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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paper 1
Algebraic Expressions 2
Equations and Inequalities 5
Exponents 9
Number Patterns 11
Finance, Growth and Decay 12
Functions and Graphs 14
Probability 19
Paper 2
Trigonometry 21
Euclidean Geometry 25
Analytical Geometry 27
Statistics 30
www
www
Grade 10 Maths Essentials
Algebraic Expressions SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
TERMINOLOGY: PRODUCTS
1. Monomial by a Polynomial 4. Difference of Two Squares 6. Mixed Questions
Numerical Coefficient: the number in front of a Use the distributive law The two binomials are the same except the sign in Follow BODMAS;
variable. one is a plus and in the other is a minus. The outer 1. Simplify in brackets if possible
EXAMPLE and inners are then additive inverses of each other 2. Square binomial, FOIL or binomial by Trinomial
Variable: an algebraic letter(s) used to represent un- 2a 2 (3a 2 + 4a b − a 3c)
so answer is only first squared minus last squared. 3. Distribution
known(s). 4. Add or subtract like terms.
= (2a 2 × 3a 2 ) + (2a 2 × 4a b) + (2a 2 × −a 3c)
EXAMPLE
Constant: the numerical term = 6a 4 + 8a 3b − 2a 5c
(3a − 2b)(3a + 2b)
EXAMPLE
= − 2a 5c + 6a 4 + 8a 3b 4x (4x y − 16y + 12) − (2x + y)(x − y)
= (3a)2 − (2b)2
Algebraic Expression: a mathematical expression
= 9a 2 − 4b 2 = 4x (4x y − 16y + 12) − (2x 2 − 2x y + x y − y 2 )
made up of one or more terms separated by addition 2. Binomial by Binomial
(+) or subtraction (–). = 16x 2 y − 64x y + 48x − 2x 2 + 2x y − x y + y 2
Use FOIL method (Firsts, Outers, Inners, Lasts)
EXAMPLE = − 2x 2 + 16x 2 y + 48x − 63x y + y 2
Polynomial: an algebraic expression where the
(5x − 7y 2 )(5x + 7y 2 )
EXAMPLE
exponent(s) on the variable(s) are natural numbers.
(a − b)(x + y)
= 25x 2 − 49y 4 EXAMPLE
Monomial e.g. 4 or 2a 2 b c (one term) = 3(a 2 + 3a − 10) − 2(a 2 − 6a + 9) + 2(a 2 − 4)
Binomial e.g. 6x + 2y (two terms) = (a × x) + (a × y) + (−b × x) + (−b × y)
EXAMPLE = 3a 2 + 9a − 30 − 2a 2 + 12a − 18 + 2a 2 − 8
Trinomial e.g. 6x 2 − 5x + 4 (three terms) F O I L
[(a − b) + 5][(a − b) − 5]
= 3a 2 + 21a − 56
= a x + ay − bx − by
= (a − b)2 − 25
Degree: is the highest value of an exponent of a
specific variable in an algebraic expression. = a 2 − 2a b + b 2 − 25
EXAMPLE
(e.g. 7x 3 − 3x y + 8x 6 + 4 has the sixth degree in x
(2x + y)(3x − 4y)
and first degree in y) 5. Binomial by a Trinomial
= (2x × 3x) + (2x × −4y) + (y × 3x) + (y × −4y) Multiply each term in the binomial by each term in
Like Terms: are terms with the same variable(s)
= 6x 2 − 8x y + 3x y − 4y 2 (add like terms) the trinomial and the add like terms.
with the same exponents, the coefficients may differ. = 6x 2 − 5x y − 4y 2
1 EXAMPLE
(e.g. 6a 2 b and − a 2 b ) (a − 2)(a 2 − a + 1)
2 3. Squaring a Binomial
Step 1: Square the first term = a (a 2 ) + a (−a) + a (1) − 2(a 2 ) − 2(−a) − 2(1)
Unlike Terms: are terms where the
Step 2: Multiple the first term by the second term
= a 3 − a 2 + a − 2a 2 + 2a − 2
variables are different. and double it
= a 3 − 3a 2 + 3a − 2
(e.g. 2x , 2x 2 and 3x y ) Step 3: Square the last term.
