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Nanjing University of Science and Technology

Graduation Design Specification

Student Name: Zhalsapov Tsyren

Student Number: 91815850E104
School: Mechanical Engineering School
Major: Mechanical Engineering Technology Class:
Thesis: Design of the Mechanical system of small-
scale CNC milling machine

Supervisors: Yuan Hong Bing / Associate professor

Reviewer: Huang Xiao Hua / Associate professor

2022 May

Declaration

I declare that my graduation design specification, the research work and the
achievements made by myself have been independently completed under the guidance
of my supervisor. All the materials used in the research process has been listed in the
references, and the contribution made by other personnel or organizations to the
graduation design has also been acknowledged.
The graduation design specification does not involve any secrets. Nanjing
University of Science and Technology reserves the right to save its electronic and
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printed documents. Nanjing University of Science and Technology can review or

publish some or all of the content online and can send the thesis to the relevant
departments or agencies and authorize the preservation, lending or online publishing
part or all of the content.

Student’s signature:
Y ear 2022 Month May Day 25
Supervisor’s signature:
Year Month Day

Abstract
Machining is a vital manufacturing process with numerous applications. We see a
lot of machining in everything from aerospace and medical robot applications to a
simple production of spare parts for all kinds of mechanisms. The machine
manufacturing industry is huge and high-class CNC products are usually made by
world class manufacturers such as Blue Elephant (China), Haas (US), Okuma (Japan)
and so on, which are very expensive. However, at the same time many amateurs and
semi-professionals design and develop solutions for small-scale and low-cost CNC
machines. This paper discusses processes for designing a mechanical system of a
small 3-axis CNC milling machine which meets the requirements of small-scale
machine that is cheap in production. In this project I mainly focus on designing the
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mechanical construction of the CNC milling machine. I need to analyze CNC

machines itself as a phenomenon, analyze and design the bed, transmission part,
spindle part and guide rail part of the milling machine. The projects requirements and
purpose are not only to use the knowledge learnt in the University for four years, but
also gain an improved understanding of the mechanics of machining and digest the
knowledge known and learnt out of the project.

Table of contents
Chapter 1: Survey on the CNC machining process
1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………….5
1.2 Machining as a phenomenon……………………………………………………...5
1.3 Importance of machining………………………………………………………….6
1.4 How does CNC work?..............................................................................................7
1.5 Machining operations theory……………………………………………………….
1.5.1 Milling
1.5.2 Turning
1.5.3 Drilling
1.5.4 Tooling
Chapter 2: Overall design specifications of the CNC machine
2.1 Introduction of the small CNC machine
2.2 Structure design
2.3 Framework design
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2.4 Movement system design

Chapter 3: Design of the XYZ axis
3.1 Design of the X-axis
3.2 Design of the Y-axis
3.3 Design of the Z-axis
Chapter 4: Motor selection design
4.1 Tool movement motor – Stepper motor NEMA23
4.2 Spindle motor – Kress 1050FME
Conclusion

Chapter 1: Survey on the CNC machining process

1.1 Introduction
Conventional computer numerically controlled - CNC machining has been around
for decades and is nearing its pinnacle, much like the long history of machine tool
evolution. This is significant because, while it is an important step toward the industry
of the future, it is the culmination that has shifted the manufacturing industry in an
entirely new direction. As important as understanding and applying the knowledge as
a machinist is understanding and applying this concept as a company. Using
techniques and procedures that maximize the benefits of traditional CNC machining
will add value to the machinist and his or her company, ensuring that he or she is in
high demand in a competitive economy.

1.2 Machining as a phenomenon

The selective removal of material from a part or work piece is referred to as
conventional machining. Machines have grown in scope and evolution over millennia,
especially in the last few hundred years since the beginning of the first industrial
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revolution. Recent advances in machining technology have enabled large-scale

replication of extremely small tolerances with superior finishing characteristics.
Improvements like these can remove entire steps from the machining process,
allowing for more productive time. The result of the convergence of related
technologies is today's CNC machining: complex machining centers capable of
sustaining extended production cycles without human intervention and providing
maximum levels of control and feedback. New industrial processes are being
developed every day as computer automation reaches new heights. Conventional
CNC machining is at an arguable apex with a plethora of highly advanced cutting
tools and high-power spindles capable of speeds exceeding 50,000 revolutions per
minute. Alternatives to conventional CNC machining are presenting themselves as
time marches forth. With the unveiling of processes such as Plasma-Arc or Electro-
Chemical Erosion, the manufacturing industry finds itself with many seeming viable
options in which to create a part. These high initial investments may leave a company
uneasy in making a selection as one must be confident that they are making a wise
long-term investment which will help ensure survivability. Due to the relative cost
and versatility, conventional CNC machining remains as a staple of industry by
making it possible to manufacture large quantities of high-quality goods at
unprecedented speed. This rapid, high-tech, production enables further advances in
virtually all other fields and results in a highly sophisticated world which immerses
much of humanity on a daily basis.

