Adhoc Mobility

Models
 A MOBILE AD HOC NETWORK INVOLVES
MOBILE DEVICES COMMUNICATING
MANET DIRECTLY WITH ONE ANOTHER.

A MANET IS A NETWORK OF WIRELESS
INTRO MOBILE DEVICES

WITHOUT AN
INFRASTRUCTURE THAT ARE SELF-
ORGANIZING AND SELF-CONFIGURING.

A MANET IS SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS

AN "ON-THE-FLY" OR "SPONTANEOUS
NETWORK."
 MANET - EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES OF MANETS INCLUDE

SMART HOME LIGHTING,

AD HOC STREETLIGHT NETWORKS,
AD HOC NETWORKS OF ROBOTS,
DISASTER RESCUE AD HOC NETWORKS AND
HOSPITAL AD HOC NETWORKS.
WIRELESS MESH NETWORKS
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK
MILITARY APPLICATIONS
TELEMEDICINE
DISASTER MANAGEMENT APPLICATIONS
VIRTUAL NAVIGATION

IN MANY CASES, THESE NETWORKS USE PROPRIETARY OR NON-TCP/IP

NETWORKING STANDARDS FOR COMMUNICATION.
 SOME IMPORTANT
CHARACTERISTICS OF MANET ARE:

DYNAMIC TOPOLOGIES.

BANDWIDTH-CONSTRAINED AND
VARIABLE CAPACITY LINKS.

ENERGY-CONSTRAINED OPERATION.

LIMITED PHYSICAL SECURITY.

LESS HUMAN INTERVENTION.

 Pros and Cons of MANET
Pros
Separation from central network
administration.
ie. of router and host showing
Each node can play both the roles
autonomous nature.
Self-configuring and self-healing
nodes do not require human
intervention.
Highly scalable and suits the
expansion of more network hub.
Cons
Resources are limited due to
various constraints like noise,
interference conditions, etc.
Lack of authorization facilities.
More prone to attacks due to
limited physical security.
High latency i.e. There is a
huge delay in the transfer of
data between two sleeping
nodes.
 Random Walk Outdoor Model
This model was firstly described by Einstein in 1926. Mobile
Node moves from current location to a new location by randomly
choosing a direction and speed because it is dynamic. It catches
the attribute of minimum speed or maximum speed and direction
from 0 to 360 degree.
It requires constant time interval and distance.
It is memory-less mobility pattern.
Current speed is independent of its past.
This also generates unrealistic movements such as sudden stops
and sharp turns.
 Probabilistic Version Of Random-Walk
Random-Walk was basically the model of
Indoor Mobility Model but in this one
probabilistic matrix is added making it the part
of the Outdoor Mobility Model’s Probabilistic
version of Random-Walk. A model that utilizes
a set of probabilities to determine the next
position of wireless network.

This version has three states-

State 0: current
State 1: previous
State 2: next

 Following the diagram, suppose (0) is a node at X’=X. Now, if we go to

previous state that is at (1) at X’=X-1 or to next state i.e, at (2) at X’=X+1, they
has probability to go to next or previous state. 0 here defines the current
location. We can go to next state with 0.5 probability or go back to previous
state with 0.5 probability. Same work for Y node too.
Now, working on its matrix by following the probabilistic matrix given above.
Looking at (0, 0), there is no probability so it value remains 0.
For (0, 1), it is 0.5
For (0, 2), it is 0.5
For (1, 0), it is 0.3
For (1, 1), it is 0.7 (It is a loop)
For (1, 2), it is 0 (As it cannot go from previous to next state)
For (2, 0), it is 0.3
For (2, 1), it is 0 (As it cannot go from next to previous state)
For (2, 2), it is 0.7 (It is a loop)

Vehicular ad hoc network

 Frequent

exchange of

information
 used by the military units and are useful in establishing
MILITARY OR communication among a group of soldiers for tactical
operations.
TACTICAL
MOBILE AD HOC Emphasis is on quick and reliable communication where it is
difficult to set up a fixed infrastructure.

NETWORK These require good coordination of military objects moving

at high speeds such as fleets of airplanes or warships.