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
( p + q)( p 2 − p q + q 2 )
( p + 2r)2
SIMPLIFYING ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS = p3 − p2q + p q2 + p2q − p q2 + q3
= ( p)2 + ( p × 2r) × 2 + (2r)2
Follow BODMAS rule but can only add or subtract like = p 3 + q 3 (sum of 2 cubes)
= p 2 + 4pr + 4r 2
terms and write answer with variables in alphabetical
order and terms in descending order of powers. EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
(3a − 2b)(9a 2 + 6a b + 4b 2 )
(3a − 4b)2
EXAMPLE = 27a 3 + 18a 2 b + 12a b 2 − 18a 2 b − 12a b 2 − 8b 3
Simplify the following: = (3a)2 + (3a × −4b) × 2 + (−4b)2
= 27a 3 − 8b 3 (difference of 2 cubes)
1. 6b c a − 7a b c + 4a 2 b c − 3c a b + b c a 2
= 9a 2 − 24a b + 16b 2
= b c a 2 + 4a 2 b c + 6b c a − 7a b c − 3c a b
= 5a 2 b c − 4a b c
NOTE: the second step in these examples is
not usually shown.
2. 6x − 4x 2 − 8x + x 3 − x 2 + 7x − 3x 3
= − 3x 3 + x 3 − 4x 2 − x 2 + 6x − 8x + 7x
= − 2x 3 − 5x 2 + 5x
2
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Grade 10 Maths Essentials
Algebraic Expressions SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
( 8a + 27 )
3 3 3 (x − 3)(x + 2) 5. Carry out the products in the numerator and add like terms.
=
6. Factorise numerator if possible and cancel any like factors.
(x − 3)(x + 3)
= (2a + 3) 3x 2 3 3x 3a − 4 4a
(x + 2) 1. − −
2. −
=
2 3a 2−a −4 a 2 − 2a − 3
2. Second bracket (trinomial): x −x −6 x −3 x + 2
(x + 3)
a. square first term 3x 2 3 3x (3a − 4) 4a
= − −
= −
b. 1st term x 2nd term with opposite sign to 1st (3a − 4)(a + 1) (a − 3)(a + 1)
term (x − 3)(x + 2) (x − 3) (x + 2)
12y − 4x −4x 2 + 14x y − 10y 2 1(a − 3) 4a
c. add 2nd term squared
2. ×
3x 2 − 3x − 6 − 3x 2 + 9x = −
12x − 30y 8x − 24y
(2a)2 − (2a × 3) + (3)2
=
(a + 1)(a − 3) (a + 1)(a − 3)
(x − 3)(x + 2)
2.a. 2.b. 2.c.
−4(x − 3y) −2(2x 2 − 7x y + 5y 2 ) 1(a − 3) − 4a
= (4a2 − 6a + 9)
= ×
6x − 6 =
6(2x − 5y) 8(x − 3y) =
(a + 1)(a − 3)
(x − 3)(x + 2)
8a 3 + 27 = (2a + 3)(4a 2 − 6a + 9) 8(2x − 5y)(x − y) −3a − 3
=
6(x − 1) =
48(2x − 5y) = (a + 1)(a − 3)
(x − 3)(x + 2)
EXAMPLES: (x − y) −3(a + 1)
=
=
1. 8h 3 − 125g 3
6 (a + 1)(a − 3)
= (2h − 5g )(4h 2 + 10g h + 25g 2 )
−3
=
a 2 − a b − 2b 2 a 2 − 4a b + 4b 2 (a − 3)
3. ÷
2. 24t 3 + 1029
a 2 + 2a b + b 2 a+ b
= 3(8t 3 + 343)
3. Restrictions on Fractions
= 3(2t + 7)(4t 2 − 14t + 49)
(a − 2b)(a + b) (a − 2b)2 All fractions with variables in their denominators will have restrictions, as a denominator
= ÷
(a + b)2 (a + b) may not equal zero. If the denominator becomes zero the fraction is undefined.
ELIMINATION: SUBSTITUTION: 4y 2x
x −y = 8 x − y = 8 ...A
Add the equations to eliminate
2x + y = 10 one of the variables 2x + y = 10 . . . B 54
3x = 18 x = y + 8 ...C 4y = 2x . . . A
18 2(y + 8) + y = 10
x = 2x + 14y = 54 . . . B
3
2y + 16 + y = 10 1
x = 6 y = x ...C
3y = 10 − 16 2
1
3y = − 6 2x + 14( x) = 54
x −y = 8 2
Substitute the value into the y = −2 2x + 7x = 54
(6) − y = 8 original equations to find the
−y = 8 − 6 y-value
x −y = 8 9x = 54
Substitute the y-value into
−y = 2
x − (−2) = 8 equation A to find the x-value x = 6 Substitute the y-value into A
y = −2
x+ 2= 8 4y = 2(6)
x = 6 12
∴ (6; − 2) y =
4
∴ (6; − 2) y = 3
EXAMPLE 2
The results of simultaneous equations are the point of intersection if the equations were to be presented
graphically (x ; y). The sweet you like is reduced by R2 on a special offer. This means you can get 14 sweets for the
same price as you used to pay for 10. What is the usual price?
