Proceedings of the ASME 2014 Gas Turbine India Conference

GTINDIA2014
December 15-17, 2014, New Delhi, India

GTINDIA2014-8152
AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A NOVEL SAVONIUS-STYLE
WIND TURBINE UNDER AN ORIENTED JET

Sukanta Roy Prasenjit Mukherjee

Research Scholar Research Scholar
Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
Guwahati-781039, Assam, India Guwahati-781039, Assam, India
Ujjwal K. Saha*
Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
Guwahati-781039, Assam, India

ABSTRACT NOMENCLATURE
The Savonius-style wind turbine, a class of vertical axis α deflector angle for returning blade [deg]
wind turbines, can be a viable option for small scale off-grid β deflector angle for advancing blade [deg]
electricity generation in the context of renewable energy ρ density of air [kg/m3]
applications. A better self-starting capability at low wind speeds δ overlap ratio
is one of the major advantages of this turbine. However, as ω rotational speed [rad/s]
reported in open literature, the power coefficient of the A area of the test section [m2]
conventional design is found to be inferior as compared to its As swept area of turbine [m2]
counterparts. In this regard, a new blade design has been AR turbine aspect ratio (H/D)
BR blockage ratio
developed. In the present investigation, the aerodynamic
d blade chord length [m]
performance of this newly designed turbine is assessed under an
CP power coefficient
oriented jet. This is affected by installing deflectors upstream of CT torque coefficient
the turbine blades. The intention of this study is to maximize the D turbine overall diameter [m]
utilization of wind energy at the exhaust systems of several Do end plate diameter
practical applications. Experiments are carried out in a low e overlap between turbine blades [m]
speed wind tunnel at a wind speed of 6.2 m/s. The gradual loads F mechanical load applied to the shaft [N]
applied to the turbine, and the corresponding rotational speeds H turbine rotor height [m]
are recorded. Power and torque coefficients are calculated at Pavailable power available in the wind [W]
various mechanical loads. Further, all the estimated data are Pturbine power output from the turbine [W]
corrected by a suitable correction factor to account for the wind R rotational radius of the turbine [m]
tunnel blockage effects. The results obtained are compared with rp radius of the pulley on the shaft [m]
the experimental data of modified Bach and conventional T torque [Nm]
designs. The results have shown a significant improvement in TSR tip speed ratio (ωR/V)
the performance of newly designed Savonius-style wind turbine V wind speed [m/s]
under the concentrated and oriented jet. Xa, Xr deflector position from the center [m]

Keywords: Savonius-style wind turbine, Flow orientation,
Power coefficient, Torque coefficient, Tip speed ratio
*Corresponding author
Email: saha@iitg.ernet.in
Tel: 0091-361-2582663, Fax: 0091-361-2690762
INTRODUCTION
The Savonius-style wind turbine (SSWT) is basically an S-
shaped vertical axis wind turbine and is named after its
inventor, Savonius S. J. [1]. A typical semi-circular SSWT is
shown in Fig. 1, whereas the dimensions of the turbine are
shown in Fig. 2. The basic design parameters of a SSWT are the
overlap ratio (δ = e/d) and aspect ratio (AR = H/D), where, e is

