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Chapter-wise Worksheets
Chapter 1
A. Fill in the blanks.
1. History is the study of our ______________ .
2. We come to know about our ______________ history from our parents and grandparents.
3. Modern period consists of the history of the______________ times.
4. The ______________ period in Indian history begins with the Indus Valley Civilization.
5. History helps us to know ______________ an event occurred in the past.
B. Write T for true and F for false sentences.

1. Later half of the 18th century is called the medieval period. _______
2. Our country has a history. _______
3. A moment of our present becomes past in the next moment. _______
4. All the things change suddenly. _______
5. Things that happen today affect the future. _______
C. Tick () the correct answers.

1. They ruled over India for around 200 years.
a. French b. British c. Dutch
2. It attempts to understand the past.
a. History b. Civics c. Science
3. This period in Indian history lasts till around the 8th century.
a. Ancient b. Medieval c. Modern
4. This period in Indian history starts from the time the British began to gain control over parts of India.
a. Ancient b. Medieval c. Modern
5. Medieval period consists of the history of the times in between these.
a. ancient and ancient b. ancient and modern c. modern and modern
D. Answer the following questions.

1. Why do we need to study history?
2. ‘Certain things from the past may continue while certain things change’. Explain this statement in
context of family history.
3. Why do we divide our history into three periods?
4. Name the three periods of history and explain each of them.
5. Describe the periods of Indian history.
Chapter 2
1. The process of digging to find things of the past is called ______________.
2. The period of the Guptas is known as the ‘______________ Age of Ancient India’.
3. The things made by people in the past like pots, tools, jewellery and toys are called ______________.
4. ______________ are the old buildings or structures which help us to understand the history of the
past.
5. ______________ study the past methodically by using the evidences discovered.

1. The Sun Temple at Konark gives us fascinating details about the
sculpture, architecture and engineering of 13th century India. _______
2. Fa-Hien and Hiuen Tsang were two Japanese travellers who
wrote in detail about ancient India. _______
3. The archaeologists find physical evidences of history. _______
4. Sources like caves and buildings from the past are protected
by the Archaeological Survey of India. _______
5. Archaeological sources are the written texts from the past. _______

1. It is the study of inscription.
a. Excavation b. Epigraphy c. Artefact
2. He wrote Akbarnama.
a. Akbar b. Babur c. Abul Fazl
3. He is described as the ‘Prince of Pilgrims’.
a. Hiuen Tsang b. Harshavardhana c. Fa-Hien
4. Movable source are preserved here.
a. Seals b. Monuments c. Museum
5. They are the writings and images carved on seals, pillars, wooden tablets and so on.
a. Monuments b. Artefacts c. Inscriptions

1. Discuss the importance of archaeologists and historians.
2. Name some archaeological sources of history? What is the importance of these sources in the study
of history?
3. What did foreign travellers of ancient India write about?
4. What are literary sources? What are the three broad categories in which they can be divided?
5. Who help preserve sources of history? What is the need of preserving them?
Chapter 3
1. The dates on the timeline move ______________ in the period before the birth of Christ.
2. 200 BCE will come ______________ 100 BCE.
3. In the ancient period, the movement of the ______________ and the ______________ were used
to keep record of time.
4. Pope Gregory revised the previously used ______________ calendar.
5. In the Gregorian calendar, a century year is not a leap year unless it is exactly divisible by
______________.

1. The dates put together in any order are called timeline. _______
2. BCE is now used instead of AD. _______
3. The dates of Holi and Diwali are not fixed. _______
4. The Saka calendar is lunisolar calendar. _______
5. The Saka calendar begins on 1 January. _______
C. Tick () and write the correct answers.

1. AD stands for _______________.
a. Anno Domini b. After Death c. Add Date
2. _______________ is marked as the birth year of Jesus Christ.
a. 1 BC b. AD 0 c. AD 1
3. BCE is same as _______________.
a. BC b. CE c. AD
4. _______________ years will make a century.
a. 10000 years b. 1000 years c. 100 years
5. The Saka calendar begins from _______________ month.
a. Vaishakha b. Chaitra c. Kartika

1. What is a timeline and why is it important?
2. What is the difference between a decade, a century and a millennium?
3. Which calendar is lunisolar? Why is it called lunisolar calendar?
4. What is the importance of a regular calendar?
5. How is an almanac different from a regular calendar?
Chapter 4
1. Absence of civic sense creates lots of ______________ .
2. ______________ refer to the things we are expected to do.
3. Following rules in the classroom is our ______________ .
4. When we live in an area, we become a member of a ______________.
5. Along with rights, we also have some ______________. These are called our duties.

1. If you are born in India, you become an Indian citizen by birth. _______
2. A person with a developed civic sense would be thoughtful in actions. _______
3. A person with a developed civic sense will create disturbance for others. _______
4. A good citizen does not break rules for personal gains. _______
5. To voice our opinion is the duty of an Indian citizen. _______
C. Tick () and write the correct answers.

1. _______________ refer to the freedom we enjoy.
a. Rights b. Duties c. Freedom
2. Freedom to buy or build a house is our _______________.
a. right b. duty c. dream
3. _______________ are the people who live near us.
a. Relatives b. Friends c. Neighbours
4. _______________ is our duty.
a. To visit various places b. To maintain discipline c. To play
5. With time, our duties _______________.
a. decrease b. increase c. become zero

1. What are rights and duties? Explain with three examples each,
2. Why is it important for everyone to follow certain rules?
3. What are the ways to become citizen of a country?
4. What do you understand by the terms ‘civic sense’ and ‘civilized’?
5. Mention any three qualities of a good citizen.
Chapter 5
1. Our ______________ property cannot be used by any other person without our permission.
2. Elections in India are held after every ______________ years.
3. The piece of paper having the names of the candidates in an election is called a ______________
paper.
4. Roads and bridges are our ______________ property.
5. The process by which ______________ of a country are chosen is called election.

