PRACTICAL

RESEARCH I
Zione Kathleen C. Esic, RPm
 QUANTITATIVE AND
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Module 1 Lesson 3
3
TYPES OF RESEARCH 4

Applied Research- designed to solve practical problems of the

modern world, rather than to acquire knowledge’s sake; its goal is
to improve human condition. It is used to find solutions to
everyday problems, current illnesses and develop technologies.

Examples: to improve crop production, treat or cure a specific

disease and to improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, or
modes of transportations.
TYPES OF RESEARCH 5

Basic Research- referred to as fundamental or pure research, is

driven by a scientist’s curiosity or interest in a scientific question.
The main motivation is to extend man’s knowledge, not to create or
invent things.

Examples: What is the possible cure for HIV?

What is the genetic code of the fruit fly?
How do mushrooms reproduce?
TYPES OF RESEARCH 6

Correlational Research- refers to the systematic investigation or

statistical study of relationships among two or more variables,
without necessarily determining the cause and effect. It seeks to
establish a relation or association between two or more variables
that do not readily lead themselves to experimental manipulation.

Example: Relationship between academic performance and social

media usage
TYPES OF RESEARCH 7

Descriptive Research- refers to the research that provides an

accurate portrayal of a class or a particular individual or a group. It
is also known as statistical research. It collects large amount of notes
for a detailed study. It deals with everything that can be counted
and measured and which has a n impact on people or communities.

Example: finding the most and common and frequent disease that
affects the children of the town
TYPES OF RESEARCH 8

Ethnographic Research- refers to the investigation of a culture

through an in-depth study of the members of the culture; it
involves the systematic collection, description, and the analysis of
data for development of theories of cultural behavior.
Two Approaches: 1. Realist- objective account of the situation
2. Critical- shows advocacy for marginalized group

Example: study on Tasaday tribe

TYPES OF RESEARCH 9

Experimental Research- is an objectives, systematics, controlled

investigation, for the purpose of predicting and controlling
phenomena and examining probability and causality among
selected variables. It best establishes cause-effect relationship.

Example: Effect of online gaming to the cognition of Grade 12

students; laboratory experiment of products, animal experiment on
laboratories
TYPES OF RESEARCH 10

Exploratory Research- is a type conducted for a problem that has

not been clearly defined. It helps determine the best research
design, data collection method and selection of subjects. It can be
informal.
TYPES OF RESEARCH 11

Historical Research- is one involving analysis of events that

occurred in the remote recent past. Understanding this can add
perspective on how we examine current events and educational
practices; can be external (lower) criticism or internal (higher)
criticism.
TYPES OF RESEARCH 12

Phenomenological Research- is an inductive descriptive research

developed from phenomenological philosophy. Its aim is to
describe the experience as it is actually lived by the person. It is
concerned with the study of experience from the perspective of the
individual. It emphasizes the importance of a personal perspective
and interpretation.

Example: Interview with the person involved in Marawi Seige

TYPES OF RESEARCH 13

Action Research- involves the application of the steps of the

scientific method in the classroom problems. This type of research
is done on a very limited scope. Conducted primarily by education
students and teachers.

Example: What instruction strategies do students think are

engaging and why?
TYPES OF RESEARCH 14

Case studies
• Intrinsic case study- conducted to understand a particular case that may
be unusual or unique
• Instrumental case study- represents some other issues under stud and the
researcher believes that this particular case can provide additional insights
into that issue
• Multiple or collective case study- uses several cases selected to further
understand and investigate a phenomenon, population, or general
condition.
TYPES OF RESEARCH 15

Content Analysis- is a type of research applied to written or visual

materials. This research type may be laborious and time consuming.
However, with the use of computers, content analysis can be made
more quickly and accurately.
 16

Qualitative Quantitative

Objective It aims to create new The purpose is to test a

theory based on the hypothesis or theory.
gathered data. Measures problem using
A fact-finding research rating scale and other
used to gain research parameters of
understanding of group similarities.
individual differences in
terms of feelings and
experiences.
 17

