三、状语从句（adverbial clause）

1.状语从句的规则
1). 完整的状语从句
连词 + 完整句(四种基本句型) – 主谓宾/主系表/it is/there be
2). 主语省略的状语从句—当主句和从句的主语一样的时候可以省略从句的主语 (极少使用)
连词 + doing/done(取决于和主句主语之间是主动还是被动关系)

2.状语从句的目的
1). 限定时间 – before, after, when, until…
 When both parents have to work to provide a better life quality , they need to rely on
grandparents for childcare.
 After they finish school, teenagers have to face the dilemma of whether to continue education or
get a job.
 After leaving their comfort zone, young people will have to face all the challenges by
themselves.
 I would say that human beings should not try to contact aliens until we are basically prepared to
face all possibilities.

2). 限定原因 –
连接词：because, since, as, for , now that, in that, owing to, due to, thanks to, because of , as a result
of
 Such activities are not a waste of time because they help children develop a range of skills.
 Because people interpret happiness for themselves in so many different ways , it is difficult to
give any definition that is true for everyone.
 Because it is more likely now that both parents work, there is little opportunity for children to
stay in their own home up to that age.
 It is important that children learn at an early age to use computers as they will need these skills
throughout their studies and working lives.
 比较：because, since, as 和 for because, as, since…
1)　because 语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答 why 提出的问题。当原因是显而易见
的或已为人们所知，就用 as 或 since。
I didn't go, because I was afraid.
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
　　
2)　由 because 引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用 for 来代替。但如果不是说
明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用 for。
He is absent today, because / for he is ill.
He must be ill, for he is absent today.
now that ：既然;
in that :因为，通常只能放在句中，强调重要的，唯一的的原因;
eg：Now that this semester is finished, I am going to rest a few days and take a trip.
Human beings are different from animals in that human can speak and think.
owing to, due to, thanks to, because of , as a result of 等短语后面只能接词或短语，不能接从句。

3). 限定条件(假设)(一般是主将从现)
 If their children work hard at school, then they will increase their opportunities for going to
higher education and eventually getting a good job.
 If they cannot play make-believe games, how can they develop their imagination?
 If they do not practice any sports, how can they learn physical co-ordination or learn important
social lessons about winning and losing?
 If everything they do must have some educational or academic relevance, then they will soon get
tired of studying altogether.
 If they could raise them to be considered of others and to be social, responsible individuals, the
whole community would benefit.
 If allowed to make their own decisions, young children could grow independent in many ways.
连接词：if, once, as long as, on condition that
① 如果引导的条件可以实现，主将从现;
② 如果引导的条件和事实相反，则用虚拟语气;
eg：If winter comes can spring be far behind.
As long as it doesn't rain, we can play.
You can go out on condition that you wear an overcoat.
Modern cars are far tougher to steal, as their engine management computer won't allow them to start
unless they receive a unique ID code beamed out by the ignition (点火) key.

4). 让步关系(虽然) - although

 While some people link happiness to wealth and material success, others think it lies in emotions
and loving person relationships.
 While some people think this may be damaging to a child’s development, in fact there are many
advantages to having school experience at a young age.
 常见的连接词有 though, although，as, while, even though
区分 though，although，as
eg：Although/though he is a child, he can live by himself.
as 表示虽然的时候，要进行倒装;
Child as/though he is , he can live by himself.
eg：Although/though she works very hard ,she makes very little progress.
Hard as she works, she makes very little progress.
Although/though she is young, she has travelled to many countries to put shows .
Young as she is, she has travelled to many countries to put shows .
while：连接两个句子，表示虽然，但是;
eg：He is experienced while he is young.

5). 伴随关系(随着)
 As access to the best education and best jobs is becoming more competitive, then it is true that
children have to make the best of their study time when they are young.
 As the number of teenage criminals increases, many people are suggesting that they should be
punished more severely.

6). 结果关系
 In many countries, the birth rate is decreasing so families are smaller with fewer children.
 结果状语从句常由 so… that 或 such…that 引导;so 保留，that 可以省略;如此……以至于…
…;
 eg：He didn't abide by the contract so that he was fined.
 He was so excited that he couldn't fall asleep.
 He made such an inspiring speech that everybody got excited.

 比较：so 和 such
 (1)so：so +形容词、副词+that;so+形容词+a/an+名词+that;
 eg：The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward.
 He run so fast that I couldn't catch up with him.
 It was so hot a day that crops wilted.
 He is so lovely a boy that everyone loves him.
 (2)such：such+a/an+形容词+名词+that
 eg：It was such a hot day that crops wilted.
 He is such a lovely boy that everyone loves him.

目的状语从句
由 that, so that, in order that, in case 等词引导;
in case：以防;
eg：Take the umbrella with you in case it rains.
eg：A variety of activities should be organized so that participants can remain active as long as they
want and then go on to something else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants
down.

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二、将下列各题中的两个简单句合并成一个带有目的状语从句的复合句，注意使用情态动词。
8. I am going to leave the party early. I want to get a good night’s sleep.
9. Harry brought his umbrella. He wanted to be sure he didn’t get wet.
10. I turned on the TV. I wanted to listen to the news.
11. The little boy pretended to be sick. He wanted to stay away from school.
12. Clint took some change from his pocket. He wanted to buy a newspaper.
13. I put the milk in the refrigerator. I wanted to make sure it wouldn’t spoil.
14. I unplugged the phone. I didn’t want to be interrupted while I was sleeping.
8. I’m going to leave the party early so that I can get a good night’s sleep.
9. Harry brought his umbrella so that he would not get wet.
10. I turned on the TV in order that I could listen to the news.
11. The little boy pretended to be sick so that he could stay away from school.
12. Clint took some change from his pocket so that he could buy a newspaper.
13. I put the milk in the refrigerator so that it wouldn’t spoil.
14. I unplugged the phone so that I wouldn’t be interrupted while I was sleeping.