ANTONIO, CHARISMA J.

PROF: IRISH FLORAIN BLANCO

BS – PHARMACY 2-1 APRIL 17, 2023

DRUGS FOR DERMATOLOGIC DISORDER

1. Differentiate UVA and UVB.

 UVA rays, also known as long-wavelength light rays, account for about 95% of the UV rays that
reach the skin. While both UVA and UVB are harmful to the skin, UVA rays pose more of a threat
because most of them reach the ground. This type of rays appears throughout the day, all year
round, regardless of whether it is cloudy or sunny. If you see daylight at any time, UVA rays are
present. UVA light has wavelengths from 320 nm to 400 nm. There are two types of UVA rays:
UVA1 and UVA2. UVA1 light is in the 340 FPV400nm range. UVA2 light is in the 320–340 nm range.
These wavelength differences are important because each sunscreen product usually has a
different number of active ingredients, protecting the skin against different wavelength spectrums.
But some activators (like zinc oxide and depending on how it's formulated, titanium dioxide)
provide protection across the entire UVA spectrum. Regardless of the combination of active
ingredients, if a sunscreen is labeled broad spectrum then it has been tested and proven to protect
against a whole range of different types of UVA rays.

 UVB light has wavelengths from 290nm to 320nm, a much smaller range than UVA light. Although
not penetrating the skin like UVA rays, UVB rays are very powerful. It is directly related to sunburn
and other visible changes to the skin's surface, including discoloration. UVB radiation also plays a
role in skin cancer. Just like UVA light, UVB light is also present year-round, but UVB is more
common in sunny climates than in less sunny climates. UVB light (and UVA light) is reflected from
sand, water, and snow (80% of UVB rays reflect from snow).UVB damage depends on altitude. The
higher up you are, the more likely you are to cause harm, which is why skiers and mountaineers
need sunscreen. The same is true for UVA light, with the difference that UVB intensity is higher
when it is at its strongest. The SPF of a sunscreen is related to protection from UVB rays. To ensure
adequate protection from UVA as well as from UVB, look for sunscreens with broad spectrum
labels, which means they have been tested and licensed.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN UVA AND UVB RAYS
Level of damage: UVA rays are considered silent killers because unlike UVB rays, you don't feel the effects of UVA rays
that damage your skin. UVA rays are what cause tanning and you can't feel it unless you get a burn because tanning
isn't painful, but those unhealthy UVA rays penetrate deep into the skin, causing havoc everywhere. layer of skin.
Meanwhile, UVB rays in contact with the skin cause obvious manifestations such as sunburn, skin discoloration that
the body can perceive. Ability to penetrate the skin: UVA rays penetrate deeper into the skin than UVB rays, gradually
destroying important substances in the skin, losing firmness and elasticity. UVA rays are a leading cause of wrinkles
and the cause, or major contributor to, of all types of skin cancer. Ability to penetrate glass: UVA rays penetrate glass,
while UVB rays do not. Unless the windows you work in or the windows in your car are specially treated to filter out
UVA radiation, your skin is still exposed to UVA rays through the glass. This makes sunscreen an absolute necessity.
Subject to Geographic Variation: The intensity of UVB rays varies to a much greater extent based on geographic
location, time of day, and season. In the northern hemisphere, UVB rays are strongest between April and October,
appearing much during the day with peak intensity between 10:00 am and 4:00 pm. Whereas UVA rays appear at all
times of the day, most UVA rays reach the ground.

2.Give examples of physical and chemical sunscreen and explain how they work.
 Physical sunscreens, also commonly called mineral sunscreens, sit atop the skin rather than absorbing into
it. They create a barrier on the skin's surface that reflects UV rays to prevent damage and sunburns. There are
currently only two FDA approved physical ingredients: titanium dioxide and zinc oxide.

What Is Mineral Sunscreen?

