LESSON 1: THE IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING COMMUNITY DYNAMICS AND COMMUNITY

ACTION
A. COMMUNITY
 Community is one of the sociology’s oldest and most enduring objects of study and research. Emile
Durkheim and Max Weber defined and shaped the concept of community from the scientific point of view.
For most of us, it is synonymous with belongingness, togetherness, camaraderie and similar state of
peaceful social relations.
 Community from the sociological standpoint, is a social group with a common territorial base. Those who
are in that group share interests and have a sense of belonging to the group.
 Community came from the latin word Communitas which means fellowship. To elaborate more,
communis means common which was taken from the term com (with or together) and munire (to
strengthen, to fortify, or to defend).
The Living Commune
The word community in its literal form is defined by two characteristics: location and social
identification.
1. Location- Community can be defined simply as a group of individuals bound within a specific geographic
location. It means that a group of people living in a specific area can be called a community.
2. Social Identification- A community is an example of a collective that identifies common traits, goals, or
customs. It can be argued that communities bind individuals into a collective whole.
B. COMMUNITY DYNAMICS- Refer to the changes that occur in the community power structures and
community population composition over time. (Abenir, et.al, 2017).
Community power structures are hierarchical interrelationships that govern the interaction of
individuals among each other within a localized group setting. (Shively 1994a, Kuponiyi 2008). Community
power structures can be observed in the hierarchical interrelationship between the barangay chairperson and
his constituents, between the elite and the financially poor members, between the adult and young.
Community population composition refers to common demographic variables that describe the size,
distribution, and characteristics of the population such as age structure, sex composition, educational level,
marital status, economic status, employment status, and ethnicity classification.
C. COMMUNITY ACTION- refers to collective efforts done by people directed toward addressing social
problems (e.g., social inequalities, environmental degradation, and poverty) in order to achieve social well-
being.
1. Community Engagement –refers to the process of developing partnerships and sustaining relationships
with and through groups of people affiliated by geographic proximity or common interests for the purpose
of working for the common good and of addressing issues that affect their well-being (Lenzi et. al 2012).
2. Solidarity – refers to the firm and persevering determination to commit oneself to the common good by
mutually supporting and sustaining movements for social change and social justice.
3. Citizenship – refers to full membership in a community in which one lives, works, or was born (Atlanta and
marquis 2010).
4. Social Change – refers to the alteration of social interactions, institutions, stratification systems and
elements of culture over time
D. THE BASICS OF A COMMUNITY
Self-Help- is about how in individuals seek personal development without the help of others.
However, not everyone sees it as such due to the varying sense of community ownership that its
members may possess. Ownership- the level of commitment and accountability that an individual has for the
community.
Through community participation, individuals can provide their own contributions through acts of
volunteerism in projects and other communal initiatives.
While participation is key, inclusion is one aspect of the community that is essential in binding the
group into a whole.
Highlighting inclusivity are access and equity. These two are the goals that a commune must strive for
to create a better society. Access and equity imply the comfort in which various individuals and groups can
attain the basic necessities and resources. They push for a just allocation of goods and opportunities that is
without discrimination and prejudice toward people.
E. THE COMMUNITY AS A MOVEMENT
ADVOCACIES-These are formed by the community and its leaders. To improve and garner support,
communities try to gather support from other individuals or groups which are aligned with their worldview.
Advocacies include multitudes of topics where people are compelled to push for value-specific agendas that
are shared through their supporters.
NETWORKING- Underpinning these efforts is the spirit of collaboration where groups and individuals from
various walks of life come together to form linkages that are important for mobilization and value creation.
SOCIAL ACTION- the community hopes to address the issues of the status quo through the combined efforts
of group members. Planning, conceptualization, and implementation of action will not be possible without the
political will of actors toward meeting general compromise to effect social change
Community 1. It is synonymous with belongingness, togetherness, camaraderie
and similar state of peaceful social relations.
Location 2. It is one of the two characteristics which means that a group of people living in a specific area can
be called a community.
Social Identification 3. It surmises that a community is an example of a collective that identifies common traits,
goals, or customs.
Self-help 4. This concept is about how individuals seek personal
 development without the help of others.
Community Participation 5. Individuals can provide their own contributions through acts of
volunteerism in projects and other communal initiatives.
Communitas 6. It is a latin word which means fellowship.
Community of Limited Liabilities 7. It is one of the four traditions that focuses on neighbourhoods
and similar areas of larger communities.

