PHYSICS 1

MECHANICS AND THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter 5
ENERGY
OF A SYSTEM
Chapter 5: PART 1: MECHANICS
ENERGY OF A SYSTEM
5.1. Systems and Environments
5.2. Work Done by a Constant Force
5.3. The Scalar Product of Two Vectors
5.4. Work Done by a Varying Force
5.5. Kinetic Energy and the Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
5.6. Potential Energy of a System
5.7. Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
5.8. Relationship Between Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
5.9. Conservation of Energy
5.10. Situations Involving Kinetic Friction
5.11. Changes in Mechanical Energy for Nonconservative Forces
5.12. Power
 Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
5.1. Systems and Environments
- SYSTEM: a small portion of a Universe on which we focus our attention
- ENVIRONMENT of a system: the rest of the Universe outside of the system
- A valid system may be:
+ a single object or particle
+ a collection of objects or particles
+ a region of space
+ may vary with time in size and shape
- A system boundary is an imaginary surface: divides the Universe into the system
and the environment surrounding the system
 Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
5.1. Systems and Environments
- Example: Consider a force applied to an object in empty space. We can define
the object as the system and its surface as the system boundary. The force
applied to it is an influence on the system from the environment that acts across
the system boundary.
 Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
5.2. Work Done by a Constant Force
Ԧ
▪ The work W done by a constant force 𝐹:
𝑾 = 𝑭∆𝒓 cos 𝜽 (5.1)

Where: r is the displacement of the point of application of 𝐹Ԧ

θ is the angle between 𝐹Ԧ and 𝑟; θ = (𝐹;
Ԧ 𝑟)

▪ The sign of the work depends on the direction of 𝐹Ԧ relative to 𝑟

❶ θ < 90° → W > 0 ❷ θ < 90° → W < 0 ❸ θ < 90° → W = 0
▪ Work is an energy transfer
❶ W > 0: energy is transferred to the system
❷ W < 0: energy is transferred from the system
 Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
5.2. Work Done by a Constant Force
 Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
5.3. The Scalar Product of Two Vectors
• The scalar product of any two vectors 𝐴Ԧ relative to 𝐵:
Ԧ 𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐴. (5.2)

• The work W done by a constant force 𝐹:

Ԧ
Ԧ 𝑟 = 𝐹𝑟 𝑟
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝐹. (5.3)
 Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
5.4. Work Done by a Varying Force
▪ The work done by the force over the small interval x:
∆𝑊 = 𝐹𝑥 ∆𝑥 (5.4)

▪ The total work done for the displacement from xi to xf:

𝑥𝑓
(5.5)
𝑊 = ෍ 𝐹𝑥 ∆𝑥
𝑥𝑖
▪ If the size of the small displacement → 0:
𝑥𝑓 𝑥𝑓

(5.6) 𝑊 = lim ෍ 𝐹𝑥 ∆𝑥 = න 𝐹𝑥 ∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0
𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑖
5.4. Work Done by a Varying Force Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
 The work done by the net force on a system that can be modeled as a particle:
▪ If the particle moves along the x axis from xi to xf is:
xf
෍ 𝑊 = 𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 = න ෍ 𝐹𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (5.7)

xi
▪ If the particle moves along a curved line:

෍ 𝑊 = 𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 = න ෍ 𝐹Ԧ 𝑑𝑟 (5.8)

 The work done by the net force on a system that can’t be modeled as a particle:

෍ 𝑊 = 𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 = ෍ Ԧ
න 𝐹𝑑𝑟 (5.9)
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
5.4. Work Done by a Varying Force Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
* Work Done by a Spring
5.4. Work Done by a Varying Force Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
* Work Done by a Spring
▪ Force exerted by the spring on the block:
𝑭𝒔 = −𝒌𝒙 (5.10)

