Untitled

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ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II Laboratory

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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Expt. No: 1 Date:
REGULATION OF THREE-PHASE ALTERNATOR BY

EMF METHOD
AIM:
To predetermine the percentage regulation of the given three-
phase alternator for various power factors by EMF Method and to sketch the regulation curve.
OBJECTIVE:
On completing this experiment the students are able to

Understand the concept and working of synchronous generator.
Find the synchronous reactance of a 3 phase synchronous generator.
Determine the regulation of a 3 phase alternator.
Plot the OCC and SCC characteristics of a 3 phase alternator.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. No Particulars Specifications Quantity

1 D.C motor coupled with 1
Three phase alternator
2 Voltmeter 1
3 Ammeter 2
4 Wire wound rheostat 2
5 Carbon rheostat 1
6 Tachometer 1

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TABULATION:
I. OPEN CIRCUIT TEST
S.No. Open circuit voltage, Field current, If(A)

E(V)
II. SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
S. Short circuit Field current, If (A)

No. current, Isc (A)

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PRECAUTIONS:
 All the switches should be kept open initially.
 Field rheostat should be kept in minimum resistance position.
 Potential divider should be kept in minimum voltage position.
 In the experiment of armature resistance measurement, carbon rheostat should be kept
in maximum position.
FORMULA:
EMF METHOD
1) Zs = EO
(Ohms)
C
IS
C
Where, Zs – Synchronous impedance (Ohms); Eoc – Open circuit voltage
corresponding to short circuit current (Volts) & I sc – Short circuit current (Amps)
2) Xs =
Zsa2  R2 (Ohms)
Where,
Xs – Synchronous reactance (Ohms), Ra – Armature resistance (Ohms)
3) E0 = (V cos  I R )2  (V sin  I X 2)
ph L a ph Ls
Note: + sign for lagging power factor and – sign for leading power
actor
Where, E0 – Open circuit phase emf (Volts); Vph – Rated phase

voltage (Volts) & IL– Load current (Amps)
 E0 V 
4) Percentage Regulation =  100

V
 

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR Ra MEASUREMENT:
TABULATION:

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THEORY:
VOLTAGE REGULATION OF AN ALTERNATOR
It is defined as the change in terminal voltage, expressed as a percentage of the rated

voltage, when the load at a given power factor is removed, with speed and field current
remaining unchanged. Therefore,
Voltage regulation = (Ef-Vt) / Vt in p.u
= ((Ef-Vt) / Vt)*100 in percentage
Where, Ef is the no-load excitation voltage and Vt is the full load terminal voltage at the
same speed and field excitation.
For a lagging power factor load, E f always increases and for a leading power factor load,
Ef may decrease - consequently the voltage regulation may be positive or negative.
Though the uses of automatic voltage regulators have curtailed the importance of computing
the voltage regulation of synchronous machines, it is still worthwhile to know its value, because
of the following reasons:
(i) When the load is thrown off, the voltage rise must be known, since the winding
insulation should be able to withstand this increased voltage.
(ii) Voltage regulation determines the type of automatic voltage control equipment
to be used
(iii) Steady state short circuit conditions and stability are affected by the voltage
regulation.
(iv) Parallel operation of one alternator with other alternators is affected considerably
by its voltage regulation
In case of small machines, the voltage regulation can be obtained by actually loading it. In large
machines, it can be obtained by actual loading, because of the cost of dissipating the huge output
and also providing the large input. Certain simple tests, involving only small amounts of power
are conducted and from these, the machine constants are determined to compute the voltage
regulation.

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TABULATION:
EMF METHOD
Power Eo(ph) % Regulation

S.No.
Factor
Lagging Leading Lagging Leading
Cosφ
MODEL GRAPH:

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THE ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (EMF) METHOD OR SYNCHRONOUS

IMPEDANCE METHOD
This method, though gives inconsistent results for voltage regulation, is quite useful,
because it introduces the concept of synchronous reactance. This procedure can be applied to
cylindrical rotor synchronous machines only, because the resultant air gap flux is not affected by
the angular position of the rotor. The iron part of the magnetic circuit is assumed to have constant
permeability, i.e. saturation is neglected – this permits the replacement of mmfs by their
corresponding fluxes and therefore the corresponding emfs. In short the mmfs can be replaced by
their corresponding emfs and it is because of this reason that this procedure is called the emf
method.
For low values of field current or for low values of flux density, the synchronous
impedance is large and as the saturation sets in, Zs starts decreasing. During the short circuit test,
the resultant mmf responsible for the resultant air gap flux density is very small. This results in
low value of flux density under actual working conditions. As unsaturated value of Z s is more
than the saturated value, the voltage regulation computed by emf method is much higher than the
actual value.
It is because of this reason that the emf method is called a pessimistic method. This
procedure however tells us that the voltage regulation would always be less than that computed
by this method.
Under actual operating conditions the air gap flux density is quite large, iron is
considerably saturated and Zs should, therefore be small. In order to compute the voltage
regulation under the operating conditions, Zs should be calculated at largest possible short circuit
current.

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MODEL CALCULATION:

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PROCEDURE:
I. OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

1. Make all the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Close DPST Switch 1.
3. Start the D.C. motor by using three point starter.
4. Adjust the motor field rheostat and make the machine to run at its rated speed.
5. Close DPST switch 2.
6. Vary the potential divider in small steps and note down the field current and the
corresponding phase voltage of an alternator.
7. Continue the same procedure till the voltmeter reads rated phase voltage of an alternator.
II. SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:
1. Bring back the potential divider to its initial position.

2. Close TPST Switch.
3. Vary the potential divider till the rated current flows through the alternator.
4. Note down the corresponding field current indicated by the respective ammeter.
III. MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE ‘Ra’:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Close the DPST Switch.
3. Adjust the rheostat in small steps and note down the armature voltage & current.

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INFERENCE AND DISCUSSION:
APPLICATIONS:
 Salient pole type alternator is used as low speed turbo generators.
 Smooth cylindrical type alternator is used as high speed turbo generators.

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DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. What are the different methods for finding out the voltage regulation of an alternator?
(i) EMF method
(ii) MMF method
(iii) ZPF method (Zero power factor)
(iv) ASA method
2. Which method is known as synchronous impedance method for finding the voltage regulation
of an alternator?
EMF method is known as synchronous impedance method for finding the voltage
regulation of an alternator.
3. What are the test data required for predetermining the voltage regulation of an alternator
by (i) EMF method and (ii) MMF method?
(i) EMF method
a) Armature resistance Ra
b)
Open circuit characteristic
c)
short circuit characteristic
(ii) MMF method
a) Armature resistance Ra
b)
c)
4. Which method of predetermining the voltage regulation of an alternator is referred as

pessimistic method? Discuss the reason.
EMF method is known as pessimistic method. This method is not accurate because
the value Zs so found is always more than its value under normal voltage conditions and
saturation. Hence, the value of regulation so

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obtained is always more than that found from an actual test. That is why it is called pessimistic
method.
5. Which method of predetermining the voltage regulation of an alternator is referred as

optimistic method, discuss the reason?
MMF method is known as optimistic method. The result obtain by MMF method is
much lower than that given by the synchronous impedance method, but it is nearer the
correct value. This method is called the optimistic method.
REFERENCES:
 D.P. Kothari and I.J. Nagrath, ‘Electric Machines’, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Company Ltd 2002.
 P.S. Bhimbhra, ‘Electrical Machinery’, Khanna Publishers, 2003.
 A.E. Fitzgerald, Charles Kingsley, Stephen.D.Umans, ‘Electric Machinery’, Tata
McGraw Hill publishing Company Ltd, 2003.
 J.B. Gupta, ‘Theory and Performance of Electrical Machines’, S.K.Kataria and Sons,
2002.
Marks Split up
Description Maximum Marks Marks Obtained
Preparation 5
Performance 5
Viva 5
Total 15
Staff
Signature
RESULT:
Thus the regulation of the given three phase alternator at various power factors are
predetermined by EMF method and the regulation curve were drawn.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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Expt. No: 2 Date:
REGULATION OF THREE-PHASE ALTERNATOR BY MMF

METHOD
AIM:
phase alternator for various power factors by MMF Method and to sketch the regulation curve.
OBJECTIVE:

Determine the regulation of a 3 phase alternator by Ampere turns method.
Distinguish the pessimistic and optimistic methods.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1 D.C motor coupled with 1
Three phase alternator
2 Voltmeter 1
3 Ammeter 2
5 Carbon rheostat 1
6 Tachometer 1

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TABULATION:

E(V)