1.3 Importance of machining

Machining is a vital part of the over 112 million manufacturing workers in China
alone. The manufacturing sector in China encompasses mechanical, chemical, or
physical transformations of material into new products. In 2011, China officially
became the world’s largest manufacturing nation. It ended the U.S.’s 110-year run as
the number one country in factory production. In 2009, the U.S. created 19.9% of the
world’s manufacturing output, compared to China’s 18.6%. According to a market
report recently pushed by GCiS China Strategic Research, the 2013 total domestic
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market for CNC metal-cutting machine tools, excluding exports, is estimated at RMB
90.2 Bn, with over three quarters of this revenue coming from sales of CNC machine
centers and lathes. The market is fairly consolidated, with the top 10 suppliers
accounting for approximately 44% of domestic revenue. Meanwhile, most foreign
suppliers are able to command higher prices on their products, particularly CNC
machining centers, lathes and grinders.

Figure 1: Foreign and Domestic Supplier Shares by Sales Volume & Revenue

1.4 How does CNC work?

Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine is machine instrument that is operated
by a computer-controlled program using specific alphanumeric codes with command
data code numbers, letters, and symbols to produce the desired product shape. The
product design is created in CNC systems or regular computers using computer-aided
design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) programs such as
Solidworks or AutoCad. CNC milling machines are used to create uncommon
precision components, prototypes, and complex parts. End-to-end component design
is highly automated in modern CNC systems using computer-aided design (CAD) and
computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) programs. A control unit that can be saved,
modified, and upgraded is used to control CNC machine tools. The CNC machine tool
can be programmed directly using the keyboard and screen over a computer network,
or it can be transferred via USB storage device. Software controls all the functions
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and the programming while the computer is responsible for interpreting a language
such as G code into the signals that supplied to the controller.

Figure 1.2: Flow of the CNC machine operations

Nowadays, new functionality and improved performance CNC machines are being
developed every day, which will give CNC a leader position in the manufacturing
process with an ever-increasing role in the success of the industry.

1.5 Machining operations theory

1.5.1 Milling
Milling is a machining process that involves the use of cutting tools that are rotated
at a set speed and then brought into contact with a work piece. Milling operations are
performed on milling machines, gear-cutting machines, and machining centers.
Milling machines are complex devices that perform several operations. The actual
shaping of the part is done with a cutting tool attached to a spindle, delivering
rotational forces. Milling machines have either horizontally or vertically aligned
spindles. The machines are either manually operated or Computer Numerically
Controlled. In complex operations it is far more effective to use a CNC machine.
Milling operations are usually classified as face milling, end milling, and slotting.
Important concepts in milling are conventional milling (or up milling) and down
milling. In conventional milling the cutting force runs opposite the feed direction.
Constant pressure can be maintained, so backlash has no major effect on the cutting
process. One of the negatives of conventional milling is that the cutter sometimes rubs
against the work piece. This can considerably reduce both tool life and cutting
accuracy. Many modern milling machines have anti-backlashing systems in order to
counteract these problems. Conventional milling has a significant advantage when
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machining materials with high ductility and work hardening properties.

1.4.2 Turning
Turning is a form of machining, a material removal process, which is used to create
rotational parts by cutting away unwanted material. The turning process requires a
turning machine or lathe, workpiece, fixture, and cutting tool. The workpiece is a
piece of pre-shaped material that is secured to the fixture, which itself is attached to
the turning machine, and allowed to rotate at high speeds. The cutter is typically a
single-point cutting tool that is also secured in the machine, although some operations
make use of multi-point tools. The cutting tool feeds into the rotating workpiece and
cuts away material in the form of small chips to create the desired shape. Turning is
used to produce rotational, typically symmetric around axis, parts that have many
features, such as holes, grooves, threads, tapers, various diameter steps, and even
contoured surfaces. Parts that are fabricated completely through turning often include
components that are used in limited quantities, perhaps for prototypes, such as custom
designed shafts and fasteners. Turning is also commonly used as a secondary process
to add or refine features on parts that were manufactured using a different process.
Due to the high tolerances and surface finishes that turning can offer, it is ideal for
adding precision rotational features to a part whose basic shape has already been
formed.

