ASF4

○ “The Advocate, the holy Spirit that the Father will

MODULE 1 OUTLINE send in my name—he will teach you everything and
I. The Historical II. Saint Augustine’s remind you of all that [I] told y28ou.” (Jn 14:)
Development of the Church teachings on the Church
A.  Foundation of the A. Donatism
Church B. Manicheaism
B.  Christians are C. Pelagianism
persecuted
C.  Four Early Church
Councils
D.  Medieval Church And
Reformation
E.  Reformation And
Church Counter Reformation
F.  Church
Counter-Reformation
G.  Modern Church
(Council Of Trent To Second
Vatican
H. Council
I.  Timeline of Church
History

I. I.The Historical Development of the Church

HISTORY OF THE CHURCH

○ Ancient Church (33-500 AD): Saint Augustine
(354-430), belongs to this period.
○ Medieval Church (6TH -15TH AD)
A. Foundation of the Church
○ Modern Church (Council of Trent 1545–1563 to
Second Vatican Council 1962-1965)
○
Ancient Church (33-500 AD) Saint Augustine- 354-430, belongs to
this period

● Peter as the “rock” foundation of the Church (Mt

16:18-19)
○ “And so I say to you, you are Peter, and upon this
rock I will build my church, and the gates of the
netherworld shall not prevail against it”
○ “I will give you the keys to the kingdom of heaven.
Whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in
heaven; and whatever you loose on earth shall be
loosed in heaven.”

● The “command” and the “promise” (Mt 28:18-19)

○ “Then Jesus approached and said to them, “All
power in heaven and on earth has been given to
me.
○ “Go, therefore, and make disciples of all nations,
baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the
Son, and of the holy Spirit, teaching them to observe
all that I have commanded you. And behold, I am
with you always, until the end of the age.”

● Pentecost as the “birthday” of the Church

○ “When the time for Pentecost was fulfilled, they were
all in one place together. And suddenly there came
from the sky a noise like a strong driving wind, and it
filled the entire house in which they were. Then
there appeared to them tongues as of fire, which
parted and came to rest on each one of them. And
they were all filled with the holy Spirit and began to
speak in different tongues, as the Spirit enable them
to proclaim.” (Acts 2:1-4)

● The Holy Spirit as “promised” to the Church

○ Jesus said: “And I will ask the Father, and he will
give you another advocate to be with you always,
the Spirit of truth…” (Jn 14:16-17)

