Fluid Disc. Ch6 STD

Chapter (6)
Energy Equation and

Its Applications
Fluid Mechanics Energy Equation & Its Applications
Bernoulli Equation
Bernoulli equation is one of the most useful equations in fluid mechanics
and hydraulics. And it’s a statement of the principle of conservation of
energy along a stream line.
Bernoulli Equation can be written as following:
P v
+ + z = H = constant
ρg 2g
All these terms have a unit of length (m)
 = pressure energy per unit weight = pressure head
P
We know that P = ρgh →→ h = (m).
ρg
 = kinetic energy per unit weight = velocity head
1
1 mv v
We know that K. E = mv → divided by weight → 2 = (m).
2 mg 2g
 z = potential energy per unit weight = (potential elevation head)
mgz
We know that P. E = mgz → divided by weight → = z (m).
mg
 H = total energy per unit weight = total head (m).
By using principle of conservation of energy, we can apply Bernoulli

equation between two points (1 and 2) on the streamline:
( )= ( )
P v P v
+ +z = + +z
ρg 2g ρg 2g
But!!, this equation no energy losses ( e.g. from friction) or energy gains
(e.g. from a pump) along a stream line, so the final form for Bernoulli
equation is:
P v P v
+ +z +h = + +z +h +h
ρg 2g ρg 2g
Page (116) Dr.Khalil Al-astal Eng. Ahmed Al-Agha Eng. Ruba Awad
h = q = Energy supplied by per unit weight (m)

h = w = work done by per unit weight (m)
h = Total friction losses per unit weight (m)
Representation of Energy Changes in a Fluid System

(HGL and EGL)
It is often convenient to plot mechanical energy graphically using heights.
Hydraulic Grade Line or (HGL):
P
HGL = +z
ρg
It is the line that joins all the points to which water would rise if piezometric
tubes were inserted .
Energy Grade Line or (Total Energy Line) EGL:
P v
EGL = total head = + +z
ρg 2g
It is the line that joins all the points that represent the total head (i.e. the
EGL is always above HGL by a velocity head ).
Important Notes (Guidelines) for drawing HGL and EGL:

 EGL and HGL are falls in the direction of flow due to friction losses (hL).
 EGL and HGL are vertically downward due to minor losses such as:
[ entrance, exit, elbow, valve, increasing or decreasing diameter] if exist.
 EGL and HGL are vertically upward due to the head supplied by pump (if
exist) and tend vertically downward due to head consumed by turbine (if
exist).
 If there exist a reservoir, the EGL and HGL are coinciding with the
surface of fluid in the reservoir because the velocity is zero and the pressure
is atmospheric pressure (zero gauge pressure).
 But if the water exits from a nozzle with a specific velocity the HGL will
coincide with the water because the pressure is zero, but the EGL will be
above HGL by a velocity head.
 Another notes will be described in the problems that we will solve.
Problems
1.
Water flows through the horizontal branching pipe shown below. Calculate:
a) The water speed at section (2).
b) The pressure at section (3).
c) Flow rate at section (4).
Assume no losses and branch in horizontal plane
A = 0.0065 m
P = 35 kPa
Solution
a) (v =? ? )
Q 0.28
v = = = 3.11 m/s
A 0.09
By applying Bernoulli equation between sections (1) and (2):
P v P v
+ +z = + +z
ρg 2g ρg 2g
z = z = 0.0 (system is in horizontal plane)
70 × 10 3.11 35 × 10 v
+ +0 = + +0
1000 × 9.81 2 × 9.81 1000 × 9.81 2 × 9.81
→ v = 8.9 m/s ✓.
b) (P =? ? )
By applying Bernoulli equation between sections (1) and (3):
P v P v
+ +z = + +z
ρg 2g ρg 2g
z = z = 0.0 (system is in horizontal plane)
70 × 10 3.11 P 6.1
+ +0 = + +0
1000 × 9.81 2 × 9.81 1000 × 9.81 2 × 9.81
→ P = 5636.8 Pa = 56.37 kPa ✓.
c) (Q =? ? )
Q = A × v = 0.0065 × 8.9 = 0.0578 m /s
Q = A × v = 0.018 × 6.1 = 0.1098 m /s
Q = Q (continuity equation)
Q = Q + Q + Q → 0.28 = 0.0578 + 0.1098 + Q
→ Q = 0.1124 m /s ✓.
2.
For the shown figure below, if D1 > D2. Draw the HGL and EGL.
Solution
3.
For the shown figure below, if D1 > D2. Draw the HGL and EGL.
Solution
4.
For the shown figure below, if D3 >D1 > D2. Draw the HGL and EGL.
Solution
5.
For the shown figure below. Draw the HGL and EGL.
Solution
6.
For the system shown below.
a) What is the direction of flow?
b) What kind of machine is at A?
c) Do you think both pipes, AB and CA, are the same diameter?
d) Sketch the EGL for the system.
Solution
Applications of Bernoulli Equation