1.4.3 Drilling
While milling is performed in all directions and can create unique parts, drilling is
performed only in the axial direction. Drilling can be described as a process in which
a cutting tool of fixed diameter is fed into a work piece. It is a very simple operation
and the resulting holes share a diameter with the size of the cutting tool. In reality the
dimensions of the hole may differ slightly due to the various factors such as vibrations
or inaccurate tool alignment. Drilling operations can be performed on a lathe, milling
machine, or a drilling machine. It is important to understand that not all drilling
operations can be performed on one machine and all three machines perform a type of
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drilling better than the other. As a result, it is necessary to select the right machine for
the specific application.
1.4.4 Tooling
In CNC machining, tooling can refer to work holding fixtures, tool holders, cutting
tools or tool inserts. CNC tooling is design specifically for use with CNC machines
and is made with incredible precision so that the operations performed are also
precise. Work holding fixtures are devices that keep the workpiece steady while
cutting operations are performed. Tool holders connect cutting machines (like lathes,
mills or multi-axis machining centers) to cutting tools. Cutting tools are the elements
that come into direct contact with the workpiece to remove material. These include
drill bits, saw blades and broaches. Tool inserts are used in many cutting tools, but not
all. They are replaceable parts that perform the actual cutting when affixed to the
cutting tool. In general, CNC tooling can withstand higher temperatures and cutting
pressures than regular machine tooling.
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Chapter 2: Overall design specifications of the CNC machine

Figure 2.1: Isometric view on small CNC machine

2.1 Introduction of the small CNC machine

There are many types of CNC machine. The common CNC machines are two-axis
and three-axis CNC machine. The two- axis machine can move on vertical and
horizontal only which are X and Y axis. Three-axis machine can do movement
starting with three primary axis which are X, Y and Z axis. The Z axis is being
parallel with the spindle.
The CNC machine in my project has 3 axes, namely the X, Y and Z axis. The table
of the machine is stationary, which means that it doesn’t move. It is a small CNC
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machine that can operate like a normal CNC machine with a limited area of the
machining. The construction occupies approximately a L1000 × W700 × H700 mm3
of volume. This machine’s travel on the X-axis is 400mm, on Y-axis is 545mm and on
Z-axis is 120mm. It is designed to perform end milling for soft materials such as soft
metal alloys, plastics or wood. The design was sketched using SolidWorks software.
2.2 Structure design
The machine structures are divided into open frames, closed frames, and Truss
forms. The most common type of industry structure is open and closed frames, as
illustrated in Fig. 2.2. The open frame structure is often referred to as frame C or G.
After comparing the two structures and considering the advantages and disadvantages
of each, the close frame structure was chosen to construct a small-scale machine. Tool
positioning was quite clear to me it to be vertical. The close frames provide excellent
tooling access, while vertical milling machines are far simpler to build in terms of
configuration than horizontal milling machines. The component gives convenient
access to the workspace and it is typically compact and lightweight. The materials
needed for this structure are much cheaper and less used than the open frame
structure.

Figure 2.2: Machine structures

2.3 Framework design

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The milling machines mainframe structure is built with an aluminum extrusion

profile and an aluminum plate as a primary material. Aluminum extrusion profiles
used are H30xW60xL750mm and H30xW60xL500mm sized. Aluminum plates of
16mm thick are used at both ends of the extrusion profiles. The materials decision
was made out of following requirements.
A metal has to be:
 light in weight
 easy to handle
 machine and rust proof
 rigid enough for the construction

Figure 2.3: 500mm long extrusion profile

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Figure 2.4: 750mm long extrusion profile

2.4 Movement system design

Small CNC machine has limited are of the machining. This machine’s travel on the
X axis is 400mm, on Y axis is 545mm and on Z axis is 120mm. The mechanical
system is assembled with the 3-axis movement by using a continuously supported
round linear rails with recirculating ball bearings with help of the linear drive used,
which are sliding elements: lead nuts and lead screws. Each XYZ motion tables are
supported by 2 linear rails one at each end and 4 roller bearings similarly. The stepper
motors NEMA 23 are mounted to each axis of movement and coupled through the
shaft couplers to each of the lead screw axes. A cutting, milling and drilling
performance on this machine is provided by high-speed milling motor Kress 1050
1.05kW.
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Chapter 3: Design of the XYZ axis