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THE MISSIONARY JOURNEY OF
THE 12 APOSTLES AND PAUL
SIMON PETER
○ Firtst “raised his voice” and preached at Pentecost,
the day when the church began its mission to the
world.
○ Served as an advocate for the Apostles before the
Jewish religious court in Jerusalem.
○ Exercised the role of judge in the disciplining of
those erred within the church.
○ Martyred in rome about 66 AD under Emperor Nero.
○ Peter was crucified, upside down at his request,
since he did not feel he was worthy to die in the
same manner as his Lord.
ANDREW
○ Martyred in rome about 66 AD under Emperor Nero.
○ Went to the "land of the man-eaters,“ now called
Soviet Union.
○ Christians there claim him as the first to bring the
gospel to their land.
○ On his journeys, he endured many sufferings and
torments from pagans: they cast him out of their
cities and they beat him.
○ By his labors, Christian Churches were established,
for which he provided bishops and clergy.
○ He also preached in Asia Minor, modern-day Turkey,
and in Greece, where he is said to have been
crucified.
THOMAS
○ Thomas was probably most active in the area east
of Syria.
○ Tradition has him preaching as far east as India.
○ The ancient Marthoma Christians revere him as their
founder.
○ Thomas got India and was initially reluctant to go to
an unfamiliar territory, but Jesus reappeared to him
one night to reassure the apostle of his presence.
○ They claim that he died there when pierced through
with the spears of four soldiers.
PHILIP
○ Possibly had a powerful ministry in Carthage in
North Africa and then in Asia Minor.
○ He converted the wife of a Roman proconsul.
○ In retaliation the proconsul had Philip arrested and
cruelly put to death.
PHILIP
○ He converted the wife of a Roman proconsul.
○ In retaliation the proconsul had Philip arrested and
cruelly put to death.
MATTHEW
○ He is the tax collector and writer of a Gospel.
○ Ministered in Persia and Ethiopia.
○ Some of the oldest reports say he was not martyred, while
others say he was stabbed to death in Ethiopia.
BARTHOLOMEW
○ After the Ascension, Bartholomew went on a missionary
tour to India, where he left behind a copy of the Gospel of
Matthew.
○ Traditions record him as serving as a missionary in
Ethiopia, Mesopotamia, Parthia, and Lycaonia.
○ Reputed to have brought Christianity to Armenia in the 1st
century and said to have converted Polymius, the king of
Armenia, to Christianity.
○ According to one account, he was beheaded, but a more
popular tradition holds that he was flayed alive and
crucified, head downward.
JAMES, SON OF ALPHAEUS
○ Reckoned to have ministered in Syria.
○ Reported that he was stoned and then clubbed to death.
MATTHIAS
○ When Judas died, Peter made a proposal that Matthias
join them.
○ Selected along with Barsabas but he was the one who
became a part of the eleven apostles after drawing the
lots.
○ Tradition sends him to Syria with Andrew and to death by
burning.
JOHN
○ The only one of the company generally thought to have
died a natural death from old age.
○ He was the leader of the church in the Ephesus area.
○ Said to have taken care of Mary the mother of Jesus in
his home.
○ His authoritative position in the church after the
Resurrection is shown by his visit with St. Peter to
Samaria to lay hands on the new converts there.
○ He was exiled to the island of Patmos, there he is credited
with writing the last book of the New Testament--the
Revelation.
JAMES, SON OF ZEBEDEE
○ Brother of John
○ When preaching in Judea, he was cut off with the sword
by Herod tetrarch and was buried there.
JUDE
○ Preached to the people of Edessa and all of
Mesopotamia.
○ Fell asleep at Berytus, and was buried there.
SIMON THE ZEALOT
○ Son of Clopas
○ Became bishop of Jerusalem after James the Just.
○ Was buried there at the age of 120 years.
PAUL
○ Paul traveled over 10,000 miles proclaiming the gospel of
Jesus Christ.
○ His journeys on land and sea took him through
present-day Israel, Syria, Turkey, and Greece.
SAINT PAUL
○ Saint Paul lived during the early to middle first century
AD.
○ He was born into a Jewish community.
○ He was a Roman citizen.
○ He studied under Rabbi Gamaliel and became a
Pharisee.
○ He spent the first part of his life persecuting Christians,
and he witnessed the martyrdom of Saint Stephen.
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The Conversion of Saint Paul
