INTRODUCTION TO

FLUID MECHANICS
TITANIC MOVIE
FLUIDS
A fluid is a collection of
molecules that are randomly
arranged and held together
by weak cohesive forces and
by forces exerted by the walls
of a container. Both liquids
and gases are fluids.
First, we consider the
mechanics of a fluid at rest—
that is, fluid statics. We then
treat the mechanics of fluids
in motion— that is, fluid
dynamics.
 PRESSURE

𝑁
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑎( 2 )
𝑚
𝐹 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑁

𝐴 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑚2

1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 760 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎
VARIATION OF PRESSURE WITH DEPTH

𝑃 = 𝑃𝑜 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑚
𝑔 = 9.81
𝑠2
𝑃𝑜 = 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝜌𝑔 = 𝛾 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑘𝑔
𝜌 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 3 𝑁
𝑚 𝛾= 3
𝑚
SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. If a depth of liquid of 1m causes 2. What is the pressure 12.5m
s pressure of 7 kPa, what is the unit below the ocean?
weight of liquid?
Solution:
Solution:
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑜 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑜 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ 𝑃 = 0 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑜 + γℎ 𝑃 = 0 + (1.03𝑥103 ) 9.81 (12.5)
7𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 0 + γ(1 𝑚) 𝑷 = 𝟏𝟐𝟔, 𝟑𝟎𝟑. 𝟕𝟓 𝑷𝒂
𝒌𝑵
𝜸=𝟕 𝒎𝟑
BUOYANT FORCE &
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
The magnitude of the
buoyant force always
equals the weight of the
fluid displaced by the
object.
This statement is known as
Archimedes' principle.

𝑩=𝑾
BUOYANT FORCE &
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
Case 1: Totally Submerged Object
 Solution:
Weight of crown in air: Weight of crown in water:
SAMPLE PROBLEM: σ 𝐹 = 𝑇1 − 𝐹𝑔 σ 𝐹 = 𝑇2 + 𝐵 − 𝐹𝑔
0 = 7.84 − 𝐹𝑔 0 = 6.84 + 𝐵 − 7.84
𝑭𝒈 = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟒 𝐍 𝐵 = 7.84 − 6.84
𝑩 = 𝟏. 𝟎 𝑵

𝐵 = 𝜌𝑤 𝑔𝑉𝑔𝑜𝑙𝑑

1.0 = 1000(9.81)𝑉𝑔𝑜𝑙𝑑

𝑽𝒈𝒐𝒍𝒅 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟒𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒎𝟑

𝐹𝑔 = 𝜌𝑔𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑔𝑉𝑔𝑜𝑙𝑑
7.84 = 𝜌𝑔𝑜𝑙𝑑 (9.81)(1.0194𝑥10−4 )
𝒌𝒈
Unknown: 𝝆𝒈𝒐𝒍𝒅 = 𝟕, 𝟖𝟑𝟗. 𝟕𝟔 𝟑
𝜌𝑔𝑜𝑙𝑑 =? 𝒎
BUOYANT FORCE &
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
Case 2: Floating Object

𝑩 = 𝝆𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒈𝑽𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅

𝝆𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒈𝑽𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 = 𝝆𝒐𝒃𝒋 𝒈𝑽𝒐𝒃𝒋

 Solution:

SAMPLE PROBLEM 𝑉𝑠𝑤 𝜌𝑖𝑐𝑒

=
𝑉𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝜌𝑠𝑤

𝑉𝑠𝑤 0.917𝑥103
=
𝑉𝑖𝑐𝑒 1.03𝑥103

𝑽𝒔𝒘
= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟗𝟎𝟑 𝒐𝒓 𝟖𝟗. 𝟎𝟑%
𝑽𝒊𝒄𝒆
TITANIC MOVIE
 𝐆𝐈𝐕𝐄𝐍 𝐃𝐀𝐓𝐀:

SCIENCE BEHIND 𝐷𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑎𝑘 = 𝜌𝑜𝑎𝑘 = 710

𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑚3

𝜌𝑠𝑤 = 1,030 𝑊𝐽𝑎𝑐𝑘 = 686 𝑁

𝑚3

𝑊𝑅𝑜𝑠𝑒 = 594 𝑁 𝑉𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 = 0.264𝑚3

𝑾(𝑱𝒂𝒄𝒌+𝑹𝒐𝒔𝒆) + 𝑾𝒅𝒐𝒐𝒓 =?
Seawater line

𝑩𝒔𝒘 > 𝑾𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍

𝑩𝒔𝒘

𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑊(𝐽𝑎𝑐𝑘+𝑅𝑜𝑠𝑒) + 𝑊𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟

𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 686 + 594 +𝜌𝑜𝑎𝑘 𝑔𝑉𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟

𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 686 + 594 + (710)(9.81) (0.264)

𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 3068.79 𝑁
 𝐆𝐈𝐕𝐄𝐍 𝐃𝐀𝐓𝐀:

SCIENCE BEHIND 𝐷𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑎𝑘 = 𝜌𝑜𝑎𝑘 = 710

𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑚3

𝜌𝑠𝑤 = 1,030 𝑊𝐽𝑎𝑐𝑘 = 686 𝑁

𝑚3

𝑊𝑅𝑜𝑠𝑒 = 594 𝑁 𝑉𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 = 0.264𝑚3

𝑾𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟑, 𝟎𝟔𝟖. 𝟕𝟗 𝑵
Seawater line

𝑩𝒔𝒘 > 𝑾𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍

𝑩𝒔𝒘

𝐒𝐎𝐋𝐕𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐅𝐎𝐑 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐁𝐔𝐎𝐘𝐀𝐍𝐓 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐂𝐄:

𝐵𝑠𝑤 = 𝜌𝑠𝑤 𝑔 𝑉𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟
𝐵𝑠𝑤 = (1030)(9.81)(0.264)
𝐵𝑠𝑤 = 2,667.54𝑁 𝑩𝒔𝒘 ≯ 𝑾𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
 𝐆𝐈𝐕𝐄𝐍 𝐃𝐀𝐓𝐀:

SCIENCE BEHIND 𝐷𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑎𝑘 = 𝜌𝑜𝑎𝑘 = 710

𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑚3

𝜌𝑠𝑤 = 1,030 𝑊𝐽𝑎𝑐𝑘 = 686 𝑁

𝑚3

𝑊𝑅𝑜𝑠𝑒 = 594 𝑁 𝑉𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 = 0.264𝑚3

𝐈𝐅 𝐈𝐓 𝐖𝐎𝐔𝐋𝐃 𝐁𝐄 𝐉𝐀𝐂𝐊 𝐎𝐍𝐋𝐘 𝐎𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐃𝐎𝐎𝐑:

𝑾𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 =?
Seawater line

𝑩𝒔𝒘 = 𝟐, 𝟔𝟔𝟕. 𝟓𝟒𝑵

𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑊(𝐽𝑎𝑐𝑘) + 𝑊𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟

𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 686 + (710)(9.81) (0.264)
𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 2,524.78 𝑁