3.1 Design of the X axis

The structure of the X-axis is pretty simple and easy to assemble. Most of the
elements are made of aluminum alloys, therefore the construction is lightweight and
cheap in developing. There are 25 parts including:
 Aluminum plates
 Aluminum extrusion profiles
 Round linear rails
 Open case ball bearings
 Lead screw
 Screw nut
 Stepper motor
 Coupling
 Flange bearings
 Distantiers
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Figure 3.1.1: Isometric view of X-axis construction

Figure 3.1.2: Engineering drawing of X-axis

A mainframe construction that is responsible for movement of the machine along

the X-axis is projected by 2 aluminum plates and 8 aluminum extrusion profiles
located between the plates. These profiles are connected to the plates in pairs for
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additional strength and reliability of the construction in order to decrease a possibility

of any failure such as bending, braking and so on.

Figure 3.1.3: Aluminum plate of X-axis

 Size: L380.5 mm x W205 mm x H12 mm
 Shaft hole: ID12 mm
 Material: Aluminum
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Figure 3.1.4: Aluminum extrusion profile of X-axis

 Size: L500 mm x W30 mm x H60 mm
 Material: Aluminum

The actual movement of the head is accomplished on a pair of continuously

supported round linear rails SA16 with 4 open case ball bearings SME 16UU, 2 on
each rail. The rails are supported and screwed along the corresponding aluminum
extrusion profiles, which can be seen in the assembly model above.
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Figure 3.1.5: Round linear rail of X-axis

 Size: L500 mm x W40 mm x H33 mm x OD16 mm
 Material: Stainless steel
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Figure 3.1.6: Ball bearing SME 16 UU

 Size: L45 mm x W45 mm x H33 mm x ID16 mm
 Material: Housing – Aluminum, Bearing – Chrome Stainless steel
 Dynamic load: 774 N
 Static load: 1180 N
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Driving system of the X-axis is accomplished with one lead screw fixed by two
pillow block mounted flange bearings KFL08 on both ends on aluminum plates.
Screw nut is connected to the spindle mount plate. Screw nut was chosen since the
load is not extreme so there is no need for ball construction. Stepper motor NEMA 23
with Holding torque 2.16 Nm is used to rotate the screw.

Figure 3.1.7: Flange bearing KFL08

 Size: L47 mm x W27 mm x H11.35 mm x ID 8 mm
 Material: Zinc alloy

To transmit the necessary power for the cutting process for each linear movement of
the machine, a shaft coupling is used to connect each lead screw end with the stepper
motor by using a key. Coupling is used to connect the shaft of the stepper motor with
the lead screw. Distantiers provide enough space for couplings between the stepper
motor and the mainframe plate.
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3.2 Design of the Y axis

The construction of Y-axis in my CNC machine is a foundation for the whole
construction of the machine, since it is stationary. That means that Y-axis construction
stays on the ground, while X-axis construction is supported around the table of the Y-
axis on the aluminum plates with round linear rails of the base. The same aluminum
alloy parts are used for the mainframe construction and stainless steel for moving
parts.
There are 26 parts including:
 Aluminum plates
 Aluminum extrusion profiles
 Round linear rails
 Open case ball bearings
 Lead screw
 Screw nut
 Stepper motor
 Coupling
 Flange bearings
 Distantiers
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Figure 3.2.1: Isometric view of Y-axis construction

Figure 3.2.2: Engineering drawing of Y-axis

The mainframe construction that is responsible for movement of the machine along
Y-axis is projected by 2 big aluminum plates of 498x178x16mm3 and 5 aluminum
extrusion profiles 750mm long located between the plates (2 of them on the bottom
for round rails and 3 profiles for the worktable on the top).
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Figure 3.2.3: Aluminum plate for Y-axis

 Size: L498 mm x W178 mm x 16 mm
 Material: Aluminum
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Figure 3.2.4: Aluminum extrusion profile of Y-axis

 Size: L750 mm x W30 mm x H60 mm
 Material: Aluminum

To obtain high displacement accuracy and ability to hold and move the whole XZ
construction a pair of continuously supported round rails along with 4 open case ball
bearings (2 on each rail) are used.
Advantages of using this configuration:
 smooth movement
 low friction
 high rigidity
 long life
 easy to maintain and replace
 economically reasonable