1. The historical buildings are symbols of our rich heritage. _______
2. We can write on the walls of some monuments. _______
3. Holding an election in a country requires a lot of planning and preparation. _______
4. It is fine if an adult of 20 years of age chooses not to vote in the election. _______
5. Only a few people in the society have the right to use public property. _______

1. This is not true about the Election Commission.
a. It plans and holds the elections.
b. It is a candidate in the election.
c. It announces the dates of elections.
2. It is our public property.
a. Car b. Park c. House
3. All Indian citizens above this age are allowed to vote in the general elections in India.
a. 25 years b. 21 years c. 18 years
4. We should vote for them.
a. Suitable candidate b. Any candidate c. Our relative
5. The Taj Mahal is not a
a. public property b. national property c. private property

1. What is the meaning of public property? Give some examples of public property.
2. What should a citizen avoid to do for the maintenance of our public property?
3. What is private property? Who is responsible for maintaining private property?
4. Why is holding an election important?
5. What role does the Election Commission play?
Chapter 6
1. When it is summer in the northern hemisphere, it is winter in the ______________ hemisphere.
2. Summer solstice falls on ______________ in the northern hemisphere.
3. It takes approximately ______________ for the Earth to complete one rotation.
4. ______________ of the Earth around the sun causes change of season.
5. The North Pole receives sunlight for six months because of the ______________ of the Earth.

1. The Earth rotates from east to west. _______
2. The top end of the Earth’s axis is known as the North Pole. _______
3. The Earth has fixed orbit around the sun. _______
4. The Earth takes 367 days to complete one revolution around the sun. _______
5. The South Pole experiences night for six months in a year. _______

1. It is the spinning of Earth on its own axis.
a. Rotation b. Revolution c. Constellation
2. This is the shape of Earth’s orbit around the Sun.
a. Circular b. Elliptical c. Rectangular
3. It is a horizontal line that divides the Earth into two halves.
a. Latitude b. Longitude c. Equator
4. In the northern hemisphere, spring equinox takes place on this day.
a. 23 September b. 21 March c. 21 June
5. The area of the Earth that receives direct rays of the sun experiences this season.
a. Summer b. Winter c. Autumn

1. Explain why February gets 29 days every four years? What is it called?
2. Differentiate between rotation and revolution.
3. What is summer solstice? What are the dates of summer solstice in northern and southern hemisphere?
4. What is equinox? Mention the dates and names of the two equinoxes experienced in southern
hemisphere.
5. Explain the reason for six months of continuous daylight and darkness in the North Pole and South
Pole.
Chapter 7
1. All living things exist in the ______________.
2. ______________ are very dry area, having less rainfall and vegetation.
3. A ______________ is a raised land, higher than surrounding areas, having flat top.
4. Hills are lower than the ______________ .
5. ______________ layer protects all living beings from the sun’s harmful rays.

1. About three-fourths of the lithosphere is covered with water and
one-fourth with land. _______
2. The Thar Desert in India is the largest desert in the world. _______
3. There are seven oceans and five continents. _______
4. A chain of mountains is known as a mountain range. _______
5. All the spheres of Earth, biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and
atmosphere, are dependent on each other. _______

1. This is the sphere related to land.
a. Atmosphere b. Hydrosphere c. Lithosphere
2. Glaciers are part of this sphere.
3. They are low lying, flat areas, having fertile soil.
a. Plateaus b. Plains c. Water bodies
4. This continent lies in the region around the South Pole.
a. South America b. Australia c. Antarctica
5. It is a mixture of many gases.

1. What is the extent of atmosphere? What is the importance of atmosphere?
2. What do you understand by hydrosphere?
3. What is plateau also called a tableland?
4. Differentiate between a mountain, hill and mountain range?
5. Differentiate between a river and a lake.
Chapter 8
1. A ______________ map shows mountains and rivers.
2. Map key is another term for ______________.
3. On a legend table, the signs, symbols or colours are always placed on the ______________ and the
explanations are on the ______________.
4. It is not possible to draw all the features of an area on a map because of ______________
______________.
5. ______________ colour is used to depict water bodies on a map.

1. A map is easy to handle and can be carried everywhere. _______
2. Physical maps are also called relief maps. _______
3. A collection of maps of different parts of the Earth compiled together
as a book is called thematic map. _______
4. South-west is a cardinal direction. _______
5. Map is useful for people such as sailors, pilots and drivers to find directions. _______

1. It is a representation of the Earth on a f lat and even surface.
a. Map b. Direction c. Legend
2. This map shows continents and countries.
a. Political map b. Physical map c. Direction
3. They are the people who make maps.
a. Cartographers b. Historians c. Astronomers
4. The four major directions, east, west, north and south, are called this.
a. Intermediate directions b. Cardinal directions c. None
5. They are the maps that give specific information about population, soil type, temperature, rainfall and
so on.
a. Physical maps b. Relief maps c. Thematic maps

1. What are the elements of a map?
2. Name the various types of maps and the information they provide.
3. How can we find directions on a map?
4. What is the importance of scale of a map?
5. Explain scale of a map with an example.
Chapter 9
1. Snowfall is common in _________ (high/low) altitude areas during winters.
2. __________ ( Jammu/Leh) is the winter capital of Jammu and Kashmir.
3. Dimapur is an important city of __________ (Nagaland/Mizoram).
4. River _________ (Tlawng/Dhansiri) is the major river that f lows through Mizoram.
5. Dehradun is the capital of ___________ (Uttarakhand/Jammu and Kashmir).

1. Glaciers are found in some of the states of Himalayan region. _______
2. Gulmarg and Pahalgam are important cities of Himachal Pradesh. _______
3. Ladakh is situated in northernmost part of India. _______
4. Arunachal Pradesh is located in the north-eastern part of India. _______
5. Baghmara is an important city of Meghalaya. _______

1. These trees are conical in shape, with drooping branches and needle-like leaves.
a. Pine b. Chinar c. Willow
2. Saffron (kesar), a special and expensive spice grows here.
a. Jammu and Kashmir b. Himachal Pradesh c. Uttarakhand
3. This city has recently been declared Himachal Pradesh’s winter capital.
a. Dharamshala b. Kullu c. Manali
4. This state is known as the ‘Fruit bowl of India’.
a. Himachal Pradesh b. Jammu and Kashmir c. Uttarakhand
5. The Valley of Flowers is located in this state.
a. Himachal Pradesh b. Jammu and Kashmir c. Uttarakhand

1. Describe the landforms of the states situated in the Himalayan region.
2. Describe the natural vegetation of Jammu and Kashmir.
3. Write a short note on the location of Uttarakhand.
4. Where is Meghalaya located? List its neighbouring states.
5. Name the major rivers that flow through Himachal Pradesh.
Chapter 10
1. The soil in Northern Plains is _________ (fertile/infertile).
2. ______________ (Chandigarh/Mohali) is the capital of Punjab.
3. Punjab mostly consists of ____________ (plain/hilly) areas.
4. No river flows through ____________ (Chandigarh/Delhi).
5. Lucknow is the capital of _________________ (Uttar Pradesh/Bihar).

