Mole Concept 2

Laws Of Chemical Combinations

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Mole Concept 1
Significant Figures

A significant figures includes all those digits that are known with
certainty plus one more which is uncertain or estimated.

Greater the number of significant figures, smaller is the

uncertainty.
Rules to Determine Significant Figures

All non-zero digits are significant:

Example:
42.3 has three significant figures.
243.4 has four significant figures.
Rules to Determine Significant Figures

A zero becomes significant figure if it appears between two non-

zero digits:

Example:
5.03 has three significant figures.
5.604 has four significant figures.
Rules to Determine Significant Figures

Leading zeros or the zeros placed to the left of the numbers are
never significant.

Example:
0.543 has three significant figures.
0.045 has two significant figures.
Rules to Determine Significant Figures

Trailing zeros or the zeros placed to the right of the decimal are
significant.

Example:
433.0 has four significant figures.
433.00 has five significant figures.
Rules to Determine Significant Figures

If a number ends in zeros but these zeros are not to the right of a
decimal point, these zeros may or may not be significant.

Example:
11400 g may have three, four or five significant figures.
The above mass may be written in the following exponential
forms.
1.14 × 104 g, which has three significant figure.
1.140 × 104 g, which has four significant figures.
Rules to Determine Significant Figures
Counting numbers of objects, for example 2 balls or 20 eggs have
infinite significant figures as these are exact numbers are can be
represented by writing infinite number of zeros after placing a
decimal

Example:
1 = 2.000000
20 = 20.000000
The number of significant figures in 0.0045 are
A. Two
B. Three
C. Four
D. Five
The number of significant figures in 10500 are
A. Three
B. Four
C. Five
D. Can be any of these
5.041 has how many significant figures.
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
What is Chemical Reaction?
Laws of Chemical Combinations

Law of Conservation of Mass

Law of Definite Proportions

Law of Multiple Proportions

Law of Reciprocal Proportions

Gay Lussac’s Law of combining Volumes

Law of Conservation of Mass
“During a chemical reaction, atoms are neither created nor
destroyed. The number of atoms remains constant
throughout the reaction. Since the number of atoms
doesn’t change, the mass must remain constant as well”.
Density of Matter
NTP & STP Conditions

Classical STP:
Standard Temperature and Pressure (0°C, 1 ATM)

SATP:
Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure (25°C, 1 ATM)

NTP:
Normal Temperature and Pressure (20°C, 1 ATM)

MNTP:
Modified Normal Temperature and Pressure (70°C, 1 ATM)
Law of Conservation of Mass

“During all chemical or Physical changes total mass of

the system or total atoms remain conserved”
Law of Conservation of Mass

“During all chemical or Physical changes total mass of

the system or total atoms remain conserved”
Law of Conservation of Mass

❑ Mass is neither created nor destroyed in ordinary

chemical and physical changes.
❑ Must start and end with the same amount.
❑ Example
A quantity of 10 g of a hydrocarbon exactly requires 40 g oxygen for
complete combustion. The products formed are CO2 and water.
When CO2 gas formed is absorbed completely in lime water, the
mass of solution increases by 27.5 g. What is the mass of water
formed in combustion?
A. 22.5 g
B. 27.5 g
C. 50 g
D. 10 g
Two elements A and B combine to form compound X and Y. For the
fix mass of A, masses of B combined for the compounds A and B are
in 3:7 ratio. If in compound X, 4 g of A combines with 12 g B, then in
compound Y, 8 g of A will combine with …… g of B.
A. 24
B. 56
C. 28
D. 8
When Acetone is heated, ketene is formed with evolution of methane
gas. In an experiment 120 gm acetone is heated and 16 gm methane is
liberated. The amount of ketene formed is,
A. 104 g
B. 44 g
C. 16 g
D. 60 g
Law of Definite Proportions (Joseph Proust-1799)

