M HNH BOD/DO N GiN M HNH STREETER - PHELPS

Dng chy vo

Bin trng thi

B sung Suy gim

Dng chy ra

Th tch nc
6/3/2006 BUI TA LONG, TSKH 1

Ni dung
o o o o o t bi ton Cc khi nim c bn C s l lun ca m hnh Streeter - Phelps Cc cng thc tnh ton i km Mt s bi ton ng dng

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i tng cn xem xt (cn xy dng m hnh)

Cho: 1. S lng ngun im v ngun khng im 2. c trng ca on sng, h Cn tm: 1. Cht lng nc ca khc sng xem xt

o M hnh gip a ra tnh ton s. o M hnh c gip nh gi, d bo nh hng do hot ng sn xut ca con ngi ln mi trng.

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Mt s khi nim v k hiu

o BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) nhu cu oxy sinh ha ton phn (mg/l); o BOD i din cho nhng thnh phn c th phn hy sinh hc. Nu c oxy, qu trnh phn hy sinh hc s i hi mt lng oxy tng ng vi lng gim BOD; o BOD5 Nhu cu oxy sinh ha sau thi gian 5 ngy (mg/l); o COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand ) nhu cu oxy ha hc (mg/l); o DO (dissolved oxygen) Nng oxy ha tan (mg/l);
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Thut ng, c s php l

o T in mi trng v pht trin bn vng Anh Vit, NXB KH & KT. o ISO 6107-3:1993: TCVN 5982-1995. Cht lng nc, thut ng - phn 3. o ISO 6107 6:1980: TCVN 5985 1995- Cht lng nc, thut ng- phn 6.

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Cht hu c
o Cc cht hu c (organic wastes): cc cht thi c ngun gc t cc sinh vt sng hoc cht. Khi c a vo ngun nc, cc cht hu c s lm cho cc vi sinh vt hiu kh pht trin. Cc vi sinh vt ny s tiu th oxy lm cho lng oxy ho tan s gim xung cho nn c s dn dn bin mt. Khi phn ln lng oxy ho tan gim i thi cc vi sinh vt k kh s bin i cc hp cht c cha lu hunh thnh H2S lm cho nc c mi ...

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Cht d phn hu sinh hc

o Cht d phn hu sinh hc (readily biodegradable substances): cht c th b phn hu sinh hc n mt mc nht nh no theo cc php th nh i vi kh nng phn hu sinh hc hon ton. o S phn hu sinh hc hon ton: s phn hu sinh hc dn n s v c ho hon ton. o Phn hu bc nht: s phn hu cu trc phn t ca mt cht n mc d loi b mt tnh cht c trng no .

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Hng s tc phn hu K1
o Hng s tc phn hu cc cht hu c k1 l i lng c trng cho tc ca phn ng phn hu cc cht hu c d phn hu sinh hc do cc vi sinh vt hiu kh trong dng chy c xc nh trong iu kin tnh trong phng th nghim.
dLt = - K1 .Lt dt

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Hin tng np kh (oxy t khng kh xm nhp vo nc mt)

o Np kh (reaeration) l qu trnh vt l (chuyn ha khi lng) ca oxy t kh quyn vo khi nc. o s dng cc m hnh cht lng nc sng cn thit phi xy dng phng php tnh ton h s tc ha tan oxy qua mt thong (ngy -1).
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Cc bc cn thit xy dng m hnh

1. Quyt nh la chn loi m hnh 2. Xy dng cc m hnh l lun (Conceptual Model(s)) 3. Lm n gin ha cc gi thit 4. Vit phng trnh chuyn ng (Governing Equations) 5. Gii ra kt qu s 6. ng dng trn my tnh

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D , Lt , C t

D0 ,T

K1 , K N , K a , R a
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dD = K 1 Lt - K a D dt 12

M hnh cht lng nc trong dng chy n gin c c trng bi

o M hnh dng chy, su ca nc, nng BOD, DO o Bin thi gian v khng gian o Mt chiu, mt ct ngang nhn gi tr trung bnh (cc bin ch thay i theo dc sng) o Hy tm Q(x,t), H(x,t), BOD(x,t), DO(x,t)

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M hnh BOD/DO n gin

o Loi m hnh ny lin quan n nng oxy trong sng v sui o M hnh cht lng nc u tin xem xt mi quan h BOD/DO trong mt h thng sng c pht trin bi Streeter Phelps nm 1925.
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Mt s gi thit lm n gin ha cho m hnh

o o o o o o o Khng c s khuch tn, mt l hng s Nhit khng i v c coi l bit Tt c BOD c chuyn ha vi cng mt tc Khng din ra qu trnh quang hp/h hp Tc phn ng c bc 1 Tc lng ng oxy l hng s theo thi gian Tt c cc h s tc khc l khng i theo khng gian v thi gian