EXAMPLE 2
3x − 2y = 8
3x − 2y = 8 and 4x + 2y = 6
∴ 3x − 2(−2x + 3) = 8 Usual price: x
∴ 3x + 4x − 6 = 8 Special price: (x − 2)
3x − 2y = 8 . . . A
∴ 7x = 14
4x + 2y = 6 . . . B
∴x = 2 10x = 14(x − 2)
4x = 2y = 6
10x = 14x − 28
2y = − 4x + 6
y = − 2x + 3 Substitute the x-value into 28 = 14x − 10x
∴ y = − 2x − 3 . . . C
y = − 2(2) + 3 equation C to find the y-value
28 = 4x
y = −4+ 3 7= x
y = −1 ∴ (2; − 1) ∴ the usual cost of the sweet is R7.
5
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Grade 10 Maths Essentials
Equations and Inequalities SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
a.
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 –4 10
b.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
EXAMPLE 4
c.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−3 < 2x + 1 < 5; x ∈R subtract 1 from all terms
a. x < − 1 or x ≥6
−3 − 1 < 2x + 1 − 1 < 5 − 1
x ∈(−∞; − 1) or x ∈[6; ∞)
−4 < 2x < 4 divide all terms by 2
∴−2< x < 2
b. 3 < x < 6
x ∈(3; 6)
c. −∞ < x < ∞, x ≠ 3, x ≠ 6
–2 2
x ∈(−∞; ∞); x ≠ 3, x ≠ 6
6
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Grade 10 Maths Essentials
Equations and Inequalities SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
10.Multiplication of signs:
(−) × (+ )= (−)
(−) × (−)= (+ )
7
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Grade 10 Maths Essentials
Equations and Inequalities SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
15 = 4x (x + 1) = 0 or (x + 3) = 0
15 x = −1 or x = −3
x =
4 BUT x ≠ − 3 ∴ x = − 1 is the only solution
8
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Grade 10 Maths Essentials
Exponents SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
1
4x − 4 x 2 = 64 x =
3. Change 4x to prime 2
2x − 2 x = ± 8
22 x − 4 Numerator is Diff of
= 2 Squares (DOTS) 4. 2x+ 3 = 2x + 28
2x − 2
x x
(2 − 2)(2 + 2) 2x+ 3 − 2x = 28 Get powers together
= x−1 2 x+ 2
(2x − 2) 2. 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅3 − 4 = 50 Isolate powers 2 x ⋅ 23 − 2 x = 28
= 2x + 2 2 ⋅ 33x+ 1 = 50 + 4 Simplify LHS 2x (23 − 1) = 28 Factorise LHS
3x+ 1
3 = 54 ÷ 2 Divide both sides by 2 (as it has no exponent) x
2 (7) = 28 Simplify bracket & divide
33x+ 1 = 27 Get bases the same by using prime factors x
2 = 4 Change 4 to prime
21026 − 21024 33x+ 1 = 33 If bases same, exponents must be same to be = 2 x = 22
4. HCF and Law 4
22044 ∴ 3x + 1 = 3 ∴x = 2
2 1024 2
(2 − 1) Law 2 and simplify 2
= bracket x =
21022 3
= 21024−1022(4 − 1)
= 22(3)
= 12
10
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Grade 10 Maths Essentials
Number Patterns SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
TERMINOLOGY:
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
1. Consecutive: numbers or terms following directly after i. Given the sequence 3, 8, 13, … Given T6 = 8 and T9 = − 1, determine T5 A shop owner wishes to display cans of food in a
each other ii. Determine the next three terms. and T7 . triangular shape as shown in figure. There is one can
iii. Determine the general term.
in the top row, three in the second row and so on.
iv. Determine the value of the 45th term. SOLUTION
2. Common/constant difference: the difference tween two
v. Which term has the value of 403?
consecutive terms. T5; 8; T7; T8; − 1
d = T2 − T1
d = T3 − T2 SOLUTION
T7 = T6 + d
i. 18; 23; 28 = 8 + d
i. Write down the first four terms of this pattern.
3. Terms are indicated by a T and the
ii. In what type of sequence are the tins arranged?
ii. d = 8 − 3 = 5 or d = 13 − 8 = 5
position or number of the term in the pattern by a sub-
iii. Write down a formula for the term of the sequence.
T8 = T7 + d
script, e.g. term 1 is T1 or term 50 is T50 . c = T1 − d
iv.How many cans are needed for the 15th row?
= (8 + d ) + d
v.In which row will there be 27 cans?
