LESSON 1 : MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES
Matter - Is anything that has mass and occupies
space. Everything on earth has mass and takes up
space.
● Mass- refers amount of substance
● Weight – refers to the downward pull of
object towards the center of the earth.
Particles Composing Matter
● Atoms -These are the smallest unit of matter
that can’t be broken down chemically.
● Molecules - These are groups of two or more
atoms that are chemically bonded.
● Ions - These are particles that have gained or
lost one or more of their valence electrons.
States of matter
● Solid - The molecules that make up a solid
are arranged in regular, repeating patterns.
They are held firmly in place but can vibrate
within a limited area,
- Rigid
- Fixed shaped
- Fixed volume
- Cannot be squashed
● Liquid- The molecules that make up a liquid
flows easily around one another. They are
kept from flying by attractive forces between
them liquids assume the shape of
- Not rigid
- No fixed shape
- Fixed volume
- Cannot be squashed
● Gas - The molecules that make up a gas fly in
all directions at great speeds. They are so far
apart that the attractive forces between them
are insignificant.
- Not rigid
- No fixed shape
- No fixed volume
- Can be squashed
● Plasma
- It is a hot ionized gas consisting of
approximately equal numbers of
positively charged ions and
negatively charged electrons.
- The characteristics of plasmas are
significantly different from those of
ordinary neutral gases so the
plasmas are considered a distinct
“fourth state of matter.”
Properties of matter
*According to changed involved during measurements
of the property
● Physical property- These can be measured
and observed without changing the
composition of the substance.
- Length, color, density, mass,
elasticity, pressure, volume, luster
● Chemical property- These are the ability of a
substance to react with other substances
such as air, water, and base.
- Iron rusting, Burning wood,
metabolism, Cooking an egg, baking
a cake, electroplating, rotting
banana, vinegar and baking soda
mixture, fireworks, chemical battery
*According to dependence on amount of matter
● Intrusive properties- It does not depend on
the size or amount of the sample.
- Temperature, Boiling point,
Concentration, luster
● Extensive properties- These can be affected
by the size and amount of samples.
- Weight, Length, Volume
- Entropy - Measurement of energy
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
1. Combusibity- Whether the substance
undergoes combustion or not.
2. Stability- Whether the substance can be
easily decomposed or not
3. Reactivity- Whether it reacts with acids,
bases, and oxygen, gas or not.
4. Relative activity - Whether the material is
more active or less active than other
members of its chemical family.
5. Ionization- Whether it will break into
charged particles when in solution
with water or not.
6. Toxicity- Whether substance can damage an
organism or not.
PURE SUBSTANCE
- Possess definite, fixed and unvarying
composition with unique set of properties
- Made up of only one kind of matter
● Elements
- Simplest form of substance
 - Cannot be decomposed by simple
chemical means.
- Building blocks of matter
Metal, Non Metal, Metalloids
*Silicon(Si) is a metal that can
conduct electricity but not as well
as a metal. It is shiny but brittle. It
chips easily, like glass.
*Antimony(Sb) is a metalloid that is
shiny like a metal but brittle like a
nonmetal.
*Boron(B) is a metalloid that is
somewhat shiny. It also conducts
electricity like a metal. However,
it is brittle like a nonmetal.
COMPOUNDS - Substances that are made up of
molecules with two or more kinds of atoms in definite
Proportions.
Ex. Caffein
● Bonds
-Ionic – electron transfer
-Covalent – electron sharing
-Metallic – interaction between metallic
Elements
● Composition
-Organic – carbon
- Inorganic – other elements
● Acids – contains hydrogen, yields
hydrogen ions in water solutions
● Bases – contains a metal with
hydroxyl group
● Salts – combined positive and
negative ions
● Oxides – oxygen and other element
MIXTURES
- Two or more substance
- Based on appearance
● Homogeneous- Uniform appearance, has the
same properties and composition throughout
● Heterogenous - Two or more distinct
portions, different properties and
composition
Examples:
1. Table Sugar- Pure substance
2. Table salt - Pure substance
3. Iodized salt- Mixture
4. Distilled water - Pure substance
5. Soft Drinks- Mixtures
SEPARATING MIXTURES
1. Filtration – is a process of separating the
components of a suspension.
2. Decantation – the solid particles are allowed
to settle first at the bottom and later, the
liquid which is called supernatant is poured
into another container leaving behind solid
particles.
3. Evaporation – is the process of converting
liquid to gas, is useful in sorting mixtures
such as salt solution.
4. Distillation – is a process of separating a
homogeneous mixture composed of two
substances with different boiling points
5. Magnetic Separation – is the process of
separating elemental metals from other
particles in a mixture.
6. Melting – is a process that can be used in
extricating mixture that contains two
substances with different melting points.
7. Sublimation – is a process of changing solid
to gas without passing through the liquid
state.
8. Centrifugation – the mixture is poured into a
special tube in the centrifuge apparatus, and
is allowed to spin using centrifugal force. The
spinning motion forces the sediments to
settle at the bottom. The liquid can be
poured off from the solid particles.
9. Chromatography – is another method of
separating complex mixtures. It has various
methods that can be used in separating
mixture such as paper chromatography,
which makes used of an adsorbent(filter
paper or chromatogram paper), then
separation depends upon the solubility of
each component.
PURE SUBSTANCES & MIXTURE IN CONSUMER
PRODUCTS
● Consumer Product – it is any item often
bought for consumption.
● Convenience Product – those that appeal to a
large segment of the market or those that are
routinely bought.
1. Household cleaning
2. Personal care product
● Household Cleaning Material – the most
commonly used cleaning products are
bleach, soaps, and detergents.
 ● Personal Care Products – constitute a ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
diverse group of materials that improve the - The answer cannot have more digits to the
overall appearance of a person. right of the decimal point than any of the
original numbers.

LESSON 3: SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

● The measuring device determines the
number of significant figures a measurement
has.
● Significant figures reflect the accuracy of a
result or measurement.
● We need :
- to determine the correct number of
significant figures (sig figs) to
record in a measurement
- to count the number of sig figs in a
recorded value
- to determine the number of sig figs
that should be retained in a MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION
calculation. - The number of significant figures in the
result is set by the original number that has
*Significant figures - all digits in a number the smallest number of significant figures.
representing data or results that are known
with certainty plus one uncertain digit.

● RULE 1 : Any digit that is not zero is

significant.
1.234 kg 4 significant figures

● RULE 2:Zeros between nonzero digits are

significant
606 m 3 significant figures

● RULE 3: Zeros to the left of the first nonzero

digit are not significant
0.08 L 1 significant figure

● RULE 4 :If a number is greater than 1, then

all zeros to the right of the decimal point are
significant
2.0 mg 2 significant figures

● RULE 5: If whole numbers have zeros to the

right with NO DECIMAL then all zeros to the
right are NOT significant
560 mg 2 significant figures

● Rule 6: If a number is less than 1, then only

the zeros that are at the end and in the
middle of the number are significant
0.00420 g 3 significant figures