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PRECAUTIONS:
FORMULA:
EMF METHOD
2) Zs = EO
(Ohms)
C
IS
C
Where, Zs – Synchronous impedance (Ohms); Eoc – Open circuit voltage
corresponding to short circuit current (Volts) & I sc – Short circuit current (Amps)
2) Xs =
Zsa2  R2 (Ohms)
Where,
Xs – Synchronous reactance (Ohms), Ra – Armature resistance (Ohms)
3) E0 = (V cos  I R )2  (V sin  I X 2)
ph L a ph Ls
Note: + sign for lagging power factor and – sign for leading power
actor
Where, E0 – Open circuit phase emf (Volts); Vph – Rated phase

voltage (Volts) & IL– Load current (Amps)
 E0 V 
5) Percentage Regulation = 100
 
V
 

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TABULATION:

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MMF METHOD
1) If = I f21f 2f1I f22  2I Isin
Note: + sign for lagging power factor & – sign for leading power factor Where, If1 –
Field current required to generate the phase e.m.f, E
[measured from the graph] (Amps); If2 – Field current required for balancing armature
reaction (Amps) &
If – Total field current (Amps)
Note: The voltage corresponding to If is E0 [Measured from the graph]
THEORY:


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TABULATION:
MMF METHOD
Power If Eo(ph) % Regulation

S.No.
Factor Laggin
Lagging Leading Leading Lagging Leading
Cosφ g
MODEL GRAPH:

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(i) When the load is thrown off, the voltage rise must be known, since the winding
(ii) Voltage regulation determines the type of automatic voltage control equipment to
be used
(iii) Steady state short circuit conditions and stability are affected by the voltage
regulation.
(iv) Parallel operation of one alternator with other alternators is affected considerably
by its voltage regulation
In case of small machines, the voltage regulation can be obtained by actually loading it. In large
machines, it can be obtained by actual loading, because of the cost of dissipating the huge output
and also providing the large input. Certain simple tests, involving only small amounts of power
are conducted and from these, the machine constants are determined to compute the voltage
regulation.
THE MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE (MMF) OR ROTHER’S MMF OR AMPERE TURN

METHOD
This method also utilizes OC and SC data, but is the converse of the EMF method in the
sense that armature leakage reactance is treated as an additional armature reaction. In other words
it is assumed that the change in terminal p.d on load is due entirely to armature reaction (and due
to the ohmic resistance drop which, in most cases is negligible)
Now, field AT required to produce a voltage of V on full load is the vector sum of the
following:
(i) Field AT required to produce V. This can be found from OCC and
(ii) Field AT required to overcome the demagnetizing effect of armature reaction on full
load. This value is found from SC test. The field AT required to produce full load
current on short circuit balances the armature reaction and the impedance drop.

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MODEL CALCULATION:

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The impedance drop can be neglected because armature resistance is usually very small
and synchronous reactance is also small under short circuit conditions. Hence, pf on short circuit
is almost zero lagging and the field AT are used entirely to overcome the armature reaction
which is wholly demagnetizing. In other words, the demagnetizing armature AT on full load are
equal and opposite to the field AT required to produce full load current on short circuit.
In the emf method, all the mmfs were transformed into their corresponding emfs. In the
mmf method the reverse procedure is adopted i.e. each emf is replaced by an equivalent mmf,
provided all the assumptions of emf method are invoked here (uniform air gap and neglect of
saturation)
It should be noted that this method gives results which are less than actual results that is
why it is sometimes referred to as optimistic method.
PROCEDURE:
I. OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

3. Start the D.C. motor by using three point starter.
4. Adjust the motor field rheostat and make the machine to run at its rated speed.
6. Vary the potential divider in small steps and note down the field current and the
corresponding phase voltage of an alternator.
7. Continue the same procedure till the voltmeter reads rated phase voltage of an
alternator.

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II. SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:
1. Bring back the potential divider to its initial position.

3. Vary the potential divider till the rated current flows through the alternator.
4. Note down the corresponding field current indicated by the respective ammeter.
III. MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE ‘Ra’:

2. Close the DPST Switch.
3. Adjust the rheostat in small steps and note down the armature voltage & current.

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APPLICATIONS:
1. What are the different methods for finding out the voltage regulation of an alternator?
(i) EMF method
(ii) MMF method
(iii) ZPF method (Zero power factor)
(iv) ASA method
2. Which method is known as synchronous impedance method for finding the voltage
regulation of an alternator?
EMF method is known as synchronous impedance method for finding the voltage
regulation of an alternator.
3. What are the test data required for predetermining the voltage regulation of an
alternator by (i) EMF method and (ii) MMF method?
a. EMF method
1. Armature resistance Ra
2.
3.

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b. MMF method
2.
3.
4.
Which method of predetermining the voltage regulation of an alternator is referred as
pessimistic method? Discuss the reason.
EMF method is known as pessimistic method. This method is not accurate because
the value Zs so found is always more than its value under normal voltage conditions and
saturation. Hence, the value of regulation so obtained is always more than that found from an
actual test. That is why it is called pessimistic method.
5.
Which method of predetermining the voltage regulation of an alternator is referred as
optimistic method, discuss the reason?
MMF method is known as optimistic method. The result obtain by MMF method is
much lower than that given by the synchronous impedance method, but it is nearer the
correct value. This method is called the optimistic method.
REFERENCES:
Company Ltd 2002.
2002.

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Marks Split up
Preparation 5
Performance 5
Viva 5
Total 15
Staff
Signature
RESULT:
Thus the regulation of the given three phase alternator at various power factors are
predetermined by MMF method and the regulation curve were drawn.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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Expt. No: 3 Date:
REGULATION OF THREE-PHASE ALTERNATOR BY

ZPF METHOD
AIM:
phase alternator by ZPF (Potier) method.
OBJECTIVE:

Determine the regulation of a 3 phase alternator by ZPF method.
Find the armature reaction and Leakage reactance of a 3 phase alternator by Potier triangle met
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1 Three phase alternator coupled with 1
d.c. motor
2 Voltmeter 1
3 Ammeter 2
5 Variable Inductive Load 1
6 Carbon rheostat 1
7 Tachometer 1
8 Connecting wires

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TABULATION:

E(V)


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PRECAUTIONS:
THEORY:

 When the load is thrown off, the voltage rise must be known, since the winding
 Voltage regulation determines the type of automatic voltage control equipment to be
used.

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III. ZPF TEST
S. No. Voltage (V) Field current, If (A) Load Current, (A)
TABULATION:

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 Steady state short circuit conditions and stability are affected by the voltage
regulation.
 Parallel operation of one alternator with other alternators is affected considerably by its
voltage regulation
In case of small machines, the voltage regulation can be obtained by actually loading it.
In large machines, it can be obtained by actual loading, because of the cost of dissipating the
huge output and also providing the large input. Certain simple tests, involving only small
amounts of power are conducted and from these, the machine constants are determined to
compute the voltage regulation.
ZERO POWER FACTOR (ZPF) METHOD:
This method is based on the separation of armature leakage reactance drop and the
armature reaction effects. Hence, it gives more accurate results. It makes use of the first two
methods to some extent. The experimental data required is
(i) No load curve

(ii) Full load zero PF curve (not the short circuit characteristic) also called wattles load
characteristic. It is the curve of terminal voltage against excitation when armature is
delivering FL current at zero pf
The reduction in voltage due to armature reaction is found from above and voltage drop
due to armature leakage reactance (also called Potier reactance) is found from both. By
combining these two, open circuit voltage is calculated.

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ZPF METHOD:
I. Lagging Power Factor:
S.No. Power E If1 If E0 Percentage

Factor (Volts) (Amps) (Amps) (Volts) Regulation
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
II. Leading Power Factor:
S.No. Power E If1 If E0 Percentage

Factor (Volts) (Amps) (Amps) (Volts) Regulation
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0

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The zero pf lagging curve can be plotted
(i) if a similar machine is available which may be driven at no load as a synchronous

motor at practically zero pf
(ii) by loading the alternator with pure reactors
(iii) by connecting the alternator with to a three phase line with ammeter and wattmeter
connected for measuring current and power and by adjusting the field current that we
get full load armature current with zero wattmeter reading
This is also called the general method, Potier reactance (or triangle) method of obtaining
the voltage regulation. In the emf method, the phasor diagram involving the voltages is used,
whereas in mmf method, the phasor diagram involving mmfs is used. For the ZPF method, the
emfs are handled as voltages and the mmfs as field ampere-turns or field amperes.
PROCEDURE:

3. Start the machine by Three point starter.
4. Adjust the field rheostat and make the machine to run at rated speed.
6. Vary the potential divider till the voltmeter reads rated phase voltage of Alternator.
7. Note down the line current and field current indicated by the respective ammeters.

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MODEL GRAPH

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1. Bring back the potential divider to its original position.

