5.

Review of status of Research and Development in the subject/ Summary of earlier efforts
made to address the problem and existing technological gaps etc.

International Status
i. Ayalew Kassahun and Cagatay Catal et al (2020) proposed an Crop yield prediction
using machine learning which shows the important decision and support tool for crop
yield prediction In order to achieve better results, they employ Deep Neural Networks
(DNN), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM),
3D CNN, Multi-Task Learning (MTL), and Deep Recurrent Q-Network (DQN). The
soil maps contain a general description of the location, soil type, and nutrient
content. Crop information is data regarding the crop itself, including weight, growth
during the growth process, plant variety, and crop density. This group also includes
other metrics that show growth.[1]

ii. Lizhi Wang and Sotirios V. Archontoulis et al(2020) proposed A CNN-RNN

Framework for Crop Yield Prediction whereas they suggest a hybrid model for
predicting agricultural yields that incorporates CNNs, fully connected layers, and
RNNs. Each of the four convolutional layers in the W-CNN and S-CNN models has a
precise structure. Many factors, including as the weather, the soil, and the
management, had a pretty large impact on the model's success. Future projects
requiring yield prediction could make use of the suggested approach, which
effectively forecasted yields under untested conditions.[2]

iii. Johnathon Shook et al(2021) proposed an Crop yield prediction integrating genotype
and weather variables using deep learning In order to estimate soybean output from
the UST dataset of field experiments spanning 13 years over 28 U.S. states and
Canadian provinces, researchers created a model that can capture the temporal
variability of several meteorological variables across the growing season in an
understandable manner. In order to satisfy the demands of climate change scenarios
and to incorporate plasticity response in future varieties, generation DL models will
have the greatest influence. They can systematically investigate the impact of various
physio-morphological and environmental aspects on yield.[3]

iv. Xinlei Wang et al (2020) suggested a process on Winter Wheat Yield Prediction at
County Level and Uncertainty Analysis in Main Wheat-Producing Regions of China
with Deep Learning Approaches they collected data about soil, weather, satellites,
crops, yield statistics, and detrending. They design a data-driven model using Deep
Neural Network Structure after gathering data, employing the same environmental
elements as the majority of crop models. that yield detrending should be used with
caution when applied to crop yield prediction because it could potentially lead to high
uncertainty of yield prediction. The suggested approach shows excellent potential for
use in different crop kinds and geographical areas with extensive agricultural
landscapes.[4]
 v. Yang Chen et al (2019) The deep learning strawberry flower and fruit detection
algorithm that they described in this work is based on high resolution orthoimages
that were created from drone images. The technology might be used to create yield
estimation maps, which could assist farmers in forecasting weekly strawberry yields
and keeping track of each area's performance in order to save time. The amount of
data points available in the study area, the distance between the data points, and the
unpredictability of the data all play a significant role in this.[5]

vi. Farhat Abbas et al (2020) suggested a process on Crop Yield Prediction through
Proximal Sensing and Machine Learning Algorithms. This study assessed the proper
variable selection framework for predictive crop prediction in addition to comparing
ML algorithms. Identifying variation in soil physiochemical characteristics and potato
yield in the Atlantic Area and evaluating the precision of several machine learning
(ML) approaches for yield prediction utilising physiochemical soil data across
multiple site-years. In order to create site-specific management zones for potatoes,
which are a key element of global food security measures, the data gathered from this
study will be required.[6]

REFERENCE:
[1] Thomas van Klompenburg , Ayalew Kassahun , Cagatay Catal “Crop yield prediction
using machine learning: A systematic literature review” in Computers and Electronics
in Agriculture Volume 177, October 2020, 105709.
[2] Saeed Khaki, Lizhi Wang and Sotirios V. Archontoulis "A CNN-RNN Framework for
Crop Yield Prediction" in ORIGINAL RESEARCH article Front. Plant Sci., 24
January 2020 Sec. Computational Genomics Volume 10 – 2019
[3] Johnathon Shook ,Tryambak Gangopadhyay ,Linjiang Wu,Baskar
Ganapathysubramanian,Soumik Sarkar ,Asheesh K. Singh "Crop yield prediction
integrating genotype and weather variables using deep learning" in plos one, 17 June
2021.
[4] Xinlei Wang,Jianxi Huang,Quanlong Feng andDongqin Yin "Winter Wheat Yield
Prediction at County Level and Uncertainty Analysis in Main Wheat-Producing
Regions of China with Deep Learning Approaches" in Remote. Sens. 2020, 12, 1744
[5] Yang Chen,Won Suk Lee ,Hao Gan,Natalia Peres ,Clyde Fraisse ,Yanchao Zhang
andYong He "Strawberry Yield Prediction Based on a Deep Neural Network Using
High-Resolution Aerial Orthoimages" in Remote Sens. 2019, 11(13), 1584
[6] Farhat Abbas, Hassan Afzaal, Aitazaz A.Farooque and Skylar Tang "Crop Yield
Prediction through Proximal Sensing and Machine Learning Algorithms" in
Agronomy 2020, 10(7), 1046