⮚ Saint Paul encountered the risen Christ on the road to
Damascus, in Syria.
⮚ The story of his conversion is found in Acts, chapter 9.
⮚ His conversion led him to become a true Apostle.
⮚ He established many Christian communities in major
Roman cities.
⮚ To remain in contact with these communities, he wrote
letters offering advice, encouragement, and teaching.
⮚ These letters are part of his great contribution to our
understanding of the Christian faith.
PAUL’S FIRST JOURNEY
⮚ In response to a call of the Holy Spirit, the church in Antioch
chose Barnabas and Paul to proclaim the gospel.
⮚ They first traveled to Cyprus, then to Antioch in Pisidia, a
city in present-day west central Turkey.
⮚ When they stopped in each city, they went to the
synagogues to preach the coming of Jesus Christ, the
messiah as the fulfillment of the promises made in the Old
Testament.
PAUL’S SECOND JOURNEY
⮚ Barnabas and Paul separated over a disagreement.
⮚ Paul had a dream calling him to bring the gospel to
Macedonia.
⮚ Paul attempted to proclaim the gospel in Athens, where he
was met with polite indifference.
⮚ He then went to Corinth where he established a church that
would give him both great joy and pain.
PAUL’S THIRD JOURNEY
⮚ This was a pastoral journey revisiting the churches he had
founded to strengthen them and give them further
instruction.
⮚ While in Ephesus Paul heard a prophecy that should he
return to Jerusalem he would be imprisoned. The churches
he visited pleaded to him not to go.
⮚ Paul felt called by Christ to continue to meet whatever God
willed for him.
PAUL’S JOURNEY TO ROME
⮚ In Jerusalem Paul was arrested and accused of violating the
sacred grounds of the Temple.
⮚ He was saved from being beaten to death when the Roman
tribune intervened and brought him to the
⮚ barracks.
⮚ Paul claimed his right as a Roman citizen to appeal his case
to the Emperor. He was then sent to Rome to have his case
resolved.
B. THE PERSECUTION OF THE EARLY CHURCH/
CHRISTIANS
Persecution of Christians under the Roman empire started from-1 st
century until 313- ended in the declaration of the Edict of Milan.
Explanations or reasons given by historians for the persecutions: for
treason, various rumored crimes, illegal assembly, introducing an alien
cult that led to Roman apostasy, cannibalism and immorality.
Some notorious/hostile Roman emperors towards the early
Christians:
⮚ Nero
⮚ Decius
⮚ Diocletian
⮚ Trajan
⮚ Marcus
⮚ Aurelius
⮚ Domitian, and others.
“the blood of martyrs is the seed of
Christianity.”
-Tertullian (155-220 AD)
Edict of Milan (313) and Edict of Thessalonica (380)
❖ The Edict of Milan (313) by Emperor Constantine and Emperor
Licinius gave Christianity legal status and a Reprieve from
persecution but did not make it the state church of the Roman
Empire. The edict of Milan put an end to the persecution of the
early Christians.
❖ The Edict of Thessalonica, (380 AD), by emperor Theodosius,
made Christianity, specifically Nicene Christianity, the official
religion of the Roman Empire. From a persecuted church/religion
to the official religion of the Roman empire.
FOUR EARLY CHURCH COUNCILS
❖ Nicaea (325)- formulation of the Nicene creed
❖ Constantinople (381) dogmatically defines the Divinity of God
the Holy Spirit
❖ Ephesus (431)- Mary as Mother of God
❖ Chalcedon (451)- Christ had two natures, divine and human.
Human except sin and true God.
MEDIEVAL CHURCH AND REFORMATION. (6TH -15TH AD)
Theocracy in Europe- (Church and the State are one) and
Feudalism were the order of the day. The worldview of this period.
Theocracy – Government of the state by immediate divine
guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided.
● The commonwealth of Israel from the time of Moses until
the election of Saul as king.
Feudalism – was the system in the 10th-13th c. European
Medieval societies where a social hierarchy was established based
on local administrative control and the distribution of land into units
(fiefs).
❖ In the Medieval Ages, the Church provided for the
religious aspects of people's lives – baptism of babies,
marriages, confession, the last rites for the dying and
burying the dead.
❖ During the Medieval Ages, the Church was a major part of
everyday life. The Church served to give people spiritual
guidance and it served as their government as well. Pope,
Bishops and Abbots played key roles in the society.
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PERIOD OF PERSECUTIONS