1. The Northern Plains lie to the north of the Himalayas. _______
2. Haryana has a large area under forest cover. _______
3. Bihar is located in the western part of the country. _______
4. Hugly and Damodar f low through West Bengal. _______
5. Guwahati is an important city of Assam. _______

1. Northern Plains are also called the
a. ‘Food Bowl of India’ b. ‘Fruit Bowl of India’ c. None of these
2. Patna is the capital of
a. Bihar b. West Bengal c. Assam
3. West Bengal is located in this part of the country
a. western b. eastern c. northern
4. It is the major river f lowing through Assam.
a. Ganga b. Brahmaputra c. Yamuna
5. River Ghaggar is a major river f lowing through
a. Haryana b. Kerala c. Karnataka

1. Name the states that lie in the Northern Plains.
2. List few important cities of Uttar Pradesh.
3. Brief ly describe the location, rivers and vegetation of Chandigarh.
4. Name the capital and important cities of Assam.
5. Name the neighbouring states of Haryana.
Chapter 11
1. Land of Daman and Diu is mainly ________ (f lat/hilly).
2. _________ (Ajmer/Jaipur) is the capital of Rajasthan.
3. Gujarat is located on the _________ (western/eastern) coast of India.
4. Chhattisgarh is located in the ________ (western/central) part of India.
5. ____________ (Ranchi/Dhanbad) is the capital of Jharkhand.

1. States in central part of India experience three well-defined seasons. _______
2. Subarnarekha and Kharkai rivers f low through Chhattisgarh. _______
3. The vegetation of Chhattisgarh includes the vast stretch of forests. _______
4. Jabalpur and Gwalior are important cities of Madhya Pradesh. _______
5. Silvassa is the capital of Dadra & Nagar Haveli. _______

1. Rajasthan is located in the following region of India.
a. north-western b. western c. central
2. This city is called the ‘City of Lakes’.
a. Jaipur b. Bikaner c. Udaipur
3. It is known as the ‘Pink City’.
a. Jaipur b. Bikaner c. Udaipur
4. It is an island near the southern coast of Gujarat.
a. Daman b. Diu c. Lakshadweep
5. This city is the capital of Jharkhand.
a. Ranchi b. Dhanbad c. Bokaro

1. Describe the climate of the states in the western part of India.
2. Where is Rajasthan located? Name its neighbouring states.
3. Describe the location of the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.
4. Describe the natural vegetation and agriculture of Gujarat.
5. Name the capital and important cities of Madhya Pradesh.
Chapter 12
1. ___________ (Telangana/Andhra Pradesh) is the only state in southern India which does not have a
coastal line.
2. Maharashtra is located on the ____________ (western/eastern) coast of southern part of India.
3. __________ (Mumbai/Pune) is the capital city of Maharashtra.
4. Goa is located on the _________ (western/eastern) coast of southern India.
5. ___________ (Bengaluru/Mangalore) is the capital of Karnataka.

1. The rivers Narmada, Godavari, Krishna and Tapi f low through Maharashtra _______
2. Vasco da Gama is the capital of Goa _______
3. Karnataka is bounded by the Bay of Bengal to its west. _______
4. Kerala is famous for its spices. _______
5. Tamil Nadu is the southernmost state of India. _______

1. This city is also called the ‘Commercial capital of India’.
a. Bengaluru b. Mumbai c. New Delhi
2. This city is known as ‘Orange City’.
a. Nagpur b. Aurangabad c. Mumbai
3. This city is also called the ‘Garden City of India’.
a. Bengaluru b. Mumbai c. New Delhi
4. This city is the capital of Andhra Pradesh.
a. Hyderabad b. Amravati c. Tirupati
5. This city is the capital of Odisha.
a. Bhubaneswar b. Cuttack c. Puri

1. Where is Maharashtra located? Name its neighbouring states and water body.
2. Write a note on the rivers, natural vegetation and agriculture in Karnataka.
3. Name the capital and other important cities of Kerala.
4. Name the capital and other important cities of Odisha.
5. Describe the location of Lakshadweep Islands.
Chapter 13
1. India is categorized as having ______ (six/seven) physical divisions.
2. The Himalayan range of mountains is divided into _____ (3/4) parallel ranges.
3. The _________ (Himadri/Himachal) consists of many peaks of height 6000 metres and above.
4. The Shiwalik is the _______________ (southernmost/northernmost) range of the Himalayas.
5. A _____________ (tributary/distributary) is any small river or stream that joins the main river.

1. The Himadri remains covered with snow throughout the year. _______
2. The Himachal range consists of the Kashmir valley in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. _______
3. Yamuna is the main tributary of river Ganga. _______
4. The Peninsular Plateau includes three plateau regions. _______
5. Eastern coastal plains have infertile soil. _______

1. Glaciers like the Gangotri and the Siachen lie in this region.
a. The Himadri b. The Himachal c. The Shiwalik
2. The height of the Shiwalik range varies between
a. 6000 – 8000 m b. 3500 – 4000 m c. 900 – 1100 m
3. Purvachal range of the Himalayas lie in this region of India.
a. northeast b. south India c. northwest
4. The Deccan Plateau is a _________ landmass.
a. Square b. triangular c. rectangular
5. It is the eastern part of the Peninsular Plateau.
a. Chota Nagpur Plateau b. Malwa Plateau c. Deccan Plateau

1. What is the Himadri? Name some peaks found here.
2. Brief ly write about the Eastern Himalayas or the Purvachal.
3. Write about the importance of the Northern Plains.
4. Write about the importance of the Coastal Plains
5. Write a note on the Island groups of India.
Chapter 14
1. India is divided into _________ (28/29) states and ______(7/9) union territories (UTs).
2. The clothes that people wear depend on the _________(climate/population) of the region they live
in.
3. In ___________ (Sikkim/Jammu and Kashmir), women wear loose gowns fastened at the waist
called bakhu.
4. __________ (Hindi/Marathi) is spoken in Haryana, Delhi, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
5. Phulkari embroidery of ________ (Punjab/Haryana) is very famous.

