Structural Analysis TC50312E

Ali Bahadori-Jahromi PhD, MSc, BEng, CEng, FICE

Professor of Civil Engineering & Course Leader
 Objectives

Course objectives:

• Analysis of common determinate structures.

• Application of structural analysis through design
Codes and Standards.
• The application of Euro-Codes to reinforced
concrete
 Additional information
Much useful additional information, including guidance on UK
practice, is given in the following documents:

• McKenzie, W.M.C. 2013, Design of Structural Elements to

Eurocodes, Palgrave Macmillan, London.

• Manual for the design of concrete building structures to Eurocode

2 ’, published by the Institution of Structural Engineers.

• How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2 ’, a series of

guides published by The Concrete Centre and available from
www.eurocode2.info .

• Concise Eurocode 2 for the design of in-situ concrete framed

buildings to BS EN 1991-1-1:2004 and its UK National Annex:
2005, Narayanan R S and Goodchild CH, The Concrete Centre,
2006.
 Overview of Course
Outline:

1 Introduction
2 Codes and Standards
3 Loads and Actions
4 Limit State Design Philosophy
5 Determining Loads on Individual Structural Elements
6 Structural analysis
7 Design of Beams for Bending Moment
8 Compression Members
9 Material Properties
10 Summary
Introduction
 1 Introduction
1Introduction
2 Eurocodes Eurocode 0 ‘Basis of Structural Design’ states:
3 Loads
4 Limit State ‘A structure is an organised combination of connected parts
5 Loads on
designed to carry loads and provide adequate rigidity. ’
Individual
Elements
6 Structural
Mechanics
7 Design of
Beams
8Compression
Members
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary
1Introduction Structural engineering is the study of how the various components
2 Eurocodes of a building or other structure act together to transmit forces down
3 Loads to the foundations.
4 Limit State
• Structural planning stage
5 Loads on
Individual • Structural analysis stage: using the principles of structural
Elements mechanics.
6 Structural
Mechanics • Structural element design stage: When the size and properties
7 Design of of each member are determined.
Beams
• Structural detailing stage
8Compression
Members • Structural specification stage: When specification clauses are
9 Material compiled to define the standard of materials and workmanship
Properties to be used.
10 Summary
• Construction stage
 2 Codes and Standards
1Introduction Codes and Standards
2 Eurocodes
3 Loads
4 Limit State • In term of codes and standards, this note covers the EC0,
5 Loads on EC1 and EC2
Individual
Elements • Each country in the European Union defines how each
6 Structural code is to be used by publishing a National Annex for each
Mechanics code.
7 Design of
Beams • This note is based on the UK National Annexes.
8Compression • Designs according to the Eurocodes are safe, economic,
Members
and satisfy UK Building Regulations.
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary
1Introduction In relation to structural design, the codes and standards
2 Eurocodes
are in two groups:
3 Loads
4 Limit State
5 Loads on (a) Those relating to materials and components
Individual
Elements (b) Those relating to loading and to the design of structures
6 Structural
Mechanics
7 Design of
Beams
8Compression
Members
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary
 Codes relating to materials and components

1Introduction
2 Eurocodes
3 Loads
4 Limit State
5 Loads on
Individual
Elements
6 Structural
Mechanics
7 Design of
Beams
8Compression
Members
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary
 Codes relating to loading and to the design
of structures.
1Introduction
2 Eurocodes
3 Loads
4 Limit State
5 Loads on
Individual
Elements
6 Structural
Mechanics
7 Design of
Beams
8Compression
Members
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary
 Design working life
1Introduction EC0 gives values of design working life.
2 Eurocodes This note is about the design of class 4 structures.
3 Loads
4 Limit State
5 Loads on
Individual
Elements
6 Structural
Mechanics
7 Design of
Beams
8Compression
Members
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary
 Additional sources of information
1Introduction
2 Eurocodes
3 Loads
4 Limit State
5 Loads on
Individual
Elements
6 Structural
Mechanics
7 Design of
Beams
8Compression
Members
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary
 3. Loads and Actions
1Introduction
Eurocodes use the word action to describe an effect
2 Eurocodes which may cause distress to the structure.
3 Loads • Direct actions, or loads, are forces applied to the structure.
4 Limit State
• Indirect actions are movements caused by, for example,
5 Loads on
Individual earthquakes, temperature changes, moisture variation or
Elements uneven foundation settlement.
6 Structural
Mechanics
7 Design of Actions may be permanent or variable. The self-weight of a
Beams building is a permanent action; loads from occupation, stored
8Compression materials, vehicles or wind are variable actions.
Members
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary
1Introduction Figure . Movements caused by, temperature changes
2 Eurocodes
3 Loads
4 Limit State
5 Loads on
Individual
Elements
6 Structural
Mechanics
7 Design of
Beams
8Compression
Members
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary
1Introduction Figure . Movements caused by, temperature changes
2 Eurocodes
3 Loads
4 Limit State
5 Loads on
Individual
Elements
6 Structural
Mechanics
7 Design of
Beams
8Compression
Members
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary
1Introduction Figure . Movements caused by, temperature changes
2 Eurocodes
3 Loads
4 Limit State
5 Loads on
Individual
Elements
6 Structural
Mechanics
7 Design of
Beams
8Compression
Members
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary
1Introduction Figure . Movements caused by, temperature changes
2 Eurocodes
3 Loads
4 Limit State
5 Loads on
Individual
Elements
6 Structural
Mechanics
7 Design of
Beams
8Compression
Members
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary
1Introduction
2 Eurocodes
The self-weight or dead-weight of a building is a permanent
3 Loads
action Gk for point load, or gk if expressed as a distributed
4 Limit State
5 Loads on
load.
Individual
Elements
6 Structural
The variable load e.g. loads from occupation or stored material
Mechanics is expressed as Qk for point load and qk for distributed load
7 Design of
Beams
8Compression
Members
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary
 Design values for imposed load- EC1

