cold War precipitated a dramatic shift in UN and multilateral
peacekeeping. In a new spirit of cooperation, the Security Council established larger and more
complex UN peacekeeping missions, often to help implement comprehensive peace agreements
between protagonists in intra-State conflicts and civil wars. Furthermore, peacekeeping came to
involve more and more non-military elements that ensured the proper functioning of civic
functions, such as elections. The UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations was created in
1992 to support this increased demand for such missions.

THE UN SYSTEM

The UN system is founded in constitutional terms upon a relatively clear theoretical distinction
between the functions of the principal organs of the organisation. However, due to political
conditions in the international order, the system failed to operate as outlined in the Charter and
adjustments had to be made as opportunities presented themselves. The Security Council was
intended to function as the executive of the UN, with The General Assembly as the
parliamentary forum. Both organs could contribute to the peaceful settlement of disputes through
relatively traditional mechanisms of discussion, good offices and mediation. Only the Security
Council could adopt binding decisions and those through the means of Chapter VII, while acting
to restore international peace and security. But the pattern of development has proved rather less
conducive to clear categorisation. An influential attempt to detail the methods and mechanisms
available to the UN in seeking to resolve disputes was made by the UN Secretary-General in the
immediate aftermath of the demise of the Soviet Union and the unmistakable ending of the Cold
War.

In An Agenda for Peace,3 the Secretary-General, while emphasising that respect for the
fundamental sovereignty and integrity of states constituted the foundation-stone of the
organization , noted the rapid changes affecting both states individually and the international
community as a whole and emphasised the role of the UN in securing peace. The Report sought
to categorise the types of actions that the organisation was undertaking or could undertake.
Preventive Diplomacy was action to prevent disputes from arising between states, to prevent
existing disputes from escalating into conflicts and to limit the spread of the latter when they
occur. This included efforts such as fact-finding, good offices and goodwill missions.
Peacemaking involves action to bring the hostile parties to agreement, utilising the peaceful
means elaborated in Chapter VI of the Charter. Peacekeeping is the deployment of a UN
presence in the field. Peacebuilding is action to identify and support structures that will assist
peace.4 Peace Enforcement is peacekeeping not involving the consent of the parties, which
would rest upon the enforcement provisions of Chapter VII of the Charter. 5

The attack on the World Trade Center on 11 September 2001 ‘dramatised the global threat of
terrorism’, while focusing attention upon ‘reconstructing weak or collapsed states’. The

3
1992 Report, A/47/965.<The Report of the Secretary-General on the Implementation of the Recommendations> .
4
See General Assembly Resolution 60/180 and Security Council Resolution 1645 (2005).
5
See Report of the Secretary-General on the Work of the Organisation, New York, 1993,

3
Secretary-General has also emphasised the need to replace the culture of reaction by one of
prevention and by developing inter alia a thirty to ninety-day deployment capability. 6

A) THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY7

Although the primary responsibility with regard to the maintenance of International peace and
security lies with the Security Council, the General Assembly may discuss any question or
matter within the scope of the Charter, including the maintenance of International peace and
security, and may make recommendations to the members of the UN or the Security Council, 8
provided the Council is not itself dealing with the same matter. 9 Under similar conditions, the
Assembly may under Article 14 ‘recommend measures for the peaceful adjustment of any
situation regardless of origin, which it deems likely to impair the general welfare or friendly
relations among nations’. In the Construction of a Wall case,10 the International Court
emphasised that under Article 24 the Security Council had a primary and not necessarily an
exclusive competence with regard to the maintenance of International peace and security, while
the constraint placed by Article 12 on the powers of the Assembly to make recommendations for
the peaceful adjustment of situations had been interpreted by evolving practice to permit both the
Assembly and the Council to deal in parallel with the same matter concerning the maintenance of
International peace and security, with the former often taking a broader view.11

In practice, the resolutions and declarations of the General Assembly (which are not binding)
have covered a very wide field, from colonial disputes to alleged violations of human rights and
the need for justice in International economic affairs. The role of the General Assembly
increased after 1945 due to two factors: first, the existence of the veto in the Security Council
rendered that organ powerless in many important disputes since the permanent members (USA,
UK, USSR (now Russia), France and China) rarely agreed with respect to any particular conflict;
and secondly, the vast increase in the membership of the UN had the effect of radicalising the
Assembly and its deliberations. More recently the increased role of the Security Council has
overshadowed that of the Assembly.