Where x is the position of the block relative to its equilibrium position (x=0)
k is the force constant or the spring constant
▪ The vector form of the force exerted by the spring on the block:
𝑭𝑺 = 𝑭𝑺 𝒊Ԧ = −𝒌𝒙Ԧ𝒊 (5.11)

▪ The work WS done by 𝐹Ԧ𝑆 as the block moves from xi to xf:

𝒙𝒇
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝑾𝑺 = න −𝒌𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒌 𝒙𝒊 − 𝒌𝒙𝒇 (5.12)
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙𝒊
 Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
5.5. Kinetic Energy and the Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
▪ The net work done on the block by the external net force σ 𝐹Ԧ when the block
moves through a displacement ∆𝑟Ԧ = ∆𝑥Ԧ𝑖 = (𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 )Ԧ𝑖:
𝒙𝒇

(5.13) 𝑾𝒆𝒙𝒕 = න ෍ 𝑭𝒅𝒙

𝒙𝒊
𝒅𝒗
▪Using Newton′ s second law: ෍ 𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂 = 𝒎
𝒅𝒕
Ԧ
→ The net work done on the block by the external net force σ 𝐹:
𝒙𝒇 𝒙𝒇
𝒅𝒗 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝑾𝒆𝒙𝒕 =න𝒎 𝒅𝒙 = න 𝒎𝒗𝒅𝒗 = 𝒎𝒗𝒇 − 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝒊 (5.14)
𝒅𝒕 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙𝒊 𝒙𝒊
 Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
5.5. Kinetic Energy and the Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
▪ KINETIC ENERGY: the energy associated with the motion of the particle:
𝟏
𝑲 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐 (5.15)
𝟐
▪ THE WORK-KINETIC ENERGY THEOREM: When work is done on a system and the
only change in the system is in its speed, the net work done on the system equals
the change in kinetic energy of the system:
𝑾𝒆𝒙𝒕 = 𝑲𝒇 − 𝑲𝒊 = ∆𝑲 (5.16)
 Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
5.5. Kinetic Energy and the Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
Exercise
A 0.600 kg particle has a speed of 2.00 m/s at point A and kinetic energy of
7.50 J at point B. What is:
a. its kinetic energy at A;
b. its speed at B;
c. the net work done on the particle by external forces as it moves from A to B?
5.6. Potential Energy pf a System Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
5.6.1. Gravitational Potential Energy
Consider a system consisting of a book & the Earth,
interacting via the gravitational force
▪ We do some work on the system by lifting the book
slowly from rest through a vertical displacement:
∆𝒓 = ∆𝒚Ԧ𝒋 = (𝒚𝒇 − 𝒚𝒊 )Ԧ𝒋 (5.17)
▪ Because work is an energy transfer, our work done on the
system must appear as an increase in energy of the system.
▪ No change in the kinetic energy of the system.
→ The energy change must appear as some form of
energy storage other than kinetic energy
▪ After lifting the book, we could release it and let it fall back to the position yi. Notice
that the book (and therefore, the system) now has kinetic energy and that its source is in
the work that was done in lifting the book.
5.6. Potential Energy pf a System Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
5.6.1. Gravitational Potential Energy
→ While the book was at the highest point, the system had
the potential to possess kinetic energy.
→ Therefore, the energy is stored in the system before the
book is released is called gravitational potential energy Ug
▪ The amount of potential energy in the system is determined
by the configuration of the system.
▪ When the book is at positions yi and yf, the system has
gravitational potential energy Ugi and Ugf, respectively.
▪ The work done by the application force 𝐹Ԧ𝑎𝑝𝑝 on the system to lifting the book from yi to
yf → the change in the system energy through the change in the gravitation potential
energy:
Wext = Ugf – Ugi = Ug (5.18)
5.6. Potential Energy pf a System Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
5.6.1. Gravitational Potential Energy
Because the book moves slowly → a = 0 → Fapp = Fg
▪ The work done by 𝐹Ԧ𝑎𝑝𝑝 when the book undergoes the
upward displacement ∆𝑟Ԧ = (𝑦𝑓 − 𝑦𝑖 )Ԧ𝑗
𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝐹Ԧ𝑎𝑝𝑝 ∆𝑟Ԧ = 𝑚𝑔Ԧ𝑗(𝑦𝑓 − 𝑦𝑖 )Ԧ𝑗
𝑾𝒆𝒙𝒕 = 𝒎𝒈𝒚𝒇 − 𝒎𝒈𝒚𝒊 (5.19)