10 PRIMITIVE PERSECUTIONS

First mass persecution occurred under Nero in A.D. 67

➢ He was the sixth emperor of Rome and is remembered as the
one who set Rome aflame and then blamed the Christians for
the deaths and destruction caused by the fire. He had some
Christians sewn up in skins of wild beasts and thrown to the
dogs. Some Christians were dressed in shirts made stiff with
wax, fixed to axletrees, and set on fire in his gardens, in order
to illuminate them. Rather than diminished the spirit of
Christianity, this persecution increased the devotion and
commitment of Christianity.

Second persecution happened under Domitian in A.D. 81

➢ Anything bad that happened whether it was famine,
pestilence, or earthquakes he blamed the Christians and put
them to death.

third primitive persecution occurred under Trajan in A.D. 108

➢ Christians were beaten, beheaded, and devoured by wild
beasts. About ten thousand Christians were put to death.

The fourth persecution took place under Marcus Aurelius

Antoninas in A.D. 162 and the fifth persecution is credited to
Severus in A.D. 192
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 ➢ Christians were burned at the stake, had hot tar pou red on
their heads, beheaded, placed in boiling water and ravaged
by wild beasts.

The sixth persecution took place under Maximus in A.D. 235

➢ At this time, numerous Christians were slain without trial and
buried indiscriminately in heaps (mass graves), sometimes
fifty or sixty cast into a pit together.

Seventh persecution happened under Decius in A.D. 249

➢ At this time, the principle person martyred was Fabian, the
bishop of Rome, who beheaded on January 20, A.D. 250.