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 the overlap distance between the turbine blades, d is the chord plates inhibit the air outflow from the concave side of the
length of the blade, and H and D are the height and overall blades, keeping the pressure difference between concave and
diameter of the turbine, respectively. Further, Do represents the convex sides of the blades at satisfactory levels over the height
end plate diameter. of the turbine. The diameter of the end plates (Do) is
recommended to be 1.1 times the turbine overall diameter (D)
[5, 21–22].
The SSWT is basically suitable for instances where the
Advancing wind power is generated nearby the power usages and are
Returning
Wind blade placed either in single unit or in cluster of units to meet the
blade
local power demand. The installation and maintenance costs are
very low and it can be installed on rooftops or atop buildings
for off-grid electricity production. It is also a very useful device
End plate for water pumping in agricultural purposes. Equipped with an
d energy storage device, the SSWTs can be suitably placed above
e the communication towers to bear out the local energy need to
Figure 1: A conventional Savonius-style wind turbine
run the electronic devices [2–5].
e: overlap distance
d: chord length of the blade Another application of SSWT can be the extraction of wind
energy at the exhaust systems (such as tea industry), where a
H: height of the blade
H wind speed of 3–7 m/s is experienced [20]. At the exhaust
D: overall diameter Advancing
Returning systems, deflectors can be suitably placed to guide the flow
Do: end plate diameter blade such that the net power output can be augmented by reducing
blade
the pressure drag on the returning blade, and at the same time,
by orienting a jet on the advancing blade. In this aspect, a few
End plate investigations have shown an improved performance of SSWTs
d D
e
under the oriented flows [19–20, 23–24].
Do
e: overlap distance
PRESENT OBJECTIVE
d: chord length of the blade
In an earlier work [20], the position of the deflectors ahead
H: height of the blade
D: overall diameter H of the conventional SSWTs without end plates was optimized
Do: end plate diameter through wind tunnel experiments. The experimental data were
reported without considering the wind tunnel blockage effects.
In the present investigation, the deflector positions are verified
using end plates and the experimental data are corrected
D
Do considering the wind tunnel blockage effects. Further, a newly
developed SSWT is tested under the optimum position of
Figure 2: Dimensions of a Savonius-style wind turbine deflectors. A modified Bach type SSWT obtained from the
numerical simulations [7] is also tested in the wind tunnel under
This class of wind turbine is simple in structure, easy to
the identical conditions. The results obtained are compared to
fabricate, and is independent to wind direction. A better self-
that of conventional semi-circular SSWT with δ = 0.20.
starting competence at low wind speeds is one of the major
advantages of the SSWT. However, the power coefficient (CP)
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
of a conventional semi-circular shaped SSWT is reported to be
An essential tool to study the experimental aerodynamics is
inferior as compared to other wind turbines due to high drag
the wind tunnel, where a number of aerodynamic designs are
forces on the returning blade [2–6]. Moreover, the lift
tested either inside (closed type test section) or at the exit of
contribution to the net power output is found to be very low for
wind tunnels (open type test section). This practice continues to
semi-circular design of SSWT [7]. Thus, in recent past, a
evolve and remains to be a keystone in the development for a
number of experimental and numerical investigations have been
wide range of wind turbines, vehicles and other aerodynamic
carried out on the SSWT to improve its CP and flow
devices. In this aspect, to study the performance of SSWTs
characteristics [8–18].
under various loading conditions, a low speed wind tunnel was
It was reported that an overlap ratio (δ) of 0.20 gives an designed and developed [25]. Over the years, this wind tunnel
improved performance characteristics of the conventional has been extensively used for testing of conventional and
SSWT due to the overlapping flow between the turbine blades twisted bladed SSWTs including multi-staging [11, 13, 20, 26].
[6, 9, 19–20]. The addition of end plates to the turbine also However, the wind tunnel blockage correction is neglected in
increases its average CP. It is mainly due to the fact that the end all the studies considering a lower blockage correction factor.

