UNIVERSIDAD MARÍTIMA

INTERNACIONAL DE PANAMÁ
TEORÍA
TEORIA DELDEL
BUQUEBUQUE
I jo I

UNIVERSIDAD MARITIMA
INTERNACIONAL
CAPTAIN DE PANAMA
IerMELÉNDEZ
JOSÉ ANTONIO Semestre de 2017
OSTÍA
2018
CAPTAIN IS ALWAYS
RIGHT
And I´m the CAPTAIN
 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE
SUBJECT
• THIS DISCIPLINE IS DIVIDED INTO FOUR
THEMATIC UNITS THAT PROVIDE THE
STUDENT WITH THE METHODS FOR
THE CALCULATION OF THE
DISPLACEMENT, DRAUGHTS AND THE
RELATIVE POSITIONS OF THE GRAVITY,
FLOATABILITY AND METACENTER
WITH RESPECT TO THE KEEL OF THE
VESSEL.
 GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF
THE SUBJECT
• CALCULATE THE BASIC CONDITIONS
OF STABILITY THAT SHIPS MUST HAVE
FOR THE TRANSPORTATION OF
GOODS, TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION
THE SAFETY OF HUMAN LIFE AND THE
ENVIRONMENT.
 MAIN DIMENSIONS

Length: Is the dimension of a boat taken

along its length, from the bow to the stern.
Length of flotation: is the length of the
longitudinal axis of the waterline
considered.
LWL= Length Water Line
Length between perpendiculars: is the
distance between the forward perpendicular
(Fwpp) and the stern perpendicular (Aftpp).
LBP= Length Between Perpendiculars

Maximum length: is the distance between

the perpendiculars to the maximum flotation,
drawn by the most salient points at the bow
and at the stern.
Total length: is the one taken between the two
most extreme points of the ship.
LOA= Length Over All
 Breadth
• Is the measurement of the ship in the
transverse direction, from one band to
another (starboard to port or viceversa). It
is measured in the widest part of the ship.
• Maximum beam: It is the maximum
measure that the boat has in the
transverse direction.
• Floating beam: Is one that is measured at
the waterline of the boat
 Draught or Draft
• The draft is the vertical distance from the
bottom edge of the keel to the waterline. It
is usually measured in feet or decimeters
and there is usually a graduation painted
on the stem and stern of the ships.
• The draft varies depending on the load
transported.
• The maximum draft is the one corresponding to
the maximum displacement.
• A small draft is a factor that facilitates the
anchorage of the boat, while a large draft adds
stability and speed, since among other things
lowers the center of gravity. It is convenient to
find a balance for each boat.
 Depth
• It is the height of
the ship measured
on the average
perpendicular, from
the lower edge of
the keel to the main
deck.
 Different types of Drafts
Forward and Aft Draft: depth to which the
stem and the stern are immersed, respectively.
It is represented as follows: df and da

Medium Draft: it is the semisum of the draft to

the bow and stern and is represented as
follows: dM

Draft in the Middle: it is the visible draft at

the midpoint, it is represented as dm and is
equal to dM if there is no hogging or sagging.
 DRAFT:
It is the vertical measurement of the
submerged part of the vessel, it is measured
longitudinally with the upper face of the keel
up to the waterline, it can give different draft
measures however if the draft in the middle of
forward and aft does not coincide with the
mean draft = 1/2 (df + da) does not match, it
is because there is a keel deformation.
FORWARD DRAFT
AFT DRAFT
DRAFT IN THE MIDDLE
 DRAFT SCALES
• The forward and aft draft is a graduated scale
is drawn indicating the drafts. The numbers
were marked with a chisel and painted in white
so that they can be seen.
• The scale can be in Arabic numerals or in
Romans, if it is in Arabic numerals it goes in
decimeters, the even numbers are marked
being the height of 10 centimeters.
• The scale in feet can also be used, but Roman
numerals are used, the height being six inches
and the same distance between the numbers.
Example of the different Draft
Scale
 SCALE IN DECIMETERS
(even numbers)
• The foot of the number indicates the
corresponding draft: thus, in the figure the
number 60 indicates that we have a draft of
6.0 meters, measuring 10cm the number.
 FEET SCALE (1 in 1)

• XV
• ------- 14’09’’ • If the scale is in feet, the
• XIV ____ 14’00’’ reading is 1 in 1. Taking
• ____ 13’06’’ into account that the
distance from the feet of
• XIII _____ 13’00’’
one number to the other
•
1’= 12’’ has 12 "
• XII ____ 12’00’’
 TRIM CALCULATION
• T = da – df • 1. Calculate the trim for a
vessel that is 15.5m aft and
• da = 2(dm) – df has a draft in the middle of
14m.
• T = 0 => da = df • 2. A boat is 10'9 '' forward
and has a dmp of 10 'and
stb 10'6''.Calculed the trim.
 Nomenclatura
• B breadth • LBP Lenght between perpendiculars
• D depth • LWL Lenght in the Water Line
• T trim • W displacement
• d draft • WMx maximun displacement
• dM médium draft • w weight
• dm draft in the middle • wmx maximun weight
• da aft draft • wL light weight
• df forward draft • wB ballast weight
• L lenght • DW death weight
• LM maximun lenght . cwp coef. Of the wáter plane
• Vwd vol. Of . cb block coef.
displacement . Wpa wáter plane area
 Light Displacement
• It is the weight of the empty ship, as it
leaves the shipyard, without stores,
provisions, crew, fuel or water. In these
conditions you can not navigate.
 Ballast Displacement.
• It is the displacement in thread
increased by the weight of the
accoutrements, provisions, water, fuel
and crew, not carrying any cargo for
which to charge freight. The ship in
these conditions can navigate.
 Maximun Displacement

• It is the one that corresponds

when the ship is loaded up to the
maximum permitted load line.
 DEATH WEIGHT
it is the difference between the maximum
displacement and the light displacement of
the ship. It means the maximum weight that
the ship can carry to trade.
 Coefficient of Fineness of the Waterplane
Area (Cw)
Is defined as the ratio of the ship´s water-
plane area (Wpa) to the area of a rectangle
having the same length and breadth of the
ship at the waterline.
•

•
• Wpa=L* B*cwp
 Block Coefficient (CB)
The block coefficient (CB) of a ship is the
ratio of the underwater volumen of a ship to
the volumen of the circumscribing block

• Vwd = L* B* d* cb
 Midships Area Coefficient(CM)
• The midships coefficient (CM) of a ship at
any draught is the ratio of the underwater
transverse area of the midships section to
the productof the breadth and draught.

• Am = CM* B* d
 Longitudinal Prismatic Coefficient (CP)
• The longitudinal prismatic of a ship at any
draught is the ratio of the underwater volume
of the ship to the volume of the prism formed
by the product of the transverse area of the
midships section and the waterline length.

• cb = cp * cm
 Examples
• 1) The vessel with L= 164m, B= 20m, have a
light draught of 3.5m and a maximun draught
of 8m. The block coefficients of the light draught
and maximun draught are 0.6 and 0.75
respectively. Calculate the dead weight if the
vessel is floating in sw.
• 2) Using the hydrostatic particulars determines
the displacement and TPC values for the ship
when floating at draught of 6.3m in Fw and
Dw= 1.021tn/m³, if Sw have a 19310tn of
desplacement and TPC of 32.46tn
• A ship floats at a draught of 3.2m and has a
waterline length and breadth of 46.3m and
15.5m respectively. Calculate the block
coefficient if its volume of displacement is
1800m³.