The eighth persecution occurred under Valerian in A.D. 257

➢ At this time, numerous Christians were slain without trial and
buried indiscriminately in heaps (mass graves), sometimes
fifty or sixty cast into a pit together.

The ninth persecution occurred under Aurelian in A.D. 274

➢ The principal sufferers were: Felix, bishop of Rome. This
prelate was advanced to the Roman see in 274. He was the
first martyr to Aurelian's petulancy, being beheaded on the
twenty- second of December, in the same year. Agapetus, a
young gentleman, who sold his estate, and gave the money to
the poor, was seized as a Christian, tortured, and then
beheaded at Praeneste, a city within a day's journey of Rome.
Aurelian was succeeded by Tacitus, who was followed by
Probus, as the latter was by Carus: this emperor being killed
by a thunder storm, his sons, Carnious and Numerian,
succeeded him, and during all these reigns the Church had
peace.

The tenth persecution took place under Diocletian in A.D. 303

➢ This was commonly called the Era of the Martyr's and was
occasioned partly by the increasing number and luxury of the
Christians The manner of persecutions was carried out with
racks, scourges, swords, daggers, crosses, poisons, and
famine.

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 MODULE 2
THE CONCEPT OF CHURCH
I. Old and New Testament
II. St. Augustine on the Church
III. Marks of the Church
IV. Images of the Church
V. Contemporary Understanding of the Church
VI. Vat. II and A True World Church
VII. PCP II Vision of the Filipino Church

ECCLESIA

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 SAINT AUGUSTINE’S TEACHINGS ON THE
CHURCH

The official titles of Saint Augustine in the church

● Saint Augustine (354-430)
● Father and Doctor of the Church

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8
 MARKS OF CHURCH
● One
● Holy
● Catholic
● Apostolic

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10
IMAGES OF THE CHURCH

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 ● The eye cannot say to the hand, “I have no
need of you,” nor again the head to the feet, “I
have no need of you.” On the contrary, the parts
of the body that seem to be weaker are
indispensable, and on those parts of the body
that we think less honorable we bestow the
greater honor, and our unpresentable parts are
treated with greater modesty, which our more
presentable parts do not require. But God has
so composed the body, giving greater honor to
the part that lacked it, that there may be no
division in the body, but that the members may
have the same care for one another. If one
member suffers, all suffer together; if one
member is honored, all rejoice together.

● Now you are the body of Christ and individually

members of it. And God has appointed in the
church first apostles, second prophets, third
teachers, then miracles, then gifts of healing,
helping, administrating, and various kinds of
tongues. Are all apostles? Are all prophets? Are
all teachers? Do all work miracles? Do all
possess gifts of healing? Do all speak with
tongues? Do all interpret? But earnestly desire
the higher gifts
‘
A. BIOSAFETY CABINETS
Reflection:
Paul uses the analogy of a body because it is a
MODULE 3 fitting description of theChurch and quite a
contrast to how the Corinthians were behaving.
The diversity and yet unity of the body is
SCRIPTURAL, IMAGES OF THE CHURCH something that is easily recognized. The body
has all sorts of parts including arms & legs,
Biblical Text:
hands & feet, a waist, a chest and a head with
1 Cor. 12:12-31
eyes, ears, nose and mouth, yet all of these
(One Body with Many Members)
parts together make up one entity, a body. The
● For just as the body is one and has many
church is the visible manifestation of Christ in
members, and all the members of the body,
the world. The church is the body of Christ. It is
though many, are one body, so it is with Christ.
one entity, yet is made of up many different
● For in one Spirit we were all baptized into one
people with different gifts. Just as the head is
body—Jews or Greeks, slaves[a] or free—and
not attached where the feet are located, so The
all were made to drink of one Spirit. For the
people who make up the church live in different
body does not consist of one member but of
places. Just as each body part serves a
many. If the foot should say, “Because I am not
different function, for the eye does not do what
a hand, I do not belong to the body,” that would
the ear does & vica versa, so God gives
not make it any less a part of the body. And if
believers different gifts to fulfill different
the ear should say, “Because I am not an eye, I
functions. And just as you can do more with one
do not belong to the body,” that would not make
of your hands than the other, so God gives
it any less a part of the body. If the whole body
different ministries and different abilities to the
were an eye, where would be the sense of
saints that make up the church. Yet with all this
hearing? If the whole body were an ear, where
diversity, the church is still one entity, the Body
would be the sense of smell? But as it is, God
of Christ
arranged the members in the body, each one of
them, as he chose. If all were a single member,
where would the body be? As it is, there are
many parts,[b] yet one body.