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 Very recently, for this wind tunnel having an open type test accuracy of ± 1% and operating range of 0–50000 rpm (Model:
section, a set of new blockage correlations are developed and System HTM 590).
reported [27]. It was observed that the dimensions of the wind The wind speeds corresponding to different input voltages
tunnel test section and turbine models are not sufficient enough are measured at different locations at the exit section of wind
to describe the magnitude of the blockage correction under tunnel, and the free-stream wind speed (V) is calculated as an
various loading conditions. Rather, it is significantly influenced area averaged wind speed using the following equations:
by the change in tip speed ratio (TSR) and blockage ratio (BR =
area of the model to the area of the test section) [27]. AV  A1V1  A2V2  ...........  AnVn (1)
The schematic diagram of the present experimental set up
is shown in Fig. 3. This experimental facility mainly consists of A1V1  A2V2  ...........  AnVn
V  (2)
a fan section followed by an inlet section, a diffuser section, a A
settling chamber. The settling chamber contains the coarse
screen, a honeycomb structure and a fine screen to make the The input voltage is varied in the range of 150–230 volts
wind flow streamlined. The settling chamber is followed by a corresponding to the average wind speeds of 3.2–9.8 m/s.
nozzle section to accelerate the flow. Finally, an open test However, in the present investigation, the average wind speed
section is fabricated which includes the turbine model and the (V) is found to be 6.2 m/s at an intermediate fan input voltage of
necessary instrumentation. The test section has the dimensions 190 volts.
of 500 mm width, 500 mm height and 700 mm length, forming The turbine models are tested under various mechanical
a frontal test section area of 500 × 500 mm2. The turbine blades loads applied through the pulley attached to shaft. As the load is
are fabricated from galvanized iron sheets of thickness 0.63 increased on the turbine, the rotational speed of the turbine
mm. The height and diameter of the turbine model are taken as reduces as is observed in case of electrical loading. This system
230 mm and 209 mm, respectively. has given the flexibility to analyze the turbine performance with
In this wind tunnel, the wind speed can be obtained in the respect to TSR. The load (F) multiplied by the radius of the
range of 0–10 m/s by varying the input voltage to a fan-motor rotating pulley attached to shaft (rp) gives the torque applied (T)
assembly with help of a voltage regulator. The rating of the to the turbine models. The power coefficient (CP) and torque
motor connected to the fan is 0.5 HP. The wind speed is coefficient (CT) are calculated using the following equation:
recorded with help of a hot wire anemometer having an
operating range of 0–20 m/s and an accuracy of ± 2% (Model: Pturbine T T R
CP     CT  TSR
Testo 490), whereas the rotational speed of the turbine is Pavailable 1 A V 3 1 A V R V
2 (3)
2 s 2 s
measured with the help of a digital tachometer having an

Coarse screen Honeycomb structure

Diffuser Fine screen
section Settling chamber
AC motor Bearing house
Nozzle section
Fan

375 500
Wind

Pulley

Position for
deflectors

All dimensions are in mm

450 770 750 910 500

2880 700

Figure 3: Schematic diagram of the wind tunnel [20]

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 The experimental uncertainties are calculated by using the under the oriented jets. The dimensions of modified Bach type
sequential perturbation technique, which are found to be ± 2%, SSWT are shown in Fig. 7.
± 4.6%, and ± 4.9% for torque, torque coefficient and power
coefficient, respectively [28]. 1.1 D 0.563 d
D
Initially, for conventional semi-circular SSWT with δ = 0.281 d 0.332 d
0.20 and end plate diameter of DO = 1.1D = 230 mm, the 0.616 d
deflectors were tested at varying α and β, keeping the horizontal
distances along the wind direction from section-1 to section-2 0.098 d d
0.474 d
constant at 250 mm. The positions of the deflectors are shown 0.1 d 0.421 d
0.302 d
0.183 d
0.007 d
in Fig. 4. The deflector placed ahead of the returning blade is 0.68 d
tested for α = 20° and 40°, whereas, the deflector placed ahead 0.746 d 0.098 d
of advancing blade is tested for β = 0°, 10°, 20° and 30°.

0.969 d
27°

Section 1 Section 2

β
Figure 6: Dimensions of the newly developed SSWT

Wind Xa
500

1.1 D
Xr D

α
d
700
0.1 d
(all the dimensions are in mm)
0.4 d
135°
Figure 4: Deflectors positioned upstream to the 0.42 d

conventional SSWT

Based on the suitable location of the deflectors, an analysis

has been carried out on the newly developed SSWT under the
influence of oriented flows as shown in Fig. 5. This turbine
model is evolved through a series of wind tunnel experiments
on the SSWT by varying its blade arc angle, blade arc length
and blade overlap distance. The physics behind this
development is to improve the effect of lift force on the turbine
power generation. The dimensions of the newly developed
blade profile are demonstrated in Fig. 6.
10°
Wind
500
Figure 7: Dimensions of the modified Bach type SSWT
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Initially, the deflectors are placed ahead of returning blade
of overlapped turbine at α = 20° and 40°. The power and torque
coefficients are calculated. The results obtained are shown in
Figs. 8 and 9. With deflector placed at α = 40°, a significant
improvement in the torque and power characteristics are
observed. At α = 40°, the CPmax is found to be 0.30 at TSR =
0.82; while at α = 20°, the CPmax is obtained as 0.29 at TSR =
0.80. In contrast, without any deflector, the conventional SSWT