3. Vary the potential divider till Alternator reaches its rated current.
4. Note down the field current value indicated by the respective ammeter.
III. ZPF TEST
1. Modify the connections as per the circuit diagram.

3. Adjust the field rheostat and make the machine to run at rated speed.
5. Vary the potential divider till voltmeter shows the rated phase voltage of Alternator.
7. Vary both the inductive load and potential divider to set the rated current and rated voltage
respectively.
8. Note down the corresponding field current value.
IV. PROCEDURE FOR Ra MEASUREMENT

2. Close DPST Switch.
3. Adjust carbon rheostat and note down the armature voltage, armature current indicated by
the voltmeter and ammeter respectively.

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MODEL CALCULATION:

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PROCEDURE TO DRAW POTIER TRIANGLE:
1. Obtain point A from the short circuit test data.

2. Mark point B from the ZPF test data.
3. Draw a line BH from B which is equal and parallel to OA.
4. Draw a tangent line OC to open circuit curve.
5. Draw a line H which is parallel to OC.
6. Get a point D on No load curve, which corresponds to point B on full zero power factor
curve.
7. Now obtain the triangle BHD which is called as Potier triangle.
INFERENCES AND DISCUSSIONS:
APPLICATIONS:

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1. What is meant by armature reaction of Synchronous machine?

As in d.c generators, armature reaction is the effect of armature flux on the main field flux.
In the case of alternators, the power factor of the load has a considerable effect on the
armature reaction .We will consider three cases
i. Unity power factor – Cross magnetizing effect
ii. Zero power factor lagging - de magnetizing effect
iii. Zero power factor leading - magnetizing effect
2. What are the tests data required for predetermining the voltage regulation of an alternator
by Potier method?
2. Open circuit characteristic
3. Full load ZPF curve
3. Can d.c generator be converted into an Alternator? How?

Yes. By providing two collector rings on one end of the armature and connecting these two
rings to two points in the armature winding 180° apart.
4. Why Potier method is called as Zero Power Factor Method?

In this method pure inductive load is connected to an alternator. Pure inductive load has a
Power factor of zero (Cos 90° = 0). Therefore this method is called as Zero Power Factor
Method.

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5. What are the two types of turbo-alternators? How do you compare the two?
a. Vertical turbo-alternator
b. Horizontal turbo-alternator
Vertical type requires less floor space and while step bearing is necessary to carry the
weight of moving element, there is very friction in the main bearings. The horizontal type
requires no step bearing, but occupies more space.
REFERENCES:
Company Ltd 2002.
2002.
Marks Split up
Preparation 5
Performance 5
Viva 5
Total 15
Staff
Signature
RESULT
Thus the regulation of the given three phase alternator for various power factors are
predetermined by ZPF method and the regulation curves were drawn.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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Expt. No: 4 Date:
REGULATION OF THREE PHASE

SALIENT POLE ALTERNATOR BY SLIP TEST
AIM:
To determine Direct axis (Xd) and Quadrature axis (Xq) reactances of the
three phase salient pole alternator by conducting slip test on it.
OBJECTIVE:

Differentiate the salient pole type and smooth cylindrical type alternator.
Determine the regulation of a 3 phase alternator by slip test.
Find the direct axis and quadrature axis reactance of a 3 phase alternator by Blondel’s two react
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No. Particulars Specification Quantity

1. Three phase alternator 1
coupled with d.c. motor
2. Three phase variac 1
3. Tachometer 1
4. Voltmeter 3
5. Field Rheostat 1
PRECAUTIONS:
 Armature rheostat should be kept in maximum position.
 Three phase variac should be kept in minimum voltage position.

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TABULATION:
TABLE - 1
Max. Direct
S. Min. line Direct axis
Voltage axis
No. / phase current, Imin impedance, Zd reactance, Xd
Vmax (A) Ohms Ohms
Mean
TABLE - 2
Min. Max. line Quadrature axis Quadrature axis

S. Voltage current, impedance, Zq reactance, Xq
No. / phase Imax (A) Ohms Ohms
Vmin
Mean

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FORMULA USED:
1. Direct axis impedence Zd = VL / √3 Imin (Ohms)
2. Quadrature axis impedence Zq = VL / √3 Imax (Ohms)
3. Direct axis reactance Xd = Zda2  R2(Ohms)
4. Quadrature axis reactance Xq = Zqa2  R2(Ohms)
THEORY:
Figure shows the scheme of a rotating field type salient pole synchronous machine having 4
poles as an example.
d-axis
q-axis q-axis
d-axis
Fig. Salient pole machine – d and q axes

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+ + -
A
D
P R
50 V
DC
S V+
T N
Supply S
R
TABULATION FOR Ra MEASUREMENT:
S. No. Armature Armature Armature

Voltage Current Resistance
(V) (A) (Ohms)

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As the main field flux passes directly through the pole axis, the pole axis is otherwise called the
direct axis or simply d=axis. The interpolar axis is midway between the adjacent main-poles. The
angle between adjacent main poles is accounted as 180 electrical degrees. Therefore, since the
interpolar axis is 90 electrical degrees away from the d-axis, the interpolar axis is otherwise called
the quadrature axis or simply axis.
As seen in Fig, the air-gap is minimum along the d-axis. Hence, the reluctance along d-
axis is the least and more armature reaction can take place along the d-axis. On moving from the
d-axis towards the q-axis the air gap keeps on increasing. The air gap is maximum along the q-
axis. This causes more reluctance along this direction and hence the armature reaction effect is
the least along the q-axis. Therefore analyzing the performance of the machine with single value
of Xa as done for cylindrical rotor machine does not yield satisfactory results for salient pole
machines.
PROCEDURE:
2. Close DPST Switch and cut out armature fully.
3. Vary the field rheostat and make the machine to run nearer to synchronous speed.
5. Adjust three phase variac to set low line voltage (20% to 30% of rated value).
6. Note down the line voltage and line current.
7. Repeat the same procedure up to the rated current of Alternator.
PROCEDURE FOR Ra MEASUREMENT:

2. Close DPST Switch.
3. Adjust carbon rheostat and note down the armature voltage and armature current.

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MODEL CALCULATION:

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APPLICATIONS:

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1. Discuss the difference between cylindrical pole and salient pole Alternator.
S.NO SALIENT POLE ALTERNATOR CYLINDRICAL POLE ALTERNATOR.

1 Air gap is non uniform Uniform air gap
2 For low speed alternators For high speed alternators
3 Rating is smaller than the other Rating is higher than the salient pole
for the same size type for the same size.
4 Separate damper winding is It is not needed.
needed
5 Mechanically weak Mechanically robust
6 Poles are projecting out from the Unslotted portion of the cylinder acts as poles
surface. hence poles are non projecting.
7 Diameter is high and axial length Small diameter and large axial length in
is small feature
2. Discuss the terms direct axis reactance and quadrature axis reactance of an Alternator.
 Direct axis reactance is defined as the ratio of maximum line voltage to minimum
current.
 Quadrature axis reactance is defined as the ratio of minimum line voltage to maximum
current.
3. What is slip test?

The test which is used to find the direct and Quadrature axis reactances of an alternator is
called slip test. In this the three phase supply is applied to the armature having voltage less than
the rated voltage and the field is kept open.
4. Among direct axis reactance and Quadrature axis reactance which is having higher value?
Direct axis reactance is having higher value.

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5. Two reaction theory is applied only to salient pole machines. Discuss the reason.
Due to the salient pole structure the air gap is not uniform. So the air gap reactance will also
vary according to the poles status. Hence this theory is applied only to salient pole machines.
REFERENCES:
Company Ltd 2002.
2002.
Marks Split up
Preparation 5
Performance 5
Viva 5
Total 15
Staff
Signature
RESULT:
Thus the direct axis (Xd) and quadrature axis (Xq) reactances of the three phase salient
pole alternator were determined by conducting slip test on it.

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CIRUCIT DIAGRAM:

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Expt. No: 5. a) Date:
LOAD TEST ON THREE-PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION

MOTOR
AIM:
To determine the performance characteristics of the given three-phase
squirrel cage induction motor by direct loading.
OBJECTIVE:

Understand the concept and working of a 3 phase Induction motor.
Determine the power, efficiency and torque of an Induction motor.
Plot the performance characteristics of a 3 phase squirrel cage Induction motor.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. Particulars Specifications Quantity

1. Three-phase Squirrel Cage 1
IM
2. Ammeter (0-10)A, MI 1
3. Voltmeter (0-600)V, MI 1
4. Wattmeter 600V, 10A, UPF 2
5. Tachometer Digital 1
PRECAUTIONS:
At the time of starting, the TPST switch should be kept open and the Induction motor
should be in no-load condition.