Community Dynamics 8. Refer to the changes that occur in the community power
structures and community population composition over time.

Community Action 9. Refers to collective efforts done by people directed toward

addressing social problems (e.g., social inequalities, environmental degradation, and poverty) in
order to achieve social well-being.
Social Change 10. refers to the alteration of social interactions, institutions,
stratification systems and elements of culture over time

LESSON 2: CONCEPTS AND PERSPECTIVES OF COMMUNITY

Social Sciences are regarded simply as the study of people and societies.
SOCIAL SCIENCE PERSPECTIVE
In social science perspective
 A community is a congregation of people unified by geography, shared interests, values, experiences,
or traditions
A. ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE- communities are the driving force for civilizations. human evolution
itself came from the mold of these evolutionary.
A.1. Palaeolithic Age (Old Stone Age) – Hunter Gatherers
 our earliest human ancestors survived as hunter-gatherers during this era
 the earliest men crafted tools from rocks and other materials they could find. These tools were used
basically for cutting and chopping.
A 2. Mesolithic Age (Middle Stone Age) – Horticultural and Agricultural
 humans started to cultivate more sustainable sources of food
 they cultivated plants and then later, they formed an agricultural society
 cultivation of plants was essential in building communities that were less nomadic. It was the start of
communal settlements.
 many of our earliest ancestors opted to settle near bodies of water because fish was more abundant and
easier to catch than it is to hunt for animals that may be riskier and even life-threatening.
A. 3. Neolithic Age – Agrarian
 agriculture was scaled down this period as more efficient ways of farming were developed.
 as the knowledge from thousands of years contributed to more optimum techniques of cultivating the land,
they also developed water irrigation.
 in this age, communes were more efficient than in the previous two ages.

B. SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
 sociology is a branch of social science that analyses the history, evolution, structure, and functions of
societies.
B 1. Social Stratification
 categorization may be based on work, wealth, or wage.
 the resulting classification usually will split subjects into lower class, middle class, and upper class to identify
the various strata within societies.
B 2. Social Class
 the direct result of classifying people in accordance to material wealth, relative social value, or other traits.
A. 3 Social Mobility
 the study of how individuals or groups move across classifications and stratifications.
 the transition of subjects in various identities within a determined structure.
A. 4. Religion
 it is how people or groups are classified using core religious beliefs and practices as an identifiable social
characteristics.
A. 5. Sexuality
 identifies people and groups through their sexual norms, orientation, interest, and behaviour.
 these characteristics are manifested from the more obvious, like fashion or aesthetic preference, to a more
abstract and less identifiable such as sexual preference and emotional and spiritual characteristics.
A. 6. Deviance
 sociology studies the interaction of deviants to emphasize the dynamics within social systems.
 to become deviant, it must be against a pre-set rule or agreed-upon norm.
B. POLITICAL PERSPECTIVE
 Political science views communities as composed of citizens guided under one constitution or government
 individuals are considered as constituents whose identification can be summed by their citizenship proven
by a contract such as a passport or birth certificate.
A. 1. Nation, State, and Nation-State
A. 1. a. Nation
 composed of individuals that share a common background such as language, history, or religious;
A. 1. b. State
 is a political entity that has the four characteristics: population, territory, sovereignty and government
C. 1. c. Nation-State
  when both nation and state come together to form a unified body that has all four aforementioned
characteristics bound by a common identification of culture, language, and history.
Characteristics of Nation, State, and Nation-State
1. Population – the people sharing a geographical space (towns, cities, countries)
2. Territory – physical area under the rule or jurisdiction under a political system or ruler
3. Sovereignty – authority of a state for self-governance and rule
4. Government – a group of individuals that administers the functions of the state

INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE
 A community is a group of individuals embodying distinct roles and interests.
What are Institutions
 they are grand social structures that are made up by individuals which, when viewed as a whole, exhibit
patterns of behaviour that create conventions and norms in our society.
TYPES OF INSTITUTIONS
1. Government Institutions
 the government as an institution grants its citizens with the liberties and rights.
 the government has the power to lead and govern its citizens within a confined territory
1. Economic Institutions
 mechanism in which goods, services, and money are distributed.
 peoples role as consumers and producers.
2. Religious Institutions
 upon birth, religion, aside from the family we have, plays a huge part on how we create our identities
 it is where we learn respect for authority, the need for compliance and even the price we have to pay for
complacency and deviance from set standards and rules.
3. Educational Institutions
 Education takes up a quarter of our whole lives
 it is where we learn respect for authority, the need for compliance and even the price we have to pay for
complacency and deviance from set standards and rules.
4. Family Institutions
 our own families are considered as the building blocks of our society
 at the center of every society is the family, and it is where the community and our society draw strength
from
CIVIL SOCIETY PERSPECTIVE
 A community is composed of people, structures, and systems endowed with resources but is confronted
with social issues as well.
Role of Society Organizations
 CSOs (Civil Society Organizations) are composed of various actors, such as other groups,
organizations, or institutions that come together to attain a particular goal that is vitally for the greater
good of society
Nongovernment Organizations
 are formed by individuals who are willing to contribute to the cause of the group
Social Movements
 groups that exist for a sole purpose or issue and tend to fizzle out once it is attained.
 this exist through the sheer will of their members in spreading their concerns in various platforms, such
as through flash gatherings and rallies.
Interest Groups
 there are civil society that exist primarily to push for policy agendas and nothing more
Local and International Organizations
 Alongside the community, there are institutions and organizations that are formed by concerned
citizens, associations, and even states.
LESSON 3: FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNITIES IN TERMS OF STRUCTURE, DYNAMICS AND PROCESSES
A. SOCIETAL STRUCTURES
A.1.a. Social Status
 is all about the dynamic of individual identity relative to its social environment.
A.1.a. Role
 is a set of defined and expected behavior or norms that is ascribed to a certain social status.
A.2. Theoretical Perspectives

A.2.a. Functionalism (Emile Durkheim)

 according to French sociologist Emile Durkheim, there is a glaring difference how we look at individuals
and collectives
 society is like a machine that has an individual parts where each part has functions and then contribute to
the bigger picture of society.
 each part both directly and indirectly influences the total function of the machine, depending on how they
play their part in the grander scheme of things

A.2.b. Conflict Theory (Karl Marx)

 there is a class conflict from the haves and haves and have-nots.
A.2.c. Symbolic Interactionism (George Herbert Mead)
  individuals see things differently and their view depends on their own meaning derived from their
experiences, interaction from people, and the learnings they gain from the amalgamated experiences
through a course of time.
A.2.d. Social Structures
 society is composed of various intermingling structures that continually make interactions, thus creating
meanings that center on people.
 pertains to the interrelation of behaviors, roles, and statuses which constitute a stable network of social
interactions and relations.
A.2.e. Political Structures
 it is defined not just by the government, but also by groups, other institutions, pressure groups, social
movements, and people as parts of the political landscape.
 our local government units are clustered by the barangay system.
 LGU – headed by community leaders who are elected for a three-year term
 it traces its roots to the balangays, which is a translation of “sailboat” in the Malay language.
 early settlers in the Phil. were mostly from neighboring islands
 these early social groups were mostly small communes with members ranging from 50 to 100 families
 each balangay was headed by their tribal chief or the datu.
 their association was by virtue of kinship or blood relations
 these early barangays mostly lived near bodies of water since most their means of living revolved around trade
and fishing
A.2.e.i. Role and Creation of the Barangay
 basic political unit
 serves as the primary planning and implementing unit of government policies, plans, programs, projects, and
activities in the community, and as a forum wherein the collective views of the people may be expressed,
crystallized and considered, and where disputes may be amicably settled.
A.2.e.ii. Barangay Officials and Offices
Chief Officials and Offices
 there shall be in each barangay a Punong Barangay, seven (7) Sangguniang Barangay members, the
Sangguniang Kabataan chairman, a Barangay Secretary, and a Barangay Treasurer.
 there shall also be in every barangay a Lupong Tagapamayapa.
Persons in Authority
 the Punong Barangay, Sangguniang Barangay members, and members of the Lupong Tagapamayapa in each
barangay shall be deemed as persons in authority in their jurisdiction, while other officials and members who
may be designated by law or ordinance and charged with the maintenance of public order, protection and
security of life and property.
A.2.f. Economic Structures
 societies run on production and consumption
 market is free to produce what to make, how to make it, and who is it for
 the current economic system that we have is laissez-faire (French word meaning “allow to do”)
5 Types of Markets
Perfect Competition
 is an open market that has an indefinite number of buyers and sellers.
 buyers can choose which is best to suit their interest by freely determining which one to buy
Example: A marketplace which have a large number of vendors selling fruit, vegetables, and poultry – namely,
identical produce. The prices of goods are competitive, and no single seller can yield an influence over the
pricing. Consumers are free to pick any seller, depending upon their choice.
Monopoly
 only one individual or company has the capability to produce a much-needed good or service.
Example: Microsoft – Microsoft is a Computer and software manufacturing Company. It holds more than 75%
market share and is the market leader and virtual monopolist in the tech space.
Oligopoly
 only a few are able to produce certain goods or services
 producers can easily manipulate supply and prices for their own interests.
Example: * Cable Television Services
Monopolistic Competition
 there are infinite number of sellers but each one is properly differentiated from other competitors in the sphere.
Example: The Fast Food companies like the McDonald and Jollibee who sells the burger in the market are the
most common type of example of monopolistic competition. The two companies mentioned above sell an
almost similar type of products but are not the substitute of each other.
Monopsony
 there is only one buyer and where there is an infinite number of producers
 since there are no other buyers, the single consumer may control the price and let the producers compete for
pricing.
Example: A public bidding of a government project. Each producer of the good or service can vouch their most
competitive price to the government, but at the end, the bargaining chip is with the government and it holds the
power to lower the price of the good until it matches a seller’s set price.
A.2.g. Sociocultural Structures
a. Political Trends
 we have experienced numerous political shifts that have altered the way we view power, authority, and the
government
 many of us vouch for a free and liberal society that advocates human rights, individual freedom, and free-
market competition.
b. Cultural Trends
 after the Cold war, globalization was in as the free market started
 if you look around stores in shopping malls, you can see foreign clothing brands competing with local brands,
you may identify cultural influences from the style, cut, or form of the article clothing on display, not only
clothing or food, foreign movies, TV shows, and music are very popular in the country.
 there is a call for us to also explore our native culture and appreciate our heritage, we have to know who we
are and have a genuine appreciation of our own identity as Filipinos.
c. Economic Trends
 the Philippine economy is regarded as one of the most resilient in Asia, with a stable monetary and fiscal policy,
the Philippines has set on of the best examples of a developing market economy.
 the government has acted on international demand for labor and has since shifted its policy on education and
skill standardization by harnessing government institutions and adjusting educational paradigm
A.2.h. Technological Structures
 one good example of our government taking the initiative to enhance local products and services is the One
Town, One Product (OTOP) project launched by the Department of Trade and Industry in 2004.
 through OTOP, local chief executives of each city and municipality take the lead in identifying, developing, and
promoting specific product or service, which has a competitive advantage.
A.2.i. Environmental Structure
 our communities have been at risk due to the most recent calamities brought about by climate change,
virus,and terrible community management
 various institutions should spearhead concerted effort to protect the environment and mitigate the effects
natural calamities and disasters