There are several applications of Bernoulli equation and will be discussed in
the problems of this chapter.
Important notes before solving problems:
 Three equations should be in mind:
 Bernoulli equation.
 Continuity Equation.
 Up down method (Ch.2)
 When the fluid is flowing from section (1) to section (2), some losses of
energy will occur between sections (1) and (2), so we include a coefficient
of discharge (Cd) to get the actual discharge:
Q =C ×Q
Q = the calculated discharge = Av
This will be clarified in problems later.
 Pump is a machine that consuming electricity power to produce a head of
water.
 Turbine is a machine that consuming energy from water to produce power
elevtricity.
 If we want to calculate the power:
Power = ρQgH (Watt)
746 Watt = 1 horse power
Power consumed by pump = ρQgh
Power generated by turbine = ρQgh
If we need the power supplied by any object (machine, reservoir, jet, etc…)
just calculate the total head and apply in power equation above.
We can also calculate the efficiency of pump or turbine or any system:
Power
η=
Power
For pump:
Power = ρQgh Power = electricity power
For turbine:
Power = electricity power Power = ρQgh
Problems
1.
What is the head that must be supplied by the pump to the water to pump 0.4
m3/s from the lower to the upper reservoir ?
Hint: [The head loss in the pipes is given in the figure as a function of water velocity].
Solution
Firstly we calculate the velocities of each pipe, assume the pipe in left side is
pipe (1) and the pipe in right side is pipe (2).
Q = 0.4 m /s
Q 0.4
v = =π = 12.73 m/s
A × 0.2
4
Q 0.4
v = =π = 22.64 m/s
A × 0.15
4
Now we calculate the head loss for each pipe (from given formulas):
V 12.73
h , = 22.5 × = 22.5 × = 185.84m
2g 2 × 9.81
V 22.64
h , = 45 × = 45 × = 1175.62m
2g 2 × 9.81
h , = 185.84 + 1175.62 = 1361.46m
Now apply Bernoulli equation between points (1) and (2):
P v P v
+ +z +h = + +z +h +h
ρg 2g ρg 2g
h = 0.0 (because there is no turbine between 1 and 2)
P v P v
+ +z +h = + +z +h
ρg 2g ρg 2g
P = P = 0.0 (1 and 2 are exposed to atmosphere)
v = v = 0.0 (surface of each reservoir is constant)
→ 0 + 0 + 100 + h = 0 + 0 + 150 + 1361.46 → h = 1411.46 m✓.
2.
A pipe of a diameter 6 mm connects tank A and open container B as shown
in figure below. The liquid having a specific weight of 9780 N/m3 and a
viscosity of 0.0008 kg/m.s.
The pressure PA=34.5 kPa and the head loss from pipe CD is h = 25
a) Which direction will the water flow and what is the flow rate?
b) Is the flow in pipe CD laminar or turbulent?
Solution
a)
We calculate the head loss for pipe CD:
v v
h = 25 = 25 × = 1.274v
2g 2 × 9.81
Assume the fluid is moving from container B to tank A.
Now apply Bernoulli equation between points (1) and (2):
P v P v
+ +z +h = + +z +h +h
ρg 2g ρg 2g
h = h = 0.0 (because there is no pump and turbine between 1 and 2)
