8086 MICROPROCESSOR

INSTRUCTION SETS
[CHAPTER 4]

By: Shadab Ahmad

[Microcomputers & Interfacing]
ECEg-4161
4th year Communication, Computer and Control Engineering
SAMARA UNIVERSITY
Instruction
Sets
The complete collection of instructions that are
understood by a CPU.

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Instruction Set Classification

1. Transfer instructions
 Move

2. Arithmetic instructions
 Add / Subtract
 Multiplication / Division, etc.

3. Logical instructions
 AND
 OR, NOT etc.
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1. Transfer instruction

 MOV instruction

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Data transfer : Move

MOV Destination, Source ;

 MOV reg, reg ; reg <- reg
 MOV reg, mem ; reg <- mem
 MOV mem, reg ; mem <- reg
 MOV reg, imm ; reg <- imm
 MOV mem, imm ; mem <- imm

There is no move mem<-mem instruction

 MOV mem, mem ; irrelevant

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Move limitation

 Here the source and destination needs to be

of the same size, that is both 8 bit or both
16 bit.

 There is no instruction to put immediate value

directly to the segment register. Have to use
accumulator (AX) to accomplish this.

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Move (MOV) Example

 MOV AX,3F0h ; AX=03F0h

 MOV BX,AX ; BX=03F0h
 MOV DX,BX ; DX=03F0h

 MOV AX,123h ; AX=0123h

 MOV DX,56A8h ; DX=56A8h
 MOV AL,DL ; AL=A8h
 MOV BH,DH ; BH=56h

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MOV Example

 MOV AX,1020h ; AX=1020h

 MOV [100h],AX ; [100h]=1020h
 MOV BX,[100h] ; BX=1020h
Immediate value can not put directly to segment register.
It has to use Accumulator (AX) to accomplish.

 MOV DS,2300h;X MOV AX,2300h ;

MOV DS,AX ;

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MOV : 16 / 8 Bit register

 To move value
between
registers, their
size must be
the same.

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MOV : Memory

Given only offset where to put value, it will be

automatically select DS as the segment register.

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 Byte ordering

The LSB will be placed at lowest

address and MSB will be placed
at highest address. 11
2. Arithmetic instructions

 Add / Subtract
 Multiplication / Division

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1. ADD Instruction

 ADD Instruction is used to add the current contents of Destination

with Source and store the result in Destination.

ADD Destination, Source ;

Examples:
 ADD AL, 0FH ; – Add the immediate content, 0FH to the
content of AL and store the result in AL
 ADD AX, BX ; – AX <= AX+BX
 ADD AX, 0100H ; – IMMEDIATE Addressing Mode
 ADD AX, BX ; – REGISTER Addressing Mode
 ADD AX, [SI] ; – INDEXED Addressing Mode
 ADD AX, [5000H] ; – DIRECT Addressing Mode
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Example ADD

 MOV AL, 10h ;AL = 10h

 ADD AL, 20h ;AL = 30h
 MOV BX, 200h ;BX = 0200h
 MOV AH, 89h ;AX = 8930h
 ADD AX, 9876h ;AX = 21A6h
 ADC BX, 01h ;BX = 0202h

 ADC: Add with Carry

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 2. Subtract (SUB)/
Subtract with Borrow (SBB)

 SUB reg, imm ; SBB reg, imm

 SUB reg, mem ; SBB reg, mem
 SUB reg, reg ; SBB reg, reg
 SUB mem, imm ; SBB mem, imm
 SUB mem, reg ; SBB mem, reg

SUB AX, BX ;
SBB AL, BL ;
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Ex. SUB/SBB

 MOV AL, 15h ;AL = 15h

 ADD AL, 20h ;AL = 35h
 MOV BX, 200h ;BX = 0200h
 MOV AH, 89h ;AX = 8935h
 SUB AX, 0005h ;AX = 8930h
 SBB AX, 0001h ;AX = 892Eh
 SUB AX, 0001h ;AX = 892Dh

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 3. Increment (INC)/
Decrement (DEC)

 INC / DEC :
INC register ;
DEC register ;

Example:
INC AX ; AX+1=> AX

DEC BL ; BL-1 => BL

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4. Multiplication (MUL)

 MUL (Multiplication) signed multiplication.

MUL reg ;

 Always perform with accumulator AX.

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 8 bit Multiplication

 AL is multiplicand
 Always accumulator (AX) keeps the result

MUL CL ; AL*CL => AX

MUL BL ; AL*BL => AX

MOV AL,10h ; AL = 10h

MOV CL,13h ; CL = 13h
MUL CL ; AX = 0130h

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 16 bit Multiplication
 AX is multiplicand
 DX:AX keeps the result
MUL CX ; AX*CX = DX:AX

MOV AX,0100h ; AX = 0100h

MOV BX,1234h ; BX = 1234h
MUL BX ; DX = 0012h
; AX = 3400h 0012 3400

MUL BX ; AX*BX = DX:AX DX AX

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5. Division (DIV)

 DIV (Division) signed division.

DIV reg ;
DIV mem ;

 Always perform with accumulator.

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 8 bit Division

 AL is dividend
 AL keeps the result
 AH keeps the remainder

 Example:
MOV AX, 0017h ; REMINDER RESULT

MOV BX, 0010h ; 07 01

DIV BL ; AX = 0701 AH AL

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 16 bit Division
 DX:AX dividend.
 AX keep the result, DX keep the remainder.

Example:
MOV AX, 4022h ; AX=4022h
MOV DX, 0000h ; DX=0000h
MOV CX, 1000h ; CX=1000h
REMINDER RESULT
DIV CX ; AX = 0004
; DX = 0022 0022 0004
DX AX

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6. Conversion

 Convert Byte to Word : CBW

Signed convert AL -> AX
covert 8 bit to 16 bit

 Convert Word to Double word : CWD

Signed convert AX -> DX:AX
covert 16 bit to 32 bit

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 Example Conversion

MOV AL,22h
CBW ; AX=0022h

MOV AX, 3422h

CWD ; DX=0000h
; AX=3422h

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3. Logical Instructions
 AND
 OR
 NOT

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 AND instruction

AND Destination, Source ;

AND CX, AX ; CX <= CX AND AX

Example:
AND BL, AL ; suppose BL=1000 0110 and AL = 1100 1010
then after the operation BL would be BL= 1000 0010

AND CL, 08 ; CL<= CL AND (0000 1000)

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 OR instruction

OR Destination, Source ;

OR CX, AX ; CX <= CX OR AX
Example:
OR BL, AL ; suppose BL=1000 0110 and AL = 1100 1010
then after the operation BL would be BL= 1100 1110

OR CL, 08 ; CL<= CL OR (0000 1000)

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 NOT instruction

NOT Register ;

Example:
NOT AX ;

BEFORE EXECUTION AX= (1011)2= (B)16

AFTER EXECUTION AX= (0100)2= (4)16

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Assembly
Language
Programs
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To write an assembly language program
for Addition of two 16 bit numbers.

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To write an assembly language program
for Subtraction of two 16 bit numbers.

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To write an assembly language program
for Multiplication of two 16 bit numbers.

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To write an assembly language program
for Division of two 16 bit numbers.

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