Secure communication is of prime importance as

eavesdropping or other security threats can compromise
the purpose of communication.

Require the support of reliable and secure multimedia

multicasting. The routing protocol in these applications
should be able to provide quick, secure, and reliable
multicast communication with support for real-time traffic.
The vehicle-mounted nodes can be assumed to be
very sophisticated and powerful.

multiple high-power transceivers, each with the The primary nature of the communication
ability to hop between different frequencies for required in a military environment primarily
security reasons. requires

communication systems equipped with long-life reliability

batteries that might not be economically viable for efficiency
normal usage. secure communication, and
support for multicast routing.
They can even use other services such as location
tracking [GPS] or other satellite-based services for
efficient communication and coordination.
Electrical power & cellular network is
disrupted.

What can we do in this situation?

 SMARTPHONE ADHOC MOBILITY
MODEL
A span leverages available smartphones to
create peer to peer networking without
relying on cellular network.

SPAN-equipped phones can be used as

walkie-talkies to send text messages or
to share photos over the network.
If one span user has a working tower that
user’s smartphone can become an
internet gateway for each device in the
mesh network.

When it becomes available it can also

make use of any internet protocol
network backbone including UHF, VHF,
and satellite networks.

Low-cost, secure & robust

communications by integrating span
into commonly used smartphones.
 Y I N G OR K
L
F N ET W
H O C
A D
 INTRODUCTION TO FANET

FANET is a special case of MANET

attributing to high degree of
mobility.The FANET topology
changes more frequently, when the
ordinary infrastructure is out of
service or not available.

OVERVIEW

 CHARACTERISTICS

MOBILITY

DEPLOYMENT

SELF SCALABLE
ORGANIZING

FLEXIBLE DIVERSE
 CHALLENGES OF FANET

National Regulations: UAV is used many application areas in FANET.

Many countries have restricted UAV operations in civil airspace.
Path Planning: Path planning plays a very vital role in FANET. Acquiring
new algorithms and dynamic path planning is very essential to achieve the
goals. In many cases each UAV has to change its preceding path, and new
ones have to be recalculated immediately
Security: Confidentiality, integrity and availability of precious information
makes FANET challenging. In FANET nodes leave and join very
frequently. This frequent network topology can make it vulnerable to
malicious attacks.
Quality of Service (QOS): In FANET different type of data are transformed
like image, video, audios and text. The quality of data dissemination and
processing is challenging.
Internet based Ad hoc Network
Internet-based mobile ad hoc networking is an
emerging technology that supports self-organizing,
mobile networking infrastructures. The technology
enables an autonomous system of mobile nodes,
which can operate in isolation or be connected to the
greater Internet.
Internet based Ad hoc Network
Characteristics of iMANETs
These are ad-hoc networks that help to link fixed as well as
mobile nodes.
They also link mobile nodes and fixed Internet-gateway
nodes.
It supports internet protocols such as TCP/IP to link mobile
nodes and establish routes distributed and automatically.
They are designed to operate in widely varying environments,
from forward-deployed military with hundreds of nodes per
mobile domain to embedded systems.
 11

GAUSS
MARKOV
MOBILITY
MODEL
The outdoor mobility model proposed for the
simulation of the Personal Communication
Service.
 GM Model

The Gauss–Markov (GM) mobility model aims at improving previous approaches by exploiting

temporal dependency. Here, the speed and direction of a mobile terminal are updated according to

their past values at earlier time intervals. Additionally, the calculation of these two values is done

with a certain degree of randomness that can be tuned based on the nature of the simulated

wireless network. The GM mobility model is not stateless, as the memories of previous steps are

preserved .

However, the node movement is still independent of other mobile terminals within the same

network.
14
The transition from landlines to wireless
phones is the product of the Gauss
Markov model.

The model adapts to different levels of

randomness unlike indoor mobility models
where there are fixed simulation areas.

In outdoor mobility model, there is no

concept of the simulation area. It is purely
random.

Initially, each mobile node is assigned a

current speed and direction which can
change itself randomly. It can move freely
in and out.
The value of speed and direction at the nth instance is calculated using the following
formula.
The New speed and New direction can be easily calculated using the formula given
above.
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