P v P v
+ +z = + +z +h
ρg 2g ρg 2g
P = 0.0 (1 is exposed to atmosphere)
P = 34.5 kPa = 34500 Pa
v = v = 0.0 (surface of each reservoir is constant)
z (from datum) = 1.4 + 4.3 sin45 = 4.44m
z (from datum) = 1m
34500
→ 0 + 0 + 4.44 = + 0 + 1 + 1.274v2 → v2 = −0.06875
9780
→ v = −√0.06875 = −0.262m/s
The negative sign means, the fluid is moving opposite to the assumed
direction (i.e. the flow is from tank A to container B) ✓.
π
Q = A × v = × 0.006 × 0.262 = 7.40 × 10 m /s ✓.
4
b)
ρ×V×D
R =
μ
9780
ρ= = 996.94 kg/m
9.81
996.94 × 0.262 × 0.006
R = = 1959 < 2000 → Laminar ✓.
0.0008
3.
When the pump shown in figure below draws 0.06 m3/s of water
from the reservoir, the total friction head loss is 5 m. The flow discharges
through a nozzle to the atmosphere. Estimate the pump power in kW
delivered to the water.
Solution
We apply Bernoulli Equation
between points (1) and (2) 2
Q = 0.06 m /s
1
Q 0.06
v = =π = 30.6 m/s
A × 0.05
4
v =v
v = 0.0 (fluid is static in reservoir)
P = P = 0.0 (exposed to atm. )
Assume the datum at point (1), so:
z = 0.0, z = 2m
P v P v
+ +z +h = + +z +h +h
ρg 2g ρg 2g
h = 0.0 (because there is no turbine between 1 and 2)
P v P v
+ +z +h = + + z + h → Apply now:
ρg 2g ρg 2g
30.6
0+0+0+h =0+ + 2 + 5 → h = 54.72m
2 × 9.81
The pump power = ρQgh = 1000 × 0.06 × 9.81 × 54.72 = 32208.2 Watt
The pump power = 32.2 kW ✓.
4.
For the water system shown, the velocity at section (1) is v1=0.6m/s.
Calculate the mercury manometer reading, h.
Notes:
 Losses are neglected.
 Section 2 is opened to atmosphere.
ρ = 13600 kg/m , ρ = 1000 kg/m
Solution
Apply Bernoulli equation between points (1) and
(2):
P v P v
+ +z +h = + +z +h +h
ρg 2g ρg 2g
h = h = h = 0.0
P v P v
+ +z = + +z
ρg 2g ρg 2g
Assume datum is passing through centerline of
section (1) → z = 0.0 , z = 3m
v = 0.6m/s (apply continuity equation to find v )
π
A ×v × 0.075 × 0.6
A ×v = A ×v → v = =4 π = 5.4 m/s
A × 0.025
4
P = 0.0 (opened to atmosphere)
To calculate P , use up down method:
P + 9810 × 0.6 − 13600 × 9.81 × h = 0.0 → P = 133416 h − 5886
Now apply in Bernoulli equation:
133416 h − 5886 0.6 5.4
+ +0 = 0+ +3
9810 2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81
→ h = 0.372 m ✓.
5.
Kerosine flows through the pump shown in figure below at 0.065 m3/s. Head
losses between 1 and 2 are 2.4 m, and the pump delivers 8 hp to the flow.
What should the mercury manometer reading h be?
ρ = 13600 kg/m , ρ = 804 kg/m
1 y
Solution
Apply Bernoulli equation between points (1) and (2):
P v P v
+ +z +h = + +z +h +h
ρg 2g ρg 2g
h = 0.0
h = 2.4 m
Power = 8 hP = 8 × 746 = 5968 Watt
Power = ρQgh → 5968 = 804 × 9.81 × 0.065 × h → h = 11.64 m
Assume datum is passing through centerline of section (1) → z = 0.0 ,
z = 1.5m
Q 0.065
v = =π = 14.7m/s
A × 0.075
4
Q 0.065
v = =π = 3.68m/s
A × 0.15
4
Apply in Bernoulli equation:

P 14.7 P 3.68
+ + 0 + 11.64 = + + 1.5 + 2.4
804 × 9.81 2 × 9.81 804 × 9.81 2 × 9.81
→ P − P = 142471.37 →→→ Eq. (1)
Now apply up down method between 1 and 2:
P + ρ gy + ρ gh − ρ g(h + y + 1.5) = P
→ P − P = 125528.26 h − 11830.86
Substitute from Eq. (1):
125528.26 h − 11830.86 = 142471.37 → h = 1.23 m ✓.
6.
Oil flows through a pipe as shown in figure below. If the coefficient of
discharge (Cd) for the orifice in the pipe is 0.63. Calculate the discharge of
oil in the pipe.
Solution
Firstly we apply Bernoulli equation between points (1) and (2):
P v P v
+ +z = + +z
ρg 2g ρg 2g
z = z = 0.0 (by assuming the datum passing through points 1 and2)
P −P v −v
→ =
ρg 2g
Now, by applying continuity equation between (1) and (2):
A v =A v
π
A = × 0.25 = 0.049 m
4
π
A = × 0.1 = 0.00785 m
4
→ 0.049 × v = 0.00785v → v = 0.16 v
P −P v − 0.16v P −P 0.84v
→ = → =
ρg 2g ρg 2g
Now, by applying up down method between (1) and (2):
P + 910 × 9.81 × y + 910 × 9.81 × 0.35 − 13600 × 9.81 × 0.35
−910 × 9.81 × y = P → P − P = 43571.115 Pa.
43571.115 0.84v
→ = → v = 10.67 m/s
ρg 2g
→Q = A v = 0.00785 × 10.67 = 0.0838 m /s
→Q =Q × C = 0.0838 × 0.63 = 0.053m /s ✓.
7.
A weir of cross section shown below is used to measure the flow rate.
Calculate this value of flow rate (Q).
Solution
We divide this cross section for rectangle with dimensions of (0.2 x 0.4) and
triangle with dimensions of (0.4 x 0.1) and then we sum the two values of Q.
For rectangle:
The flow rate for the shown element is:
∆Q = ∆A × ∆v
∆A = 0.4 × ∆h
∆v = 2gh
∆Q = 0.4 × 2gh × ∆h
But the value of h is caries from 0 to 0.2m, so the value of v also varies and
thereby ∆Q is varies with h, so, to find the total discharge for this rectangle
we integrate from 0 to 0.2m to get total amount of discharge:
. . .
Q=∫ 0.4 × 2gh × ∆h = 0.4 × 2g × ∫ h ∆h
h.
→ Q = 1.77 × (from 0 to 0.2)
1.5
0.2 .
Q = 1.77 × − 0 = 0.106 m /s
1.5
For triangle:
Here the width of the triangle b(h) varies with depth h so we find b(h) as a
function of h from trigonometry:
b(h) 0.4
= → b(h) = 1.2 − 4h
0.3 − h 0.1
∆Q = ∆A × ∆v
∆Q = (1.2 − 4h) × ∆h × 2gh
∆Q = 2g × (1.2h . − 4h . ) ∆h
Now the integration will be from (h=0.2 to h=0.3)
.
. .
Q= 2g (1.2h − 4h ) ∆h
.
h. h .
Q = 4.3 × 1.2 × −4× (from h = 0.2 to h = 0.3)
1.5 2.5
0.3 . 0.3 . 0.2 . 0.2 .
→ Q = 4.3 × 1.2 × −4× − 1.2 × −4×
1.5 2.5 1.5 2.5
→ Q = 4.3 × (0.0526 − 0.043) = 0.0413m /s
The total value of Q is :
Q +Q = 0.106 + 0.0413 = 0.147m /s ✓.

Fluid Disc. Ch6 STD

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Fluid Disc. Ch6 STD

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Chapter (6)

Energy Equation and

By using principle of conservation of energy, we can apply Bernoulli

h = q = Energy supplied by per unit weight (m)

Representation of Energy Changes in a Fluid System

Important Notes (Guidelines) for drawing HGL and EGL:

By applying Bernoulli equation between sections (1) and (3):

Applications of Bernoulli Equation

Apply in Bernoulli equation:

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