Anatomy & physiology 1.

VENULES
VESSELS & CIRCULATIONS 2.SMALL VEINS
Supplemental Module prepared by: 3.MEDIUM SIZE VEINS
DR. JEANNETTE R. ABELLA 4.LARGE VEINS

CIRCULATION BLOOD VESSEL WALL- LAYERS

2 DIVISIONS: Except capillaries & venules
1.SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION a.TUNICA INTIMA- inner most layer
2. PULMONARY CIRCULATION b.TUNICA MEDIA- in between
Peripheral circulation & heart- regulated to maintain c. TUNICA EXTERNA/ ADVENTITIA- outer most layer
sufficient blood flow to tissues
TUNICA INTIMA
a. Simple squamous epithelium
FUNCTIONS b. Basement membrane
1. CARRY BLOOD- from the heart to the tissues & back c. Small connective tissue
2. EXCHANGE – nutrients , waste product & gases Ex. MUSCULAR ARTERIES- it also contain a layer of THIN
NUTRIENTS & O2- blood vessels to cells ELASTIC connective tissue
WASTE & CO2- cells to blood vessels
FUNCTIONS TUNICA MEDIA- middle layer
3. TRANSPORT SMOOTH MUSCLE- arranged circularly
a. Hormones ELASTIC & COLLAGEN- variable amount of fibers
b. Immune system component Ex. MUSCULAR ARTERY- layer of elastic connective
c. Molecules for coagulation tissue at the outer margin of the T. MEDIA
d. Enzymes TUNICA ADVENTITIA
e. Nutrients Compose of connective tissue
Dense connective tissue adjacent to the T. MEDIA
FUNCTIONS becoming loose
f. Gases ( areolar) connective tissue toward outer portion of
g. Waste product the vessel wall
4. REGULATE BP- within normal range *ARTERIES
5. DIRECT BLOOD FLOW- blood to tissue when increase 1.ELASTIC- LARGEST diameter, thickest wall
blood flow is required to maintain HOMEOSTASIS a. More elastic tissue
STRUCTURE OF BLOOD VESSELS b. Less smooth muscle
1.ARTERIES Stretches when blood from the heart is pumped to it
2.CAPILLARIES Elastic recoil prevents BP from falling rapidly & maintain
3.VEINS blood flow while ventricles relax
*ARTERIES- blood vessels that carry blood AWAY from 2. MUSCULAR ARTERY
the heart - MEDIUM & SMALL diameter arteries
Blood pumped from LV Large elastic artery branches Walls of MEDIUM relatively thick resulting from smooth
smaller arteries muscle cell in the T. MEDIA
TRANSITION Also called DISTRIBUTING ARTERIES due to smooth
CLASSIFICATION muscles ability to control blood flow to different regions
1.ELASTIC ARTERY- large of the body
2. MUSCULAR ARTERY-medium & small
3. ARTERIOLES- smallest
1. From more elastic to smooth muscles MUSCULAR ARTERY
2. To more smooth muscle than elastic VASOCONSTRICTION- contraction of blood vessel
CAPILLARIES Decrease blood vessel diameter & blood flow
-Where exchanges occurs between the blood & tissue VASODILATATION- relaxation of blood vessels
fluids Increase diameter & blood flow
-Thinner walls SMALL ARTERIES
-Blood flow more slowly SMALL arteries- are supplied by medium arteries
Far more than any other blood vessels type -smaller diameter & thinner walls
VEINS -smallest have 3-4 layers of smooth muscle in the wall
-vessels that carry blood TOWARD the heart 3. ARTERIOLES
Thinner walls & less elastic & fewer smooth muscle cells Transports blood from small arteries to capillaries
Veins increase in number & thickness towards the heart Smallest artery with only 3 tunics identified
T. MEDIA- only 1-2 layers of circular smooth muscle cells
VEINS Adapted for vasoconstriction & dilatation
CAPILLARIES
Consist of endothelium w/c is a layer of simple
squamous surrounded by delicate loose connective