= 3 − 5
4. General term Tn: also referred to as the nth term. = − 2
= 8 + 2d
SOLUTION
• General term for linear patterns: ∴ Tn = d n + c
T9 = T8 + d
Tn = 5n− 2 i. 1; 3; 5; 7
Tn = d n + c −1 = (8 + 2d ) + d
iii. n = 45
−9 = 3d
ii. Linear sequence
∴ T45 = 5(45) − 2
−3 = d
iii. d = 3 − 1 = 2 or d = 5 − 3 = 2
Linear Patterns: = 223
Sequences with a constant difference between the terms. c = T1 − d
iv. Tn = 403 so need to solve for n
∴ T5 = T6 − d
T7 = T6 + d
= 1 − 2
Tn = general term
= 8 − 3
and = 8 + (−3)
= − 1
Tn = d n+ c d = constant difference
Tn = 5n− 2
= 11
= 5
n = number of the term
5n− 2 = 403
∴ Tn = d n + c
5n = 405
Tn = 2n− 1
Steps to determine the nth term: ∴ n = 81
iv. t15 = 2(15) − 1
1. Find the constant difference
= 29
d = T2 − T1 = T3 − T2 EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
∴29 cans are needed for the 15th row
2. Find the c-value
Mpho is told that a sequence has a nth If the pattern “safesafesafesafe…“
v. Tn = 27
c = T1 − d term of 15n− 2 . She has to find which continues in this way what would the
2n− 1 = 27
term will be equal to 96. She is stuck
263rd letter be?
3. Substitute the c- and d-values to define the nth term. ∴ n = 14 ( ∴ 14th row)
because she keeps getting an unexpected
answer. Perform the calculations and then
SOLUTION
explain the answer
Quadractic Patterns: Note safe has 4 letters so safesafe has 8
By inspection: and safesafesafe has 12 etc.
Tn = general term
SOLUTION
a = constant difference ÷ 2
∴ 263 ÷ 4 = 65 remainder 3
2
Tn = a n + c Tn = 96
n = number of the term
∴ 15n− 2 = 96
Thus 65 safe and three more letters, the
263rd letter is f.
15n = 98
8
n= 6
15
∴ 96 is not a term in the sequence
since n ∈ℕ
11
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Grade 10 Maths Essentials
Finance - Simple and Compound Interest SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
= 14,87% p.a.
12
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Grade 10 Maths Essentials
Finance SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
R4 300
R231,30 ÷ R18,23/
= 12,69
Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3
i = 0,098 i = 0,103
A = P (1 + i ) n
= 4300(1 + 0,098)1(1 + 0,103)2 MULTIPLY when the rate changes
= R5 744,10
TYPE 3: COMBINATIONS
Jenny invests R1 500, but two and a half years later, she needs to withdraw half of the initial investment. The interest rate for the first two years
is 11% p.a. compound interest and 9% p.a. compound interest for the other 4 years. How much money will Jenny have after 6 years?
R1 500 – R750
Y0 Y1 Y2 Y2,5 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6
i = 0,011 i = 0,09
A = P (1 + i ) n
= 1500(1 + 0,011)2 (1 + 0,09)4 − 750(1 + 0,09)3,5
= R1 594,78
13
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Grade 10 Maths Essentials
Functions and Graphs SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
−4 −2
14
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Grade 10 Maths Essentials
Functions and Graphs SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
15
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Grade 10 Maths Essentials
Functions and Graphs SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
16
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Grade 10 Maths Essentials
Functions and Graphs SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
x –1 1 y = + a ⋅ b x − q
EXAMPLE:
y = − a ⋅ b + x + q, b > 1 y = − a ⋅ b + x − q, b > 1 Determine the equation of:
0< b < 1 x
y 1
y 3
3
x Table:
x –1 1
y 0 1,5
g (x) = a ⋅ b x + 2
4 = a ⋅ b0 + 2 Sub in (0; 4)
x
y = − a ⋅ b + q, 0 < b < 1 x
y = − a ⋅ b − q, 0 < b < 1
2 = a
g (x) = 2 ⋅ b x + 2
10 = 2 ⋅ b 1 + 2 Sub in (1; 10)
8= 2⋅b
Domain: x ∈ℝ
4= b
Range: y ∈(0; ∞) or y > 0 Domain: x ∈ℝ
Range: y ∈(−2; ∞) or y > − 2 ∴ g (x) = 2 ⋅ 4x + 2
17
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Grade 10 Maths Essentials
Functions and Graphs SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
GRAPH APPLICATION
DISTANCE NOTATION TRANSFORMATIONS OF GRAPHS
Steps for determining VERTICAL DISTANCE • f (x) > 0
1. Reflection in x-axis: y becomes negative (i.e. all signs
(above the line y = 0) on right hand side of equation change).
1. Determine the vertical distance
y y
Vertical distance = top graph − (bottom graph) 2. Reflection in y-axis: all x’s become negative
2. Substitute the given x-value to obtain your answer 3. Reflection in both axes: both x and y become negative
x x
4. Horizontal Shift: q changes, if up then add to q and if
down subtract from q.