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67
FORMULA USED:
1. Torque, T = 9.81× (S1~S2) × (R + T/2) (N-m)

2. Output power, P0 = 2NT
(W)
60
3. Input power, Pi = W1+W2 (W)
4.
Percentage efficiency,  = P0
100
5. Pi
Power Factor, cos =
Pi
 3 VL  IL

120 f
6. Synchronous speed, Ns = (rpm)

p
7.
Percentage slip, %s = Ns  N
100
Ns
THEORY:
As a general rule, conversion of electrical power into mechanical power takes place in the
rotating part of an electric motor. In d.c motors, the electric power is conducted directly to the
armature through brushes and commutator. However, in a.c motors, the rotor does not receive
electric power by conduction but by induction in exactly the same way as the secondary of a 2-
winding transformer receives its power from the primary. That is why such motors are known as
induction motors.
An induction motor essentially consists of two main parts.

 Stator
 Rotor
Squirrel cage rotor: Motors employing this type of rotor are known as squirrel cage induction
motors.
Phase-wound or wound rotor: Motors employing this type of rotors are variously known as
“phase wound” motors or “wound” motors or as “slip ring” motors

68
MODEL GRAPH:
Po Vs P.f.
%Slip Vs T
Po Vs % η
%Slip Vs Po
Po Vs T Po (W)
N (rpm) T (Nm)
T (Nm) Po Vs
IL (A)
IL Po
P.f.
%η %Slip
Vs N
P0 (Watts)
MODEL CALCULATION:

69
SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR:
Almost 90% of induction motors are squirrel-cage type, because thus type of rotor has the
simplest and most rugged construction imaginable and is almost indestructible. The rotor consists
of a cylindrical laminated core with parallel slots for carrying the rotor conductors which, it
should be noted clearly, are not wires but consist of heavy bars of copper, aluminium or alloys.
One bar is placed in each slot, rather the bars are inserted from the end when semi closed slots
were used. The rotor bars are brazed or electrically welded or bolted to two heavy and stout short
–circuiting end rings, thus giving us a squirrel cage construction.
It should be noted that the rotor bars are permanently short circuited on themselves,
hence it is not possible to add any external resistance in series with the rotor circuit for starting
purposes.
The rotor slots are usually not quite parallel to the shaft but are purposely given a slight
skew. This is useful in two ways.
i. It helps to make the motor run quietly by reducing the magnetic hum.
ii. It helps in reducing the locking tendency of the rotor i.e. the tendency of the rotor
teeth to remain under stator teeth due to direct magnetic attraction between the two.

70

71
PROCEDURE:
2. Close the TPST switch and start the motor using star / delta starter to run at rated speed.
3. Note down the line voltage, line current, power input and the speed under no- load condition.
4. Load the machine by means of brake drum arrangement and note down the corresponding
meter readings and speed. Repeat the same for different loading up to the rated current of the
Induction Motor.
5. The load is released and motor is switched off.
6. Calculations are done and the performance characteristic curves are drawn.
APPLICATIONS:
It is used in Lathes, Drilling Machines, Fans, Blowers, Grinders and Printing

machines.

72

73
1. Explain the need for starters in three-phase Induction motor and list out the different types
of Starters?
The starters are used to reduce the starting current. The types of Starters
are
i) DOL Starter ii) Star Delta Starter iii) Auto transformer

Starter
2. How do you reverse the direction of rotation of three-phase Induction motor?
The direction will be reversed by reversing any two terminal of three phase winding.
3. What is the condition for maximum starting torque of an induction motor?
The starting torque is maximum when rotor resistance equals rotor reactance.
4. What is the condition for maximum torque under running condition of an induction
motor?
The torque under running condition is maximum at that value of the slip which makes rotor
reactance per phase equal to rotor resistance per phase.
5. What is meant by induction generator?
When induction motor runs faster than its synchronous speed, the
induction motor runs as a generator called an induction generator.
6. What are the methods available for measurement of slip?
 By actual measurement of motor speed.
 By comparing rotor and stator supply frequencies
 By stroboscopic method
7. What is meant by cogging and crawling of an induction motor?
The rotor of a squirrel cage sometimes refuses to start at all, particularly when the voltage
is low. This happens when the number of stator teeth S 1 is equal to the number of rotor teeth S2
and is due to the magnetic locking between the stator and rotor teeth. This phenomenon is
called cogging or magnetic locking.

74

75
In induction motors, particularly the squirrel cage type, sometimes exhibit a tendency to
run stably at speeds as low as one-seventh of their synchronous speed Ns. This phenomenon is
known as crawling of an induction motor.
REFERENCES:
Company Ltd 2002.
2002.
Marks Split up
Preparation 5
Performance 5
Viva 5
Total 15
Staff
Signature
RESULT:
Thus the performance characteristics of the three phase squirrel cage induction motor were
determined by conducting load test.

76
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

77
Expt. No: 5. b) Date:
LOAD TEST ON
THREE-PHASE SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM:
To determine the performance characteristics of the given three-phase slip
ring induction motor by direct loading.
OBJECTIVE:

Understand the concept and working of a 3 phase Induction motor.
Determine the power, efficiency and torque of an Induction motor.
Plot the performance characteristics of a 3 phase slip ring Induction motor.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

6. Three-phase Slip ring IM 1
PRECAUTIONS:
At the time of starting, the TPST switch should be kept open and the Induction motor
should be in no-load condition.

78
TABULATION:

79
FORMULA USED:
1. Torque, T = 9.81× (S1~S2) ×R (N-m)
(W)
60
3. Input power, Pi = W1+W2 (W)
4.
100
Pi
5.
Power Factor, cos = Pi
6. Synchronous speed, Ns =

120 f 3 VL  IL 
(rpm)

p
7.
100
Ns
THEORY:
A slip ring rotor replaces the bars of the squirrel-cage rotor with windings that are
connected to slip rings. When these slip rings are shorted, the rotor behaves similar to a squirrel-
cage rotor; they can also be connected to resistors to produce a high-starting torque.
The slip ring motors usually have “Phase-Wound” rotor. This type of rotor is provided
with a 3-phase, double-layer, distributed winding consisting of coils used in alternators. The
rotor core is made up of steel laminations which has slots to accommodate formed 3-single
phase windings.

80
MODEL GRAPH:
MODEL CALCULATION:

81
CONSTRUCTION
STATOR:
The stator construction is same for both squirrel cage & slip ring
induction motor. The main difference in slip ring induction motor is
on the rotor construction and usage. Some changes in the stator may
be encountered when a slip ring motor is used in a cascaded system,
as the supply for the slave motor is controlled by the supply from
rotor of other slip ring motor with external resistance mounted on its rotor.
ROTOR:
The slip ring induction motors usually have “Phase- Wound” rotor.
This type of rotor is provided with a 3- phase, double-layer,
distributed winding consisting of coils used in alternators. The rotor
core is made up of steel laminations which has slots to accommodate
formed 3- single phase windings. These windings are placed 120
degrees electrically apart.
The rotor is wound for as many poles as the number of poles in the stator and is always 3-phase,
even though the stator is wound for 2-phase. These three windings are “starred” internally and
other end of these three windings are brought out and connected to three insulated slip-rings
mounted on the rotor shaft itself. The three terminal ends touch these three slip rings with the
help of carbon brushes which are held against the rings with the help of spring assembly.
These three carbon brushes are further connected externally to a 3-phase start connected rheostat.
Thus these slip ring and external rheostat makes the slip ring induction motors possible to add
external resistance to the rotor circuit, thus enabling them to have a higher resistance during
starting and thus higher starting torque.

82

83
When running during normal condition, the slip rings are automatically short-circuited by
means of a metal collar, which is pushed along the shaft, thus making the three rings touching
each other. Also, the brushes are automatically lifted from the slip-rings to avoid frictional losses,
wear and tear. Hence, under normal running conditions, the wound rotor is acting as same as the
squirrel cage rotor.
PROCEDURE:
2. Close the TPST switch and start the motor using rotor resistance starter to run at rated
speed.
3. Note down the line voltage, line current, power input and the speed under no-load
condition.
4. Load the machine by means of brake drum arrangement and note down the corresponding
meter readings and speed. Repeat the same for different loading up to the rated current of
the Induction Motor.
6. Calculations are done and the performance characteristic curves are drawn.

84

85
APPLICATIONS:
It is used in Speed controlling or high starting torque applications.

Example: Lifts, Cranes, Elevator, Compressor, etc.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. Explain the working of rotor resistance starter?