1. People adapt to the physical conditions and climate of the place they live in. _______
2. All the Himalayan states have their own dance forms. _______
3. Kullu Dussehra is celebrated in Uttarakhand. _______
4. Agriculture is the primary occupation in Northern Plains. _______
5. We should value our differences as it makes our country unique. _______

1. This state has the highest population in India.
a. Uttar Pradesh b. Bihar c. Maharashtra
2. Nati is a folk dance of this state.
a. Haryana b. Punjab c. Himachal Pradesh
3. This area of India is famous for its bamboo and cane handicrafts.
a. Northeast b. Southeast c. Southwest
4. Litti-chokha is a very popular dish of this state.
a. Bihar b. Haryana c. Nagaland
5. Yakshagana is the folk dance of this state.
a. Karnataka b. Kerala c. Tamil Nadu

1. Write a note on the clothes people wear in the Himalayan states.
2. What are the food habits of people living in Himalayan states?
3. List some popular festivals celebrated by people in the states of the Northern Plains.
4. Write a note on the occupation of people in the Northern Plains.
5. How does the cultural heritage of India unite us?
Chapter 15
1. Breathing in ________ (polluted/clean) air can cause harmful diseases.
2. Smoke from vehicles cause _________ (water/air) pollution.
3. Loudspeakers played at ______________ (high/low) volume cause noise pollution.
4. ______________ (Noise/Air) pollution also leads to acid rain.
5. ____________ (Ozone layer/Clouds) prevents us from the harmful rays of the sun.

1. Land pollution reduces the fertility of soil. _______
2. Water pollution causes respiratory diseases. _______
3. Wastes dumped into water bodies are washed away without causing any pollution. _______
4. Airplanes, jets and helicopters also cause noise pollution. _______
5. Smoke filters used in power plants can reduce air pollution. _______

1. It does not cause air pollution.
a. Vehicle horn b. Bonfire c. Volcanic eruption
2. It does not cause land pollution.
a. Excessive use of pesticides b. Accidental oil spills c. Automobile smoke
3. Steady rise in the Earth’s average temperature due to harmful gases is known as this.
a. Global burning b. Global warming c. Earth warming
4. It is a water-borne disease.
a. Anxiety b. Asthma c. Jaundice
5. Noise pollution may also result in
a. lung cancer b. skin disease c. loss of hearing

1. What is air pollution? What are its effects?
2. What is the importance of Ozone layer?
3. What is water pollution?
4. What is noise pollution? What are the effects of noise pollution?
5. Write three ways to prevent water pollution.
Chapter 16
1. We should ______________ (separate/mix) wastes before disposing.
2. Waste management is the best way to ______________ (deteriorate/conserve) environment.
3. The _________ (green/blue) bin is meant for biodegradable wastes.
4. ______________ (Plastic bottle/Fruit) is a biodegradable waste.
5. We must prefer to use ______________ (cloth/plastic) bags.

1. We should buy products which can be reused such as rechargeable batteries. ______
2. We should dispose all waste material in one dustbin. ______
3. Reducing the amount of waste we produce is the best way to help the environment. ______
4. We must carry reusable bags for shopping. ______
5. The goal of the three R’s is to prevent waste and conserve natural resources. ______
C. Match the following.

1. Reduce a. donate old clothes and toys to the needy
2. Reuse b. buy things only if we need them
3. Recycle c. for disposing non-biodegradable wastes
4. Blue bin d. for disposing biodegradable wastes
5. Green bin e. make new things from waste products