A (i.e. where y is positive)
B • f (x) < 0
(below the line y = 0)
y y EXAMPLE: SOLUTIONS:
Steps for determining HORIZONTAL DISTANCE 2 a) y ∈[−1; ∞)
Sketched are the graphs of f (x) = x − 1 and
1. Find the applicable x-values
x x g (x) = x + 1.
b) x = 0
A B = xB − xA (largest − smallest)
c) x–intercept ( ∴ y = 0)
(i.e. where y is negative)
0 = x 2 = 1
0 = (x − 1)(x + 1)
A B
∴ x = 1 or x = − 1
• f (x) ⋅ g (x) ≤0
∴ A(1; 0)
d) B is y–intercept ∴ OB = 1 unit
NOTE: (one graph lies above y = 0 and one
graph lies below y = 0) e) f (x) = g (x) at C
• Distance is always positive
• Distance on a graph is measured in units x2 − 1 = x+ 1
• f (x) ≥g (x)
top bottom
x2 − x −2 = 0
(i.e. f(x) lies above g(x)) (x − 2)(x + 1) = 0
INTERSECTION OF GRAPHS
• f (x) = g (x)
QUESTIONS: x = 2 or x = − 1
Steps for determining POINTS OF INTERSECTION (point of intersection)
a) the range of f (x) y = 2+ 1 n /a
1. Equate the two functions
ROOTS & PARABOLAS b) equation of the axis of symmetry of f (x) y = 3
f (x) = g (x)
• Equal, real roots c) the coordinates of A ∴ A(2; 3)
2. Solve for x (look for the applicable x-value: A or B) y y
d) the length of OB f) OF on left side of x-axis ∴ x = − 4
3. Substitute the applicable x-value into any of the
e) the coordinates of C DE = f (−4) − g (−4)
two equations to find ‘y’
x x
f(x) DE = ((−4)2 − 1) − ((−4) + 1)
f) the length DE if OF is 4 units.
g(x) DE = 15 − (−3)
A
• Non-real/ No real roots g) for which value(s) of x is
y y
DE = 18 units
B i) f (x) ≥0
g) i. x ∈ (−∞; − 1] or [1; ∞)
x x
ii)f (x) ⋅ g (x) < 0 ii. x ∈ (−∞; − 1) or (−1; 1)
INCREASING/DECREASING iii)f (x) decreasing alt. x ∈ (−∞; 1); x ≠ − 1
• Real, unequal roots h) Give the equation of h (x) formed if g (x) is reflected iii.x ∈ (−∞; 0)
Dec
y y
in the y-axis.
g
h) h (x) = − x + 1
Dec
asin
g
asin
rea
re
s
re
x x
Inc
ing
k (x) = x 2 + 2
ing
Inc
18
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Grade 10 Maths Essentials
Probability SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
Sample
space S
Intersecting events: Union of events:
The ocean turns A coin dropped
into milkshake will land on heads
Compliment of an event A B A B
A
Not A
S S
S A and B A or B
19
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Grade 10 Maths Essentials
Probability SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
( ) ( o)
Shows the quadrants where each trig ratio is + Steps:
1 r h
90⁰ 1. Isolate the trig ratio
= cosecθ or
sin θ y
2. Determine the quadrant
o 3. Draw a sketch and use Pythagoras
sin θ = soh
(x) (a)
Opposite
A
Hy
h S 4. Answer the question 1 r h
= secθ or
po
a sin + all +
cos θ = cah cos θ
t
h
en
II I 0⁰ EXAMPLE
o 180⁰
us
(y) ( o)
a
sin2 θ + cos2 θ without using a calculator and
1 x a
T C = cotθ or
cos +
by using a diagram. tan θ
tan +
θ Step 1:
Adjacent Special Angles
270⁰ 3 sin θ − 2 = 0
2 y
These are our basic trig ratios.
EXAMPLE sin θ = 3 r r = 2 (x; y)
1. In which quadrant does θ lie if tanθ < 0 and cosθ > 0?
EXAMPLE
(0; 2)
Step 2: (1; 3)
C o BC tanθ - cosθ +
sin θ = = tanθ -
h AC cosθ + sinθ + sinθ + ( 2; 2)
a AB
90o 60o
cos θ = = tanθ - tanθ - o
h AC 45 ( 3; 1)