Figure 3.2.5: Linear round rail of Y-axis

 Size: L750 mm x W40 mm x H32 mm x OD 16 mm
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 Material: Stainless steel

Figure 3.2.6: Open case ball bearing SME16UU of Y-axis

 Sizes: L45 mm x W45 mm x H33 mm x ID 16mm
 Material: Aluminum housing, Chrome Stainless Steel bearing
 Dynamic load: 774 N
 Static load: 1180 N

Axis system is driven by stepper motor NEMA23 transfer the rotational motion to
screw shaft systems with the help shaft couplings. This rotational motion the screw
nut, which is part of the screw system, transmits the rotational motion taken by the
motor to the axis systems in linear motion, by fixing the screw nuts to the moving
XY-axis system.
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Figure 3.2.7: Screw nut of Y-axis

 Size: L60mm x W 40mm X H 22mm x ID10mm
 Materials: Aluminum housing, Stainless steel screw nut
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Figure 3.2.8: Lead screw

 Size: L 825mm x OD 10mm
 Material: Stainless steel

All ball bearings and the screw nut are connected and fixed with aluminum plates
that carry and support the whole XZ-axis construction. Each linear round rail and lead
screw has one plate. So, there are 3 supporting plates in sum.

Figure 3.2.9: Supporting plate of Y-axis

 Size: L 205mm x W 85mm x H 8mm
 Material: Aluminum

The last element which acts as a part of Y-axis construction is a worktable. It is a T-

slot forged aluminum table. T-slots are a convenient way to clamp and fix a workpiece
down, but not the only way. Almost all metal working mills use T-slots. The worktable
is slightly larger than the working area of the CNC milling machine.
It should be lightweight and rigid enough in order to minimize vibrations from and
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bending, that’s why material selection fall on forged aluminum.

Figure 3.2.10: Worktable

 Size: L 782mm x W 410mm x H 20mm
 Material: Forged aluminum

3.3 Design of Z-axis

The construction of Z-axis hangs on linear rails of the X-axis, specifically fixed on
ball bearings. An idea of the structure and movement system is the same as others. It
is the simplest and smallest construction of the CNC milling machine with the least
number of parts, which is 20 parts:
 Aluminum plates
 Round linear rails
 Open case ball bearings
 Lead screw
 Screw nut
 Stepper motor
 Coupling
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 Flange bearings and distantiers

Figure 3.3.1: Isometric view of Z-axis construction

Figure 3.3.2: Engineering drawing of Z-axis

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The mainframe construction consists of 3 aluminum plates 12mm thick. Two of

them are identical. They are fixed in parallel holding all movement system.

Figure 3.3.3: Main plate of Z-axis

 Size: L 250mm x W 100mm x H 12mm
 Material: Aluminum
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Figure 3.3.4: Top plate of Z-axis

 Size: L 100mm x W 65mm x H 12mm x ID 12mm

Figure 3.3.5: Bottom plate of Z-axis

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 Size: L 100mm x W 51mm x H 12mm x ID 12mm

A vertical movement of the spindle motor along Z-axis up and down is
accomplished on 2 continuously supported round rails SA12 and 4 open frame ball
bearings SME 12UU. The system is supported on main aluminum plate.

Figure 3.3.6: Round linear rail of Z-axis

 Size: L 250mm x W 40mm x H 28mm x OD 12mm
 Material: Stainless steel
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Figure 3.3.7: Open case ball bearing SME12UU

 Size: L40 mm x W39 mm x H28 mm x ID 12mm
 Material: Aluminum housing, Chrome stainless steel bearing

Driving system is designed the same way as other two XY axis. Rotational motion
is provided by stepper motor NEMA23 which is connected to the system of lead
screw and screw nut through shaft coupling.
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Figure 3.3.8: Lead screw of Z-axis

 Size: L 317mm x D 8mm; Thread L 275mm x D 10mm
 Material: Stainless steel
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Figure 3.3.9: Screw lead nut of Z-axis

 Size: L 40mm x W 32mm x H 22mm x ID 10mm
 Material: Stainless steel

Spindle mount plate is designed to hold the spindle motor. It is supported on ball
bearings and connected to the screw nut.