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Body of Christ (continued)
● This is the most prominent image in Paul’s
letters and the only one with no Old Testament
equivalent.
● Christ the Head rules and nourishes the Body.
He is the only Head, and the Holy Spirit is the
breath that animates the Body
Body of Christ (continued)
● “Grow in every way into him who is the head,
Christ, from whom the whole body, joined and
held together . . . , brings about the body’s
growth and builds itself up in love” (Ephesians
4:15–16).
Salt and Light
● When Jesus said to his disciples, “You are the
salt of the earth” (Matthew 5:13), why did he
compare his disciples to salt rather than to
another spice?
Salt
● You are the salt of the earth. But if salt loses its
taste, with what can the earth be seasoned? It
is no longer good for anything but to be thrown
out and trampled underfoot.
● Jesus calls us to bring out the true flavor and
goodness of the world, not only in ourselves but
also in others.
Light
● Why would Jesus tell his disciples, “You are the
light of the world” (Matthew 5:14)?
● Jesus explained that people do not hide light
under a bushel basket, for then the light would
be wasted. Instead, people put a light on a
lampstand, “where it gives light to all in the
house” (Matthew 5:15)
● "Just so, your light must shine before others,
that they may see your good deeds and glorify
your heavenly Father” (Matthew 5:13–16).
Bride of Christ
● The Church is the Bride and, therefore, Christ is
the Groom, to whom the Church is promised
and given.
● This metaphor speaks of Christ’s great love for
the Church
● The unity of Christ, the Groom, and the Church,
the Bride, reveals something of the intimate
relationship God intends for husband and wife,
as Christ and the Church can be described as
two becoming one flesh.
● At Christ’s return, God’s People are described
asa bride beautifully dressed for her husband
(Christ).2 Corinthians 11:2; Ephesians 5:25–27;
Revelation 19:7–9, 21:1–2)
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Christ’s Flock (Image in public domain)
● Jesus is the Good Shepherd, the Great
Shepherd, and the Chief Shepherd, who knows
and watches over his sheep and gives his life
for them.
● They know his voice and follow him.John
10:11, Hebrews 13:20, 1 Peter 5:4, Luke 12:32)
● To describe his relationship to his disciples,
Jesus says he is the gate by which the sheep
(his disciples) enter the fold.
People of God
● This image is rooted in the Old Testament
Covenants, where God accompanies and loves
the Israelites.
● The New Covenant, sealed in the Lord’s blood,
invites all people everywhere to unite.
● God calls the Church into existence, forming a
community of faith, hope, and love centered in
Christand empowered by the Holy Spirit.

Kingdom
● It is the Kingdom of God’s beloved Son, a
Kingdom of “righteousness, peace, and joy in
the holy Spirit” (Romans 14:17) in which he
exercises his rule in his People through the
Spirit.

Vine and Vineyard

● Jesus uses the metaphor of the vine and the
branches to describe the intimate relationship
he has with his disciples. John 15:1-8
● He is the true vine, his Father the vine grower,
and his disciples the branches.
● Only if they abide in him, and he abides in
them, will they bear fruit.

Temple of the Holy Spirit

● God’s People are a building “not made with
hands” (2 Corinthians 5:1), which God is
constructing.
● The Old Testament temple has become the
people in whom he now dwells by his Spirit,
Jesus Christ being the foundation or Common Theme
cornerstone. ● The common theme of these images of the
● Individual Christians are stones built into this
temple.Peter refers to Christians as “living Church is relationships:
stones.” ● God’s relationship with his People as Husband,
● The structure of the temple of the Holy Spirit King, Father, Builder
depends on Jesus Christ as the “cornerstone” ● The People of God’s relationship with God as
for its coherence and stability Paul gives a Bride, Flock, Family, Body
severe warning to any who would cause ● our relationship with one another as branches
division in the fellowship, as was happening In of the same vine, sheep in the same flock,
the Corinthian Church: “If anyone children in the same family, members of the
destroysGod’s temple, God will destroy that same body
person; for the temple of God, which you are, is
holy” (1 Corinthians 3:17).