! o BC Quadrant IV
o
A B tan θ = = ∴ Q u a d r a nt I I 30
a AB
2. In which quadrant does θ lie if sinθ < 0 and cosθ < 0?
EXAMPLE
(2; 0)
P Step 3: 0o
cosθ -
Q sinθ - x 2 + y2 = r 2 EXAMPLE
sinθ - (x;2)
cosθ - r=3 x 2 + (2)2 = (3)2 Simplify without the use of a calculator:
y=2 x2 = 5
S Quadrant III
θ 1. tan 60∘ + cot30∘
x = ± 5
( 1 ) ( 1 )
3 3
y
On the Cartesian Plane = +
R
∴x = − 5
(x;y) = 3+ 3
1. Write down two ratios for cos R
y
a PR RS sin θ = = 2 3
cos R = = = r Step 4: sin2 θ + cos2 θ
h QR PR r y x
cos θ = 2 2
(3 ) ( 3 )
r 2 − 5
y = +
tan θ = 2. sin2 45∘ − cos2 30∘
(in △ PQR) (in △ PRS) θ x
x 4 5 2 2 3 2
( 2 ) ( 2 )
x = + Remember:
2. Write down two ratios for tan Q
9 9 y = −
sin θ = r
o PR PS 9
tan Q = = = = and 2 3
a PQ QS Remember: 9 x = −
cos θ = r
4 4
• x2 + y2 = r2 (Pythagoras) = 1
1
= −
(in △ PQR) (in △ PQS) • Angles are measured upwards from the positive (+) x-axis 4
(anti-clockwise) up to the hypotenuse (r).
21
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Grade 10 Maths Essentials
Trigonometry SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
22
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Grade 10 Maths Essentials
Trig Graphs SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
IMPORTANT!
When sketching trig graphs, you need to label the
following:
! both axes ! x- and y-intercepts
Notes for sin x and cos x : Notes for tan x :
! turning points ! endpoints (if not on the axes)
❖ Key points (intercepts/turning pts)
❖ Key points every 45°
! asymptotes (tan graph only)
every 90° ❖ Period (1 complete graph): 180°
BASICS ❖ Period (1 complete graph): 360°
❖ No amplitude can be defined
• y = sin x for x ∈[0∘; 360∘ ] ❖ Amplitude (halfway between min
❖ Asymptotes at x = 90o + k180o, k ∈ℤ
and max): 1
y
(90°; 1)
180° 360°
0° x
AMPLITUDE CHANGE VERTICAL SHIFT
(270°; -1)
• y = a . sin x or y = a . cos x or y = a . tan x • y = sin x + q or y = cos x + q or y = tan x + q
If a > 1 : stretch
If q > 0 : upwards (e.g: y = sin x + 1)
0 < a < 1 : compress
If q < 0 : downwards (e.g: y = cos x − 2)
a < 0 : reflection in x-axis
• y = cos x for x ∈[0∘; 360∘ ]
EXAMPLES EXAMPLE
y
1. y = 2 sin x
2. y = − 3 cos x
y = cos x − 1 x ∈[0∘; 360∘ ] (solid line)
(solid line) (solid line)
y = cos x (dotted line - for comparison)
(360°; 1)
y = sin x
y = cos x
(dotted line - for comparison) (dotted line - for comparison)
90° 270° * Amplitude = 1
0° x
* Range: y ∈[−2; 0]
* Amplitude = 2 * Amplitude = 3
(180°; -1) * Range: y ∈[−2; 2] * Range: y ∈[−3; 3]
y
(270°; -2)
-3 (360°; -3)
x = 90° x = 270°
23
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Grade 10 Maths Essentials
Trig Graphs SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
(270°; -3)
y
x
(0°;-1) (360°;-1)
(180°; -3)
5.
a. x ∈(0∘; 180∘ )
Remember:
A graph is positive when it
b. x ∈(180∘; 360∘ ) is above the x-axis
Remember:
6. g (x) = (1)cos x − 2
A graph is increasing when
the gradient is positive
to
y = 2 cos x + 2
24
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Grade 10 Maths Essentials
Euclidean Geometry SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS MIDPOINT OF A LINE SEGMENT GRADIENT OF A LINE COLLINEAR POINTS
The distance between two points (x1; y1) and (x 2; y2 ) The midpoint between (x1; y1) and (x 2; y2 ) is given by: The gradient of a straight line between (x1; y1) and Points on the same line, hence, gradients
is given by: x + x1 y2 + y1 (x 2; y2 ) is given by: between the points are equal.
M(x ; y) = ( 2
2 )
; y − y1
m = ( 2
x 2 − x1 )
d = (x 2 − x1)2 + (y2 − y1)2 2
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLES If T (5; 2), U (7; 4) and V (b; − 5) are
EXAMPLES REMEMBER:
collinear, calculate the value of b.