1. What do you understand by biodegradable waste? Give few examples.
2. What kind of waste is matter of great concern? Why?
3. Write three steps to reduce generation of waste.
4. Write three ways to reuse things.
5. Name some common items that can be recycled.
Answers to Worksheets
Chapter 1
A. 1. past 2. family 3. recent 4. ancient 5. why
B. 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. T
C. 1. b 2. a 3. a 4. c 5. b
D. 1. History attempts to understand the past. It helps us to know why and when an event occurred in the
past. It also helps to know why something changed while something else did not.
If we know and understand the past, we also understand the present better. It also prepares us to know
how things will get affected in the future.
Studying history helps us to understand different people, cultures, traditions, places, nations and so on.
It gives us a new outlook to see things.
2. Various events take place at different times in a family which change certain things. For example,
events like birth, adoption or death of family members may change the size of a family.
With time certain things change, while some things do not change and continue as it is. For example,
the way we dress up now is different from the way our grandparents used to dress, while customs like
wishing and respecting elders are still retained.
3. Time is divided into past, present and future for easy understanding. Similarly, history is divided by
the historians into periods of time for easy understanding.
4. History is broadly divided into three periods—ancient period, medieval period and modern period.
Ancient period consists of the history of the oldest times, since the beginning of human species to
early empires.
Medieval period consists of the history of the times in between ancient and modern period.
Modern period consists of the history of the recent times.
5. The ancient period in Indian history begins with the Indus Valley Civilization and lasts till around the
8th century.
The medieval period in Indian history begins around the 8th century and lasts till the 18th century.
The modern period in Indian history starts in the latter half of the 18th century, from the time the
British began to gain control over parts of India.This period is considered to last till around the 1990s.
Chapter 2
A. 1. excavation 2. Golden 3. artefacts 4. Monuments 5. Historians
B. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. F
C. 1. b 2. c 3. a 4. c 5. c
D. 1. Archaeologists and historians play a vital role in making history interesting and informative for us.
Archaeologists dig and restore artefacts from ancient ruins to study the past. For this they have to work
on the sites of ancient ruins. They study history through material remains like monuments, ruins of
buildings, and artefacts like weapons, furniture, pottery, coins and jewellery. So, it can be said that they
find out physical evidences of history.
Historians study the past methodically by using the evidences which archaeologists discover, like
remains of artefacts, written accounts and buildings.Then they interpret or develop the picture of the
past in a logical manner. Their work helps us to know about the lives of the people in the past.
Both the archaeologists and the historians maintain records of their work so that it is helpful for the
people in the present as well future generation to understand history.
2. Archaeological sources are the things built or created by people in the past, such as monuments,
inscription, artefacts like coins, tools, pottery and so on.
Archaeological sources are particularly useful to study a period in time for which there are no written
records. Buildings of the past tell us about the people of the times and also how they lived. We learn
about the society, religious practices and various other things about earlier times. For example, the
Sun Temple at Konark in Odisha gives us fascinating details about the sculpture, architecture and
engineering of 13th century India.
Inscriptions tell about the kings, their decisions or their achievements. For example, we get to know
a lot about King Ashoka through the inscriptions belonging to his time.
Many artefacts provided information like the religion people followed then, their trade and economy,
the metals and materials they were familiar with or the animals that lived during that time. For
example, the locations where ancient coins were found tell about the extent of a king’s territory or
the presence of trade.
3. In ancient times, foreign travellers came to India and wrote about their experiences.The travel diaries
of the Chinese travellers, Fa-Hien and Hiuen Tsang, are rich sources of information for historians.
Fa-Hien wrote in detail about the times of the Guptas, the period which was known as the ‘Golden
Age of Ancient India’. Hiuen Tsang, who is described as the ‘Prince of Pilgrims’, wrote in detail about
India during the rule of King Harshavardhana. The writings described the dresses of the people, the
food they ate, the festivals they celebrated and the monuments that were built.
4. Literary sources are the written texts from the past. People in ancient times wrote on the bark of trees,
palm leaves, wooden tablets and later, on paper too. These written texts are the sources that give us
information about the way of life in the past.
Literary sources can be broadly divided into three categories—religious writings, biographies and
autobiographies, and accounts of foreign travellers.
5. Immovable sources of history like monuments, caves and other buildings are protected by the
Archaeological Survey of India. Movable sources, like artefacts, are preserved in various museums.
Every state has a museum which preserves the valuable historical evidences that historians and
archaeologists have found over a period of time.
The sources of history are very important for understanding the life and times of the past and to know
the story of human development. Therefore, they need to be protected and preserved.
Chapter 3
A. 1. backwards 2. before 3. sun, moon 4. Julian 5. 400
B. 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. F
C. 1. a 2. c 3. a 4. c 5. b
D. 1. When the dates of an event are arranged in an order, starting with the earliest and ending with the
latest date or time, it is known as a timeline. A timeline is important because it helps to understand
the exact order of the events and makes the study of history easier.
2. A decade, a century and a millennium are special terms to refer to some time periods. A period of
10 years is called a decade. A period of 100 years is called a century. A period of 1000 years is called a
millennium.
3. The Saka calendar is a lunisolar calendar. In the Saka calendar, the months are based on the moon’s
movement around the Earth but the year is based on the Earth’s course around the sun. So, it is a
lunisolar calendar.
4. Calendar is an important tool to know about time in terms of date, days, weeks, months and years.We
use a regular calendar to mark various events like birthdays, anniversaries, festivals holidays and so on.
Thus it helps us to organize various social, religious or official events in a particular year.
5. A regular calendar is different from a special calendar called the almanac. An almanac is a special
calendar of a year that maintains events meant for specific groups of people like the farmers, sailors,
astronomers and so on. It may include information such as the time of sunrise and sunset, the phases
of the moon, tides, weather forecasts and so on. A school almanac is different from a regular calendar
as it marks the various events, competitions, excursions, class picnics, annual concert, fete and so on of
a school.
Chapter 4
A. 1. problems 2. Duties 3. duty 4. neighbourhood 5. responsibilities
B. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F
C. 1. a 2. a 3. c 4. b 5. b
D. 1. We enjoy certain privileges or freedom as a member of a family, neighbourhood, school or a country.
These are called our rights. Along with rights, we also have some responsibilities. These are called our
duties.
Rights refer to the freedom we enjoy. As a child, we have the freedom to:
• play
• have good education
• make new friends and have fun
• voice our opinion
• visit various places
When we grow up, our rights include:
• freedom of speech
• freedom to buy or build a house
• freedom to follow a religion of our choice
• freedom to work
• freedom to marry and settle down
Duties refer to the things that we are expected to do. As a child, our duties include things such as:
• following rules in the classroom
• not being wasteful and helping to recycle products
• doing our homework
• keeping our room neat and tidy
• keeping the surroundings clean
• maintaining discipline
With time, our duties increase.They include our duties towards our fellow citizens and the nation too.
(Accept any three of each.)
2. Certain fixed ways in which any group or organization functions are called its rules. When we join
any group, we accept these rules and try to work according to them. Rules are important as they
help any group or organization to function smoothly and peacefully. Even our country functions
according to certain rules.
3. A member of a country is called its citizen.
The most common way to become a citizen of a country is by being born in that country. There are
also other ways to become a citizen. For example, if a person moves to another country, stays there for
a certain period of time and follows the rules of that country, then she/he can become the citizen of
that country.
4. Civic sense is a sense of concern for any other human being as well as for our surroundings. It is a
sense which makes a person a good citizen of a country. It indicates that a person performs her/his
duty very well. People who follow the civic sense are called civilized.
5. The following are the qualities of a good citizen:
• learns to fulfill own responsibilities as well take care of others. These qualities help to develop a
bond of unity, brotherhood and belongingness.
• understands that the rights of others are equally important as her/his rights.
• performs her/his duties with honesty and cooperates with people who do their own duty.