tissue
Thin walls facilitate DIFFUSION between capillaries &
surrounding cells
0.5-1mm long
Branch w/o changing diameter same as blood 7.5 um
CAPILLARIES
Flow of blood from ARTERIOLES to CAPILLARIES w/c
form networks
RBC flow in single file & frequently fold
Blood flow is regulated by smooth muscles PRE
CAPILLARY SPHINCTER at the origin of the branches
CAPILLARIES
As blood flows it gives up O2 & nutrients to the tissues
Takes up CO2 & other products of metabolism
CAPILLARY NETWORK- more numerous & extensive in
the LUNGS & highly metabolic tissues LIVER, KIDNEYS,
SKELETAL & CARDIAC MUSCLES
VENULES
-blood flows from capillaries to VENULES then to small
veins
VENULES- tubes w/ a diameter slightly larger than
capillaries & composed of endothelium resting on
delicate connective tissue layer
Structure except diameter similar to capillaries
SMALL VEINS
SMALL VEINS- slightly larger in diameter than venules
All 3 tunics are present
T.MEDIA- contains continuous layer of smooth cells &
connective tissue of T. ADVENTITIA
MEDIUM VEINS
MEDIUM SIZE VEINS- from small veins delivers to large
veins
3 thin but distinct tunics present
T.MEDIA- contains some circular smooth muscles &
sparsely scattered elastic fibers
T. ADVENTITIA- predominates, dense collagen fibers
VEINS
- are distensible than arteries
T. ADVENTITIA- the connective tissue determines the
degree to w/c the vein can distend
With > 2mm contains VALVES w/c allows flow towards
the heart but not opposite direction
VALVES
-consist of folds in the T. INTIMA that forms flaps
Shape & function like the semilunar valves
More valves in the veins of the lower limbs than upper
limbs
Prevents flow of blood towards the feet in response to
pull of gravity
PULMONARY CIRCULATION
Blood RV PULMONARY TRUNK divides into
PULMONARY ARTERIES to the right & left LUNGS
poorly oxygenated blood carried to the PULMONARY
CAPILLARIES O2 taken up by the blood & CO2
released oxygenated blood PULMONARY VEINS LA
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
Oxygenated blood from PULMONARY VEINS LV
AORTA blood to the system back to the RA
AORTA
All arteries of the systemic circulation branch out
DIRECTLY or INDIRECTLY from the AORTA
3 PARTS:
1. ASCENDING AORTA
2.AORTIC ARCH
3. DESCENDING AORTA
ASCANDING AORTA
1. ASCENDING AORTA- part of the aorta that passes
superior from the LV
CORONARY ARTERIES (R & L)- arise from the base of the
ascending aorta & supply blood to the heart
AORTIC ARCH
2. AORTIC ARCH- where aorta arches posteriorly to the
left
Has 3 major branches
a. BRACHIOCEPHALIC ARTERY
b. LEFT COMMON CAROTID ARTERY
c. LEFT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
DESCENDING AORTA
3. DESCENDING AORTA- longest part extending through
the thorax & abdomen to the upper margin of the pelvis
THORACIC AORTA- extends through thorax up to the
diaphragm
ABDOMINAL AORTA- extends from diaphragm to the
common iliac arteries
*ARTERIES OF THE HEAD & NECK
BRACHIOCEPHALIC ARTERY- 1st vessel to branch from
the AORTIC ARCH to arm & head
Short artery- branches at the level of the clavicle to
form the RIGHT COMMON CAROTID ARTERY & RIGHT
SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
BRACHIOCEPHALIC ARTERY
RIGHT COMMON CAROTID ARTERY-transports blood to
the right side of the head & neck
RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY- transport blood to the
Right upper limb
NO BRACHIOCEPHALIC ARTERY on the left side