Qualitative Quantitative

Data -natural setting -measurement setting

Description -making stories out of a -performs measures out
certain phenomenon. of a certain
-Uses pictures, words, phenomenon.
sentences, paragraphs, - Uses numbers, scales,
compositions, narrations hypotheses, calculations,
and short stories computations and
statistics tools.
 18

Qualitative Quantitative
Sample Size -Small judgment (by Large sample
decision) sampling representatives of
population.
 Qualitative
Data -Unstructured or semi structured
Gathering (flexible processes)
Activities Uses interviews, participant
observation, group discussions.
Ex: Case Study, field research
Uses open ended questions.
It is a freeform survey questions
allow a participant to answer in
open-text format, responses are
unlimited to a set of options.
19
Quantitative
Standardized /Structured
Uses census, survey
questionnaire, checklist,
paper-pencil test and
experimentation.
Uses closed ended
questions.
This questions can only
be answered by selecting
from a limited number of
options, usually
“multiple-choice”,
 Qualitative
Data -Example:
Gathering Guide questions for the interviews
Activities 1. What was your experiences during
quarantine period on the COVID-19
pandemic? How did you handle the
situation caused by the pandemic?
2. Was the support of the National
and Local Government enough for
your basic needs? Did they conduct
evaluation for those who were
affected?
Quantitative 20
Example:
Strongly agree to strongly disagree
In quantitative research closed
ended questions are the basis of all
statistical analysis techniques
applied on questionnaires and
surveys.
Sample Question:
Do you agree on online modality
class in transitioning the new
normal of education?
a. Strongly agree
b. Agree
c. Disagree
d. Strongly disagree
 Qualitative
Data -Inductive
Gathering The researcher starts with the
Activities observations, an open mind
without biases, gathering all
exact details of the topic and
generalization or new theory is
given towards the end of the
research process.
Quantitative
21
-Deductive
Starts from a hypothesis or
already created theory
emphasizing the previously
researched phenomenon from
different views (tested against
observations).
 Qualitative Quantitative
22

Data Uses both inductive and deductive

discussions
and They are not mutually exclusive with each other in research.
Presentation Inductive method or “bottom-up” is used if the researcher
starts discussions from the lowest and highest means then
explains the overall mean.

Deductive or “top-down “if discussion is from the overall

mean going to the lowest and highest means, deductive.
 Qualitative Quantitative
23

Data Opinions are based on Opinions are based on laws,

discussions experience or observation. rules, or other recognized
and There are no criteria used in principles.
Presentation data discussions.
 Qualitative Quantitative
24

Data Synthesize data, interpret, Statistical

Analysis thematic.
Objective
Subjective
The researcher employs
Data analysis is influenced by standard criteria in analyzing
the personal experiences and data.
views.
 Qualitative Quantitative
25

Outcome Cultivates understanding with Endorse a development.

high validity.
Has high output replicability.
There are no conclusions
formulated. Conclusion is formulated
towards the end of the
research process.
SIMILARITIES: QUALITATIVE &
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
1. Both have the process of inquiry and investigation.
2. Both improve life and help us in understanding various issues
of life and in giving solutions to our problems
3. Both start with a problem and end with a new problem.
4. Both use textual forms in analyzing and interpretation of
data.
7. Both use inductive and deductive methods of presenting data.
References:

Prieto, N.G. et al. (2017).Practical Research for Senior High School 1 Qualitative. Lorimar
Publishing, Inc., Metro Manila.

Baraceros, E.L. (2016).Practical Research 1. Ist ed. Rex Book Store. Manila

Buenseco, D.B, Dacanay, D.E., Manalo, G.A. (2016).Department of Education

Practical Research 1. Teachers Guide .Ist ed. Lexicon Press, Inc. Pasig City.

Calmorin, L.P. (2016).Research and Thesis Writing with Statistics and Computer

Application. Rev.ed.Rex Book Store

Cristobal, A.P., Jr, & Cristobal, M.D. (2016). Practical Research 1 for Senior High

School. Ist ed.C & E Publishing Inc. Quezon City.

THANK YOU
Zione Kathleen C. Esic, RPm

zionekathleen.esic@deped.gov.ph