 Also commonly referred to as physical sunscreen, "Mineral sunscreen is a physical sunscreen consisting of
active ingredients like zinc oxide or titanium dioxide," says Marino. "They form a physical barrier that reflects
the light rays away from the skin." The American Academy of Dermatology recommends using a mineral
sunscreen (instead of a chemical sunscreen) if you have sensitive or acne-prone skin.
 When we think of mineral sunscreens, often the goopy zincs of your childhood come to mind, but modern
formulas are much more enjoyable to wear, even if you have a deeper skin tone. "Physical sunscreens have
come a long way from their chalky, white, hard-to-spread predecessors," says King. "There are now many
brands making physical sunscreens that are easy to apply and look great.
"Chemical sunscreen is a category of SPF that uses active ingredients to absorb the sun rays, turn them into heat,
and then release the heat through the skin," says Marino. According to the American Academy of Dermatology,
chemical sunscreens "contain one or more of the following ingredients: oxybenzone, avobenzone, octisalate,
octocrylene, homosalate, or octinoxate." Chemical sunscreens tend to be lighter, more sheer (some are completely
sheer), and generally more favored by consumers. But with that being said, chemical sunscreens have also faced some
criticism over the years. For starters, Dr. King says the active ingredients in most chemical sunscreens can be fairly
irritating if you have sensitive or acne-prone skin. Chemical sunscreens have also been shown to have some adverse
environmental effects. And although there is more research to be done and this theory has yet to be accepted by the
medical community, some studies published in 2017 do suggest concern over a potential link between chemical
sunscreen use and endocrine disruption.

 The critical difference between these types of sunscreens lies in how they block rays. Physical sunscreen
creates a physical barrier to UV rays while chemical filters absorb and scatter the spectrum, hence the original
name, sunblock. “Physical or mineral sunscreens sit on the surface of your skin and act as a shield, while
chemical sunscreens sink into your skin and act more like a sponge,”

Chemical sunscreen
 oxybenzone.
 avobenzone.
 octisalate.
 octocrylene.
 homosalate.
 Octinoxate
 Oxybenzone is an organic compound used in sunscreens. It is a derivative of benzophenone. It forms
colorless crystals that are readily soluble in most organic solvents. It is used as an ingredient in sunscreen and
other cosmetics because it absorbs UV-A ultraviolet rays.
 Octinoxate is a substance that shields the skin from harmful UVB rays. It is an ingredient in some cosmetic
products, such as sunscreen. Another name for it is octyl-methoxycinnamate.
 Octinoxate, also known as ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, is a common ingredient in sunscreens, shampoos,
lipsticks and other products(1) It serves a number of different functions as an active ingredient in sunscreens.
First, it disperses the sun's UVB rays, which cause burns.
 Although oxybenzone and octinoxate are proficient at blocking UV rays, they function as endocrine
disruptors, which are toxic to aquatic life. When large amounts of this sunscreen seep from your skin into the
ocean, it causes deformities in fish and increases coral bleaching.
 Avobenzone is dibenzoyl methane derivative. It is oil soluble ingredient. Avobenzone has the ability to absorb
ultraviolet light over wider range of wavelengths. It is included in many commercially available sunscreens
which are used as wide spectrum sunscreens.
 Octocrylene is a common ingredient in chemical sunscreens and anti-aging creams. It protects the skin from
UV rays, which can cause sunburns and skin cancer. Manufacturers worldwide use octocrylene as an additive
ingredient in skin care products and cosmetics.
 Homosalate is an organic compound that belongs to a class of chemicals called salicylates. Salicylates prevent
direct skin exposure to the sun's harmful rays by absorbing ultraviolet (UV) light. Homosalate specifically
absorbs short-wave UVB rays, which are associated with DNA damage and increased risk of skin cancer.
 Octisalate is a colorless liquid that is used to absorb UVB rays and also to add water-resistance properties to a
formula, typically sunscreens. It degrades when it is exposed to sunlight, so it typically appears with other
sunscreen agents and needs to be applied frequently.
Octisalate has been deemed safe as used as used in cosmetics and is not considered an eye or skin irritant.
Research has shown this UV filter can neutralize singlet oxygen, a type of skin-damaging free radical generated
by exposure to UVB light.