DIRECT BRANCH OF THE AORTIC ARCH
LEFT COMMON CAROTID- 2nd branch
Transports blood to the head & neck on left side
LEFT SUBCLAVIAN- 3rd branch
Transports blood to the left upper limb
COMMON CAROTID- extends superiorly on the side of
the neck at the angle of the mandible
COMMON CAROTID
Branches into INTERNAL & EXTERNAL CAROTID
ARTERIES
1. INTERNAL CAROTID- slightly dilated form a carotid
sinus w/c contains baroreceptors for monitoring of BP
COMMON CAROTID
INTERNAL CAROTID- Pass through the carotid canals & c. Spinal cord
continue to the CEREBRAL ARTERIAL CIRCLE OF WILLIS d. Deep muscles of the neck
at the base of the brain PARIETAL BRANCH- THORACIC ARTERY
2. EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY- has several braches the 2.SUPERIOR PHRENIC- supplying the abdomen
supply the neck, face, nose & mouth 3. ANTERIOR INTERCOSTAL ARTERY- extends between
ribs to supply anterior chest wall
CEREBRAL ARTERIAL CIRCLE OF WILLIS
SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY- branch to form the VERTEBRAL INTERNAL THORACIC ARTERY
ARTERY some blood to the brain are supplied - from branch of the SUBCLAVIAN, descend along the
Passes through the TRANSVERSE FORAMINA of the internal surface of the anterior thoracic wall & give rise
CERVICAL VERTEBRA to branches
Passes through FORAMEN MAGNUM *ABDOMINAL ARTERY & BRANCHES
CEREBRAL ARTERIAL CIRCLE OF WILLIS 1.VISCERAL- paired & unpaired
VERTEBRAL ARTERY- Branch supplies SPINAL CORD, 2. PARIETAL
VERTEBRA, MUSCLES & LIGAMENTS of the NECK 3 UNPAIRED VISCERAL BRACHES:
BASILAR ARTERY- w/in the cranial cavity single artery a. CELIAC TRUNK
formed by the union of VERTEBRAL ARTERIES at the b. SUPERIOR MESENTERIC
anterior & inferior surface of the brain c. INFERIOR MESENTERIC
CEREBRAL ARTERIAL CIRCLE OF WILLIS CELIAC TRUNK
BASILAR ARTERY- gives off branches that supply blood Supplies the following
to the a. Stomach
PONS b. Pancreas
CEREBELLUM c. Spleen
MIDBRAIN d. Upper duodenum
Also form Right & Left branches that contributes to the e. Liver
CIRCLE OF WILLIS
CEREBRAL ARTERIAL CIRCLE OF WILLIS MESENTERIC ARTERIES
Most blood supply to the brain is through the INTERNAL SUPERIOR MESENTERIC- supplies blood to the small
CAROTID ARTERY but if CAROTID or VERTEBRAL ARTERY intestine & upper portion of large intestine
are blocked blood supply is not enough to maintain life INFERIOR MESENTERIC- supply the remainder of the
*ARTERIES OF THE UPPER LIMBS large intestine
Named differently as they pass into different body 3 PAIRED VISCERAL BRANCHES
regions even though no major branching occurs 1.RENAL- supply the kidneys
SUBCLAVIAN branching out: 2.SUPRARENAL- supply the adrenals
1.AXILLARY- located deep to the clavicle from the 3. TESTICULAR/ OVARIAN- gonadal supply
subclavian artery
2. BRACHIAL- located in the arm, continuation of the PARIETAL BRANCHES
axillary Supply the diaphragm & abdominal wall
1.INFERIOR PHRENIC- supply the diaphragm
*ARTERIES OF THE UPPER LIMBS 2.LUMBAR- supply the lumbar vertebra & back muscles
2. BRACHIAL- For BP measurement 3.MEDIAN SACRAL- supply the inferior vertebra
3.ULNAR- when it branches at the elbow supplying ulnar *PELVIS & BRANCHES
side of forearm & hand COMMON ILIAC ARTERY- abdominal aorta divides at the
4.RADIAL- also branches at the elbow, radial side of level of the 5th lumbar into 2 arteries each diving to the
forearm & hand next branch