B. SOCIETAL DYNAMICS AND PROCESSES

People make dynamic exchanges and interactions that give life and vibrancy to our communities.
Processes operationalize these exchanges into new ideas and solutions to be applied in satisfying our pressing
needs and wants.
B.1. Social Exchange and Rational Choice Theory
 Society cannot exist without interaction among its members, people by nature, are social beings that are
interdependent with each other.
 establishing social networks is one of the most important activities that are necessary for communities to grow
 because people are social, all choices are interconnected and dependent on the environment they are in.
These choices are made through the interaction of all the combined choices of individuals, organizations, and
institutions.
B.2. Competition and Conflict
 in real life, we are in constant competition not only against our peers, but also against the very institutions we
are in. We fight to survive the competition in our own way, resulting in conflicts.
 many think that competition and conflict represent the dark side of social behaviour, but in contrary, they are
the critical and vital in the promotion of change and reevaluation of norms.
 Through competition and conflict, we can study how collectives test the boundaries of their dynamic and
solidarity as one unit operating under a particular environment
B.3. Cooperation and Accommodation
 cooperation happens when people come together and pitch in to achieve a common task or goal while
accommodation represents neutrality in social interactions whereby by the individual merely ascribes to an
agreement to keep the status quo.
 cooperation and accommodation have different effects on a, cooperation, on one hand, provides the necessary
communal spirit that motivates people to contribute and volunteer, accommodation, on the other hand, may
cause the community to be complacent regarding stands on issues and concerns.
B.4. Social Change
Perspective of social change:
1. Evolutionary theory – explains that society follows an evolutionary development from a simple commune and
them moves toward more complex systems
2. Conflict theory – explains that conflict between the holders of power and the disenfranchised
3. Functional theory – explains that the set roles and statuses hold social balance and therefore, any change in
the scheme will have repercussions on the functions of other roles and statuses.
Social Status1. It is all about the dynamic of individual identity relative to its social environment.
Role 2. A set of defined and expected behavior or norms that is ascribed to a certain social status.
Emile Durkheim3. He defines society as machine that has an individual parts where each part has functions
and then contribute to the bigger picture of society.
Karl Marx 4. According to him, there is a class conflict from the haves and haves and have-nots.
George Herbert Mead 5. According to him, individuals see things differently and their