• understands and welcomes people who are different from her/him.
• does not break rules for personal gains. She/he understands that the laws and rules are made for
better life of all the citizens of the country.
(Accept any three of these or any relevant answers.)
Chapter 5
A. 1. private 2. five 3. ballot 4. public 5. leaders
B. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. F
C. 1. b 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. c
D. 1. Places and things that are not owned by any one person, but are used by all the people in the country
are called public property. They are built and maintained by the government for the use and benefit
of the public (people). Some examples of public property are roads, bridges, parks, buses, railways,
hospitals, historical buildings and so on
2. To help maintain our public property, a citizen should not do certain things.
• Do not spit on or litter public places.
• Do not spoil the walls of monuments by scribbling on them.
• Do not damage the seats, windows and other parts of buses and trains.
• Do not damage the street lamps.
(Accept these or any relevant answers.)
3. Things and places that are owned by a particular person are called private property. Our house, car,
clothes, notebooks and so on belong to us and are our private property. They cannot be used by any
other person without our permission.
It is the responsibility of the person who owns the private property to take care of them. At the same
time, all the people also need to be careful so as not to damage anybody’s private property.
4. If all the people in a country are allowed to function the way they want, there will be chaos all
around.The country cannot develop in such a situation and its people will suffer.Therefore, people of
a country choose some leaders, who they consider as capable to work for the welfare of the country.
The leaders of a country are chosen by the process of election. After getting elected, these leaders get
together to form a government to run the country smoothly. Therefore, holding an election is very
important.
5. Holding an election in a country requires a lot of planning and preparation. In our country, a body
called Election Commission plans and holds the elections. It announces the dates of elections and
ensures that elections are conducted in fair manner. The result of the election is also announced by
the Election Commission.
Chapter 6
A. 1. southern 2. 21 June 3. 24 hours 4. Revolution 5. tilt
B. 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. T
C. 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. a
D. 1. The Earth takes 365 days and 6 hours to complete one revolution around the sun. For convenience,
a year is considered to be having 365 days. The extra 6 hours are set off every year till it becomes one
full day in the fourth year (6 + 6 + 6 + 6 = 24 hours; 24 hours = one day).This extra one day is added
to February every fourth year. February has 28 days but in the fourth year, when a day is added, it has
29 days and this year gets 366 days. The year February has 29 days is called a leap year.
2. Rotation Revolution
• The spinning of the Earth on its own axis is • The movement of the Earth around the sun
called rotation. on its orbit is called revolution.
• The Earth takes about 24 hours to complete • The Earth takes 365 days and 6 hours to
one rotation. complete one revolution.
• The rotation of the Earth causes day and • The revolution of the Earth causes change
night. of seasons.
3. Summer solstice indicates the longest day in either the northern or the southern hemisphere of
the Earth. When any of the hemispheres is tilted towards the sun, it gets direct rays of the sun and
experiences summer. The days are longer because of the exposure to sun’s rays for longer time.
The northern hemisphere experiences summer solstice on 21 June, while the southern hemisphere
experiences summer solstice on 22 December.
4. In the course of its revolution, there are times when the Earth is in such a position that both the
hemispheres get equal rays of the sun. 21 March and 23 September are the two days when the sun
shines directly over the equator. On these days, both the hemispheres have equal days and nights.This
is called equinox.
In the southern hemisphere, equinox of 21 March is called autumn equinox and the equinox of 23
September is called spring equinox.
5. It is because of the tilt of the Earth that the North Pole and South Pole alternately experience
continuous daylight and darkness for six months. The North Pole receives sunlight for six months
during the time the northern hemisphere is tilted towards the sun. During these six months, the
South Pole is under darkness.When the southern hemisphere is tilted towards the sun, the South Pole
receives six months of continuous daylight and the North Pole is under darkness for continuous six
months.
Chapter 7
A. 1. biosphere 2. Desert 3. plateau 4. mountains 5. Ozone
B. 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T
C. 1. c 2. b 3. b 4. c 5. a
D. 1. The atmosphere extends to more than 10,000 km above the Earth’s surface.
Atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds the Earth. It is a mixture of many gases such as nitrogen,
oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and helium. It also contains dust and water vapour.The gases in the
atmosphere are necessary for living beings to survive on the Earth.The atmosphere traps the necessary
heat from the sun to keep the Earth warm. It is divided into many layers. One such layer contains the
ozone layer, which protects all living beings on the Earth from the harmful rays of the sun. Changes
in the atmosphere produce changes in weather and climate.
2. Hydrosphere includes all forms of water found on the Earth. More than three-fourth of the Earth is
covered with water. It is found on the surface of the Earth in the form of rivers, seas, oceans, ponds,
lakes and streams. It is found underground in the form of groundwater that we get from wells and
tube wells. It is found in the frozen form in glaciers and ice caps. It is also found in air in the form of
moisture.
3. A plateau is an area of raised land with a f lat top. It is also known as tableland as it looks like a table.
4. A mountain is a raised level of land with sloping sides and a sharp peak. Very high mountains are
usually covered with snow all-round the year. A small mountain is called a hill. A chain of mountains
is known as a mountain range. The Himalayas in the north of our country is a mountain range.
5. Water bodies that flow from mountains to plains are called rivers. Many of the rivers end in a sea.
Small rivers which flow down a hill or mountain are called streams. Many streams join together to
form a large river.
A large water body that is surrounded by land on all sides is called a lake. It is usually a low-lying area
where water gets collected either by rain, river or glacier. It is different from river as water does not
flow from the lake.
Chapter 8
A. 1. physical 2. legend 3. left, right 4. limited space 5. Blue
B. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T
C. 1. a 2. a 3. a 4. b 5. c
D. 1. Almost all maps include certain basic elements that provide the reader with important information.
The elements of the map include the scale, north line (direction), signs, symbols and colours, and a
key or a legend.
2. Maps are of various types and provide different kinds of information.
Maps that show natural features of the Earth’s surface like plains, mountains, plateaus, rivers, seas and
oceans are known as physical maps. Physical maps are also called relief maps.
Maps that show the villages, towns, cities, states and countries of the world with their boundaries are
known as political maps.
Some maps give specific information about population, soil type, temperature, rainfall and so on.They
are called thematic maps.
3. On a map, north direction is shown at the top with the sign of an arrow with its tip marked with
letter ‘N’. It is called the north line. If we know where north is, we can easily find the other cardinal
directions, like east, west and south, and also intermediate directions like north-east (NE), south-east
(SE), south-west (SW) and north-west (NW).
4. It is not possible to show the actual size of places on a map. So, when places are drawn on a map,
the distance between the places is reduced. Hence, a map is much smaller than the area shown by it.
A scale is used to draw a map. The scale of a map shows the relationship or ratio between the actual
distance on the ground and the distance shown on a map.
5. We can calculate actual distance between two places using scale of a map. For example, the distance
between Delhi and Amritsar is 400 kilometres on the ground. But, on the map, the distance between
these two places is only 4 cm. This means that on the map the scale will show, 1 cm = 100 km
(dividing 400 by 4). This is known as the scale of a map.
Chapter 9
A. 1. high 2. Jammu 3. Nagaland 4. Tlawng 5. Uttarakhand
B. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. T
C. 1. a 2. a 3. a 4. a 5. c
D. 1. The states in the Himalayan region comprise of landforms like plains, valleys, high mountains and
many rivers. Glaciers are also found in some of the states of this region.
2. Conifers like pine, fir and deodar grow in Jammu and Kashmir. Conifers are trees which are conical
in shape, with drooping branches and needle-like leaves. These features of the trees enable the snow
to slide off. Chinar, poplar, willow, mulberry and walnut are the other trees found in the valley.
3. Uttarakhand is another state located in the northern part of India. Some parts of Uttarakhand lie at
the foothills of the Himalayan mountain ranges.
4. Meghalaya is located in the north-eastern region of the country. Its neighbouring state is Assam.
5. The major rivers that f low through Himachal Pradesh are Chenab, Beas, Satluj, Ravi and Yamuna.
Chapter 10
A. 1. fertile 2. Chandigarh 3. plain 4. Chandigarh 5. Uttar Pradesh
B. 1. F 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T
C. 1. a 2. a 3. b 4. b 5. a
D. 1. The states of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Assam, and the UTs of Delhi
and Chandigarh lie in the Northern Plains.