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Cc gi thit tr gip lm n gin ha m hnh Streeter Phelps

o Ch c mt ngun nhim tn ti. o Ti trng nhim khng i c thi ra mt im cho trc. o Sng khng c nhnh. o Vn tc dng chy khng i. o Mt ct ngang dng sng coi nh khng i. o S khuch tn to iu kin cho nng BOD v DO coi nh ng u trong mt ct ca sng. o S phn hy sinh hc din ra trong sng c bc nht v ngoi ra khng c s tham gia ca cc qu trnh khc.
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Phng trnh Streeter - Phelps

dD = K 1 Lt - K a D dt
D = Cs Ct Cs = nng oxy bo ha Ct = nng oxy thi im t Lt = nng cht hu c, c o bng BOD thi im t o K1 = h s tc phn hy cc cht hu c hay hng s tc tiu th oxy do qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c (ngy-1) o Ka = h s tc ha tan oxy qua mt thong (ngy-1) o o o o
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Phng php tnh trong thc t

o Lm th no tnh c K1 v Lt? o Lm sao tnh ton nhng tc ng ca nhit ? o Lm sao c lng s np kh (reaeration)? Gi tr ca K1, Ka, Lt v No c a ra cho mt s trng hp c trng Bng sau y. KN l hng s tc ca s nitrat ha: NH+4 + 2O2 NO3- + H2O + 2H+

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Cch tnh K1, KN

No l nng ammonium v L0 l nng cht hu c o bng BOD. K1 v KN ph thuc vo nhit T: tnh K1 KT (ti 200C) 1.05 tnh KN 1.06 1.08

T K 1 (T ) = K1 20 0 C K T - 20

T K N (T ) = K N 20 0 C K T - 20

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Gi tr c trng K1, KN, No v Lo (20oC) (Bng A)

K1 Nc thi th Nc thi th x l c hc Nc thi th x l sinh hc Nc ung Nc sng
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KN 0.15 0.20 0.10 0.25

No 80 120 70 120

Lo 150 250 75 - 150

0.35 0.40 0.35

0.10 0.25

0.05 0.20

60 120

10 80

0.05 0.10 0.05 0.15

0.05 0.05 0.10

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01 02

01 0-5
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Cch tnh Ka
o Ka ph thuc vo nhit , vn tc dng chy v su dng chy nh c ra trong nhng phng trnh di y: 2 .26 v K a ( 20 0 C ) = (ngy -1 ) 2 H 3 2 .26 v q (T - 20 ) K a (T ) = e (ngy -1 ) H 2/3

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Mt s k hiu dng trong cc phng trnh

o Ka (20oC)= h s np kh (tc ha tan oxy qua mt thong) 200C; o Ka(T)= h s np kh (tc ha tan oxy qua mt thong) T0C; o v = vn tc trung bnh ca dng chy (m/s) o H = su (m) o = hng s = 0.0240oC-1, 5oC <T<25oC o Cs = nng oxy bo ha (mg/l) o Ct = nng thc ca oxy thi im t (mg/l)
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Phng php tnh BOD

o Nng cht hu c trong nc thi thng c ch nh bng BOD5 hay BOD7, ln lt l lng oxy tiu th trong 5 v 7 ngy. o Nh cp trn, t gi thit s phn hy tun theo quy lut bc nht nn ta c:

dLt = - K 1 .Lt dt

Lt = L0 .e - K1 t
BOD5 = Lo (1 - .e - K1 5 )
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L5 = L0 .e
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- K1 5

Gii phng trnh Streeter Phelps cho DO

dD = K 1 Lt - K a D dt

dD + K a D = K 1 L0 e - K1t dt

t =0

= D0

D t = 0 = D0

K1 L0 D= e - K1 t - e - K at + D0 .e - K a t , K1 K a K a - K1 D = (K1 t L0 + D0 ) e K1t , K1 = K a
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 thiu ht DO cc i
K 1 L0 dD - K1 t - K at -Ka t D= e -e + D0 .e =0 K a - K1 dt

dD = k 1 Lo e - k1t - k a D = 0 dt k = 1 Lo e - k1t Dc ka

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im m ti nng oxy thp nht chnh l gii hn nguy hi

D max dD d 2D = 0, <0 2 dt dt

o Do D = Cs Ct suy ra Ct=Cs-D, khi D max ngha l Ct min

Ka 1 tc = ln K a - K1 K1
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D 0 (K a - K 1 ) 1 K 1L 0
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C lu ti s nitrat ha trong phng trnh cn bng oxy

dD = K 1 .L t + a .K N . N t - K a D dt
o Trong a l quan h gia nng ammonium v lng oxy tiu th tng ng vi phng trnh NH+4 + 2O2 NO3- + H2O + 2H+ o a c tnh l 2.32/14 = 4.4mg O2 vi mi mg ammonium; b ph thuc vo s ng ha vi sinh ca ammonia, t l ny l 4.3mg O2 vi mi n ammonium trong thc t

