CALF

FATTENING
Dr. Makhdoom A . Jabbar
Executive Member
Punjab Agri. Research Board
Lahore
 Background
 Increase in demand of animal origin food due to:
– Population growth
– Urbanization
– Income growth
– Changing consumer preferences
– Export potential
 Per Capita Meat Consumption (KG)
1983-2020

Countries 1983 1993 2020

Developed world 74 76 83

Developing world 14 21 30

Pakistan 11 16 47

Source: Delgado, et al 1999, Livestock to 2020 The Next Food Revolution & GOP 2003, TCP-Pak-
0168: Livestock Action Plan Draft Report MINFAL
Per Capita Meat Consumption

Source Kg

Beef 7.26

Mutton 4.80

Poultry meat 2.90

Total 14.96
 Meat Production
000 Tons

Year Beef Mutton Poultry Total

1999-00 986 649 322 1957

2000-01 1010 666 339 2015
2001-02 1034 683 335 2053
2002-03 1060 702 370 2132
2003-04 1087 723 402 2212
2004-05 1115 740 416 2270
Economic Survey of Pakistan –2004-
05
Meat Production in Pakistan

18%

Poultry

Beef 49%
Mutton

33%
 Beef Production Systems
 Traditional & Inefficient
 Slaughtering of Baby Calves
 Calves raised 60-80 kg (on unbalanced diet)
 End of Career Animals
 Emergency Slaughter Animals
 Limited Commercial Fattening Activity
 Quality Beef Production
 Maximum weight gain
 Obtain high proportion of muscles

having desirable eating characteristics

 Cut based marketing
 Feedlot Problems
 Investment
 Technical guidance
 Operational problems
 Price ceiling
 Middle man
 Processing & packing
 Marketing channels
 Feedlot
Housing
•
Selection of Site
• Covered & Open
Area
• Direction of Sun
• Construction of
Shed
• Feeding &
Watering Space
• Feed Store &
Office/Dispensar
y
• Boundary Wall
 Selection of Animals
 Urban Markets /
Remote Villages
 Healthy animals
 Age of Calves
 Weight above
average of that
age
 Cow / Buffalo
calves
 Live weight basis
Before Fattening
After Fattening
Quarantine / Adaptation Period
 Deworming
– Internal / External Parasities
 Vaccination
– H.S., Foot & Mouth
 Switching from forage to
concentrate
feeding
 Fresh clean water
 Feed Resources
 Roughages

Dry Roughages
 Wheat Straw
 Rice Straw
 Oat Straw
 Pulses Straw
 Maize / Sorghum Stubbles
 Sugarcane Bagasse
 Corn Cobs
 Feed Resources

Green Forages
 Summer Forages  Winter Forages
 Maize  Berseem
 Sorghum  Lucern
 Millet  Oats
 Mot Grass  Rye Grass
 Sada Bahar  Turnips
 Guara  Sugarcane
tops
Forage Availability Pattern
35

30

25

20

15

10

J F M A M J J A S O N D
 CONCENTRATES
 Energy Sources
– Maize, Sorghum, Wheat, Oats,
Barley
Mamni, Rice polishing, Wheat
bran,
Maize bran, Rice bran, Molasses.

 Protein Sources
– Cotton seed cake/meal,
Rapeseed cake/meal, Canola
meal, Sunflower cake/meal,
Corn gluten feed/meal, Maize oil
cake,
Soybean meal, Urea.
 Chemical Composition of Energy
Sources
Ingredient DM, % Protein, TDN, % ME,
% MCal/kg
Maize 89.61 9.80 81.2 2.94
Sorghum 90.20 15.75 78.5 2.84
Wheat 92.70 12.80 78.9 2.85
Oats 91.94 9.52 75.1 2.71
Barley 91.40 10.21 77.2 2.79
Mamni 90.10 17.00 60.10 2.60
Rice polish 92.60 11.66 89.90 3.25
Wheat bran 91.40 14.99 71.00 2.57
Rice bran 89.10 14.0 68.12 1.89
Molasses 82.30 3.04 80.50 2.91
 Chemical Composition of Protein
Sources
Ingredient Protein, % TDN, % ME MCal/kg

Cotton S. Cake 21.04 63.4 2.29

Cotton S. Meal 41.59 80.0 2.91

Rape S. Cake 31.15 79.8 2.88

Rape S. Meal 34.10 72.10 2.50

Canola Meal 32.10 72.00 2.50

Sunflower Cake 30.47 69.70 2.52

C.Gluten M 30% 27.80 77.50 2.81

Maize oil cake 18.00 82.50 2.85

Soybean meal 48.15 76.50 3.19

Total Mixed Ration (TMR)

 Dry matter % 87~90

 Crude protein % 14~15%
 TDN % 55~60
 ME (M. cal/kg) 2.2~2.4
 Daily allowance 3% of BW
 Expected growth > 1.0 kg/day
rate
A typical TMR for fattening
Feed ingredients Percentage
Cotton seed cake 14.0
Canola meal 15.0
Wheat straw 25.0
Urea 0.50
Maize ground 15.0
Rice polish 14.0
Mineral mixture 2.00
Vit. mixture 0.50
Molasses 14.0
Total 100.0
Protein =16% Energy =2.50 Mcal/kg
Ration Preparation
Composition of Ration
Trial -1
Ingredients %
Wheat straw 24.5
Cottonseed cake 35.0
Rapeseed cake 15.0
Molasses 25.0
Mineral Mixture 00.5
Crude Protein, % 13.5
TDN, % 55.0
 Performance of Calves
Parameters Buffalo X-bred
Calves Calves
No. of animals 10 10
Days on experiment 112 112
Av. Initial wt., kg 152.14 157.42
Av. Final wt., kg 258.0 272.71
Av. Total wt. gain, kg 105.86 115.29
Av. Daily wt. gain, kg 0.945 1.03
Av. Daily ration consumed, 7.11 7.52
kg
Av. Ration required / kg gain 7.52 7.30
Dressing Percentage 51.43 54.48
 Composition of Ration
Trial 2
Ingredients Percentage
Barley 12
Maize oil cake 6
Wheat bran 18
Maize gluten feed, 20% 10
Wheat Straw 32
Urea 1
Molasses 20
Mineral Mixture 1
Total 100
 Performance of Calves
Breed Daily Gain,g FCR Dressing %

Sahiwal 797 4.77 49.37

X-Bred 896 4.76 49.20

Non- 854 4.76 52.06

descript
Buffalo 932 4.93 48.54

Cholistani 881 4.98 51.83

Dajal 864 4.87 52.27

 Fodder + Concentrate
Supplement

• Fodder - 10% of body weight

• Concentrate – 1% of body weight
• Growth rate – 700-800 g/ day
• Cheaper and more suitable for rural
areas
 Concentrate formula
Ingredients Percentage
Cotton seed cake 15.0
Maize gluten 30% 15.0
Wheat bran 15.0
Maize grains 25.0
Rice polish 15.0
Mineral mixture 2.0
Molasses 13.0
Total 100.0
 Conclusion
 Feeding of calves for 90-100 days on
medium energy diet yield excellent
growth rates.

 The profit margin is about 15-20.

 Farmer should sell quality meat after

proper processing and packing
through organized sales
outlet/exporters.
Thank You