B) THE SECRETARY-GENERAL
Just as the impotence of the Security Council stimulated a growing awareness of the
potentialities of the General Assembly, it similarly underlined the role to be played by the United
Nations Secretary-General. By Article 99 of the Charter, he is entitled to bring to the attention of
the Security Council any matter which he thinks may threaten the maintenance of International
peace and security and this power is in addition to his function as the chief administrative officer

6
http:// www.un.org/ millennium/sg/report/, last accessed on 13th October’2011.
7
See White, Keeping the Peace, part II; M. J. Peterson, The General Assembly in World Politics, Boston, 1986.
8
Articles 10 and 11 of the UN Charter.
9
Article 12, UN Charter.
10
ICJ Reports, 2004, p. 136
11
See Resolution 377(V), The ‘Uniting for Peace’ Resolution, p. 1272.

4
of the United Nations organisation under Article 79.12 In effect, the Secretary-General has
considerable discretion and much has depended upon the views and outlook of the person filling
the post at any given time, as well as the general political situation. The good offices role of the
Secretary-General has rapidly expanded. 13 In exercising such a role, Secretaries-General have
sought to act independently of the Security Council and General Assembly, in the former case, in
so far as they have not been constrained by binding resolutions (as for example in the Kuwait
situation of 1990–1). The assumption of good offices and mediation activity may arise either
because of independent action by the Secretary-General as part of the exercise of his inherent
powers or as a consequence of a request made by the Security Council 14 or General Assembly.15
In some cases, the Secretary-General has acted upon the invitation of the parties themselves, and
on other occasions, the Secretary-General has acted in concert with the relevant regional
organisation. In many cases, the Secretary-General will appoint a Special Representative to assist
in seeking a solution to the particular problem. 16 The development of good offices and mediation
activities first arose as a consequence of the severe restrictions imposed upon UN operations by
the Cold War. The cessation of the Cold War led to greatly increased activity by the UN and as a
consequence the work of the Secretary-General expanded as he sought to bring to fruition the
wide range of initiatives undertaken by the organisation. The experiences of Somalia, Rwanda
and Bosnia in the mid-1990s and Iraq from 1991 to the 2003 war have been disappointing for the
organisation.

C) THE SECURITY COUNCIL

The primary objective of the United Nations as stipulated in Article 1 of the Charter is the
maintenance of International peace and security and disputes likely to endanger this are required
under Article 33 to be solved ‘by negotiation, inquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration,
judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements or other peaceful means’. Indeed,
the Charter declares as one of its purposes in Article 1, ‘to bring about by peaceful means and in
conformity with the principles of justice and International law, adjustment or settlement of
International disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace’. By Article 24, 17
the members of the UN conferred on the Security Council primary responsibility for the
maintenance of International peace and security, and by Article 25 18 agreed to accept and carry
out the decisions of the Security Council. The International Court in the Namibia case19 drew
attention to the fact that the provision in Article 25 was not limited to enforcement actions under
Chapter VII of the Charter but applied to ‘“decisions of the Security Council” adopted in

12
Article 98
Stating that the Secretary-General also performs such other functions as are entrusted to him by the General
Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council and the Trusteeship Council.
13
See T.M. Franck, Fairness in International Law and Institutions, p. 1295, Oxford Publications, 1995,
14
See Security Council Resolutions 242 (1967) regarding the Middle East; 367 (1975) regarding Cyprus; 384 (1975)
regarding East Timor; 435 (1978) regarding Namibia and 713 (1991) regarding Yugoslavia.
15
See, General Assembly Resolution ES-6/2, 1980 with regard to Afghanistan, and The Geneva Accords published
by the United Nations, 1988, DPI/935-40420.
16
See, for the full list, www.un.org/Depts/dpko/SRSG/index.html., last accessed on 18th October’2011.
17
See Simma Charter, p. 442
18
Ibid p.452
19
ICJ Reports, 1971, p.16

5
accordance with the Charter’. Accordingly a declaration of the Council taken under Article 24 in
the exercise of its primary responsibility for the maintenance of International peace and security
could constitute a decision under Article 25 so that member states ‘would be expected to act in
consequence of the declaration made on their behalf ’. Whether a particular resolution adopted
under Article 24 actually constituted a decision binding all member states was a matter for
analysis in each particular case, ‘having regard to the terms of the resolution to be interpreted,
the discussions leading to it, the Charter provisions invoked and, in general, all circumstances
that might assist in determining the legal consequences of the resolution of the Security Council’.
Under the Charter, the role of the Security Council when dealing with the specific settlement of
disputes specifically under Chapter VI differs from when the Council is contemplating action
relating to threats to or breaches of the peace, or acts of aggression under Chapter VII. In the
former instance there is no power as such to make binding decisions with regard to member
states.