By adding eternal resistance to the rotor circuit any starting torque up to the maximum
torque can be achieved; and by gradually cutting out the resistance a high torque can be
maintained throughout the starting period. The added resistance also reduces the starting current,
so that a starting torque in the range of 2 to 2.5 times the full load torque can be obtained at a
starting current of 1 to
1.5 times the full load current.
2. What are the uses of slip rings in motors?

Slip rings generally allow the induced current that is produced by the motion of the motor
to flow though the external circuit, hence generating a continuous alternating current.
3. What is the difference between slip rings and split rings?

Slip rings are used in AC while split rings are used in DC generators.

86

87
4. What happens if the slip ring induction motor is starter as a normal induction motor?
If the slip motor is started with all the slip rings or the rotor terminals shorted, like a
normal induction motor, then it suffers extremely high locked rotor current, ranging up to 1400%,
accompanied with very low locked rotor torque as low as 60%. So, it is not advised to start a slip
ring induction motor with its rotor terminals shorted.
5. What are advantages of slip ring induction motor?
 The main advantage of slip ring induction motor is that its speed can be controlled easily.
 "Pull-out torque" can be achieved even from zero r.p.m
 High starting torque when compared to squirrel cage induction motor. Approximately
200 - 250% of its full-load torque.
 A squirrel cage induction motor takes 600% to 700% of the full load current. But a slip
ring induction motor takes a very low starting current approximately 250% to 350% of
the full load current.
REFERENCES:
Company Ltd 2002.
2002.

88

89
Marks Split up
Preparation 5
Performance 5
Viva 5
Total 15
Staff
Signature
RESULT:
Thus the performance characteristics of the three phase slip ring induction motor
were determined by conducting load test.

90
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
NAME PLATE DETAILS:

91
Expt. No: 6 Date:
NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON THREE PHASE

SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM:
To obtain the equivalent circuit parameters of the three-phase squirrel
cage induction motor by conducting by no load and blocked rotor test.
OBJECTIVE:

Differentiate working of squirrel cage and slip ring Induction motor.
Determine the performance parameters and to draw the characteristic curves of a 3 phase In
Draw the equivalent circuit and to represent the performance parameters.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Three-phase 1
7.
autotransformer
8. Ammeter 2
3. Voltmeter 3
4. Wattmeter 4
5. Rheostat 1
PRECAUTIONS
 TPST switch should be kept open initially.
 In the experiment of stator resistance measurement the rheostat should be in
maximum position.

92
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

93
FORMULA USED:
OC TEST:
1. No load power factor (CosΦo) = P0 / V0I0
Where V0 – No load voltage per phase in volts; I0 – No load current per phase in amps
& P0=W1+W2 - No load power phase in watts
2. Working component current (Iw) = I0(ph) x CosΦ0
3. Magnetizing current (Im) = I0(ph) x SinΦ0
4. No load resistance (R0) = V0 Cos Φ0 / I0(ph) in Ω
5. No load resistance (X0) = V0 Sin Φ0 / I0(ph) in Ω
SC TEST:
1. Motor equivalent Impendence referred to stator;
Zsc (ph) = Vsc(ph) / Isc(ph) in Ω
2. Motor equivalent Resistance referred to stator;
Rsc(ph) = Psc(ph) / I2sc(ph) in Ω
3. Motor equivalent Resistance referred to stator;
Xsc(ph) =[(Zsc(ph)2-Rsc(ph)2] ^ (1/2)
4. Rotor Resistance referred to stator; R21(ph) = [Rsc(ph) – R1] in Ω
5. Rotor Reactance referred to stator; X21(ph) = [ (Xsc(ph) /2) - X1] in Ω Where

R1 – stator resistance per phase
X1 – stator reactance per phase
R1 = R (ac) = 1.5 x RS; X21 = Xsc (ph) /2; X1 = (Xsc (ph) - X21)
6. Equivalent load resistance (RL1) = R21(1/s -1) in Ω
7. Magnetizing reactance Xm = 2 [Xo- X1- (X21/2)]

8. Slip s = (Ns-N) / Ns

94
TABULATION:

95
THEORY
No – load Test:
This test is used to find
 Open circuit current with rated voltage applied to stator
 power factor on open circuit
In this test the motor is made to run without any load. The speed of the motor is very close
to synchronous speed but less than the synchronous speed. The rated voltage is applied to the
stator. The input line current and total input power is measured. The two wattmeter method is
used to measure the total input power.
Blocked rotor Test
This test is used to find

 Short circuit current with rated voltage applied to stator
 power factor on Short circuit
In this test the rotor is locked and it is not allowed to rotate. If the motor is slip ring induction
motor then the windings are short circuited at the slip ring. The situation is exactly similar to
the short circuit condition, if primary is excited with rated voltage a large short circuit
current can flow which is dangerous from the winding points of view, So similar to the
transformer, in short circuit test, reduced voltage is applied such that stator carries rated
current.
PROCEDURE:
I. NO LOAD TEST

2. Close TPST switch.
3. Adjust the three phase variac till voltmeter reads the rated line voltage of Induction
motor.
4. Note down the no load current and power consumed under no load.

96
STATOR RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT:
TABULATION:
MODEL GRAPH:
(A) Mechanical Characteristics (B) Electrical characteristics
Output power in watts

97
II. BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

3. Block the shaft by hand and adjust the three phase variac till ammeter reads the
rated Current of Induction motor.
4. Note down the blocked rotor voltage and power consumed.
III. STATOR RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT

2. Close DPST switch.
3. Adjust rheostat and note down the stator voltage and current.
APPLICATIONS:
It is used in Lathes, Drilling Machines, Fans, Blowers, Grinders and
Printing Machines.

98
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:

99
1. What are no load and blocked rotor tests? What sort of losses can be estimated
from these tests?
The operation of the induction motor without loading the motor is called as no load
test. Core loss can be estimated in this test.
The operation of the Induction motor by preventing the rotation of the rotor is called
as blocked rotor test. Copper loss can be estimated in this test.
2. Which parameter of equivalent circuit should change the diameter of the circle
diagram?
The no load current phasor.
3. Under blocked rotor condition the core loss of an Induction motor is very small.
Comment.
During this test the stator carries the rated current with lesser voltage.
So the core loss of an induction motor is very small under this test.
4. What is meant by Synchronous Watts?

It can be defined as the torque developed by the motor running at synchronous speed
with respect to the power input to the rotor across the air gap.
.
5. Enumerate the possible reasons if a 3 phase motor fails to start Any one of
the following reason could be responsible:
 one or more fuse may be blown
 Voltage may be too low
 The starting load may be too heavy
 Worn bearings due to which the armature may be touching field laminate, thus
introducing excessive friction.

100
MODEL CALCULATION:

101
REFERENCES:
Company Ltd 2002.
 A.E. Fitzgerald, Charles Kingsley, Stephen.D.Umans, ‘Electric
Machinery’, Tata McGraw Hill publishing Company Ltd, 2003.
 J.B. Gupta, ‘Theory and Performance of Electrical Machines’,
S.K.Kataria and Sons, 2002.
Marks Split up
Preparation 5
Performance 5
Viva 5
Total 15
Staff
Signature
RESULT:
Thus the equivalent circuit parameters of three phase induction motor were obtained
by conducting no load test and blocked rotor test.

102
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
NAME PLATE DETAILS:

103
Expt. No: 7 Date:
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM:
To determine the performance characteristics of the given single-phase
induction motor by direct loading.
OBJECTIVE:

Understand the working of an IM by double revolving field theory.
Determine the performance parameters and to draw the characteristic curves of a single phas
Enlighten the principle of various types of single phase Induction motor.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1 Single-phase Induction 1
motor
2 Single-phase 240/(0-270)V 1
autotransformer
3 Ammeter (0-10)A ,MI 1
4 Voltmeter (0-300)V, MI 1
5 Wattmeter 300V,10A, UPF 1
6 Tachometer Digital 1
PRECAUTIONS:
At the time of starting, the DPST switch should be kept open, Single- phase variac
should be kept in minimum voltage position and the Induction motor should be in no-load
condition.

104

105
FORMULA USED:
1. Torque, T = 9.81× (S1~S2) × (R + T/2) (N-m)
(W)
60
3. Input power, Pi = Wattmeter reading (W)
4.
100
5. Pi
Power Factor, cos =
Pi
V  I

120 f
6. Synchronous speed, Ns =
(rpm)

p
7.
100
Ns
THEORY:
Constructionally, this motor is, more or less, similar to a polyphase induction motor,
except that (i) its stator is provided with a single phase winding and (ii) a centrifugal switch
is used in some types of motors, in order to cut out a winding, used only for starting
purposes. It has distributed stator winding and a squirrel cage rotor. When fed from a single
phase supply, its stator winding produces a flux (or field) which is only alternating i.e. one
which alternates along one space axis only.