D=

K 1 .L0 K N .N 0 ( e - K1 t - e - K a t ) + ( e - K N t - e - K at ) + D0 .e - K a t K a - K1 Ka - KN

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Thay bin t = x/v trong cc cng thc trn

o Nc thi sau khi gia nhp vo dng sng, c s s ha trn hon ton vi dng chy o Vn tc dng chy l nh nhau trong sut cc mt ct ngang dng sng.

K 1 L0 D= e - K1 x / v - e - K a x / v + D0 .e - K a x / v , K 1 K a K a - K1 x D = K 1 * * L0 + D 0 e K 1 x / v , K 1 = K a v
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Bi tp
BOD5 c o 25oC l 25mg/l. Hng s tc thm kh c xc nh trn sng l 0.8 l/ngy 15oC. Tm L0 v Ka 20oC. S dng gi tr trung gian t bng B nh gi cc thng s. Gii. K1 25oC c xc nh bng phng trnh tnh theo K1 ti 200C K1 25oC = 0.375 * 1.055 = 0.479 L0 c xc nh t phng trnh BOD5 = Lo (1 - .e - K1 5 ) 25 = L0 (1 e -0.479*5) = L0*0.91 L0=27 Ka 20oC c th tnh c t phng trnh 0.8=(Ka 20oC)e 0.025*(-5) =(Ka 20oC)*0.88 Ka 20oC = 0.91 l/ngy. q (T -20) =

Ka (T ) Ka (20) e .

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Bi tp
Nc thi c pha trn vi nc sng, kt qu l BOD = 10.9 mg/l, DO = 7.6 mg/l. S pha trn din ra ti nhit 20 C, tc phn hy cc cht hu c trn sng c xc nh l 0.2 ngy-1. Vn tc trung bnh ca dng chy l 0.3 m/s, su trung bnh l 3.0 m. DO bo ha = 9.1 mg/l. oHy tnh thi gian v khong cch theo chiu dng chy ti thiu ht l cc i? oHy tm gi tr nh nht ca oxy ha tan (DO)?

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Bi gii
o thiu ht ban u Do = 9.1 7.6 = 1.5 mg/L o nh gi h s tc ha tan oxy qua mt thong (ngy-1)

2.26v q (T - 20 ) (ngay -1 ) K a (T ) = 2 / 3 e H 2.26 0.3 q (20- 20 ) K a (20) = e 0.33 (ngay -1 ) 3.0 2 / 3

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Bi gii (tip theo)

o Tnh thi gian khi thiu ht t cc i vi tc:

Ka Do (Ka - K1 ) 1 tc = ln 1 Ka - K1 K1 K1 Lo 0.33 1.5(0.33 - 0.2) 1 = ln 1 - 0.2 10.9 (0.33 - 0.2) 0.2 = 3.13 ngay x c = vtc = 0.3 m/s 86,400 s/ngay 3.13 ngay = 81,129 m
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Bi gii (tip theo)

o Gi tr nh nht ca DO cng t c khi Dc l ln nht thiu ht DO cc i l:

K1 0.2 - K1t - (0.2day -1 )(3.13days ) = = Dc = Lo e (10.9 mg/L) e Ka 0.33 0.2 (10.9 mg/L) 0.527 = 3.48 mg/L 0.33

DOmin = 9.1 - 3.48 = 5.62 mg / L

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ng cong DO

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Streeter Phelps

dD = K 1 Lt - K a D dt

K1 L0 D= e - K1 t - e - K at + D0 .e - K a t , K1 K a K a - K1 D = (K1 * t * L0 + D0 )e K1t , K1 = K a K1 - K1t Dc = Lo e Ka

Ka 1 tc = ln K a - K 1 K1
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D0 ( K 1 - K a ) 1 K a L0
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K1 ti nhit T = (K1 hay KN ti 200C) KT(T-20) BOD5 = Lo (1 - .e - K1 5 )

Ka (T ) = Ka (20) eq (T -20) .
tnh K1 KT (ti 200C) 1.05 tnh KN 1.06 -1.08

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Nng pha trn nc thi trong nc sng

Qw .C w + Qr .C r C= Q w + Qr
o o o o o C - nng trung bnh sau khi pha trn Qw - lu lng dng nc thi Cw - nng oxy trong nc thi Qr - lu lng dng sng Cr - nng oxy trong nc sng

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