▪ From (5.18) and (5.19):

𝑼𝒈𝒊 = 𝒎𝒈𝒚𝒊 + 𝑪; 𝑼𝒈𝒇 = 𝒎𝒈𝒚𝒇 + 𝑪
→ When the book art a position 𝑦, the gravitational potential energy:
𝑼𝒈 = 𝒎𝒈𝒚 + 𝑪
5.6. Potential Energy pf a System Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
5.6.1. Gravitational Potential Energy
▪ If we choose the origin of the gravitational potential
energy at the origin y = 0
→ 𝑈𝑔 𝑦 = 0 = 0 + 𝐶 = 0 → 𝑪 = 𝟎
→ The gravitational potential energy:
𝑼𝒈 = 𝒎𝒈𝒚 (5.20)
5.6. Potential Energy of a System Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
5.6.2. Elastic Potential Energy
Consider a system consisting of a block and a spring.
The external work done by an applied force 𝐹Ԧ𝑎𝑝𝑝
on a block-spring system:
𝑥𝑓 𝑥𝑓 𝑥𝑓
1 2 1 2
𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 = න 𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝐹𝑠 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑘𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥𝑓 − 𝑘𝑥𝑖 = ∆𝑈𝑠 = 𝑈𝑠𝑓 − 𝑈𝑠𝑖
2 2
𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑖
→ The elastic potential energy function associated with the block-spring system:
𝟏 𝟐
𝑼𝒔 = 𝒌𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐
By choosing the origin of the elastic potential energy at the origin x = 0:
𝟏 𝟐
𝑼𝒔 = 𝒌𝒙 (5.21)
𝟐
 Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
5.7. Conservative and Nonconservative Forces

Where is the energy

transferred by the work
of kinetic friction force
𝑓′𝑘 on the table surface
 Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
5.7. Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
▪ The work that was done on the surface has gone into warming the surface rather
than increasing its speed or changing the configuration of a system
▪ The energy associated with the temperature of a system is called its internal
energy Eint
▪ The work done in the surface does indeed represent energy transferred into the
system, but it appears in the system as internal energy rather than kinetic or
potential energy.
▪ Consider the book and the surface as a system:
- Initially, the system has kinetic energy because the book is moving
- While the book is sliding, the internal energy of the system increases
 Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
5.7. Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
▪ Consider the book and the surface as a system:
- Initially, the system has kinetic energy because the book is moving
- While the book is sliding, the internal energy of the system increases
- When the book stops, the kinetic energy has been completely transformed
to internal energy
 Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
5.7. Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
5.7.1. Conservative Forces
❶ The work done by a conservative force on a particle moving between any
two points is independent of the path taken by the particle
❷ The work done by a conservative force on a particle moving through any
closed path is zero
 Gravitational force 𝑭𝒈
▪ The work done by 𝐹Ԧ𝑔 on an object for an infinitesimal displacement

𝒅𝑾𝒈 = 𝑭𝒈 𝒅𝒍 = −𝒎𝒈Ԧ𝒋 𝒅𝒙Ԧ𝒊 + 𝒅𝒚Ԧ𝒋 + 𝒅𝒛𝒌 = −𝒎𝒈𝒅𝒚 (5.22)

5.7. Conservative and Nonconservative Forces Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM

5.7.1. Conservative Forces

▪ For an displacement from initial position (xi,yi,zi) to final position (xf,yf,zf):
𝒚𝒇