(δ = 0.20) has shown a CPmax of 0.23 at TSR = 0.71. Thus, with

40°
700
Figure 5: Newly developed SSWT under oriented jet
Another blade profile of the SSWT (modified Bach type
SSWT) is developed through a series of numerical simulation
on the Bach type designs [7]. This turbine model is also tested
deflectors placed ahead of the returning blade (α = 40°), a
performance gain of 30.4% is achieved over the SSWT without
deflector.
Further, the deflectors are positioned ahead of the
advancing blade at angular positions of β = 0°, 10°, 20° and 30°
keeping α to be constant at 40°. The purpose is to accelerate
flow that is incident on the advancing blade. The CT and CP
obtained are shown in Figs. 10 and 11. It is observed that at β =
0° and α = 40°, the CPmax is found to be 0.31 at TSR = 0.82.
Similarly, for β = 20° and α = 40°, β = 30° and α = 40°, the
CPmax is obtained as 0.29 at TSR = 0.80 and 0.22 at TSR = 0.70,

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 respectively. A higher performance is noticed at α = 40°, and β
= 10° with CPmax = 0.33 at TSR = 0.87, confirming a
performance gain of 10% over deflector positioned ahead of the
returning blade (α = 40°). It is mainly due to fact that at certain
position of deflector, the air incident on the advancing blade is
maximum, beyond which it adversely affects the performance of
the turbine. Thus, it is observed that under a properly oriented
flow (with defectors placed ahead of both the blades), an
overall performance gain of 43.5% can be achieved over the
SSWT without deflector.
The CT and CP calculated without and with deflectors are
plotted in Figs. 12 and 13. For the newly developed SSWT
under the effect of oriented jet, the CPmax is found to be 0.41 at
TSR = 0.95. In contrast, without deflectors, the CPmax is
obtained as 0.31 at TSR = 0.82. Thus, for the newly developed
SSWT under the concentrated and oriented jet, a performance
gain of 32.3% is achieved over the same turbine without
deflector. Although these tests are carried out at an intermediate
wind speed of 6.2 m/s, the startup speed for the newly
developed turbine is found to be 3.2 m/s.

0.70 0.70
Blockage corrected data Blockage corrected data
0.60 Conventional SSWT 0.60 Conventional SSWT
0.50 δ = 0.20 δ = 0.20
0.50
0.40 0.40
CT

CT
0.30 0.30 α = 40°
0.20 α = 40°, β= 0°
Without deflector 0.20 α = 40°, β= 10°
0.10 α = 20°
V = 6.2 m/s 0.10 α = 40°, β= 20°
α = 40° V = 6.2 m/s
0.00 α = 40°, β= 30°
0.00
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
TSR
TSR
Figure 8: Variation of CT with deflector ahead of returning
blade Figure 10: Variation of CT with deflector ahead of both the
blades

0.40 0.40
Blockage corrected data V = 6.2 m/s Blockage corrected data V = 6.2 m/s
Conventional SSWT Conventional SSWT
0.30 δ = 0.20 0.30 δ = 0.20

0.20
CP

0.20
CP

α = 40°
α = 40°, β= 0°
0.10 Without deflector 0.10 α = 40°, β= 10°
α = 20° α = 40°, β= 20°
α = 40° α = 40°, β= 30°
0.00 0.00
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
TSR TSR
Figure 9: Variation of CP with deflector ahead of returning Figure 11: Variation of CP with deflector ahead of both the
blade blades

Based on the optimum setting of the deflectors (α = 40°,
and β = 10°), an analysis has been carried out on the newly
developed SSWT under the influence of oriented flow. The
results obtained are compared with the modified Bach and
conventional semi-circular type SSWTs. All the tests are
conducted at a wind speed of V = 6.2 m/s.
The modified Bach type design obtained from the
numerical studies [7] is also tested under the concentrated and
oriented jet. Under the free stream flow condition (without any
deflector), the CPmax is found to be 0.30 at TSR = 0.80. As
reported through the numerical simulations, this performance
improvement of the modified Bach type SSWT is due to more