2. Agra, Mathura, Prayagraj (Allahabad), Kanpur,Varanasi, Noida and Ghaziabad are few important cities
of Uttar Pradesh.
3. Chandigarh is a UT of India. It borders the states of Haryana and Punjab and serves as the capital of
these two states also.
Rivers: No river f lows through Chandigarh.
Vegetation: Neem, keekar, khair and shisham are commonly found trees in Chandigarh.
4. Dispur is the capital of Assam. Guwahati and Dibrugarh are other important cities of the state.
5. Neighbouring states of Haryana are Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi
and Punjab.
Chapter 11
A. 1. f lat 2. Jaipur 3. western 4. central 5. Ranchi
B. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. T
C. 1. a 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. a
D. 1. Broadly, states in western India experience mild and pleasant winters and hot and dry summers. Some
areas receive good amount of rainfall while some areas remain dry.
2. Rajasthan is located in the north-western region of India. Its neighbouring states are Gujarat, Madhya
Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab.
3. The UT of Dadra and Nagar Haveli is located in the western part of India. Its neighbouring states are
Gujarat and Maharashtra.
4. Vegetation: Different regions of Gujarat have either shrubs, grasslands or patches of forest land.
Agriculture: Crops such as cotton, sugarcane, bajra and maize are grown here.
5. Bhopal is the capital city of Madhya Pradesh. Its other important cities are Indore, Jabalpur, Gwalior
and Ujjain.
Chapter 12
A. 1. Telangana 2. western 3. Mumbai 4. western 5. Bengaluru
B. 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T
C. 1. a 2. c 3. a 4. a 5. a
D. 1. Maharashtra is located on the western coast of southern part of India. The neighbouring states and
UTs of Maharashtra are Telangana, Goa, Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, and Dadra and Nagar
Haveli. The state is bounded by the Arabian Sea to its west.
2. Rivers: Rivers Kavery, Krishna and Tungabhadra f low through the state of Karnataka.
Vegetation: Sandalwood, teak, rosewood, jungle jack, bamboo, mango, coconut and white cedar are
some of the common trees found in Karnataka.
Agriculture: Sugarcane, ragi, rice, coffee and pulses are the main crops grown in Karnataka.
3. Thiruvananthapuram is the capital of Kerala. Allapphuza, Kochi, Munnar, Calicut and Kottayam are
its other important cities.
4. The capital of Odisha is Bhubaneswar. The other important cities are Cuttack, Puri, Rourkela, and
Sambalpur.
5. Lakshadweep Islands is a group of 36 islands in the Arabian Sea. It is located to the west of the Indian
mainland.
Chapter 13
A. 1. six 2. 3 3. Himadri 4. southernmost 5. tributary
B. 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. F
C. 1. a 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. a
D. 1. The Himadri is the highest and the northernmost range of the Himalayas. It consists of many peaks
of height 6000 metres and above. The highest peak in the world, Mt Everest, having an altitude of
8848 metres is located in the Himadri range. Mt K-2 (also known as Godwin Austen), Kanchenjunga,
Nanda Devi and Namcha Barwa are the other high mountains of the Greater Himalayas.
2. The Eastern Himalayas or the Purvachal is a range of the Himalayas in northeast India.The Himalayas
extend in northeast India forming low hills ranging between 1500 metres to 3000 metres in height.
The Patkai hills, the Naga hills, the Manipur hills and the Mizo hills together form the Purvachal.This
region gets heavy rainfall during the monsoon season and hence is covered with thick forests.
3. The following is the importance of the Northern Plains:
• The Northern Plains get sufficient rainfall. So we find many rivers, streams and lakes in this region.
• It has fertile soil and thus is suitable for agriculture. It is also known as the ‘Food bowl of India’.
• The flat land helps in laying roads and railway lines without any difficulty.
• It supports large population.
4. The following is the importance of the Coastal Plains:
• Eastern coastal plains have very fertile soil, which is good for agriculture.
• Fishing is the major occupation of the people on the west coast and they sell fish to other countries.
• The beaches of the coastal plains are places of tourist attraction.
• The seaports like Mumbai, Kandla,Vishakhapatnam, on the coastal plains help in the development
of trade with other countries.
5. India has two groups of islands– the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the Lakshadweep Islands.The
Andaman and Nicobar Islands are located in the Bay of Bengal. Only some of the islands here are
inhabited.The Lakshadweep Islands lie in the Arabian Sea. Minicoy is the largest island here. Here also,
only some of the islands are inhabited.
Chapter 14
A. 1. 28, 9 2. climate 3. Sikkim 4. Hindi 5. Punjab
B. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T
C. 1. a 2. c 3. a 4. a 5. a
D. 1. People of the Himalayan states wear long robes which are made of wool and shawls to protect
themselves from the extreme cold climate. Men wear woollen caps and women wear woollen or silk
scarves to cover their head. In Jammu and Kashmir, men and women wear phiran, a long woollen
kurta. In Himachal Pradesh, women wear kurtas with skirts and churidars and cover their heads with
scarves called dhazu. Men wear kurta pyjamas and caps with colourful borders called Himachali caps.
In Sikkim, women wear loose gowns fastened at the waist called bakhu.They also wear colourful bead
jewellery.
2. The people in the Himalayan region have mutton, chicken or fish prepared in spices such as saffron
and cinnamon. Rice forms a main part of the meal. Famous vegetarian dishes include roasted potatoes
in curd-based gravy and paneer in a thick sauce.
3. The Northern Plains get adequate rainfall that results in good yield of crops every year. Hence the
people celebrate many harvest festivals like Makar Sankranti, Holi, Baisakhi, Lohri and Magh Bihu.
Other than the harvest festivals, the region celebrates religious festivals like Raksha Bandhan,
Janamashtami, Chatth Puja, Diwali, Dussehra, Eid, Gurupurab and Shivratri.
4. The Northern Plains have fertile soil which is very good for cultivation. Agriculture is the primary
occupation here. People of Northern Plains also work in textile and other manufacturing industries.
Many people of the plains are a part of the art and craft industry.
5. India has a very rich cultural heritage. We share the same history. Indians from every corner of India
took part in the Independence movement. This has made us realize that we all belong to the same
nation. The fact that we all appreciate our traditional style of architecture, dance, drama, music and
painting has also united us as one. Bhangra, which is a folk dance of Punjab, is very popular across India.
Garba, originally from Gujarat, is now enjoyed in the neighbouring states too. We enjoy the Carnatic
and Hindustani classical music equally. Moreover, the common languages, English and Hindi, allow us
to communicate with people across the country.
Chapter 15
A. 1. polluted 2. air 3. high 4. Air 5. Ozone layer
B. 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T
C. 1. a 2. c 3. b 4. c 5. c
D. 1. When unwanted harmful substances such as smoke, gases and particles are added in the air, it is
referred to as air pollution. The following are some of the effects of air pollution.
• Diseases like asthma, bronchitis or permanent lung damage
• Watery eyes, headache and difficulty in breathing
• Coughing and wheezing in children
• Rise in the Earth’s average temperature. It is known as global warming
• Damage to the ozone layer present in the atmosphere, which protects us from the harmful rays of
the sun
• Acid rain or polluted rain that can harm living beings, forests, crops and even buildings.
2. Ozone layer protects all living beings on the Earth from the harmful rays of the sun.
3. When unwanted harmful substances such as sewage, chemicals and waste materials are added in water,
it is called water pollution.
4. Undesired high level of sound above the normal level is called noise pollution. High sound levels
around us can cause:
• Irritation, headache and anxiety
• Lack of sleep
• Temporary or permanent loss of hearing
5. Water pollution can be prevented by adopting following measures.
• Stop throwing waste material into the water bodies.
• Stop washing dirty clothes in the water bodies.
• Treat industrial waste and sewage before releasing them into the water bodies.
• Use fewer chemicals while farming.
(Accept any three of these or any relevant response.)
Chapter 16
A. 1. separate 2. conserve 3. green 4. Fruit 5. cloth
B. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. T
C. 1. b 2. a 3. e 4. c 5. d
D. 1. These are the wastes that can rot and mix easily with soil. Some examples of biodegradable wastes are
vegetables, fruits, leaves, wood, bread, paper and cloth.
2. Non-biodegradable waste is a matter of great concern. These are the wastes that do not rot easily and
do not mix with soil. This waste is harmful to nature. Glass, rubber, metals and plastic are examples of
such waste.
3. We can take the following steps to reduce generation of waste.
• Buy things only if we need them.
• Use products with less packaging.
• Use washable plates and cups instead of disposable ones in parties or while travelling.
• Use reusable cloth napkins to wipe our hands instead of paper napkins.
• Avoid using plastic bags. Use own cloth bags while shopping.
• Buy products which can be reused such as rechargeable batteries.
(Accept any three of these or any other relevant response.)
4. Instead of throwing things away as garbage, we can find ways to use them again.
• Plastic bottles, cans and jars can be reused to store other things.
• Gift wrapping paper can be reused to wrap another gift.
• Donate old clothes and toys to the needy.
• Old story books and school books can be given to a library or to the needy.
• Old magazines and newspapers can be used to do craft work.
• Use pages left in old notebooks to do rough work.
• Use both sides of paper to write.
(Accept any three of these or any other relevant response.)
5. Some of the common items that can be recycled are glass, metals, paper, plastics, batteries and rubber.

