PROBABILITY & STATISTICS
middle number.
Statistics - Statistics are a set of
data and numbers that are
collected about a specific event or
subject.
Probability - The probability is the
chance that an event will or will not
occur.
Average - The average is a
number that is one way to find the
typical value of a set of numbers.
Add all the values together
1+3+3+4+4+5+8 = 28
Then divide by the total number of
values 28 ÷ 7 = 4
Correlation - A measurement of
how closely related two variables
are.
Dependent event - Events are
dependent if the occurrence of
either event affects the probability
of the occurrence of the other
event. In other words, one event
depends on the other.
Event - A collection of outcomes
from an experiment.
Extrapolate - Extrapolation is a
way to estimate values beyond the
known data. You can use patterns
and graphs to determine other
possible data points that were not
actually measured.
Frequency - The frequency is how
often an event occurs during a
specific amount of time.
Interpolate - Interpolation is a way
to estimate data. When you
interpolate you estimate the data
between two known points on a
graph. This can be done by
drawing a curve or line between
the two points.
Interval - The set of numbers
between two other numbers in a
data set. It often refers to a period
of time between two events.
Mean - The mean is the same as
the average. It is a way of
determining the typical value of a
data set. The mean is found by
adding up all the numbers and
then dividing them by the total
number of numbers. See average
above for an example.
Median - The median is the
halfway point in a set of numbers.
It can be different from the mean or
average. If you line up the
numbers in a data set from least to
greatest, the median would be the
a population. They may be
(2, 3, 7, 12, 45) MEDIAN is 7.
Mode - The mode is the number
that occurs the most often in a data
set.
(2, 2, 7, 8, 12, 7, 2, 14) MODE is 2.
Outcome - The result of an
experiment.
Percent - A percent is a special
type of fraction where the
denominator is 100. It can be
written using the % sign.
ex.50%, this is the same as ½ or
50/100
Random - If something is random,
then all possible events have an
equal chance of occurring.
Range - The range is the
difference between the largest
number and the smallest number
in a data set.
Ex. The range of the data set (2, 2,
7, 8, 12, 7, 2, 14) is 14 - 2 = 12.
Ratio - A ratio is a comparison of
two numbers. It can be written a
few different ways.
Ex. The following are all a way to
write the same ratio: 1/2 , 1:2, 1 of
2 measuring (such as distance
Slope - A number that indicates
the incline or steepness of a line
on a graph. Slope equals the "rise"
over the "run" on a graph. This can
also be written as the change in y
over the change in x.
Descriptive Statistics-
Organizing and summarizing
Inferential Statistics - formal
methods for drawing conclusions
from “good” data.
Statistical inference - uses
probability to determine how
confident we can be that our
conclusions are correct.
Population - a collection of
persons, things, or objects under
study.
Sample - a subset of the
population studied
Sampling - is to select a portion
(or subset) of the larger population
and study that portion (the sample)
to gain information about the
population.
Data - the result of sampling from
numbers or they may be words. 
Parameter -  is a number that is a
property of the population. The
average number of points earned
per student over all the math
classes is an example of a
parameter.
Categorical variables -  place the
person or thing into a category.
Names or labels.
Numerical variable - If we let X
equal the number of points earned
by one math student at the end of
a term. variables that take on
values that are indicated by
numbers
Datum -  is a single value.
Qualitative - an attribute whose
value is indicated by a label.
Quantitative - an attribute whose
value
is indicated by a number.
Discrete - if it is the result of
counting (such as the number of
students of a given ethnic group in
a class or the number of books on
a shelf).
Continuous - if it is the result of
traveled or weight of luggage)
Proportion - the number of
successes divided by the total
number in the sample
Representative Sample - a
subset of the population that has
the same characteristics as the
population.
Variable - a characteristic of
interest for each person or object
in a population
Bar Graph – use to compare data
from different groups or periods.
Data – collection of gathered
information.
Double Bar Graphs – help us to
compare or present more than 1
kind of information. It can be
vertical or horizontal.
Tossing a coin – a simple
probability experiment to know the
chance that either a head or a tail
shows up.