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 contribution of the lift force into the net power output. The concentrated and oriented jet), the newly developed design
modified Bach type turbines, while tested with the deflectors (CPmax = 0.41), shows a performance gain of 24.2% and 5.1%
placed ahead of both the turbine blades (α = 40°, and β = 10°), over the conventional semi-circular type (CPmax = 0.33) and
the CPmax is found to be 0.39 at TSR = 0.90. This shows a modified Bach type (CPmax = 0.39), respectively.
performance gain of 30% over free stream flow condition.
Table 1: Comparison of CPmax for the tested turbines with and
0.80 without deflectors
Blockage corrected data With deflector Without deflector
Type of SSWTs
V = 6.2 m/s CPmax TSR CPmax TSR
0.60 Newly developed 0.41 0.95 0.31 0.82
α = 40°, β= 10°
Modified Bach 0.39 0.90 0.30 0.80
Conventional 0.33 0.80 0.23 0.70
CT

0.40
Conventional CONCLUSIONS
Modified Bach The newly developed SSWT is tested under the effect of
0.20 Newly developed oriented jet at a wind speed of 6.2 m/s. The intention was to
Conventional with deflector guide majority of the flow to be incident on the advancing blade
Modified Bach with deflector and also to reduce the effect of pressure drag on the returning
Newly developed with deflector
0.00 blade. The wind tunnel experiments are conducted in an open
type test section, and the experimental data are corrected with
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
suitable blockage correction factor corresponding to TSR. The
TSR
power coefficient (CP) and torque coefficient (CT) at various
Figure 12: Variation of CT for newly developed, modified TSRs are calculated by applying gradual mechanical load to the
Bach and conventional SSWTs under concentrated and turbine. The principle observations throughout this investigation
oriented jet are summarized below:
(a) Initially, the position of the deflector is optimized by
0.42 installing at various positions ahead of the turbine blades. It
Blockage corrected data
is observed that for conventional semi-circular SSWT (δ =
0.35 V = 6.2 m/s 0.20) using end plates, the deflectors placed ahead of the
α = 40°, β= 10° turbine blades is optimized at α = 40°, and β = 10° that has
0.28 shown a CPmax of 0.33 at TSR = 0.87.
(b) With the optimum position of the deflectors (α = 40°, and β
CP

0.21 = 10°), the newly developed SSWT is tested under the

oriented and concentrated jet. The results indicate a CPmax
0.14 Conventional of 0.41, showing an improvement of 32.3% over free
Modified Bach
Newly developed stream condition. This performance improvement makes
0.07 Conventional with deflector the newly developed SSWT very much competitive to the
Modified Bach with deflector lift type turbines.
Newly developed with deflector
0.00 (c) The modified Bach type design is also tested under the
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 oriented and concentrated jet and the results show a CPmax
TSR
of 0.39.
(d) From the comparative study, it is observed that under the
Figure 13: Variation of CP for newly developed, modified
oriented and concentrated jet, the newly developed SSWT
Bach and conventional SSWTs under concentrated and
possessed 24.2% and 5.1% performance gains over
oriented jet
conventional semi-circular type and modified Bach type
SSWTs, respectively.
Figures 12 and 13 demonstrate a comparative study among
the different SSWTs under the influence of concentrated and Thus, apart from the applications in free-stream wind, an
oriented flows. Without any deflector, the newly developed effective application of this newly developed SSWT can be
design (CPmax = 0.31) shows a performance gain of 34.8% and under oriented and concentrated flow at the exhaust systems.
3.3% over conventional semi-circular type (CPmax = 0.23) and As a future work, deflector geometries ahead of both the
modified Bach type (CPmax = 0.30), respectively (Table 1). In turbine blades can be optimized through numerical simulations
contrast, with the deflectors (i.e., under the influence of followed by wind tunnel experiments.

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