Radial pulse is taken EXTERNAL ILIAC- enters the lower limbs
*THORACIC ARTERY & BRANCHES INTERNAL ILIAC- supplies the pelvic area
1.VISCERAL ARTERY- supply thoracic organs INTERNAL ILIAC BRANCHES
2.PARIETAL ARTERY- supply thoracic wall 4 VISCERAL branches supplies:
VISCERAL BRANCH –THORACIC ARTERY: Urinary bladder
a. Esophagus Rectum
b. Trachea Uterus
c. Parietal pericardium Vagina
d. Parts of the lungs INTERNAL ILIAC BRANCHES
PARIETAL BRANCH- THORACIC ARTERY PARIETAL branches supply the walls & floor of the pelvis
1.POSTERIOR INTERCOSTAL ARTERY- from thoracic Lumbar
extending between ribs supplying Gluteal
a. Intercostal muscles Proximal thigh muscle
b. Vertebrae External genitalia
ARTERIES OF THE LOWER LIMBS
EXTERNAL ILIAC BRANCHES:
FEMORAL- supplies the thigh region
POPLITEAL- in the popliteal space w/c is posterior
region of the knee
ANTERIOR TIBIAL- branches inferior & anterior to the
knee
ARTERIES OF THE LOWER LIMBS
POSTERIOR TIBIAL- branches inferior & posterior to the
knee
DORSALIS PEDIS- from anterior tibial supply the leg &
feet becomes the ankle artery
FIBULAR or PERONEAL- from posterior tibial supplies
the lateral leg & foot
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
SVC- blood from the HEAD, NECK, THORAX & UPPER
LIMBS drains RA
IVC- blood from ABDOMEN, PELVIS & LOWER LIMBS
drains RA
2 pairs drain from the HEAD & NECK
1.EXTERNAL JUGULAR
2. INTERNAL JUGULAR
VEINS
EXTERNAL JUGULAR- superficial, drains from posterior
head & neck
INTERNAL JUGULAR- much larger & deeper, drains from
the brain & anterior head, face & neck
Both empties into the SUBCLAVIAN VEIN
DRAINAGE OF THE HEAD & NECK
EXTERNAL & INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN drains
SUBCLAVIAN VEIN on right & left side forming
BRACHIOCEPHALIC VEINS joining to form the
SUPERIOR VENA CAVA
DRAINAGE OF UPPER LIMBS
DIVIDED INTO DEEP & SUPERFICIAL
1. DEEP BRANCHES- follows the names of arteries
BRACHIAL VEINS- accompanying brachial arteries &
empties into the AXILLARY VEIN
2.SUPERFICIAL – drains the superficial structures &
empties to the DEEP VEINS
SUPERFICIAL VEINS
a.CEPHALIC VEIN- radial side empties to the AXILLARY
VEIN
b. BASILIC VEIN- ulnar side becomes AXILLARY VEIN
c. MEDIAL ANTICUBITAL VEIN- connects CEPHALIC or its
tributaries to the BASILIC
SUPERFICIAL VEINS
MEDIAL ANTICUBITAL VEIN- -prominent on the anterior
surface of the upper limb at the level of the elbow
(cubital fossa)
Use for site of drawing blood or extraction
VEINS OF THE THORAX
3 MAJOR VEINS- returns blood from the thorax to the
SVC
1.RIGHT BRACHIOCEPHALIC VEIN
2.LEFT BRACHIOCEPHALIC VEIN
3.AZYGOS VEIN
VEINS OF THE THORAX
ANTERIOR INTERCOSTAL VEIN- drains from anterior
thoracic wall
INTERIOR INTERCOSTAL VEINS- empties into the
BRACHIOCEPHALIC VEIN
VEINS OF THE THORAX
POSTERIOR INTERCOSTAL VEIN- drain from the
posterior thoracic wall to the AZYGOS or Right
BRACHIOCEPHALIC
THORACIC DRAINAGE
Anterior wall ANTERIOR INTERCOSTALS
INTERIOR INTERCOSTALS RIGHT BRACHIOCEPHALIC
SVC
Posterior wall POSTERIOR INTERCOSTAL left or right
side HEMI AZYGOS LEFT BRACHIOCEPHALIC
AZYGOS SVC
ABDOMEN & PELVIS
ASCENDING LUMBAR VEIN- from posterior abdominal
wall AZYGOS
IVC- the rest of the abdomen, lower limbs return to the
heart
IVC- gonads, kidneys, adrenals , liver, abdominal organs
outside of the pelvis drains directly
ABDOMEN & PELVIS
INTERNAL ILIAC VEIN- drains the pelvis
EXTERNAL ILIAC VEIN- drains lower limbs