𝑾𝒈 = න 𝒅𝑾𝒈 = න −𝒎𝒈𝒅𝒚 = 𝒎𝒈𝒚𝒊 − 𝒎𝒈𝒚𝒇 = −∆𝑼𝒈 (5.23)

𝒚𝒊
→ The gravitational force is a conservative force
 The work WS done by the spring force on the block for moving from xi to xf :
𝒙𝒇
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝑾𝑺 = න −𝒌𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒌𝒙𝒊 − 𝒌𝒙𝒇 = −∆𝑼𝑺 (5.24)
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙𝒊
→ The spring force is a conservative force
 Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
5.7. Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
5.7.2. Nonconservative Forces
- A force is nonconservative if it does not satisfy properties (1) and (2) above.
- The work done by a nonconservative force is path-dependent
 Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
5.8. Relationship Between Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
▪ The internal work done by a conservative force 𝐹Ԧ as the particle moves along the
x axis:
𝒙𝒇
𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒕 = න 𝑭𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −∆𝑼
𝒙𝒊
Where Fx is the component of 𝐹Ԧ in the direction of the displacement
▪ If the point of application of the force undergoes an infinitesimal displacement
dx, the infinitesimal change in the potential energy of the system dU:
𝒅𝑼 = −𝑭𝒙 𝒅𝒙
→ The conservative force 𝐹Ԧ is related to the potential energy function U:
𝒅𝑼
𝑭𝒙 = − (5.25)
𝒅𝒙
 Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
5.9. Conservation of Energy
5.9.1. Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Energy)
▪ Nonisolated system: energy crosses the boundary of the system due to
interaction with its environment
▪ Isolated system: does not interact with its environment
▪ Mechanisms of energy transfer: Work, Mechanical waves, Heat, Matter transfer,
Electrical transmission, Electromagnetic radiation.
5.9. Conservation of Energy Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
5.9.1. Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Energy)
5.9. Conservation of Energy Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
5.9.1. Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Energy)
▪ Conservation of energy equation:

∆𝑬𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 = ෍ 𝑻

where Esystem is the total energy of the system

T is the amount of energy transferred across the system boundary by some mechanism
▪ Conservation of energy equation can be written:
∆𝑲 + ∆𝑼 + ∆𝑬𝒊𝒏𝒕 = 𝑾 + 𝑸 + 𝑻𝑴𝑾 + 𝑻𝑴𝑻 + 𝑻𝑬𝑻 + 𝑻𝑬𝑹
Where W: the external work done on a system
TMW: energy transferred by mechanism waves
TMT: energy transferred by matter
TET: energy transferred by electrical transmission
TER: energy transferred by electromagnetic radiation
 Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
5.9. Conservation of Energy
5.9.1. Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Energy)
▪ For a given system, all terms on the right side of the conservation of energy
equation are zero, the system is an isolated system.
▪ If the only transfer mechanism is work and the only kind of energy in the system
that changes is the kinetic energy, the principle of conservation of energy becomes
the work-kinetic energy theorem:
∆𝑲 = 𝑾
5.9. Conservation of Energy Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
5.9.2. Analysis Model: Isolated System (Energy)
▪ The work done by the gravirational force on the book:
𝑊𝑜𝑛−𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘 = 𝐹𝑔 . ∆𝑟 = −𝑚𝑔Ԧ𝑗 𝑦𝑓 − 𝑦𝑖 𝑗Ԧ = 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑖 − 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑓
▪ From the work-kinetic energy theorem:
∆𝐾𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘 = 𝑊𝑜𝑛−𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘
Therefore: ∆𝐾𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘 = 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑖 − 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑓
▪ Consider the system of the book and the Earth, we have:
𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑖 − 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑓 = −∆𝑈𝑔
▪ The kinetic energy of the book 𝐾𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘 is also the kinetic
energy of the system 𝐾 → ∆𝐾𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘 = ∆𝐾 = 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑖 − 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑓
→ If the book-Earth system is isolated: ∆𝐾 + ∆𝑈𝑔 = 0
5.9. Conservation of Energy Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
5.9.2. Analysis Model: Isolated System (Energy)
▪ Similarly, for an isolated system (with no nonconservative
forces acting):
∆𝐾 + ∆𝑈 = 0
▪ Mechanical energy: the sum of the kinetic and potential
Energies of the system:
𝑬𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉 = 𝑲 + 𝑼
→ If the system is isolated and there are not nonconservative
forces acting on it, the mechanical energy of the system
is conserved:
∆𝑬𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉 = 𝟎
 Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
5.9. Conservation of Energy
5.9.2. Analysis Model: Isolated System (Energy)
▪ Conservation of mechanical energy:
“The mechanical energy in an isolated system with
no nonconservative forces acting is conserved: the sum of
the kinetic and potential energies remains constant”
∆𝐸𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = 0 → ∆𝐾 + ∆𝑈 = 0 → 𝐾𝑓 − 𝐾𝑖 + 𝑈𝑓 − 𝑈𝑖 = 0
→ 𝑲𝒊 + 𝑼𝒊 = 𝑲𝒇 + 𝑼𝒇
→ 𝑬𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉,𝒊 = 𝑬𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉,𝒇
▪ If nonconservative forces act in an isolated system, the
total energy of the system is conserved although the mechanical energy is not
∆𝑬𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 = 𝟎; ∆𝑬𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉 ≠ 𝟎
 Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
5.10. Situations Involving Kinetic Friction
• The friction force is spread out over the entire contact area
of an object
→ The force is not localized at a point.
• The surface and the book deform locally.
→ The displacement of the point of application of the friction
force is not at all the same as the displacement of the book.
→ The displacement of the point of application of the friction
force is not calculate.
→ The work done by the friction force is not calculate.
5.10. Situations Involving Kinetic Friction Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
 Consider a book sliding on a table surface with kinetic friction:
• Work done by all forces other than friction on the book:

෍ 𝑾𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓−𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒔 = න ෍ 𝑭𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓−𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒅𝒓

where 𝑑𝑟 is the placement of the book

෍ 𝑾𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓−𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒔 + න 𝒇𝒌 . 𝒅𝒓 = න ෍ 𝑭𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓−𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒅𝒓 + න 𝒇𝒌 . 𝒅𝒓

𝒅𝒗
= න ෍ 𝑭𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓−𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒔 + 𝒇𝒌 𝒅𝒓 = න ෍ 𝑭 𝒅𝒓 = න 𝒎 𝒗𝒅𝒕 = න 𝒎𝒗𝒅𝒗
𝒅𝒕

where ෍ 𝐹Ԧ𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟−𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 + 𝑓𝑘 = ෍ 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑚𝑎:

Ԧ the net force acting on the book
5.10. Situations Involving Kinetic Friction Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
𝑣𝑓
1 1 1
Ԧ = න 𝑚𝑑𝑣 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖2 = ∆𝐾
→ ෍ 𝑊𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟−𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 + න 𝑓𝑘 . 𝑑𝑟 = න 𝑚𝑣𝑑𝑣 2 2
2 2 2
𝑣𝑖

where න 𝑓𝑘 . 𝑑𝑟 = − න 𝑓𝑘 𝑑𝑟 = −𝑓𝑘 𝑑

→ ෍ 𝑾𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓−𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒔 − 𝒇𝒌 𝒅 = ∆𝑲 (5.26)

where 𝑑 and 𝐾: the total path lengthand the kinetic change in of the book
▪ Consider the islolated system of the book and the table surface:
∆𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = ∆𝐾𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 + ∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 0 → ∆𝑬𝒊𝒏𝒕 = −∆𝑬𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎
 The change in kinetic energy ∆𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 of this book-surface system = the
change in kinetic energy ∆𝐾 of the book alone. Therefore:
∆𝑬𝒊𝒏𝒕 = −∆𝑲 (5.27)
5.10. Situations Involving Kinetic Friction Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
 The change in kinetic energy ∆𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 of this book-surface system = the
change in kinetic energy ∆𝐾 of the book alone. Therefore:
∆𝑬𝒊𝒏𝒕 = −∆𝑲 (5.28)

