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    Integration = Use sigma notation to write and evaluate a sum. = Understand the concept of area. = Approximate the area of a plane region. 1 Find the area of a plane region using limits. This section begins by introducing a concise notation for ‘sums. This notation is called sigma notation because it Uses the uppercase Greok letter sigma, written as, Sictrreatarsee Brow eses 1 a Shesnelernsde ene crtween Soar From parts (a) and (b), notice thatthe same sum can be represented indifferent ways using sigma notation, nde flgdae ts fly) ‘The following properties of summation can be derived using the Associative and Commutative Properties of ‘Adgition and the Distributive Property of Addition over Multiplication. (In the first property, kis a constant.) 2 Su,20)= Sue Sp ‘The following theorem lists some useful formulas for sums of powers, THEOREM $2 Summation Formulas esac 2 Sy AED 1 Sena, (n+ Dnt) a Sp amet toes mint Example 1: Examples of Sigma Notation Try It1 Video Find the sum: (e+ Mk = 3) bSer= ‘The folowing theorom cts some useful formulas for sums of poms. us pvatute $41 for = 10,10, 100, an 10400, Solution: Applying Theorem 4.2, you can write Simpy Sip: 2a Now you can evaluate the sum by substituting the appropriate values of 7, as shown in the table. Example 2: Evaluating a Sum Try It 2 Video +1 Evaluate for n = 10, 100, 1000, and 10,000. Batis $5" for n= 10,100, 1,00, 10.000, ‘Once you know now to find he area ofa tangle. you can In Euclidean geometry, the simplest type of plane region is. ‘determing the aoa of any polygon by subavng the a rectangle. Dolgon ino angular regions as shown in Figue 48, ‘Athough people often say that the formula for the area of a rectangle is A = bh, itis actually more proper to say that this is the definion of the area of a rectangle. From this definition, you can develop formulas for the areas of many other plane regions. Fining the areas of rogions othr than polygons i more From this dofnton, you can develop formula forthe ares Gifcult The ancient Gracks were abe fo determine of many othe plane regions formulas forthe erees of some general region (orncipay ‘hose bounded by conics} bythe exhaustion method For example, to detormine the area of tangle, you can form a rectangle whose area is twice that ofthe tangle, as ‘The clearest descripsion of this mated was given by shown in Figure 45. ‘Archimedes. Essentaly, the mathod isa tnting process in ‘which he afea is squeezed between two palyoons—one inaerbed in the region and one cxeumscrived about the regjon- Mea The Area of a Plane Region watencltcciees oe Use the five rectangles in Figure 4.8(a) and (b) to find two approximations of the area of the region lying between the graph of f(x) = -x? + 5 and the x-axis between x = 0 and x= 2. For each value of n, the area ofthe inscribed polygon is less than the area ofthe crcl, andthe area ofthe ‘ircumscribed polygon is greater than the area of he cri. Feweas Moreover, a8 increases, the areas ofboth polygons become better and better approximations ofthe area ofthe circle. The right endpoints ofthe fve intervals are Use the five rectangles in Figure 4.8(a) and (b) to find two 2 approximations of the area of the region lying between the ¥ aos graph of f(x) = -x? + 5 and the x-axis between x= 0. whore i= 1,2, 3,4, 5. and x = 2. ‘The width of each rectangle is 2, and the height of each rectangle can be obtained by evaluating fat the right ‘endpoint of eac interval sesh} 4 t1ett : iene 7a a ! ' L\ + at fone gh ci of era cones ‘The sum of the areas of the five rectangles is Press Because each ofthe five rectangles lies inside the parabolic region, you can conclude thatthe area of the parabolic region is greater than 6.48, Use the five rectangles in Figure 4.8(a) and (b) to find two ‘The It endpoints ofthe five intervals are 5-1), approximations of the area of the region lying between the f0- 0 amet x2 +5 and the x-axis between x= 0 where 21.23.45 “The width of each rectangle is, and the helght of each rectangle canbe obtained by evaluating fa helt ‘endpoint of each interval, $0, the sum is pian? ne 8 Because the parabolic region lies within the union ofthe five rectangular regions, you can conclude thatthe area of the parabolic region i less than 8.08, By combining the results in pats (a) and (b), you can ‘conclude that 6.48 < (Area of region) < 8.08. Try It3 Use the eight rectangles in the figure to find two approximations of the area of the region lying between the graph of flr) = Je+ and the x-axis between x = 0 and x = 2. sar= Ver Solution ‘The left nips ofthe eight ners ate 1 ~ 1), wher = 1,2.2.4.5.6.7.8 “The width ofeach rectangle andthe height of ach rectangle can be obsnined by causing fat the let endpoint ofeach interval bo R aE ft. ttrtttttt ae et a oe ea “The sum of the aca of the cg ssctangles is -Sfet oll oo Bacon ech fh sight echt sind th pric gin, yo can ono theo eon a 088 “he gt spn fg ern whe = 12,345,678. Te sruth ofeach ects i an the bit of each ring can cine yea Tinga the eh cpt eh nea ‘ -3| Je SA00)-3] 4 ‘I) 038 Recate th oli rion a wiih eon of height rectangles, you lcm at he a te pol ep ses tan 4088 By comping te wo aprotnatens, yu cn conc at ORS « (Arai) 408 3685 Consider a plane region bounded above by the graph of ronnegative, continuous function y= f(x), 28 shown in Figure 49 ‘Te region is bounded below by the x-axs, and the lft and right Boundaries ofthe region are the vertical lines x= a ‘and x= b, ‘To approximate the area ofthe region, begin by subeviaing ‘he interval [a 8] nto.» subintervals, each of width 18 show in Figure 410, ‘The endpoints of the intervals are as follows. +09) ofthe upper andiower sums isnot mere concdance. Ris tue forall uncon that ae continous and nonnegative Definition ofthe Area of «Region Inthe Plane cn the eosed interval fa, Letftecomimacu an wencene cathe ‘REGRET Um fe Lowa ad Up Same be hansby epee

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