COMMON ILIAC –form by union of EXTERNAL &
INTERNAL ILIAC VEINS then forms the IVC
ABDOMINAL VISCERA
Stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen- drains
specialized system LIVER
LIVER- major processing center of substances absorbed
by the intestinal tract
PORTAL SYSTEM- vascular system begins & ends w/
capillary beds, no pumping mechanism
HEPATIC PORTAL SYSTEM
Begins w/ capillaries in the viscera & ends w/ capillaries
in the liver
MAJOR TRIBUTARIES:
1.SPLEENIC VEIN
2.SUPERIOR MESENTERIC VEIN
3.INFERIOR MESENTERIC VEIN empty to the SPLEENIC
VEIN
HEPATIC PORTAL SYSTEM
SPLEENIC VEIN- carries blood from spleen & pancreas
SPLEENIC & SUP. MESENTERIC joins to form the
HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN enters the LIVER
Blood from the LIVER flow into the HEPATIC PORTAL
VEIN joins the IVC
HEPATIC PORTAL SYSTEM
Blood entering the HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN- rich in
nutrients collected from the INTESTINES but also
contains toxic substances harmful to the body
LIVER- nutrients taken up , stored & modified toxic Between LARGE ARTERIES to MEDIUM SIZE decrease is
substance converted to non toxic & removed via slow- large diameter & less resistance
KIDNEYS BLOOD FLOW
VEINS- resistance to blood flow is low because of large
LOWER LIMBS diameter
DEEP VEINS- follows arteries VALVES- prevent back flow & skeletal movements
SUPERFICIAL VEINS- consist of the following compress veins forcing blood to flow towards the heart
a. GREAT SAPHENOUS- originates over the dorsal & Blood flow through VEINS even pressure is low
medial side of the foot & ascend along the medial side BLOOD FLOW
of the leg & thigh to empty to the FEMORAL VEIN CONSTRICTION- resistance to blood flow increase &
LOWER LIMBS volume through the vessels decreases
SMALL SAPHENOUS VEIN- begin over the lateral side of Capable of constricting & dilating:
the foot & join POPLITEAL VEIN w/c becomes FEMORAL Muscular arteries
VEIN Arterioles
Pre capillary sphincter
FEMORAL VEIN- empties into the EXTERNAL ILIAC VEIN MUSCULAR ARTERIES
PHYSIOLOGY OF CIRCULATION -help control amount of blood flowing to each region of
FUNCTION OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM the body constricting & dilating
1.Maintain adequate blood flow to all tissues ARTERIOLES & PRE SPHINCTER- regulates blood flow
2.To provide nutrients & O2 to tissues through local tissues
3. Remove waste products of metabolism from tissues PULSE PRESSURE
CIRCULATION Difference between SYSTOLIC & DIASTOLIC PRESSURE
BLOOD FLOW through arterial system –primarily as a BP 120/80 40 PULSE PRESSURE
result of the pressure produced by contraction of heart If SV is high systolic pressure is higher than diastolic
ventricles pressure high PULSE PRESSURE
BLOOD PRESSURE- measures the force of blood exerted EXERCISE SV & PULSE PRESSURE are increased
against the blood vessels substantially
BLOOD PRESSURE
ARTERIES- BP values exhibits a cycle dependent on the ATHEROSCLEROSIS
rhythmic contractions of the heart ARTERIES less elastic arterial pressure may increase or
When ventricles contract blood is force to arteries & decrease rapidly
pressure reaches maximum SYSTOLIC PRESSURE If blood ejected into less elastic artery high systolic
When ventricles relax BP falls to minimum DIASTOLIC pressure high pulse pressure
PRESSURE ATHEROSCLEROSIS
increase WORK LOAD of the heart LV produce greater