 Because the system is isolated → no work done on the book by other forces

→ ෍ 𝑊𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟−𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 = 0; From (5.26) → 𝒇𝒌 𝒅 = −∆𝑲 (5.29)

Compare (5.28) ans (5.29), we have:

(5.30)
∆𝑬𝒊𝒏𝒕 = 𝒇𝒌 𝒅
 A friction force transforms kinetic energy in an isolated system to internal energy
▪ For a nonisolated system within which a nonconservative force acts:

෍ 𝑾𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓−𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒔 = ∆𝑲 + ∆𝑬𝒊𝒏𝒕 (5.31)

 Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
5.11. Changes in Mechanical Energy for Nonconservative Forces
 If there is external force 𝐹Ԧ𝑎𝑝𝑝 acting on the system
 Forces do work on the system: 𝐹Ԧ𝑎𝑝𝑝 , conservative
internal force 𝐹Ԧ𝑔 , and nonconservative internal force 𝑓Ԧ𝑘 .
 The other forces consist of 𝐹Ԧ𝑔 and 𝐹Ԧ𝑎𝑝𝑝

→ ෍ 𝑾𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓−𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒔 = 𝑾𝒆𝒙𝒕 + 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒕 = 𝑾𝒆𝒙𝒕 − ∆𝑼𝒈 (5.32)

From (5.31) and (5.32):

→ 𝑾𝒆𝒙𝒕 = ∆𝑼𝒈 + ∆𝑲 + ∆𝑬𝒊𝒏𝒕 = ∆𝑬𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 (5.33)

 If the system is isolated

 𝑾𝒆𝒙𝒕 = 𝟎 → ∆𝑼𝒈 + ∆𝑲 + ∆𝑬𝒊𝒏𝒕 = 𝟎
 Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
5.11. Changes in Mechanical Energy for Nonconservative Forces
 In general:
▪ For a nonisolated system (with external forces done a total work 𝑾𝒆𝒙𝒕 on it) and
there are conservative and nonconservative forces acting within it:
𝑾𝒆𝒙𝒕 = ∆𝑼 + ∆𝑲 + ∆𝑬𝒊𝒏𝒕 = ∆𝑬𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 (5.34)

▪ For an isolated system and there are conservative and nonconservative forces
acting on it:
∆𝑼 + ∆𝑲 + ∆𝑬𝒊𝒏𝒕 = ∆𝑬𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 = 𝟎 (5.35)

▪ For an isolated system and there are no nonconservative forces acting on it:
∆𝑼 + ∆𝑲 = ∆𝑬𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉 = 𝟎 (5.36)

Where ∆𝑈 is the change in all forms of potential energy

5.12. Power Chapter 5: ENERGY OF SYSTEM
➢ The time rate of energy transfer is called the instantaneous power 𝑃 and is
defined as:
𝒅𝑬
𝑷= (5.37)
𝒅𝒕
➢ If an external force is applied to an object and if the work done by this force on
the object in the time interval ∆𝑡 is 𝑊, the average power during this interval is:
𝑾
𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒈 = (5.38)
∆𝒕
➢ The instantaneous power:
𝑾 𝒅𝑾
𝑷 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = (5.39)
∆𝒕→𝟎 ∆𝒕 𝒅𝒕
➢ We have: 𝑑𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑𝑟 Ԧ
𝒅𝑾 𝑭𝒅𝒓 (5.40)
Therefore: 𝑷= = = 𝑭𝒗
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