Law of Definite Proportions states that in a given type

of chemical substance, the elements are always
combined in the same proportions by mass.
When 50 g of ammonia is heated it gives 41.18 g of Nitrogen. When 10 g.
of Nitrogen is combined with required amount of hydrogen it produces
12.14g ammonia. Show that the given data follows the law of constant
compositions.
Law of Multiple Proportions (Dalton–1803)
The law of multiple proportions states that if two elements
form more than one compound between them, the masses
of one element combined with a fixed mass of the second
element form in ratios of small integers
Law of Multiple Proportions (Dalton–1803)
Law of Reciprocal Proportions
“When two elements combine separately with fixed mass
of third element then the ratio of their masses in which
they do so is either the same or some whole number
multiple of the ratio in which they combine with each
other”.
Sodium and oxygen combine to form two compounds of which one is
Na2O. The percentage of sodium in the other compound is 59%. The
formula of this compound would be?
A. Na2O3
B. NaO2
C. Na2O2
D. Na2O
Gay Lussac’s Law of combining Volumes

The volumes of gaseous reactants reacted and the volumes of

gaseous products formed, all measured at the same temperature
and pressure bear a simple ratio.
Mole Concept
The Mole
● 1 dozen cookies = 12 cookies
● 1 mole of cookies = 6.02 × 1023 cookies

● 1 dozen cars = 12 car

● 1 mole of cars = 6.02 × 1023 cars

● 1 dozen Al atoms = 12 atoms

● 1 mole of Al atoms = 6.02 × 1023 atoms

Note:
The NUMBER is always the same, but the MASS is very
different.
Mole Concept
A Mole of Particles contains 6.02 × 1023 particles
● 1 mole C = 6.02 × 1023 C atoms
● 1 mole H2O = 6.02 × 1023 H2O atoms
● 1 mole NaCl = 6.02 × 1023 NaCl atoms

(Technically, ionics are compounds not molecules so they

are called formula units)
● 6.02 × 1023 Na+ ions and
● 6.02 × 1023 Cl– ions
Home Work
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Home Work

1. Phosphorus forms two oxides P2O3 3. Hydrogen combines with Chlorine

and P2O5. Which law can be proved to form HCl. It also combines with
by the weights of P and O? sodium to form NaH. If sodium and
A. Constant composition chlorine also combine with each
B. Multiple Proportions other, they will do so in the ratio
C. Reciprocal Proportions of their masses as
D. Conservation of mass A. 23 : 35.5
B. 35.5 : 23
2. Zinc sulphate contains 22.65% Zn C. 1 : 1
and 43.9% H2O. If the law of D. 23 : 1
constant proportions is true, then
the mass of Zinc required to give 4. How many significant figures are in
40 g crystal will be 2.345 × 104?
A. 90.6 g A. 4
B. 9.06 g B. 3
C. 0.906 g C. 2
D. 906 g D. 8
Home Work

5. Which of the following number has 7. Which of the following

3 significant figures? combinations illustrates the law of
A. 519.00 reciprocal proportions?
B. 2503 A. NO2, N2O4, N2O
C. 0.0500 B. NaCl, NaBr, NaI
D. 0.008 C. PCl3, PH3, PF3
D. CS2, SO2, CO2
6. How many significant figures are
present in 7 × 2.232? 8. 3 g of a hydrocarbon on
A. 2 combustion with 11.2 g of oxygen
B. 3 produces 8.8 g CO2 and 5.4 g H2O.
C. 4 The data illustrates the law of
D. 1 A. Conservation of mass
B. Multiple proportions
C. Definite proportions
D. Reciprocal proportions
Home Work

9. The scientific notation of 11. Two oxides of a metal contain

0.00000000068 is? 72.4% and 70% of metal
A. 6.8 × 10–10 respectively? if formula of 2nd
B. 68 × 10–11 oxide is M2O3, find that of the first
C. 6.8 × 10–11 A. MO
D. 68 × 10–10 B. M3O4
C. M3O2
10. Carbon forms two oxides containing D. MO2
42.9% and 27.3% carbons
respectively. Which law of chemical 12. Irrespective to the source, pure
combination does this illustrate? sample of water always yields
A. Law of constant composition 11.11% mass of hydrogen and
B. Law of multiple proportions 88.89% mass of oxygen. This is
C. Law of conservation of mass explained by the law of
D. Law of reciprocal proportions A. Conservation of mass
B. Constant composition
C. Multiple proportions
D. Constant volume
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