AUSCULTATOR METHOD pressure to eject same amount of blood in less elastic
BP cuff on arm Stethoscope on BRACHIAL ARTERY artery
inflate until artery is completely blocked NO FLOW SEVERE CASES- increase work load leads to heart failure
NO SOUND at this point lower pressure 1st sound
SYSTOLIC PRESSURE lower until the last sound PULSE
disappears DIASTOLIC PRESSURE -produce from ejection of blood from the LV to the
KOROTKOFF SOUNDS AORTA
1874-1920 Nicolai Korotkoff Pulse or pressure waves travels rapidly along the
Turbulence produce vibration on the blood & arteries
surrounding tissue heard through stethoscope MAJOR LOCATIONS:
As pressure is dropped until BRACHIAL ARTERY no 1.RADIAL
longer constricted- no turbulence, sound disappears 2.BRACHIAL
completely MAJOR LOCATIONS OF PULSES

PRESSURE RESISTANCE 3. AXILLARY

VALVES- varies among healthy people affected by 4. CAROTID
factors like physical activity & emotions 5. SUPERFICIAL TEMPORAL
BP falls- progressively as blood flows from ARTERIES 6. FACIAL
CAPILLARIES VEINS to 0 mmHg
CAPILLARIES- 30 mmhg BP is steady 7. FEMORAL
PRESSURE RESISTANCE 8. POPLITEAL
The greater the resistance more rapid the pressure fall 9.DORSALIS PEDIS
Between ARTERIES & CAPILLARIES- most rapid decrease 10. POSTERIOR TIBIAL
BP small diameter & high resistance to blood flow
CAPILLARY EXCHANGE
-nutrients diffuses across capillary walls into interstitial
spaces
Waste diffuse on opposite direction
Small amounts of fluids forced out to interstitial spaces
& arteriolar end
Most re-enters the capillary at the venous end
FORCES FOR FLUID MOVEMENTS
1.BLOOD PRESSURE- out of the capillaries
2. OSMOSIS- moves into the capillaries
Blood – has greater osmotic pressure than interstitial
fluid
Fluid moves by osmosis from interstitial space into the
capillaries
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
High concentration of dissolve molecules high osmotic
pressure of fluid
High osmotic pressure of blood due to large amount of
blood proteins unable to cross the capillary walls
Protein in interstitial space is LOWER than in the blood
CAPILLARY WALLS
Acts as selective permiable membrane w/c prevent
protein from moving from capillary to interstitial space
but allows fluid to move across the capillary wall
CAPILLARY
a. ARTERIOLE END- movement of fluid OUT results from
high BP greater than the movement of fluid IN to the
capillary as result of osmosis
Therefore there is NET MOVEMENT of fluid OUT of the
capillary INTO the interstitial space
CAPILLARY
b. VENOUS END- BP is low than arteriolar end
Therefore the movement of fluid OUT results from BP is
less than the movement of fluid IN to capillary resulting
from osmosis
The NET MOVEMENT of fluid from interstitial space
INTO the capillaries
CAPILLARY CIRCULATION
9/10 fluids that leaves the capillary at arteriole end RE
ENTERS the capillary at the venous end
1/10- enters the LYMPHATIC capillary & return to the
general circulation
CAPILLARY CIRCULATION
EDEMA/ SWELLING- results in the disruption of pressure
across the capillary walls
INFLAMMATION- increase permiability albumin leaks
out of the capilliary into interstitial space protein
increase osmotic pressure in interstitial fluid
CAPILLARY CIRCULATION
Fluid from ARTERIOLE END to the interstitial space at
greater rate
Fluid passes from INTERSTITIAL SPACE into VENOUS
END slower rate
LYMPHATIC CAPILLARY- can not carry all the fluid away