1. Determine the midpoint of P (−1; 4) and Q (4; − 2)
1. Determine the length of PQ if P(−1; 4) and
• Parallel (∥) lines: m1 = m 2 Collinear ∴ m TU = mUV
Q (4; − 2) x + x1 y2 + y1
Midpnt = ( 2
2 )
;
• Perpendicular (⊥ ) lines: m1 × m 2 = − 1 2−4 4+ 5
2 =
−1 + 4 4 − 2 • Horizontal (−) lines [y = c]: m = 0 5−7 7−b
= (
2 )
d = (x 2 − x1)2 + (y2 − y1)2
;
2 9
3 • Vertical (|) lines [x = c]: m is undefined 1=
= (−1 − 4)2 + (4 − (−2))2
= ( ; 1)
7−b
2
7−b = 9
= 61
EXAMPLE
= 7,81
2. FEGH is a parallelogram. Calculate the
b = − 2
co-ordinates of G. Given A(2; 3) and B(−3; 1).
Remember:
2. If A(1; 2), B(−1; − 5) and C (x ; − 7) and
y
in a parallelogram
A B = BC, calculate x 1. Determine the gradient of the line A B
F (4;6) the diagonals
y − y1 3−1 2
mAB = ( 2
x 2 − x1 ) ( 2 + 3 ) ( 5 )
AB = (1 + 1)2 + (2 + 5)2 = =
bisect each other,
x
= 53 H (–4;–6) ∴ M is the mid-
M
BC = (x + 1)2 + (−7 + 5)2 E (14;–10) point of F G and
E H. 2. Determine the gradient of the line parallel to
= (x + 1)2 + 4
AB
but A B = BC G (x;y) 2 For ∥ lines:
mAB = m∥ =
5 m1 = m 2
(x + 1)2 + 4 −4 + 14 −6 − 10
Midpnt of E H = ( )
∴ 53 =
;
2 2
∴ (x + 1)2 + 4 = 53
= (5; − 8)
(x + 1)2 = 49 x+ 4 y+ 6
Midpnt of F G = (
2 )
3. Determine the gradient of the line
;
x+ 1= ± 7 2 perpendicular to A B For ⊥ lines:
x = −1+ 7 or x = −1−7 x+ 4 y+ 6 Flip the fraction and
∴ = 5 and = −8 mAB × m⊥ = − 1
2 2 change the sign
x = 6 or x = −8 2
x + 4 = 10 y + 6 = − 16 × m⊥ = − 1
5
x = 6 and y = − 22 5
∴ m⊥ = −
2
∴ G (6; − 22)
27
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Grade 10 Maths Essentials
Analytical Geometry SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
y = mx + c Prove that △ L M N is right-angled
6−2 4
y mL M = = −
−2 − 3 5
gradient y-intercept 12 − 2 5
N (11;12) mNM = =
11 − 3 4
EXAMPLE y
∴ mL M × mNM
3. parallel to ST, through point R. 4 5
L (–2;6) = − ×
7 5 4
S (–4;2) mST = m∥ = −
R (6;2) 6 = −1
M (3;2)
7
∴y = − x+ c ∴ LM ⊥ MN
6 x
x ∴ △ L M N is right-angled
Sub in R(6; 2)
7
2 = − (6) + c
6 MIXED EXAMPLE 2 NOTE:
T (2;–5)
c = 9 There are 5 ways to prove a quad is a parm
7 Quadrilateral PQ R S is given 1. both pairs of opposite sides equal
y = − x+ 9
6 2. both pairs of opposite sides parallel
Determine the equation of the line:
y 3. one pair of opposite sides equal and parallel
S (–1;m)
4. perpendicular to ST, through point T.
1. ST 4. diagonals bisect each other
2+ 5 7 mST × m⊥ = − 1
mST = = − 5. both pairs of opposite angles equals
−4 − 2 6 7 P (1;1)
− × m⊥ = − 1
7 6
y = − x+ c 6 3. If RQ ∥ SP determine the value of m
6 ∴ m⊥ = R (–2;0) x
7 mRQ = mSP
Sub in S(−4; 2) (or T)
6 m −1
7 y = + c Q (0;–2) −1 =
2 = − (−4) + c 7 −1 − 1
6
8 Sub in T (2; − 5) 2 = m −1
c = − 6
3 −5 = x+ c ∴m = 3
7 8 7
y = − x− −47 1. Determine the length of PQ
6 3 c = 4. Prove that PQ R S is a parallelogram
7 PQ = (1 − 0)2 + (1 + 2)2
6 47 * You could use methods 1-4 to answer this
2. SR ∴y = x− = 10 question. Let’s use 4 this time (diags bisect)
7 7
Horizontal line
1−2 1−0 1 1
Midpt PR = (
2 ) ( 2 2)
; = − ;
S(−4; 2) and R(6; 2) have the same y-value. 2. Find the gradient of RQ 2
5. perpendicular to SR, through S.