106
MODEL GRAPH:
MODEL CALCULATION:

107
It is not a synchronously revolving (or rotating) flux, as in the case of a two – or a three
phase stator winding, fed from a 2 or 3 phase supply. Now, alternating or pulsating flux
acting on a stationary squirrel cage rotor cannot produce rotation (only a revolving flux can).
That is why a single phase induction motor is not self starting. However, if the rotor of such a
machine is given an initial start by hand ( or small motor) or otherwise in either direction ,
then immediately a torque arises and the motor accelerates to its final speed (unless the
applied torque is too high).
As discussed above, a single phase induction motor is not self starting. To overcome this
drawback and make the motor self-starting, it is temporarily converted into a two phase motor
during starting period. For this purpose, the stator of a single phase motor is provided with an
extra winding, known as starting(or auxiliary) winding, in addition to the main or running
winding. The two windings are spaced 900 electrically apart and are connected in parallel
across the single phase supply.
It is so arranged that the phase difference between the currents in the two stator
windings is very large (ideal value being 900). Hence, the motor behaves like a two-phase
motor. These two currents produce a revolving flux and hence make the motor self starting.
There are many methods by which the necessary phase-difference between the two currents
can be created.
i. In resistance split phase machine, the main winding has low resistance but high
reactance whereas the starting winding has a high resistance, but low reactance. The
resistance of the starting winding may be increased either by connecting a high
resistance R in series with it or by choosing a high resistance fine copper wire for
winding purposes.

108

109
ii. In capacitor start induction run machine, the necessary phase difference between two
currents is produced by connecting a capacitor in series with the starting winding. The
capacitor is generally of the electrolytic type and is usually mounted on the outside of
the motor.

110

111
PROCEDURE:
2. Close the DPST switch.
3. Adjust the single-phase variac till the voltmeter shows the rated voltage of the Induction
motor.
4. Note down the voltage, current, power input and the under no-load condition.
5. Load the machine by means of brake drum arrangement and note down the
corresponding meter readings and speed. Repeat for different loading conditions up to the
rated current of the Induction motor.
7. Calculations are done and the performance characteristic curves are drawn
APPLICATIONS:
 Capacitor start capacitor run motors are used in Lathes, Compressors, Pumps,
Conveyers, Refrigerators, etc.
 Capacitor run motors are used in Ceiling fans, Blowers, Centrifugal pumps, etc.
 Capacitor start motors are used in Washing machine, Conveyers, Refrigerator,

Compressors, etc.

112

113
1. Why a single-phase Induction motor is not a self starting?

The single-phase supply does not produce rotating magnetic field.
So the single phase induction motor is not self starting.
2. What are the different types of single-phase Induction motor?
i) Split phase induction motor
ii) Capacitor-start Induction motor
iii) Capacitor-start capacitor-run induction motor
iv) Shaded pole induction motor
3. How would you reverse the direction of rotation of a Capacitor start induction motor?
By reversing either the running or starting winding leads where they are connected
to the lines. Both must not be reversed.
4. In a two value capacitor motor what type of capacitor is used for starting purpose and
running purpose?
This motor starts with a high value capacitor in series with the starting winding so
that the starting torque is high. For running, a lower value capacitor is substituted by the
centrifugal switch.
5. What could be the reasons if a split phase motor fails to start and hum loudly?
It could be due to the starting winding being open or grounded or burnt
out.
6. What could be the reasons if a split phase motor runs too slow? Any of the
following factors could be responsible:
 wrong supply voltage and frequency
 overload
 grounded starting and running windings
 Short-circuited or open winding in field circuit.

114

115
REFERENCES:
Company Ltd 2002.
Marks Split up
Preparation 5
Performance 5
Viva 5
Total 15
Staff
Signature
RESULT:
Thus the performance characteristics of single phase induction motor were
determined by conducting load test.

116
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
NO LOAD TEST
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
NAME PLATE DETAILS:

117
Expt. No: 8 Date:
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF
SINGLE PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM:
To determine the equivalent circuit parameters of a single phase squirrel
cage induction motor by conducting no load test and blocked rotor test.
OBJECTIVE:

Understand the working of an IM by the transformer analogy.
Determine the performance parameters of a single phase Induction motor.
Depict the equivalent circuit of a single phase induction motor and to signify the performance pa
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. No. Particulars Specification Quantity

6. Single phase IM 1
7. Single phase variac 1
8. Ammeter 1
9. Voltmeter 1
10. Wattmeter 2
PRECAUTIONS:
 Single phase variac should be kept in minimum voltage position.

118
TABULATION:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
Open circuit Open circuit OC power Wo (W)

S. No. voltage Vo (V) current Io (A)
Observed Actual
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:
Short circuit Short circuit SC power Wsc (W)

S. No. voltage Vsc (V) current Isc(A)
Observed Actual

119
FORMULA USED:
No Load test:
1. No load power factor CosΦo = Woc / VoIo
2. Working component current Iw = Io x CosΦo
3. Magnetizing current Im = Io x SinΦo
4. No load resistance Ro = VoCosΦo / Io in Ω
5. No load reactance Xo = VoSinΦo / Io in Ω
Blocked rotor test:

1. Motor equivalent impedance referred to stator Zsc = Vsc / Isc in Ω
2. Motor equivalent resistance referred to stator Rsc = Wsc / I2 in Ω
s
3. Motor equivalent reactance referred to stator Xsc = (Zsc2-Rsc2)1/2 in Ω
4.
Rotor resistance referred to stator R 1 = R 2 sc
– R in
1
Ω
Where R1 = 1.5 x RDC
5.
Rotor reactance referred to stator X 1 = X 2 sc
/2
6. Magnetizing component Xm = 2 [Xo- X1- (X21/2)]
7. Slip s = (Ns-N) / Ns
THEORY:
NO – LOAD TEST
This test is used to find Open circuit current with rated voltage applied to stator. In this
test the motor is made to run without any load. The rated voltage is applied to the stator. The
input current and total input power is measured.
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

This test is used to find Short circuit current with rated current applied to stator. In this
test the rotor is locked and it is not allowed to rotate. The situation is exactly similar to the short
circuit condition, if primary is excited with rated voltage a large short circuit current can flow
which is dangerous from the winding

120
TABULATION:
Current Voltage
S.No Ra=V/I (Ω)
(A) (V)

121
point of view, So similar to the transformer, in short circuit test, reduced voltage is applied such that
stator carries rated current.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. For no load or OC test; by adjusting the auto transformer apply rated voltage and note
down open circuit voltage and current.
3. For short circuit or blocked rotor test; rotor is blocked, by adjusting the auto transformer
apply rated current and note down short circuit voltage and current.
4. For Ra measurement, adjust rheostat and note down the armature voltage and armature
current.
INFERENCE AND DISCUSSIONS:
APPLICATIONS:
 Capacitor start capacitor run motors are used in Lathes, Compressors, Pumps,
Conveyers, Refrigerators, etc.
 Capacitor run motors are used in Ceiling fans, Blowers, Centrifugal pumps, etc.
 Capacitor start motors are used in Washing machine, Conveyers, Refrigerator,

Compressors, etc.

122
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:
MODEL CALCULATION:

123
1. A capacitor start single phase induction motor will usually have a power factor of
(A) unity
(B) 0.8 leading
(C) 0.6 leading
(D) 0.6 lagging.
2. A capacitor start, capacitor run single phase induction motor is basically a
(A) ac series motor
(B) dc series motor
(C) 2 phase induction motor
(D) 3 phase induction motor.
3. The starting torque of a capacitor start motor is
(A) zero
(B) low
(C) same as rated torque
(D) more than rated torque.
4. The torque developed by a split phase motor is proportional to
(A) Sine of angle between lm and ls
(B) Cosine of angle between lm and Is
(C) Main winding current, Im
(D) Auxiliary winding current,Is

124

125
5. A capacitor start single phase induction motor is switched on the supply with its capacitor
replaced by an inductor of equivalent reactance value. It will
(A) not start
(B) start and run
(C) start and then stall
6. The starting capacitor of a single phase motor is
(A) Electrolytic capacitor
(B) Ceramic capacitor
(C) Paper capacitor
(D) None of the above.
7. Which of the following is the most economical method of starting a single phase motor
?
(A) Resistance start method
(B) Inductance start method
(C) Capacitance start method
(D) Split-phase method.
8. The number of turns in the starting winding of a capacitor start motor as compared to
that for split phase motor is
(A) same
(B) more
(C) less
(D) none of the above.