1Introduction
2 Eurocodes
3 Loads
4 Limit State
5 Loads on
Individual
Elements
Class Q.
6 Structural
Mechanics How these
7 Design of values are
Beams calculated?
8Compression
Members
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary
 Design load on floors from movable
partitions (EC1)
1Introduction
2 Eurocodes
3 Loads
4 Limit State
5 Loads on
Individual
Elements
6 Structural
Mechanics
7 Design of
Beams
8Compression
Members
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary
 Nominal density of the materials
1Introduction
2 Eurocodes
3 Loads
4 Limit State
5 Loads on
Individual
Elements
6 Structural
Mechanics
7 Design of
Beams
8Compression
Members
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary
 Nominal density of the materials (continued)

1Introduction
2 Eurocodes
3 Loads
4 Limit State
5 Loads on
Individual
Elements
6 Structural
Mechanics
Pure water has its highest density 1000 kg/m3 or 10 kN/m3
7 Design of
Beams
8Compression The weight of 1kg mass is 9.8 N or 0.0098 kN
Members
9 Material
Properties Class question
10 Summary What is a weight of steel section with a mass of 73kg/m?
0.715 kN/m
 Snow load sk on roofs
1Introduction The characteristic ground snow load sk (kN/m2 ) is given by
2 Eurocodes
3 Loads
4 Limit State
5 Loads on
Individual
Elements
Z : zone number from the map in Figure NA1 of BS EN 1991-1-
6 Structural
3:2003
Mechanics
7 Design of
Beams
A : the site altitude in metres above sea level.
8Compression
Members
If the site altitude is not more than 100 m then a simplified formula
9 Material
Properties is usually used: (Why?)
10 Summary
 Snow loads: Figure NA1 of UK National
Annex to BS EN 1991-1-3:2003

