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Source Free Circuit
Source Free Circuit
Tyler Shewbert
November 5, 2015
Part I
-There are two ways to excite RC and RL circuits, the first way is call source-free. We assume that the energy is
initially stored in the capacitive or inductive element. They may have dependent sources. The second way is by using
independent sources.
-A source-free RC circuit occurs when a DC source is suddenly disconnected from a circuit. The energy that the
capacitor has already store will now be released to the power dissipating resistors.
V (0) = V0 (1)
dv 1
= dt (3)
v RC
Which says that the voltage response of the RC circuit is a decay exponentially of V0 . This is also called the natural
For a capacitor, when the voltage source steps to zero, the capacitor will now
The time constant is written ⌧ = RC. This will be the same regardless of what the output is. It is based only on the
1
The power dissipated by the resistor is
V02 2t/⌧
p(t) = viR = e (5)
R
The keys to working a source free RC circuit are to first find the initial voltage across the capacitor, and then find the
time constant. If the circuit has one capacitor and several resistors, then Thevenin circuits can be used to equivocate the
circuit.
Part II
the inductor current cannot change instantaneously, we assume the current to be a function of time i(t) as we did with
voltage in the capacitor. When the source is removed, by the principles of Lenz’s law, the inductor will now become a
source, sourcing current into the resistor. So the inductor has an initial current I0 , an energy value that corresponds to
the definition of energy stored in an inductor. Using KVL around the loop, similar to KCL in the capacitor, we find a
Solving this by rearranging terms and integrating gives us the solution of the differential equation:
Rt/L
i(t) = I0 e (8)
Similar to the capacitor, the initial energy stored in the inductor is dissipated by the resistor. This process begins as
soon as the independent source is removed from the circuit. Also, a Thevenin equivalent circuit can be used to model this
circuit.
Part III
are three widely used singularity functions, the unit step, the unit impulse, and the unit ramp.
The unit step function u(t) is zero for negative values and one for positive values of t. The unit step function is
2
undefined at t = 0. It is a scalar, dimensionless value.
The unit impulse function is also know as the delta function. It states that the value (t) is zero everywhere except
at t = 0, where it is not defined. This is often used as a resulting or applied shock. When a function is integrated with
the impulse function, we obtain the value of the function at the point where the impulse occurs.
Integrating the unit step function creates the unit ramp function r(t). This function is zero for negative values of
Part IV
First we will consider an RC circuit with a voltage source. We know that the voltage of a capacitor cannot change
instantaneously. If we apply KCL to such a circuit, the resulting differential equation is found:
dv v Vs u(t)
C + =0 (9)
dt R
where v is the voltage across the circuit and Vs is the source voltage. Applying boundary conditions and solving this
t/⌧
v(t) = Vs + (V0 Vs )e (10)
v(t) = V0 (11)
Conceptually what is happening is that current is being stepped, and by Lenz’s Law sinks current into the circuit after
There are two parts to the equation defining v(t). First, the natural response, if there is stored energy in the capacitor
is defined by:
t/⌧
v n = V0 e (12)
This is also broken up into transient response and steady-state response. The transient response is temporary. It is
the response that will die out with time. The steady-state response is the behavior of the circuit after a long period of
3
excitation. This is written mathematically as:
t/⌧
v(t) = v(1) + [v(0) v(1)]e (14)
This equation only applies to step responses, meaning when the input is constant.
Part V
must be continuous, so we can say that the RL circuit equation should be made of two parts, a transient and steady-state
response as was the RC circuit. The transient part has already been defined as:
t/⌧
it = Ae (15)
Vs Vs t/⌧
i(t) = + (I0 )e (16)
R R
or
t/⌧
i(t) = i(1) + [i(0) i(1)]e (17)
Part VI
References
[1] Charles Alexander and Matthew Sadiku. Fundamentals of Electric Circuits. McGraw-Hill Education, 5 edition, 1 2012.