LESSON 4:COMMUNITY TYPOLOGIES

A. Gemeinschaft and Gessellschaft
The Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft are the ideal types of
human associations found in communities. They were
developed by the German sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies in
his classic work Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft published in
1887.
 B . Urban, Rural, Suburban, and Rurban Communities
1. Rural community is usually areas which are sparsely settled places away from the influence of large
cities and towns. People in rural areas live in villages, on farms and in other isolated houses. Rural
areas usually have in agricultural character.
Characteristics of rural  Emphasis of shared  Belief in supernatural
communities: values and superstitious beliefs
 Greater personal  Vernacular is usually  Relationship is more
interaction spoken personal and informal
 Deep, long term  Wider area  Less population
relationship  Influence of blood  Few establishments and
 Generally, peace and relationships in decision institutions
order exists making  Few goods and services
 Mutual give and take  Homogenious type of
affairs culture

2. Urban community are large in terms of land area and population, advanced in science and
technology, with favorable physical environment and a diverse cultures, and the people are engaged in
various occupation.
Characteristics of urban  Greater population  A lot of hazards and
community:  Many crimes are dangers
 Advancement in science committed  Greater number of
and technology  Family ties tend to be separation of spouses
 Many business and weak and live-in arrangements
establishments,  Limited space  Major occupations are
recreational centers,  Greater impersonality industrial, administrative,
educational and religious among neighbours and professional
institutions  Shortage of employment  Divisions of labor and
 People are crowded  Informal settlers are occupational
 Social heterogeneity rampant specialization are very
 Class extremes much common

3. Sub-urban communities are usually to, but not in, cities. There are fewer people than in urban
communities, but many more than in rural communities. Houses are often in neighbourhoods and many
people have yards.
Characteristics of sub urban bikeways, greenways  Low development density
communities and trails, public  Separated homes, shops
 Often enjoy a variety of swimming pools and and workplaces
opportunities for physical lakes, nature parks and  Lack of activity centers
activity available like pet parks, plus walking and downtowns
playgrounds and sports biking and bus riding to  Poor street connectivity
fields, sidewalks and school.

4. Rurban Communities are communities that both have urban and rural characteristics. In the
Philippines, this happens when people from different urban slum communities are relocated in housing
settlements found in the outskirts of rural areas.
Characteristics of Rurban Communities
 Housing settlements are difficult to access
 No well-developed roads leading to cities
 These are relocation sites
Are places where marginalized people exist

LESSON 5:COMMUNITY ACTION MODALITIES

What is community action?
Community action refers to the collective efforts done by people directed toward addressing social
problems such as social inequalities, environmental degradation, and poverty in order to achieve social well-
being.
Types of Community Action Initiatives
1. Community Engagement – This refers to the process of developing partnerships and sustaining
relationships with and through groups of people affiliated by geographic proximity or common interests
for the purpose of working for the common good and of addressing issues that affect their well-being
(Lenzi et. al 2012).

Forms of Community Engagement in Educational Setting:

1.) Service Learning is a teaching methodology that employs community service and reflection on
service to teach community engagement, develop greater community and social responsibility, and strengthen
communities (Donahue, Fenner, and Mitchell 2015; Scott and Graham 2015).
 2.) Community Outreach refers to voluntary services done by students, faculty, school employees, or
alumni in response to the social, economic and political needs of communities. This is done in order to
improve the community members’ quality of life.
3.) Community engaged research (CEnR) is a collaborative process between the faculty and/or student
researchers and the partner community in conducting research. The CEnR also enables faculty and/or student
researchers to conduct research that can address community issues and concerns.
a. Levels of Community Engagement according to Seedat 2012
1.) Information is a one-way relationship on disseminating information to community members through
various medium, e.g. posters, brochures, telephone calls, newspapers, radio, television, websites,
facebook, twitter, Instagram, etc.
2.) Consultation involves obtaining stakeholder approval for a particular initiatives. It seeks to interact with
communities for the purposes of getting feedback without direct community participation in project design,
implementation, and evaluation.
3.) Involvement is about enlisting community stakeholders as volunteers and/or consumers of an
envisaged service learning/community outreach/CEnR project and its associated services.
4.) Active Participation allows the involvement of community members in the planning, implementation,
and overall assessment of development initiatives.
b. Modalities of Community Engagement according to Bowen, Newenham-Kahindi, and Herremans
(2010)
1.) Transactional are one-way community projects or activities that come from the service providers to the
community. This may include volunteer work, free consultancy services, cash donations, skill transfer and
giving of technical support.
2.) Transitional are two-way community projects brought about by the process of consultation and collaboration
between the service provider and the community.
3.) Transformational are two-way community projects characterized by active dialogue and critical reflectivity
brought about by the process of involvement and active participation between the external agent and the
community. There is the involvement of joint learning and value-generation, and community leadership in the
decision-making process is prioritized.

