ECHE101 REVIEWER ○ Separation -separation of

mixtures -chromatographic
techniques
Fundamentals in Analytical Chemistry
1. Exploration of mars
Analytical Chemistry
2. Blood analysis
● Subdivision of chemistry dealing
3. Quantities of 𝑁𝑂𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑂
with qualitative and quantitative
determination of chemical 4. Food technology
components of substances 5. Analysis of steel
● Studies and uses instruments and
methods used to separate, identify Qualitative Analysis
and quantify matter. In practice, ● Reveals the identity of elements
separation, identification or and compounds in a sample
quantification may constitute the ● Recognition of chemical species by
entire analysis or be combined with means of colour, reaction
another method. producing a color, reaction
● The branch of chemistry cornered producing a precipitate, reaction
with the identification and involving a change of a physical
measurement (by chemical or parameter
instrumental means) of the ● Colored ions are:
constituents of a substance, or of ○ Cu^2+ (blue)
particular components with it. ○ Cr^3+ (green)
● Studies and uses instruments and ○ CrO4+ (yellow)
methods used to separate, identify ○ Cr2O7+ (orange)
and quantify matter ○ MnO4- (violet)
● In practice, separation, ○ MnO4+ (green)
identification or quantification may ○ Ni^2+ (green)
constitute the entire analysis or be ○ Co^2+ (pink or blue)
combined with another method. ○ Mn^2+ (pink)
● Has evolved from an art of court ● Precipitates (slight soluble
magicians to alchemists into compounds):
science with applications ○ sulphurs of heavy metals:
throughout industry, medicine and ■ As
all the sciences ■ Sb
● Deals with methods for ■ Hg
○ Identification of ■ Cu
molecules/functional ■ Pb
groups ■ Cd
○ Structural determination ■ Sn
-determination of structure ■ Bi
of a molecule ■ Zn
○ Quantification -amount ■ Ni
present in a sample/mixture ■ Co
○ Qualitative analysis -what is ■ Mn
present/identity of species ○ BaSO4
in an impure ○ Hg2Cl2
sample/mixture? ○ AgCl
 ○ PbCl2 completely with the
○ Ag2CrO4 analyte
○ Many hydroxides of heavy 3. Electroanalytical Method
metals ● Measures the
electrical properties
Quantitative Analysis such as potential,
● Indicates the amount of each current, resistance,
substance in a sample and quantity of
● Provides numerical information of electrical charge
analyte 4. Spectroscopic method
● Conventional Quantitative Analysis ● Explore interaction
○ Volumetric Analysis between
■ A solution of B, at electromagnetic
known radiation and
concentration is analyte atoms or
added to a known molecules or the
volume of A, until emission of
the number of radiation by
equivalents of B is analytes
equal to those of A.
The added volume Analyte
of B is measured ● Components of a sample
and the that are determined
concentration of A Assay
can be calculated. ● Process of determining how
○ Gravimetric Analysis much of a given sample is
■ An excess of B, at the material by its indicated
unknown name
concentration, is ● Sample must be
added to A so that A representative of a whole
is completely
transformed in C,
that can be
weighed. Sampling
● Process of collecting a
Wet Chemistry Methods small mass of a material
1. Gravimetric Method whose composition
● Determine the mass accurately represents the
of the analyte or bulk of the material being
some compound sampled
chemically related Replicates
to it ● Portions of a material of
2. Volumetric Method approximately the same
● Measures the size that are carried
volume of a solution through an analytical
containing sufficient procedure at the same time
reagent to react and in the same way
 Interference/Interferent ● Luminous intensity ( C )
● Species that causes an ○ Relative brightness
error in an analyses by of light
enhancing or attenuating ● Amount of matter (mole)
the quantity being ○ Amount of
measured substance
Calibration represented by as
● Process of determining the many elementary
proportionality between entities as there are
analyte concentration and a atoms in 0.012 kg
measured quantity C-12
2. Derived quantities –derived from
1. Select method combinations of the fundamental
2. Acquire sample units
3. Process sample Ex: area, velocity, energy
4. Measurable property
5. Eliminate interferences
6. Measure property Prefixes
7. Calculate results

Calculations Used in Analytical

Chemistry

Measurements
1. Fundamental Units –simplest and
cannot be reduced further The mole
● length(m) ● Amount of specified substance that
○ Defined in terms of contains the same number of
the wavelength of particles as the number of carbon
orange-red light atoms in exactly 12 grams of C12
from krypton 86 ● The amount of substance that is
23
● Mass (kg) 6. 022 × 10 particles (atoms,
○ Primary standard is ions, electrons, ion pairs or
a cylinder of subatomic particles) of that
platinum iridium substance
alloy ● Avogadro’s Number =
● Time (sec) 23
6. 022 × 10
○ Based on the
Molar Mass
invariant property of
● Mass in grams of 1 mole of that
cesium 133
substance
● Temperature (K)
○ Average kinetic
energy of the
molecules in the
body
● Electric current (A)
○ Flow of electrons