126

127
9. In a split phase motor, the ratio of number of turns for starting winding to that for running
winding is
(A) 2.0
(B) more than 1
(C) 1.0
(D) less than 1.
10. A single phase motor generally used for small air compressor is
(A) capacitor start capacitor run motor
(B) reluctance motor
(C) universal motor
(D) shaded pole motor.
11. Out of the following motors, which will give the highest starting torque ?
(A) Universal motor
(B) Capacitor start motor
(C) Shaded pole motor
(D) All have zero starting torque.
12. The motor used in household refrigerators is
(A) dc series motor
(B) dc shunt motor
(C) universal motor
(D) single phase induction motor

128

129
13. Single phase motors are commercially manufactured up to
(A) 1H.P.
(B) 2 H.P.
(C) 5 H.P.
(D) 10 H.P
14. Which of the following single phase motors will operate at high power factor ?
(A) shaded pole motor
(B) capacitor run motor
(C) split phase motor
(D) capacitor start motor.
15. For ceiling fans generally the single phase motor used is
(A) split phase type
(B) capacitor start type
(C) capacitor start and run type
(D) permanent capacitor type.
REFERENCES:
Company Ltd 2002.
2002.

130

131
Marks Split up
Preparation 5
Performance 5
Viva 5
Total 15
Staff
Signature
RESULT:
Thus the equivalent circuit parameters of the single phase induction motor are
determined by conducting the no load test and blocked rotor test.

132
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

133
Expt. No: 9 Date:
SEPARATION OF CONSTANT LOSSES IN A THREE PHASE

SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM:
To separate the constant (no load) losses of three-phase squirrel cage
induction motor from its loss components.
OBJECTIVE:

Determine the iron loss and constant losses at no load in three phase induction motor.
Conclude the efficiency of three phase induction motor by loss estimation method.
Depict the performance characteristics of a three phase induction motor.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Three-phase Auto 1
Transformer
(0 – 5)A, MC 1
(0 – 30)V, MC 1


134
TABULATION:

135
PRECAUTIONS:
 TPST switch should be kept open initially.
 The motor should not be loaded throughout the experiment.
 During stator resistance measurement, rheostat should be kept in maximum position.
FORMULA:
1. Constant loss / phase WC = ( Po – 3I2o Rs) / 3
2. Core loss / phase Wi = Wc + Wm
Where Wm is the mechanical loss, which is the distance from the origin to the point
where the constant loss / phase versus voltage curve meets at the Y axis.
THEORY:
Three phase Induction machines convert either electrical energy to mechanical energy or
vice-versa. The energy conversion process is carried out with the help of magnetic fields which
act as agents. Like in any other process, these energy conversion processes also result in losses to
the machine.
Types of Losses:
The losses in a 3-phase induction machine are broadly classified into the following three
types:
1. Magnetic losses
2. Electrical losses
3. Mechanical losses
1. Magnetic losses
The presence of rotating magnetic field in the stator core accounts for a major portion of
the magnetic losses. As the stator core is made of silicon content

136
STATOR RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT:
TABULATION:

137
steel /iron stampings, magnetic losses are otherwise called core losses or iron losses. The iron
losses incurred in the stator core W i consist of
i. Hysteresis loss, Wh
ii. Eddy current loss , We
Hysteresis loss: Every part of the stator core is subjected to alternate changes in the magnetic
field due to its rotating nature. The field has P number of poles, rotating at synchronous speed Ns.
The frequency of flux reversals is similar to the supply frequency fs, as given by the equation
P Ns PNs
f    Hz
s
2 60 120
The flux reversals take place through the B-H loop or the hysteresis loop causing hysteresis loss
which is given by
Wh  Ch B x
f Watts
m s
Where Bm is the maximum flux density in the stator core in Tesla, fs- frequency of flux
reversals in Hz and Ch hysteresis constant
The value of x and Ch depend on the quality of material with which the stator core
stampings are made of.
Eddy current loss: The core material, steel, apart from being a good conductor for the magnetic
field is also a good conductor of electricity. Therefore, according to Faraday’s first law of
electromagnetic induction, the flux reversals in the stator core cause an emf called the eddy emf
to be induced in the core. The amount of eddy emf induced, according to Faraday’s second law, is
proportional to the flux density and the frequency of flux reversals. This emf although small in
value, drives a current called the eddy current through the body of the stator core causing eddy
current losses.
Eddy current loss= (Eddy current)2 * resistance of the stator core.
The following equation accounts for eddy current loss We,

W  C B 2 f 2 watts
e e ms

138
MODEL GRAPH:
MODEL CALCULATIONS:

139
The constant Ce in the above equation is directly proportional to the square of the thickness of
core lamination and is inversely proportional to the resistivity of the core material.
Hence the total iron losses in the stator core is given as

Wi  Wh  We
WC B xf C B 2
f 2
i h ms e ms
For all normal operations, the frequency of flux reversals, which is the same as the supply
frequency is constant, and the value of B m more or less remains constant. Hence iron loss is
normally considered to be constant under all load conditions, i.e., from no load to full load.
2. Electrical losses
Electrical losses occur due to the ohmic resistances in the stator and rotor windings of 3-
phase induction machines which are normally made of copper. Hence the other name for
electrical losses is copper losses.
Since the copper losses vary in square proportion to the current. Hence electrical or
copper losses can otherwise be called as variable losses.
3. Mechanical losses
The total mechanical losses W m occurring in any rotating machine can be classified into
two types. They are frictional loss and air-friction or windage loss.
Friction loss Wf: This loss occurs between two solid parts of the machine, i.e., friction in the
bearings. In case of slip ring machines, if the brushes are made to be in contact with the slip rings
for speed control or for other purposes, then the brush friction loss will get added to the friction
loss in the bearings. This loss is directly proportional to the speed of the machine.
Wf  C f N

140

141
Air-friction or windage loss W w: This loss occurs between a rotating solid part of the machine
and the air around the surface of the rotor. Additional windage loss may be incurred if fan
blades are fitted on one side of the rotor for ventilating purposes. This loss is directly proportional
to the square of the speed of the machine.
W C N2
w w
The total mechanical loss is given by

Wm  W f 
Watts
Ww
Wm  C f N  Cw N2
Where, Cf and Cw are constants.

Under normal operating conditions, the change in speed from no load to full load is very small.
Hence mechanical losses are also considered to be constant losses as similar to iron losses.
PROCEDURE:

3. Vary the Three phase Variac and set a voltage which is slightly more than the rated voltage
(120% of supply voltage) of Induction Motor.
4. Note down the no load line voltage, current and no load power input.
5. Adjust three phase variac till the voltmeter shows the rated voltage and note down the
corresponding readings.
6. The voltage is gradually and uniformly decreased till 30% of rated voltage is reached and
readings are noted for corresponding voltages.
7. Calculate the losses.

142

143
PROCEDURE FOR STATOR RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT:

2. Close DPST switch.
3. Adjust rheostat and note down the stator voltage and stator current and calculate stator
resistance.
APPLICATIONS:
It is used in Lathes, Drilling Machines, Fans, Blowers, Grinders and Printing
Machines.

144

145
1. What are the tests available to separate the constant losses of three phase induction
motor?
 No load test at synchronous speed
 No load test at variable voltage
2. What are the various losses of a Three Phase Induction Motor?

 Constant loss which includes core loss, eddy current loss and hysteresis loss.
 Variable loss which includes the copper losses in stator and rotor winding.
3. Discuss why the curve of WC Vs PO is parabola in nature?

The separation of constant losses can be carried out by the no load test conducted from
the variable voltage, rated frequency supply. As the voltage is reduced below the rated value, the
core loss decreases almost as the square of voltage. So the curve of WC Vs PO is parabola in
nature.
4. What is the disadvantage of no load test at synchronous speed?

The disadvantage of this test is that one has to obtain a suitable prime mover and get it
mechanically coupled to the test machine with suitable source of power for the prime mover.
Hence this method is very rarely followed.
5. Write the expressions for calculating the total fixed loss from the no load input power for
star and delta connected motors?
WC = PO – 3I2O RS for star connected motor
WC= PO – I2O RS for delta connected motor
Where,
WC – Total fixed losses (Watts) PO–
No load input power (Watts)
IO – No load input line current (Amps) RS
– Stator resistance / phase (Ohms)

146

147
REFERENCES:
Company Ltd 2002.
2002.
Marks Split up
Preparation 5
Performance 5
Viva 5
Total 15
Staff
Signature
RESULT:
Thus the no constant losses of three phase squirrel cage induction motor were separated as
iron loss and mechanical loss.