1Introduction
2 Eurocodes
3 Loads
4 Limit State
5 Loads on
Individual
Elements
6 Structural
Mechanics
7 Design of
Beams
8Compression
Members
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary
1Introduction The design snow load on a roof is μ 1 s k . Table below gives
2 Eurocodes values of μ 1 for flat and simple pitched roofs for undrifted
3 Loads snow.
4 Limit State
5 Loads on
Individual
Elements
6 Structural
Mechanics
7 Design of
Beams
8Compression
Members
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary Higher values of snow load should be used where parapets,
valleys or abrupt changes in roof level may cause drifting of
snow (see EC1 Part 1 - 3 for guidance).
μ :Mu
1Introduction Higher values of snow load should be used where parapets,
2 Eurocodes valleys or abrupt changes in roof level may cause drifting of
3 Loads snow (see EC1 Part 1 - 3 for guidance).
4 Limit State
5 Loads on
Individual
Elements
6 Structural
Mechanics
7 Design of
Beams
8Compression
Members
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary
 Wind loads
1Introduction • Wind loads consider the loads which either cause pressure
2 Eurocodes or suction on the building
3 Loads
4 Limit State
• Wind loads are determined from statistical data and it is
5 Loads on found that small areas of cladding, especially near edges,
Individual are likely to receive higher wind pressures
Elements
6 Structural
or suctions than large areas or whole buildings.
Mechanics • BS EN 1991 Part 1.4 gives wind speeds to be adopted for
7 Design of
Beams the design of buildings relative to their geographical
8Compression location in the UK and elevation above sea level.
Members
• It also gives methods of calculating wind pressures or
9 Material
Properties suctions on the various parts of the building, such as roofs
10 Summary and walls, in relation to its size and shape.
 4 Limit state design philosophy
1Introduction The basic requirement for a structure is stated in
2 Eurocodes
EC0 as follows.
3 Loads
4 Limit State
5 Loads on
Individual ‘A structure shall be designed and executed in such a way that
Elements it will, during its intended life, with appropriate degrees of
6 Structural reliability and in an economical way :
Mechanics
7 Design of
• sustain all actions and influences likely to occur
Beams during execution and use, and
8Compression
Members • remain fit for the use for which it is required’
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary
1Introduction This is achieved by verifying that the structure does not go beyond
2 Eurocodes one or more limit states. Two categories of limit states are
3 Loads defined:
4 Limit State
5 Loads on
Individual Ultimate limit states (ULS), which concern the safety of people
Elements and the safety of the structure. These include loss of
6 Structural equilibrium (overturning), failure through excessive deformation,
Mechanics
7 Design of
fracture and rupture.
Beams Serviceability limit states (SLS), which concern the function of
8Compression the structure under normal use, the comfort of people or the
Members
appearance of the structure.
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary
1Introduction Structural safety is assured by applying safety factors γ to the values
2 Eurocodes of loads and material properties used in the design.
3 Loads
4 Limit State
Partial safety factors for loads, denoted by γf, are intended to allow
5 Loads on
Individual for some unforeseen increases in loads.
Elements
Partial safety factors for materials, denoted by γm, make some
6 Structural
Mechanics allowance for sub-standard materials or for the deterioration of
7 Design of materials during the life of the structure.
Beams
8Compression
Members
Table : Partial safety factors for loads in serviceability and ultimate limits states
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary
1Introduction
2 Eurocodes
3 Loads
For verifying ultimate limit states:
4 Limit State
5 Loads on
Individual
Elements
6 Structural For verifying serviceability limit states:
Mechanics
7 Design of
Beams
8Compression
Members
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary
 Combined variable loads at ULS
1Introduction If a structural element is to be designed for one permanent load G k and
2 Eurocodes two variable loads Q k,1 and Q k,2, the ULS design should be checked
3 Loads for either equation 6.10 (two cases) or equation 6.10a and 6.10b
4 Limit State (three cases):
5 Loads on Either equation 6.10 (two cases)
Individual 1.35G k+1.50 Q k,1+1.50 ψ 0 Q k,2 (EC0 equation 6.10)
Elements
6 Structural
1.35G k+1.50 ψ 0 Q k,1+1.50 Q k,2 (EC0 equation 6.10)
Mechanics
7 Design of
Beams Or worse case of 6.10a and 6.10b (Three cases)
8Compression 1.35G k+1.50 ψ 0 Q k,1+1.50 ψ 0 Q k,2 (EC0 equation 6.10a)
Members 1.15G k+1.50 ψ 0 Q k,1+1.50Q k,2 (EC0 equation 6.10b with ζ=0.925)
9 Material
Properties
and
10 Summary 1.15G k+1.50Q k,1+1.50 ψ 0 Q k,2 (EC0 equation 6.10b with ζ=0.925)

ξ = (0.85 is the unmodified EC value) ξ = (0.925 UK National Annex)

ψ : Psi ξ : xi
 Combined variable loads at SLS
1Introduction
2 Eurocodes Table: Loads to be used for assessing at SLS a structure subject to G k, Q k,1 and Q k,2
3 Loads
4 Limit State
5 Loads on
Individual
Elements
6 Structural
Mechanics
7 Design of
Beams
8Compression
Characteristic loads: these are the highest expected loads and occur only rarely.
Members
9 Material
Frequent loads: these are lower than the characteristic loads and occur quite often.
Properties Semi-permanent loads: these are lower than frequent loads and are likely to be
10 Summary present most of the time.

ψ : Psi
1Introduction
2 Eurocodes Table: Loads to be used for assessing at SLS
3 Loads
4 Limit State
5 Loads on
Individual
Elements
6 Structural
Mechanics
7 Design of
Beams
8Compression
Members
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary

ψ : Psi
1Introduction Table: Values of ψ factors for buildings
2 Eurocodes
3 Loads
4 Limit State
5 Loads on
Individual
Elements
6 Structural
Mechanics
7 Design of
Beams
8Compression
Members
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary

ψ : Psi
Thank you for your attention
Appendixes
 The Greek Alphabet

Upper, lower Name Pronounced Upper, lower Name Pronounced

A, α alpha AHL-fah Ν, ν nu nee
Β, β vita VEE-tah Ξ, ξ xee ksee

Γ, γ gamma GHAH-mah Ο, ο omikron OH-mee-kron

Δ, δ thelta THEL-tah Π, π pi pee

Ε, ε epsilon EHP-see-lon Ρ, ρ ro roh, roe
Ζ, ζ zita ZEE-tah Σ, σ, ς sigma SEEGH-mah
Η, η ita EE-tah Τ, τ tau tahf
Θ, θ thita THEE-tah Υ, υ upsilon EWP-see-lon
Ι, ι iota YO-tah Φ, φ phi fee
Κ, κ kappa KAH-pah Χ, χ chi hee
Λ, λ lamtha LAHM-thah Ψ, ψ psi psee
Μ, μ mu mee Ω, ω omega oh-MEH-ghah