In pursuance of its primary responsibility, the Security Council may, by Article 34, ‘investigate
any dispute, or any situation which might lead to International friction or give rise to dispute, in
order to determine whether the continuance of the dispute or situation is likely to endanger the
maintenance of International peace and security’. In addition to this power of investigation, the
Security Council can, where it deems necessary, call upon the parties to settle their dispute by the
means elaborated in Article 33.20 The Council may intervene if it wishes at any stage of a dispute
or situation, the continuance of which is likely to endanger International peace and security, and
under Article 36(1) recommend appropriate procedures or methods of adjustment. But in making
such recommendations, which are not binding, it must take into consideration the general
principle that legal disputes should be referred by the parties to the International Court of
Justice.21 Where the parties to a dispute cannot resolve it by the various methods mentioned in
Article 33, they should refer it to the Security Council by Article 37. The Council, where it is
convinced that the continuance of the dispute is likely to endanger International peace and
security, may recommend not only procedures and adjustment methods, but also such terms of
settlement as it may consider appropriate.

Once the Council, however, has determined the existence of a threat to, or a breach of, the peace
or act of aggression, it may make decisions which are binding upon member states of the UN
under Chapter VII, but until that point it can under Chapter VI issue recommendations only. 22
Under Article 35(1) any UN member state may bring a dispute or a situation which might lead to
International friction or give rise to a dispute before the Council, while a non-member state may
bring to the attention of the Council any dispute under Article 35(2) provided it is a party to the
dispute in question and ‘accepts in advance, for the purposes of the dispute, the obligations of
pacific settlement provided in the present Charter’. It is also possible for third parties to bring
disputes to the attention of the Council.

20
Article 38
The Security Council may make recommendations to the parties with regard to the peaceful settlement of disputes
generally if all the parties to the dispute so request.
21
The Corfu Channel Case before the ICJ.
22
Note, that under Article 37(2) if the Council deems that a continuance of a dispute is likely to endanger
international peace and security, it ‘shall decide whether to take action under Article 36 or to recommend such terms
of settlement as it may consider appropriate’.

6
D) PEACEKEEPING AND OBSERVER MISSIONS 23

There is no explicit legal basis for peacekeeping activities in the UN Charter. They arose in the
absence of the contribution of armed forces and facilities to the UN as detailed in Article 43.
Accordingly, a series of arrangements and operations have evolved since the inception of the
organisation, which taken together have established a clear pattern of acceptable reaction by the
UN in particular crisis situations. The broad bases for such activities lie in the general provisions
in the Charter governing the powers of the Security Council and General Assembly. The Security
Council, for example, may establish such subsidiary organs as it deems necessary for the
performance of its functions (Article 29) and those functions are laid down in Articles 34
(powers of investigation); 36, 37 and 38 (powers to recommend appropriate procedures or
methods of dispute settlement); and 39 (powers of recommendation or decision in order to
maintain or restore International peace and security). The Security Council may, in particular
under Article 42, take such action by land, sea or air forces as may be necessary to maintain or
restore International peace and security. This is the basis for action explicitly taken under
Chapter VII of the Charter.

However, the majority of peacekeeping activities have not been so authorized and it is unlikely
that Article 42 can be seen as the legal basis for all such activities. The Security Council can
entrust functions to the Secretary-General under Article 98 and this mechanism has proved
significant in practice. The General Assembly has wide powers under Articles 10 and 11 to
discuss and make recommendations on matters within the scope of the UN Charter, including
recommendations concerning the maintenance of International peace and security.24 Under
Article 14, the Assembly may recommend measures for the peaceful adjustment of any situation
regardless of origin which it deems likely to impair the general welfare or friendly relations
among nations. It can, however, take no binding decision in such matters. The Assembly may
also establish such subsidiary organs as it deems necessary for the performance of its functions
(Article 22) and entrust functions to the Secretary-General (Article 98). It is because such
operations fall somewhat between Chapter VI (peaceful settlement) and Chapter VII
(enforcement) of the Charter, that the term ‘Chapter Six and a Half has been used. 25

23
United Nations, United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines, New York Publications,
2008
24
However, under Article 11(2), where action is necessary on any question relating to the maintenance of
international peace and security, the matter must be referred to the Security Council.
25
See www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/index.asp., last accessed on 16th October’2011.