so fluid accumulates
interstitial space EDEMA
CONTROL OF BLOOD VESSELS
1. LOCAL CONTROL – of blood vessel is achieved by
periodic contraction & relaxation of the PRE CAPILLARY
SPHINCTERS
BLOOD FLOW INCREASES- when pre capillary sphincter
is RELAXED
PRE CAPILLARY SPHINCTER
Tissue concentration of nutrients decreases low O2,
glucose, amino acid & fatty acids
Metabolic by products increase high CO2 & lactic acid
& low PH
BLOOD FLOW DECREASES-when pre capillary sphincter
CONTRACTS
Tissue concentration of nutrients increase & metabolic
by products decrease
2. NERVOUS CONTROL
Carried out through sympathetic division of the ANS
Sympathetic Vasoconstrictor fibers innervates most
blood vessels
Except- capillary & pre capillary sphincter no nerve
supply
NERVOUS CONTROL OF BLOOD VESSELS
Vasomotor Center- area of the LOWER PONS & UPPER
MEDULLA OBLONGATA continually transmit a low
frequency A.P. to the sympathetic vasoconstrictor fibers
Therefore blood vessels are continually in PARTIALLY
constricted state VASOMOTOR TONE
VASOMOTOR TONE
Increase VASOMOTOR TONE- further constriction & >
BP
Decrease VASOMOTOR TONE- dilate & < BP
NERVOUS CONTROL – also cause blood to be shunted
from a large area to another
SHUNTING OF BLOOD
EXERCISE increase vasomotor tone in the VISCERA &
SKIN blood flow to decrease WHILE vasomotor tone
decreases in the SKELETAL muscle increase flow
Dilatation of pre capillary sphincter & nervous control
increase flow to muscles several folds
REGULATION OF ARTERIAL PRESSURE
Adequate BP is required to maintain blood flow
Regulatory mechanism- ensures adequate BP
MAP
Baroreceptor reflex
Chemoreceptor reflex
Hormonal mechanism
*MEAN ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE ( MAP)
Slightly less than average systolic & diastolic pressures
in the AORTA because diastole last longer than systole-
about 70 mmHg
Maintained at about 90 mmHg in adolescent to middle
age
Reach 110 mmHg in healthy older person
MAP= CO x PR
PR- peripheral resistance or resistance to blood flow in
all the blood vessels
CO= HR x SV
MAP = HR x SV x PR
MAP increase in response to high HR, SV or PR & low
response to low HR, SV or PR
HEMORHAGE
Decrease BP due hemorhage or other causes CONTROL
SYSTEM attempts to re establish BP by increasing HR, SV
& PR to maintain at a value consistent to life
*BARORECEPTOR REFLEXES
Activate responses that keep the BP w/in normal range
of values
Responds to stretch in the arteries caused by increase
pressure
Walls of large arteries stretch the artery walls
vasomotor & cardio regulatory center medulla
BARORECEPTOR REFLEXES
Regulates BP on a moment to moment basis
a. Rising rapidly from a sitting position
b. Lying down to standing position
Decreases BP in the neck & thoracic region due to pull
of gravity
BARORECEPTOR REFLEXES
Low BP = low blood flow to the brain that can cause
dizziness or loss of consciousness
This activates the baroreceptor reflex
To increase BP sympathetic stimulation HR, SV,
vasomotor tone increases high PR normal BP
CHEMORECEPTOR REFLEX
1.CAROTID BODIES- near the carotid sinus
2. AORTIC BODIES- near aortic arches
Sensory receptors responds to changes:
a. Blood O2 concentration
b. Blood CO2 concentration
c. Blood PH
CHEMORECEPTORS
-sensitive to changes in the blood & send A.P. Along
sensory nerve fibers to the MEDULLA OBLONGATA
REFLEX- responds thru activation by increase A.P.