−1 − 0 3 − 2 1 1
Midpt Q S = (
2 ) ( 2 2)
∴m = 0 0+ 2 ; = − ;
⊥ to horizontal line is a vertical line
mRQ = = −1
−2 − 0 2
∴ y = 2
through (−4; 2) ∴ Midpt PR = Midpt Q S
∴ x = −4 ∴ Diags bisect each other
∴ PQ R S is a parm
28
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Grade 10 Maths Essentials
Analytical Geometry SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
MIXED EXAMPLE 3
Parallelogram T U V W is given
= 15 2
T (0;6) U (21;9)
∴ T W = TU
∴ △ T U W is isosceles
x
V (x;y)
W (–15;–9) 5. Hence, what type of parm is T U V W? Give a reason.
Rhombus. Parm with adjacent sides equal.
y : 6 → 9 ∴ y + 3
Sub in W (−15 : − 9)
∴W→V x + 21 : − 15 + 21 = 6 −9 = − 2(−15) + c
y + 3:−9+ 3= −6 c = − 39
∴ V (6; − 6) ∴ y = − 2x − 39
3. Calculate the length of T W (in simplest surd form) 7. If U, R(3; k) and W re collinear, find the value of k
TW = (−15 − 0)2 + (−9 − 6)2 Collinear ∴ mUR = mUW
k −9 1
= 15 2 =
3 − 21 2
k −9 1
=
−18 2
∴ k −9= −9
∴k = 0
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Grade 10 Maths Essentials
Statistics SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
REMINDER
NB: Always arrange data in ascending order.
Discrete data: Data that can be counted, e.g. the number of
people. FREQUENCY TABLE STEM AND LEAF PLOTS BAR GRAPH HISTOGRAM
e
1 4
le
le
m
m
rt i
rt i
re FIVE NUMBER SUMMARY
re
mode : 4
a
t
t
qu
qu
ex
ex
2 5
n
r
r
ia
1 1. Minimum value
we
we
pe
pe
median = (n + 1)
ed
Up
Up
Lo
Lo
2
M
3 2 2. Lower quartile Q1
1
= (20 + 1) 3. Median
2
4 6
= 10,5 4. Upper quartile Q3
5 3 ∴ the median is 3 5. Maximum value
10 20 30 40 50 60
30
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Grade 10 Maths Essentials
Statistics SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY FOR GROUPED DATA EXAMPLE: 2. Identify the interval in which each of the following data
Estimated mean
The mathematics marks of 200 grade 10 learners at a items lies:
school can be summarised as follows: 2.1. the median;
sum (frequencies × midpoint of interval)
mean(x ) =
median = 1 (n + 1)
total frequency (n) 2
Percentage Number of 1
obtained candidates = (200 + 1)
2
x̄ = estimated mean = 100,5
n = number of values 10 ≤ x < 20 4
median class 50 ≤x ≤60,
20 ≤ x < 30 10
Modal class interval
the 100th value is in this class interval
The modal class interval is the class
30 ≤ x < 40 37
interval that contains the greatest number
of data points. 40 ≤ x < 50 43
2.2. the lower quartile;
Median class interval 50 ≤ x < 60 36 Lower quartile = 25th Percentile :
The median class interval is the interval 25
60 ≤ x < 70 26 i= (200)
that contains the middle number in a set of 100
data points.
70 ≤ x < 80 24 i = 50
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:
Examine the following box and whisker diagrams and answer the questions that follow: The following graph indicates the number of iPads sold per week.
Frequency
Class B
8
EXAMPLE:
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
The following stem and leaf diagram represents
the scores of 40 people who wrote an exam. 1. mode = 2
mode = 35
Weeks Frequency
The total of the scores is: 1544
2.
sum of all value 1 5 1
mean = position of median = (n + 1)
nr of values 2
Stem Leaf 2 12
= 1544
= 1
(39 + 1)
40 2
1 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9 = 38,6 3 8 = 20
2 0, 2, 4, 4, 6, 7, 7 4 8 ∴ the winner bought their iPad in the 3rd week
1
position of median = (n + 1)
2
3 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 9, 9 5 4 3.
(40 + 1)
1
= sum of all value
2 mean =
4 1, 2, 2, 3, 7, 8 nr of values
= 20,5 6 2
=
39
6
5 0, 3, 3, 4, 5, 7 ∴ the median is 35
Total 39 = 6,5
6 3, 4, 5, 6, 6
While measures of central tendency are used to estimate "normal" values of a dataset,
measures of dispersion are important for describing the spread of the data, or its
Calculate the mean, mode and median
variation around a central value.
for the information provided.
Range
• Defined as the difference between the largest and smallest sample values.
• Depends only on extreme values and provides no information about how the
remaining data is distributed, this means it is highly susceptible to outliers.