7
DEPARTMENT OF PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS

The Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO), which was established as a separate

department of the UN Secretariat in 1992, is responsible for planning, managing, deploying,
supporting and, on behalf of the Secretary-General, providing executive direction to all UN
peacekeeping operations. It also performs similar functions in support of peace and security
operations that are predominantly civilian, such as the United Nations Assistance Mission in
Afghanistan (UNAMA). DPKO works very closely with the Department of Political Affairs
(DPA), which is the focal point in the UN system for conflict prevention, peacemaking and
peacebuilding.

PEACEKEEPING FACT SHEET 26

Fact Sheet as of 31 August 2011

 Peacekeeping operations since 1948: 66

 Current peacekeeping operations: 16
 Current peace operations directed and supported by the Department of Peacekeeping
Operations: 16

Personnel

 Uniformed personnel: 97,614

o Troops: 81,402
o Police: 14,059
o Military observers: 2,153
 Countries contributing uniformed personnel: 114
 Civilian personnel (30 June 2011): 19,577
o International (30 June 2011): 5,707
o Local (30 June 2011): 13,870
 UN Volunteers (30 June 2011): 2,255
 Total number of personnel serving in 15 peacekeeping operations: 119,446
 Total number of personnel serving in 16 DPKO-led peace operations: 121,448
 Total fatalities: 2,932

Financial aspects

 Approved resources for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012: about $7.06 billion
 Estimated total cost of operations from 1948 to 30 June 2010: about $69 billion
 Outstanding contributions to peacekeeping: about $5.30 billion

26
http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/resources/statistics/factsheet.shtml, last accessed on 18 th October’2011.

8
INSTRUMENTS FOR PEACE AND SECURITY

The United Nations has developed a range of instruments for controlling and resolving conflicts
between and within States. The most important of them are preventive diplomacy and
peacemaking; peace-keeping; peace-building; disarmament; sanctions; and peace enforcement.
The first three can be employed only with the consent of the parties to the conflict. Sanctions and
enforcement, on the other hand, are coercive measures and thus, by definition, do not require the
consent of the party concerned. Disarmament can take place on an agreed basis or in the context
of coercive action under Chapter VII.

The United Nations does not have or claim a monopoly of any of these instruments. All can be,
and most of them have been, employed by regional organizations, by ad hoc groups of States or
by individual States, but the United Nations has unparalleled experience of them and it is to the
United Nations that the international community has turned increasingly since the end of the cold
war. The United Nations system is also better equipped than regional organizations or individual
Member States to develop and apply the comprehensive, long-term approach needed to ensure
the lasting resolution of conflicts.

A. Preventive Diplomacy And Peacemaking

It is evidently better to prevent conflicts through early warning, quiet diplomacy and, in some
cases, preventive deployment than to have to undertake major politico-military efforts to resolve
them after they have broken out.
B. Peace-Keeping

The United Nations can be proud of the speed with which peace-keeping has evolved in response
to the new political environment resulting from the end of the cold war, but the last few years
have confirmed that respect for certain basic principles of peace-keeping are essential to its
success. Three particularly important principles are the consent of the parties, impartiality and
the non-use of force except in self-defence. Analysis of recent successes and failures shows that
in all the successes those principles were respected and in most of the less successful operations
one or other of them was not.
C. Post-Conflict Peace-Building

The validity of the concept of post-conflict peace-building has received wide recognition. The
measures it can use - and they are many - can also support preventive diplomacy.
Demilitarization, the control of small arms, institutional reform, improved police and judicial
systems, the monitoring of human rights, electoral reform and social and economic development
can be as valuable in preventing conflict as in healing the wounds after conflict has occurred.

