AUTOMATIC REPEAT REQUEST(ARQ)

Ms. Shruthi V. Adpaikar

• There are basically two different techniques for controlling the transmission errors.
1. Forward error correction code
2. Automatic repeat request
Forward Error Correction Code
• Forward Error Correction Code is a method of obtaining error control in data transmission in
which the source sends a redundant data and the destination recognizes only the portion of the
data that contains no apparent errors.

➢Limitations of FEC
1. The code is ineffective if the error present in the message is large.
2. Good codes involve long codewords whose processing requires complex and expensive hardware.
Automatic Repeat Request
• It is used primarily when extremely low error rates are required.
• In this system, the receiver is not called upon to correct but only to detect the errors.
• It uses feedback from the receiver to the transmitter.
• When an error is detected in a word, the receiver signals back to the transmitter and the word is
transmitted again.
• Coding used allows more error detection than correction.
• ARQ is widely used in wireless local area networks and packet data transmission, but not for
speech communications.
3 Basic ARQ Systems
1. Stop and wait ARQ
2. Go back N ARQ
3. Selective repeat ARQ
 Codeword
Tl TW
Tx 1 2 2 3

ACK NAK ACK

Rx 1 2 2 3

Error Detected
Stop and wait ARQ
Stop and wait ARQ
• Is the simplest to implement.
• The transmitter sends a codeword to the receiver during the time Tw.
• The receiver receives and processes the received codeword.
• If the receiver detects an error then a negative acknowledgement(NAK) signal is send to the
transmitter or else a positive acknowledgement (ACK) sent.
• When the transmitter receives NAK signal the transmitter transmits the same message and then
waits again for an ACK or NAK response.
• Advantages
1. Very simple and easy to implement

• Limitations of stop and wait ARQ

1. The system must stand by idly without transmission while waiting for an ACK or NAK.
Go Back N ARQ
Go Back N ARQ
• The transmitter sends the messages one after another, without delay and does not wait for an
ACK signal.
• When the receiver detects an error in a message, a NAK signal is returned to the transmitter.
• In response to the NAK the transmitter returns to the codeword and starts all over again at that
codeword.
• The propagation delay and the processing at the receiver occupies an interval which is equal to
the number of word that are sent over again when an error is detected.
• Advantages
1. The system utilization is more efficient then stop and wait ARQ.

• Limitations of go back n ARQ

1. It is readily implemented because of its complexity.
2. This method also results in sending frames multiple times.
Selective Repeat ARQ
Selective Repeat ARQ
• The transmitter sends message in succession again without waiting for an ACK after each
message.
• If the receiver detects an error in codeword the transmitter is notified with NAK signal.
• The transmitter retransmits codeword and thereafter returns immediately to its sequential
transmission.
• Advantages of selective repeat ARQ
1. It has highest transmission efficiency of the three system.
2. Low time delay.

➢Limitations of selective repeat ARQ

1. It is costly to implement.