Frequency due to low O2, low PH & high CO2
CHEMORECEPTORS
VASOMOTOR & CARDIOVASCULAR CENTER- response to
(-) parasympathetic stimulation= high HR
Also (+) sympathetic stimulation= high HR & SV &
increase vasomotor tone
All changes result in increase BP causes greater flow to
the lungs
CHEMORECEPTOR REFLEX
w/c help to increase O2 & decrease CO2
Chemoreceptor reflex- functions under EMERGENCY
conditions & does not play important role in regulation
of the cardiovascular system
Responds strongly only when O2 levels fall VERY LOW or
CO2 decreases substantially
HORMONAL MECHANISM
Important in helping to control BP
1.ADRENAL MEDULLA- release of EPINEPHRINE &
NOREPINEPHRINE
2. RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE mechanism-
kidney, lungs & adrenal cortex response
HORMONAL MECHANISM
3. VASOPRESSIN mechanism- release of ADH by the
pituitary gland
4. ATRIAL NATIURETIC mechanism- atrium & kidney
1.ADRENAL MEDULLA
Results in (+) sympathetic stimulation on heart & blood
vessels
Release EPI & NOR EPINEPHRINE increase HR & SV
vasoconstriction of VISCERAL & SKIN vessels but
vasodilatation of SKELETAL & CARDIAC muscles
increase flow to this muscles
2. RENIN -ANGIOTENSIN –ALDOSTERONE MECHANISM
Response to decrease BP flow in the KIDNEYS releasing
RENIN in circulation
RENIN- coverts angiontensinogen angiotensin I
ACE ( angiotensin converting enzyme) in the LUNGS
coverts angiotensin I angiotensin II
2. RENIN -ANGIOTENSIN –ALDOSTERONE MECHANISM
Angiotensin II- is an active form of POTENT
VASOCONSTRICTOR BP to increase
It also acts on the adrenal cortex to increase
ALDOSTERONE secretion
ALDOSTERONE
ALDOSTERONE- conserve Na+ & water low urine
output high BP
Results to less water loss in the urine maintain blood
volume
Adequate blood volume essential to maintain normal
VENOUS RETURN to the heart & maintenance of BP
3.VASOPRESSIN / ADH
Release from the posterior pituitary gland when BP is
low & concentration of solute in plasma is high
ADH- acts on KIDNEY causing greater reabsorption of
water& vaso constriction in large amount less water
loss in the urine maintain blood volume & normal BP
4. ATRIAL NATIURETIC MECHANISM
Released from specialized cells of the right atrium in
response to high BP
Act on the kidneys to promote loss of Na+ in the urine &
lose water in the urine decrease blood volume & BP
SHORT TERM REGULATION
- Baroreceptor mechanism most important
- sensitive to sudden changes in BP & quickly responds
LONG TERM REGULATION
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone & Atrial Natiuretic
mechanisms
- they are influenced by small changes in BP & responds
gradually bringing BP back to normal
AGE RELATED CHANGES
WALLS OF ARTERIES- undergo changes, most significant
effect occurs in large elastic arteries
1. AORTA
2. LARGE ARTERIES TO THE BRAIN
3. CORONARY ARTERIES
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Change that makes the arteries less elastic
More severe with advance age
Deposition of plaques in the walls
Includes cholesterol, dense connective tissue & calcium
salts

ATHEROSCLEROSIS- influenced by

1.Lack of exercise
2.Obesity
3.Smoking
4.Diet high in cholesterol & fats
5.Genetic influences
ADVICE: low fat diet, mild exercise & relaxation exercise
may slow or reverse progression
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Increase resistance to blood flow due to the deposits
decreasing the diameter of the vessel
Increase resistance- hampers normal circulation to
tissues & increases work load of the heart
Attracts platelet adhesion & thrombus formation

AGE RELATED CHANGES

CAPILLARIES- Narrows & becomes thicker, more
irregular in shape with age, less efficiency of capillary
exchange
VEINS- develop patchy thickening of the walls,
narrowing of areas tendency to form varicose veins
AGE RELATED CHANGES
High tendency for HEMORRHOIDS
Diameter of some veins enlarge due to weakening of
connective tissue walls
Increase tendency for THROMBI & EMBOLI to develop
especially in veins that are dilated & in w/c blood flow
sluggish