Mineral Sunscreens vs. Chemical Sunscreens: The Key Difference

The key difference between mineral and chemical sunscreens is that mineral/physical sunscreens sit on top of the skin
and block rays at the surface using ingredients like zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, while chemical sunscreens absorb
rays like a sponge using ingredients like oxybenzone, avobenzone, octisalate, octocrylene, homosalate, or octinoxate.
Mineral sunscreens tend to be better suited for those with sensitive or acne-prone skin, but the formulations also tend
to be thicker (and can potentially leave a white cast behind on deeper skin tones). Chemical sunscreens are usually
lighter, clearer, and more enjoyable to wear, but the active ingredients in chemical sunscreens may have adverse
environmental effects. Chemical sunscreens can also be irritating for those with sensitive or acne-prone skin.

So, is mineral sunscreen better than chemical sunscreen? Given the potential environmental impact and a few
chemical sunscreen recalls here and there, mineral sunscreens do tend to be more trusted across the board.

3.What is SPF? What is the recommended SPF in sunscreen?

 SPF is a measure of how much solar energy (UV radiation) is required to produce sunburn on protected skin
(i.e., in the presence of sunscreen) relative to the amount of solar energy required to produce sunburn on
unprotected skin. As the SPF value increases, sunburn protection increases.

 It is recommended to use sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30 for daily use. However, if you are going to spend
a lot of time outdoors, consider using a higher SPF. PA: The Protection Grade of UVA (PA) indicates the level of
protection against UVA rays, which cause skin aging and can lead to skin cancer.

 There is a popular misconception that SPF relates to time of solar exposure. For example, many consumers
believe that, if they normally get sunburn in one hour, then an SPF 15 sunscreen allows them to stay in the sun
15 hours (i.e., 15 times longer) without getting sunburn. This is not true because SPF is not directly related to
time of solar exposure but to amount of solar exposure. Although solar energy amount is related to solar
exposure time, there are other factors that impact the amount of solar energy. For example, the intensity of
the solar energy impacts the amount. The following exposures may result in the same amount of solar energy:
one hour at 9:00 a.m.
 15 minutes at 1:00 p.m.
Generally, it takes less time to be exposed to the same amount of solar energy at midday compared to early morning
or late evening because the sun is more intense at midday relative to the other times. Solar intensity is also related to
In addition to solar intensity, there are a number of other factor that influence the amount of solar energy that a
consumer is exposed to:

 skin type
 amount of sunscreen applied
 reapplication frequency
Fair-skinned consumers are likely to absorb more solar energy than dark-skinned consumers under the same
conditions. The amount of sunscreen applied also impacts the amount of solar radiation absorbed, because more
sunscreen results in less solar energy absorption. Because sunscreens wear off and become less effective with time,
the frequency with which they are reapplied is critical to limiting absorption of solar radiation. The reapplication
frequency is also impacted by the activities that consumers are involved in. For example, consumers who swim while
wearing sunscreen need to reapply the sunscreen more frequently because water may wash the sunscreen from the
body. In addition, high levels of physical activity require more frequent reapplication because the activity may
physically rub off the sunscreen and heavy sweating may wash off the sunscreen. In general, more frequent
reapplication is associated with decreased absorption of solar radiation.Because of the various factors that impact the
amount of solar radiation, SPF does not reflect time in the sun. In other words, SPF does not inform consumers about
the time that can be spent in the sun without getting sunburn. Rather, SPF is a relative measure of the amount of
sunburn protection provided by sunscreens. It allows consumers to compare the level of sunburn protection provided
by different sunscreens. For example, consumers know that SPF 30 sunscreens provide more sunburn protection than
SPF 8 sunscreens.
https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/center-drug-evaluation-and-research-cder/sun-protection-factor-spf#:~:text=SPF%20is%20a%20measure
%20of,value%20increases%2C%20sunburn%20protection%20increases.
https://www.byrdie.com/natural-sunscreen-chemical-sunscreen
https://www.vinmec.com/en/news/health-news/beauty/what-is-the-difference-between-uva-and-uvb-rays/

The brand that I used…

Face and Body sunblock SPF 100 Maximum Protection Ultra-sensitive Hypoallergenic With Micronized Zinc Oxide FDA
Approved Benzene Free.

FOR MY FACE…