Family
● This is the most pervasive metaphor for the
Church in the New Testament. IMAGES OF THE CHURCH according to The Catechism of the
Catholic Church
● We become children of God the Father by
1. Body of
having faithin Jesus Christ, the Son, and by
Christ
receiving the Holy Spirit.
● Jesus Christ established the Church as part of
● Baptism is the symbol of our adoption into the
the Father's plan for the redemption of the
family of the triune God.
world.
● Jesus is our elder brother

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● The announcement and inauguration of God's
kingdom by Christ resulted in the gathering of
disciples
Body of Christ
● His death, resurrection,and the sending of the Holy Spirit
founded the church, which he vowed tocontinue until the end
of time (Matt. 28:20).
● Jesus committed the task of proclaiming the gospel and
● “making disciples of all countries, baptizing them in the name
of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit” to this
group (Matt. 28:19).
● The Church is described by Paul as a body.
● Bodies are made up of several members, or various sections,
that make up the whole (1 Corinthians 12:14-18).
● The three characteristics of the Church as the Body of Christ
(CCC 789).
○ 1. The unity of the members
○ 2. Christ as the Head
○ 3. The Church as bride of Chris
○ ●
St Augustine might claim that "we have become Christ
Himself," because Christ the Head and we the parts become
the entire man. (St. Augustine, In Jo. ev, 21, 8: PL 35, 1568).
The key to Augustine's growing perspective on the church is
his biblical interpretation. One of the most prevalent biblical
images in his writings is the church as the body of Christ.
Augustine follows Paul in his sermon by constantly reminding
the assembly of their identification as the body of the entire
Christ.
He definitely needs a body if he is the head (Lee, 2017).
People of God
Characteristics of the People of God
● One becomes a member of this people not by physical birth,
but by being "born anew," a birth "of water and the Spirit," that
is, by faith in Christ, and Baptism (CCC 1267).
● "The status of this people is that of the dignity and freedom of
● the sons of God, in whose hearts the Holy Spirit dwells as in a
temple." [CCC 1741]
● Its mission is to be salt of the earth and light of the world. This
people is "a most sure seed of unity, hope, and salvation for
the whole human race." (CCC 849).
● Its destiny, finally, "is the Kingdom of God which has been
begun by God himself on earth and which must be further
extended until it has been brought to perfection by him at the
end of time." (CCC 769).
WHO ARE THE PEOPLE OF GOD?
● The pope is the successor of St. Peter, the head or leader of
the Apostles. He is the Vicar of Christ on earth and is the
visible head of the Church. “The Roman Pontiff ... is the
perpetual and visible source and foundation of the unity of
both the bishops and of the whole company of he faithful ...
(He) has full, supreme and universal power over thewhole
Church.” (LG 22-23).
● Bishops: The successors of the Apostles, “the bishops
receive the charge of the community, presiding in God’s stead
over the flock of which they are the shepherds in that they are
teachers of doctrine, ministers of sacred worship and holders
of office in government.” (LG 20).
● Priests:Co-workers with the bishops, “priests are consecrated
in order to preach the Gospel, and shepherd the faithful as
well as to celebrate divine worship as true priest of the New
Testament ...” (LG 28).
● Deacons: Co-workers with bishops and priests, deacons
assist at Mass, bless marriages, proclaim the Gospel, baptize,
reside over funerals and perform other tasks. The permanent
diaconate, which can be conferred on married men, was
restored at Vatican II. (cf. LG 29).
● Laity: The laity are the baptized who “in their own way share
the priestly, prophetic and kingly office of Christ. … All the
faithful except those in Holy Orders and those who belong to
a religious state approved by the Church are the laity.” (LG
31)
● .• Religious: “Religious have the duty of working for the
implanting and strengthening of the kingdom of Christ in souls
and for spreading it to the four corners of the earth. … Christ
proposed to His disciples this form of life, which He, as the
Son of God, accepted in entering this world to do the will of
the Father.” (LG 44).
Temple of the Holy Spirit
● St. Augustine says: "What the soul is to the human body, the
Holy Spirit is to the Church, which is Christ's Body." [Sermo
267, 4: PL 38, 1231D]
● "It is to this Spirit of Christ, as an unseen principle, that all the
parts of the body are linked one with the other and with their
exalted Head; because the whole Spirit of Christ is in the
head, the whole Spirit is in the body, and the whole Spirit is in
each of the members." [Encyclical by Pius XII, Mystic
Corporis: DS 3808]
The Church is transformed into "the temple of the living God"
by the Holy Spirit: [2 Corinthians 6:16; see also 1 Corinthians
3:16-17; Eph 2:21] [813, 586]; CCC 797)
NOTION OF THE CHURCH ACCORDING TO SAINT
AUGUSTINE
● A. “Christus totus” (Whole Christ)
● Saint Augustine speaks about Christ in three ways:
● first, Christ according to his divine nature – that is, Christ as
the pre-existent divine logos;
● second, Christ as a human being united with the divinity by
virtue of his incarnation; and
● third, Christ as a combination of both head and body, of which
we are the members.
● According to St. Augustine, there are three ways in which we
can approach our Lord Jesus Christ...
● The first way is consistent with the fact that he is God
because, prior to his incarnation, in accordance with his
Godhead, he is identical in being and eternal with the Father.
● The second way is through Christ after the incarnation, when
the same person who is God is also man... mediator and head
of the Church.
● The third way refers to the whole Christ (Christus totus) in the
fullness of the Church, that is to say, head and body
accordance with the fullness of a perfect man, of which each
of us is a member” (Sermo 341; ibid.).
The Church as Sacrifice
● Worship, according to Augustine, is a distinguishing trait of
the church.
● In the form of a sacrifice, the church gives sincere worship to
God.
● The notion of sacrifice evolves throughout Augustine's texts.
● Sacrifice is characterized in his early works as an offering of
the individual soul.
● The giving of the mind and heart is the appropriate sacrifice to
GHowever, in Augustine's mature works, sacrifice refers to the
● community giving of Christ's flesh.
● This shared sacrifice is precisely located at the Eucharistic
altar, according to Augustine.
● The earthly church, in her Eucharistic devotion, gives herself
as a sacrifice... (ibid.)od.
● Saint Augustine reflects on the nature of a true sacrifice
pleasing to God as taught by Paul in Romans 12.
● Works of mercy and acts of compassion qualify, but the
greatest and most perfect sacrifice is that of the Whole Body
of Christ, head and members (Totus Christus), which is
Offered to God the Father in the sacrament of the altar,the
Eucharist.
SALVATION OUTSIDE OF THE CHURCH
● Traditional and modern views
● Historically, the Catholic Church preached that only believers
and members of the Catholic Church might be saved. There
was no salvation for people who were not members of the
Church.
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 ● Pope Pius IX stated, "It is well recognized in the Catholic
Church that no one may be saved without the Catholic
Church."
● This refers to the idea that only individuals in full communion
with the Catholic Church and who embrace the Church's
doctrines and magisterium may be saved.
● •Pope Pius said that even those who are unaware of the
religion can obtain everlasting life if they live moral lives and
obey God's natural law. God will not punish people who have
not committed a willful transgression (BBC, 2021).
Section Information
I Manufacturer’s name and address, emergency tel. no., tel
no. for info about preparation
II Hazardous ingredient’s identity info, components, specific
chemical identity common name, PEL
III Physical/chemical characteristics
IV Fire and explosion hazard data
V Reactivity data
VI Health hazard data: routes of entry
VII Precautions of safe handling and use
VIII Control measures

A. HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
● Corrosive: causes visible destruction or irreversible damage
to human skin on contact
● Toxic: serious biological effects after inhalation, ingestion, or
skin contact w relatively small amts
● Carcinogenic: ability of chemical to induce a malignant tumor
● Ignitable: any chemical that can burn and includes both
combustible and flammable liquids
● Explosive: reactive and unstable substances that readily
undergo violent chemical change

II. REVIEW QUESTIONS

● Question 1
● Question 2
● Question 3
Answer 1
Answer 2
Answer 3

III. REFERENCES
● APA format

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