Figure 3.3.10: Spindle mount plate

 Size: L 166m x W 100mm x H 12mm
 Holes diameters: Ø5mm and Ø4mm
 Material: Aluminum
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Chapter 4: Motor selection design

4.1 Tool movement motor – Stepper motor NEMA23

Since the machine is small-scale, the machine will consider light materials such as
wood, plastic, and soft metal alloys such as aluminum that require less machining
force. The motor's selection for each axis is the same. The NEMA 23 57BYGH
bipolar motor stepper is adequate to meet the requirements for the material to be cut.
The speed of the motion in each axis can be directly controlled by controlling the
speed of the stepper motor, which is an electromechanical device that converts the
required electrical control signals into discrete mechanical movements. A stepper
motor, also known as step motor or stepping motor, is a brushless and synchronous
DC electric motor that divides a full rotation into a number of equal steps. The motor's
position can be commanded to move and hold at one of these steps without any
position sensor for feedback (an open-loop controller), as long as the motor is
correctly sized to the application in respect to torque and speed.
Brushed DC motors rotate continuously when DC voltage is applied to their
terminals. The stepper motor is known for its property of converting a train of input
pulses (typically square waves) into a precisely defined increment in the shaft’s
rotational position. Each pulse rotates the shaft through a fixed angle.
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Figure 4.1: Stepper motor NEMA 23 for XYZ axis

General specifications:
 Size: L100 mm x W56 mm x H56 mm
 Shaft diameter: 8 mm
 Motor weight: 1.37 kg
 Step angle: 1.8°
 Step Accuracy: ± 5%
 Temperature Rice: Δt = max. 80 ℃
 Ambient Temperature Range: -20 ℃ - 50 ℃
 Insulation Resistance: 100 MΩ min. 500 V DC
 Dielectric Strength: 500 V AC/1 min
Electrical specifications:

Holding Torque: 2.16 Nm

Rated Current: 3.0 A

Phase Resistance: 0.7 Ω

Phase Inductance: 3.2 mH

Rotor Inertia: 650 gcm2
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4.2 Spindle motor – Kress 1050FME

High speed rotational force of the spindle is provided by Milling and Routing motor
Kress 1050FME with rotational speed of 5 000 – 25 000 rpm and 1.05 kW power for
CNC milling machines. The motor is ideally suited for all applications in plexiglass,
plastic, PVC, and more due to the relatively low speed of 5000 rpm. It is also
powerful enough to work with harder materials such as marble, slate, and non-ferrous
metals. The 43H7 stainless steel mounting neck ensures that the bearing seats are not
compromised when the spindle is clamped into the spindle holder. This prevents
overheating of the bearings and the spindle itself.

Figure 4.2.1: Spindle motor Kress 1050 FME

Product features:
 Spindle neck 43H7 made of stainless steel
 Full wave electronics for constant power and speed
 Aluminum motor body with double bearing
 Electronic overload protection
 Automatic cut-off carbon brushes to protect the motor
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 Power requirement: 220/230V and 50/60 Hz

Technical specifications:
 Size: L280 mm x W72 mm x H68 mm
 Power consumption 1050 watts
 Power output: 600 watts
 Speed range: 5,000 -25,000 rpm.
 Largest collet diameter: 10 mm
 Mounting neck: Ø 43 mm - Stainless steel
 Maximum milling diameter: 36mm
 Machine weight 1.7 kg
 Very quiet, only 74dB at 5,000 rpm

The spindle motor is fixed and supported on specially designed spindle mount plate.

Figure 4.2.2: Spindle mount plate

 Size: L 74mm x W 100mm x H 23mm x ID 43mm
 Fixture hole: D 7.5mm
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 Material: Stainless steel

End mill Fresa 10mm is fixed on the milling spindle as an example.

Figure 4.2.3: Fresa 10mm

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Conclusion
This project presents a mechanical system of a small-scale three-axis CNC milling
machine, close and vertical frame structure is chosen. The machine's platform size is
1000 mm in length, 700 mm in width, and 700 mm in height, with a working area of
400 mm in the X-axis, 545 mm on the Y-axis, and 120 mm on the Z-axis and
maximum spindle speed of 25000 rpm. The mainframe structure is built with
extrusion profiles and rigid plates. The NEMA 23 stepper motor with lead screw
driver and linear guide round rails controls all axes motion and configuration.
The Kress 1050 spindle motor rotates the milling tool, which is optimal for soft
materials to cut.