9
D. Disarmament

At their Summit on 31 January 1992, the members of the Security Council underscored their
interest in and concern for disarmament, arms control and non-proliferation, with special
reference to weapons of mass destruction. They committed themselves to taking concrete steps to
enhance the effectiveness of the United Nations in those areas.
E. Sanctions27

Under Article 41 of the Charter, the Security Council may call upon Member States to apply
measures not involving the use of armed force in order to maintain or restore international peace
and security. Such measures are commonly referred to as sanctions. This legal basis is recalled in
order to underline that the purpose of sanctions is to modify the behaviour of a party that is
threatening international peace and security and not to punish or otherwise exact retribution.

SPECIALIZED AGENCIES UNDER UN THAT CONTRIBUTE TO PEACE

There are other UN organizations that help promote a culture of peace. UNICEF, the United
Nations Children's Fund28, helps to protect the rights of children. It carries out both preventive
initiatives to help promote the education of children in developing countries and protective
actions to help children in times of war, when they are often the most vulnerable victims. Indeed,
if the future is to be ensured, it is important that children be educated and not be mistreated.
Children ensure a country's future. Ensuring that children are not mistreated helps both to
develop a country's capacities and to prevent, as much as is possible, the outbreak of future
conflicts.

UNFPA, the United Nations Population Fund 29, also helps to promote a culture of peace by
developing information programs for women, especially with regard to sex education. It provides
women in particular with all the necessary information and resources. This allows them in turn to
make fully informed decisions and thereby contribute to a better management of the planet's
population. WHO, the World Health Organization, promotes scientific cooperation in health
matters, helps reinforce health systems and assists governments which ask for emergency aid.
The provision of care to populations in distress alleviates many ills, whether they be physical or
psychological. The WFP, the World Food Programme30 promotes better nutrition by using food
aid to support economic and social development. It is helped in this by the FAO, the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 31, which sets up programs to help foster greater

27
Refer Article 41, UN Charter.
28
last accessed on 18th October’2011.
http:// www.unicef.org.html,
29
http:// www.unfpa.org.html, last accessed on 18th October’2011.
th
http:// www.wfp.org.html, last accessed on 18 October’2011
30

31
http:// www.fao.org.html, last accessed on 18th October’2011
10
agricultural productivity, thereby fighting hunger and poverty around the world. Hunger and
poverty are two important factors in the outbreak of conflicts.

All of these UN programs are attempting, with the means that are available to them, to prevent
conflicts and have a world that is free of violence. However, it will be some time before we reach
this enviable state on our planet. This being true, the UN will have to continue to separate
belligerents by intervening through peacekeeping missions.

CONCLUSION

We can observe in this project that UN is playing a very important role on its part for
maintenance of International peace and security, through its various agencies. Till date we can
see that UN has conducted 66 peace keeping mission since its inception. Presently, 16 operations
are still in progress.

According to critics though UN is working but it is not an independent body in itself. In reality it
is operated by various members nation which usually look after their interest first. Even the
critics come to point out that there is no provision of peace keeping in the UN Charter.

Thought there are many criticisms against the UN but still we can observe that UN is working
for the general welfare of the masses. We need to see the efforts made by the various agencies
like UNICEF, UNESCO, WHO, UNDP, ILO, UNHRC which apart from peace keeping are
ensuring general welfare.

11
BIBLIOGRAPHY:

 Ian Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law, 7th ed., Oxford University Press,
2008.
 J.G.Starke, Introduction to International Law, 10th ed., Aditya Books Private Limited.,
Delhi, 1994.
 Malcolm N. Shaw, International Law, 6th ed., Cambridge University Press, Allahabad,
2008.
 S K Kapoor, International Law and Human Rights, 17th ed., Central Law Agency,
Allahabad, 2009.

WEBLIOGRAPHY:

 http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/resources/statistics/factsheet.shtml, last accessed on

18th October’2011.
 http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter7.shtml, last accessed on 18 th
October’2011.
 http://www.un.org/aboutun/untoday/peacesec.htm, last accessed on 18th October’2011.
 http://www.unac.org/peacecp/factsheet/role.html, last accessed on 18 th October’2011.
 http://www.un.org/aboutun/untoday/unorg.htm, last accessed on 18 th October’2011.
 www.peacekeepingbestpractices.unlb.org/Pbps/library.htm, last accessed on 18th
October’2011.
th
 http:// www.unicef.org.html, last accessed on 18 October’2011.
 http:// www.unfpa.org.html, last accessed on 18 th October’2011.
th
 http:// www.wfp.org.html, last accessed on 18 October’2011
 http:// www.fao.org.html, last accessed on 18th October’2011

12