2. Solidarity - refers to the firm and persevering determination to commit oneself to the common good by
mutually supporting and sustaining movements for social change and social justice. Solidarity is the willingness
to practice participation while striving for social justice in the community.
According to Emile Durkheim, solidarity can be seen in three ways:
(1) Community solidarity - is a feeling of unity based on common interest or goals, shared by many
individuals, which makes them belong to the same social group, work together towards achieving the same
goals, or fight together for the same cause.
(2) Organic solidarity - this means that people need each other in an economic sense, so they hold
together.
(3) Mechanical solidarity - people belong to these societies are of the same ethnic group, the same
religion, and the same culture. Since they are all similar to one another, that similarity holds them together as a
society.
Solidarity Advocacy programs:
a. Health for All. This pertains to the understanding that health is a fundamental human right. (UN
1996)
b. Education for All. This refers to bringing the benefits of education to every citizen in society.
(UNESCO 2000)
c. Good Governance for All. This pertains to capacitating local communities and institutions to
manage and regulate their own welfare in terms of economic security, socio-political well-being,
and cultural preservation and progress. (Abenir 2011)
d. Economic Justice for All. It pertains to enabling all people to contribute to and benefit from
overall growth in the economy and be lifted above poverty line. (Wagner 2006, Ravallion and Chen
2003)
e. Climate and Environmental Justice for All. This refers to the fair treatment and meaningful
involvement of all people in the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental
laws, regulations, and policies (Pederson 2011).

3. Citizenship - is the relationship between an individual and a state to which the individual owes allegiance
and in turn is entitled to its protection. Citizenship implies the status of freedom with accompanying
responsibilities.
 Citizenship - is a term denoting membership of a citizen in political society, which membership implies,
reciprocally, a duty of allegiance on the part of the member and the duty of protection on the part of the
state.
 Citizen - is a person having the title of citizenship. He is the member of a democratic community who
enjoy full civic and political rights, and is accorded protection inside and outside the territory of the State.
 Alien - is a citizen of a country who is residing in or passing through another country. He is popularly called
“foreigner”. he is not given the full rights to citizenship but is entitled to received protection as to his person
and property.
 Natural born citizen - are those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform
any act to acquire or perfect their citizenship (Sec. 2, Article IV, Phil. Consti.)

Who are the Philippine Citizens under the Present Constitution?

 Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this constitution
 Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines
  Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon
reaching the age of majority
 Those who are naturalized in accordance of law

Two modes of acquiring citizenship:

1. By birth - there are two principles that govern citizenship by birth:
 Jus Sanguinis - meaning by blood; as when a child is born of parents who are both Filipinos, wherever
he may born.
 Jus Soli - which means by place of birth; so that if a Filipino couples gives birth to a child in a place
which adheres to the principles of jus soli, then the child is a citizen of such place, like the USA which
recognizes the principle of jus soli.
2. By Naturalization - which is an artificial means of process, whether judicial or administrative. It is the act of
formally adopting a foreigner into the political body of the state and clothing him with the rights and privilege of
citizenship. It implies the renunciation of a former nationality and the fact of entrance to a similar relation
towards a new body politic.
Loss of citizenship
A Filipino citizen may loss his citizenship in any of the following ways:
1. Voluntarily
 they are:
a. by naturalization in a foreign country
b. by express renunciation of citizenship
c. By subscribing to an oath of allegiance to support the constitution and laws of a foreign country;
d. by rendering service to, or accepting commission in the armed forces of a foreign country
(except under certain circumstances)

2. Involuntarily
 they are:
c. by cancellation of his certificate of naturalization by the court;
d. by having been declared by competent authority, a disaster in the Philippine armed force in the
time of the war