148
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

149
Expt. No: 10 Date:
‘V’ AND INVERTED ‘V’ CURVES OF THREE

PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
AIM:
To draw the ‘V’ and inverted ‘V’ curves of the given three phase
synchronous motor.
OBJECTIVE:

Understand the concept and working of a synchronous motor.
Determine the power factor at different loading conditions.
Represent the V curve and inverted-V curve of a synchronous motor.
Recognize the various excitation systems.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl. No Particulars Specifications Quantity

1 Three Phase Synchronous 1
Motor coupled with d.c.
machine (Generator)
2 Three-phase variac 1
3 Voltmeter (0-600)V, MI 1
4 Ammeter (0-10)A, MI 3
5 Double element Wattmeter 600V, 10A, UPF 1
7 Variable resistive load 1

150
TABULATION:

151
PRECAUTIONS:
 All the switches should be kept open.
 Three-phase variac should be kept in minimum voltage position.
 The synchronous motor should be started without any load.
 All the switches in variable resistive load should be kept in OFF position.
FORMULA:
1. Input power, Pi = 3 VL  IL  cos .(W)
2. Power factor, cos =

Pi
 3 V L  IL 
THEORY:
A synchronous motor is electrically identical with an alternator or a.c. generator. In

fact, a given synchronous machine may be used, at least theoretically, as an alternator, when
driven mechanically or as a motor, when driven electrically, just in the case of d.c. machines.
Most synchronous motors are rated between 150 kW and 15 kW and run at speeds ranging from
150 to 1800 r.p.m.
Some characteristic features of a synchronous motor are worth nothing:

1. It runs either at synchronous speed or not at all i.e. while running it maintains a constant
speed. The only way to change its speed is to vary the supply frequency (because Ns =
120 f / P).
2. It is not inherently self-starting. It has to be run upto synchronous (or near synchronous)
Speed by some means, before it can be synchronized to the supply.

152
MODEL GRAPH:
MODEL CALCULATION:
153
3. It is capable of being operated under a wide range of power factors, both lagging and
leading. Hence, it can be used for power correction purposes, in addition to supply
torque to drive loads.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
When a three phase winding is fed by a three phase supply, then a magnetic flux of
constant magnitude but rotating at synchronous speed is produced. Consider a two-pole stator
of figure (a) in which are shown two stator poles (marked Ns and Ss) rotating at synchronous
speed, say in clockwise direction. With the rotor position as shown, suppose the stator poles
are at that instant situated at points A and B. The two similar poles(of rotor) and Ns (of stator)
as well as S and Ss will repel each other, with the result that rotor tends to rotate in the
anticlockwise direction.
But half a period later, stator poles, having rotated around, interchange their
position i.e. Ns is at point B and Ss at point A. Under these condition, Ns attracts S and Ss
attracts N. Hence, rotor tends to rotate clockwise (which is just the reverse of the first
direction). Hence, we find that due to continuous and rapid rotation of stator poles, the rotor is
subjected to a torque which is rapidly reversing i.e. in quick succession, the rotor is
subjected to torque which tends to move it first in one direction and then in the opposite
direction. Owing to its large inertia, the rotor cannot instantaneously respond to such quickly
reversing torque, with the result that it remains stationary.
154
155
Now, consider the condition shown in fig (b). The stator and rotor poles are attracting each
other. Suppose that the rotor is not stationary, but is rotating clockwise, with such a speed that
it turns through one pole pitch by the time the stator poles interchange their positions as
shown in figure (c). Here, again the stator and rotor poles attract each other. It means that if
the rotor poles also shift their positions along with the stator poles, then they will
continuously experience a unidirectional torque i.e. clockwise torque.
METHODS OF STARTING
The rotor (which is as yet unexcited) is speeded up to synchronous speed by some
arrangement and then excited by the d.c. source. The moment this (near) synchronously
rotating rotor is excited, it is magnetically locked into position with the stator. i.e. the rotor
poles are engaged with the stator poles and both run synchronously in the same direction. It is
because of this interlocking of stator and rotor poles that the motor has to run synchronously
or not at all. The synchronous speed is given by the usual relation
120 
N f rpm.
S
P
PROCEDURE:
2. Close the TPST switch.
3. Adjust the three-phase variac till the voltmeter reads the rated line voltage of the
synchronous motor. The motor starts as an induction motor.
4. In order to give excitation to the field for making it to run as synchronous motor,
close the DPST switch.
5. Vary the potential divider (field rheostat) in steps and note down the line voltage,
line current and power input under no load condition for various values of excitation.
6. Load the machine by means of variable resistive load and repeat the same procedure
up to the rated current.
156
157
APPLICATIONS:
 To improve the power factor of power house & Substations.

 It is used to regulate the voltage at the end of Transmission lines.
 It is used in the drives as Fans, Blowers, Dc generator, Line Shafts, Centrifugal
pumps, Compressors, Reciprocating pumps, constant speed frequency changes,
Rubber and paper mills etc.,
158
159
1. Discuss why the starting torque of a synchronous motor is zero?

Due to inertia of the rotor, it is not able to lock with the stator poles which are
alternatively changing for the positive and negative half cycle. During that time the rotor
rotates clockwise for some time and counter clockwise for some time. So the average
torque is zero. So the starting torque of a synchronous motor is zero.
2. What are the different methods used for starting the synchronous motor?
 By using small dc machine coupled to it.
 By using damper winding
 By using slip ring induction motor
 By using pony motors
3. What is meant by ‘V’ and inverted ‘V’ curves?

When the excitation is varies from very low value to the very high value, if the
graph is drawn for the armature current against the field current at various load
conditions, we can get family of curves. These are look like the english alphabet ‘V’.
That’s why these are called as V curves. For the same if the graph is drawn for power
factor against the field current then it is called inverted ‘V’ curve.
4. Discuss how a synchronous motor can be used to control the power factor?
By operating the motor in over excited condition, it takes the leading power factor
current and at no load the power factor angle increases almost up to 90 degree. Hence to
control the power factor the synchronous motor is over excited on no load condition
which shows the characteristics of capacitor.
160
161
5. Compare Synchronous motor and Induction motor?
S. Factor Synchronous motor Induction motor

No
1. Starting Non self starting Self starting
Separate dc source is Rotor gets excited by the induced

2. Extra required for rotor excitation emf. So, separate source is not
source necessary.
The speed is always synchronous The speed is always less than
3. Speed irrespective of load. synchronous but never
synchronous.
By changing excitation, the motor It always operates at lagging power
4. Power power factor can be changed from factor and leading power factor
factor lagging and control is not
leading. possible.
REFERENCES:
Company Ltd 2002.
Marks Split up
Preparation 5
Performance 5
Viva 5
Total 15
Staff
Signature
RESULT:
Thus the ‘V’ and inverted ‘V’ curves of the given three phase synchronous motor were
drawn.
162
163
164
165

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1

ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II Laboratory

ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II Laboratory

Expt. No: 1 Date:

REGULATION OF THREE-PHASE ALTERNATOR BY

On completing this experiment the students are able to

S. No Particulars Specifications Quantity

ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II Laboratory

I. OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

S.No. Open circuit voltage, Field current, If(A)

II. SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

S. Short circuit Field current, If (A)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II Laboratory

Where, E0 – Open circuit phase emf (Volts); Vph – Rated phase

ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II Laboratory

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR Ra MEASUREMENT:

ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II Laboratory

VOLTAGE REGULATION OF AN ALTERNATOR

It is defined as the change in terminal voltage, expressed as a percentage of the rated

ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II Laboratory

Power Eo(ph) % Regulation

ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II Laboratory

THE ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (EMF) METHOD OR SYNCHRONOUS

ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II Laboratory

ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II Laboratory

I. OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

II. SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

1. Bring back the potential divider to its initial position.

III. MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE ‘Ra’:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II Laboratory

ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II Laboratory

INFERENCE AND DISCUSSION:

ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II Laboratory

ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II Laboratory

4. Which method of predetermining the voltage regulation of an alternator is referred as

ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II Laboratory

ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II Laboratory

5. Which method of predetermining the voltage regulation of an alternator is referred as

ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II Laboratory

ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II Laboratory

Expt. No: 2 Date:

REGULATION OF THREE-PHASE ALTERNATOR BY MMF

On completing this experiment the students are able to

S. No Particulars Specifications Quantity

ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II Laboratory

I. OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

S.No. Open circuit voltage, Field current, If(A)

II. SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

S. Short circuit Field current, If (A)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II Laboratory

Where, E0 – Open circuit phase emf (Volts); Vph – Rated phase

ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II Laboratory

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR Ra MEASUREMENT:

ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II Laboratory

1) If = I f21f 2f1I f22  2I Isin

VOLTAGE REGULATION OF AN ALTERNATOR

It is defined as the change in terminal voltage, expressed as a percentage of the rated

ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II Laboratory

Power If Eo(ph) % Regulation

ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II Laboratory

THE MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE (MMF) OR ROTHER’S MMF OR AMPERE TURN

ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II Laboratory