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Chapter-wise Worksheets

B. Write T for true and F for false sentences.

C. Tick () the correct answers.

D. Answer the following questions.

B. Write T for true and F for false sentences.

C. Tick () the correct answers.

D. Answer the following questions.

B. Write T for true and F for false sentences.

C. Tick () and write the correct answers.

D. Answer the following questions.

B. Write T for true and F for false sentences.

C. Tick () and write the correct answers.

D. Answer the following questions.

B. Write T for true and F for false sentences.

C. Tick () the correct answers.

D. Answer the following questions.

B. Write T for true and F for false sentences.

C. Tick () the correct answers.

D. Answer the following questions.

B. Write T for true and F for false sentences.

C. Tick () the correct answers.

D. Answer the following questions.

B. Write T for true and F for false sentences.

C. Tick () the correct answers.

D. Answer the following questions.

B. Write T for true and F for false sentences.

C. Tick () the correct answers.

D. Answer the following questions.

B. Write T for true and F for false sentences.

C. Tick () the correct answers.

D. Answer the following questions.

B. Write T for true and F for false sentences.

C. Tick () the correct answers.

D. Answer the following questions.

B. Write T for true and F for false sentences.

C. Tick () the correct answers.

D. Answer the following questions.

B. Write T for true and F for false sentences.

C. Tick () the correct answers.

D. Answer the following questions.

B. Write T for true and F for false sentences.

C. Tick () the correct answers.

D. Answer the following questions.

B. Write T for true and F for false sentences.

C. Tick () the correct answers.

D. Answer the following questions.

B. Write T for true and F for false sentences.

C. Match the following.

D. Answer the following questions.

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