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Modern Religious and Secular Movements In India

-Rev. Lalchawiliana Varte
1. Kum zabi 18-na chawhnu lam leh zabi 19-naa India ram
dinhmun:
1800 bawr vel khan India ram dinhmun a chhe hle a.
Ahma lama Hindu lal te leh Muslim lal ten remna leh muanna
tluantling an siam hlei thei lova. Chuvangin, 1200-1800 AD
chhung khan India hian hun ralmuang a tawng meuh lo. Mughal
lal tha ber berte hnuaiah pawh indona a awm deuh fo mai a.
Khawtlang siamthatna (Reform movements) engmah a thleng lo
a ni. Kum zabi 18 na bawr velah khan Indian civilization leh
culture in a hun hniam ber a tawng a tih theih hial awm e. India
ram tawnga lehkhabu ziah engmah a awm lova, ‘indigenous art’
ngaihsanna a awmloh avangin ram leh hnam rohlu tam tak hriat
lohna avang leh fimkhur loh avanga hloh an ni a. Thenkhat chu
ram pawn miten an la bo bawk a. Hetih hun lai hian eng field ah
mah thil thar hmuhchhuah emaw, tihchhuah a awm lo.
Khawtlang nunah pawh, sakhua chhuanlama inrahbehna leh
inpawngnekna (social evils) a nasa em em a ni.
1. Caste system leh Untouchability: Hetih hun laia ‘social evil’
lian tak mai chu caste system khauh tak mai kha a ni a. High-
caste leh low caste ho te bakah, caste in a huam ve loh, outcaste
ho, khawih thianglo (untouchablesi) a an ngaih tam tak an awm
a. Hnam tha leh chungnung nia inngai te chuan heng outcaste ho
hlimin a tawh pawh an duh lova, an hlimthla in a tawh ringawt
pawha bawlhhlawh niah an inngai a ni. Heng outcaste ho hi
highway ah te an kal ve pawh phal a ni lova, high caste leh low
caste ho zingah inter-dining leh inter-marriage te a awm ngai
hek lo. Khawtlanga inrahbehna leh zirna pawh mi chan tha
tlemte chauh te tana thil theih anih na chuan khawtlanga sal tam
tak a siama. Anmahni thawhrimna zara sum leh pai
thawkchhuak te pawh Brahmin hovin fing vervek taka sakhua
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anmahni duh dan zawnga an siksawi kual vel avangin an

thawhrimna rah chu an tel hlei theilo.
Mitin mahni caste tan an rinawm hlur mai a, caste dang
ho chu boral phiar mahse pawi an ti meuh lo. Dikna te pawh
caste-council ho kuta awm a ni a, caste dan bawhchhiate hremna
pawh anmahni kuta awm a ni. School a awm lova, Brahmin,
Kshatriya leh Vaishya ho chauhin Vedic education an dawnga,
chu pawh chu anmahni inah a ni tlangpui. Chuvangin, a mipui
nawlpui chu mawlna leh atna chhah takin a tuam ani ber.
2. India ram pawna zinchhuah inkhapna: Hetih hun lai hian
tuipuirala zin te, foreign rama va khawsak te, culture dang mite
nena va chen ho chu suala ngaih a ni a. Hetianga mi a awm
chuan, a lo let leh hunah inthen thianghlimna a neih phawt loh
chuan a caste-a a nihna leh a dinhmun a chan tihna a ni.
Chuvangin, India pawna lehkhazira kal tumahin an chak lova,
chak a hnekin an hreh ngawih ngawiha, ram dang mite nena
inchiahpiah lovin anmahniin an tal deuh tawp mai a ni.
3. Hmeichhe dinhmun hniam: Hindu sakhua ah hmeichhiate
dinhmun a hniam hle a. Hindu sakhuaa Dan siamtu ropui ber
Manu-a chuan hmeichhia chu pasal a neih hmain a pa thuneihna
hnuaiah a awm ang a, pasal a neih hnuah a pasal thuneihna
hnuaiah a awm leh ang a, a lo upat hunah a fapa thuneihna
hnuaiah a awm tur a ni, a ti tawp mai a ni. Chuvangin, hmeichhe
tan chuan a damchhung zawngin zalenna a awm reng reng lo.
Hnam sang-ho (Brahmin ho tiam lovin) chuan a pasal a thih hnu
ah, hmeichhe thianghlimna leh rinawmna nemnghehna chu a
pasala ruang an halna meia amah pawh a inhal hlum ve na hi a
ni tiin an ngaia, chu chu Sati an ti a, hetianga mahni leh mahni
inhalhlum te chu Satimata an ti a ni. Hindu community thenkhat
chuan ro insem kawnga hamthatna duh avangin hetianga tih hi
an encourage em em a ni. Chumi bakah, joint family system a
khawsa an nih tlangpui avangin hmeithaia awm reng chu
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anchhia angah an ngai a ni. He Sati zawm duh loh te chu pasal
an neih leh an remti lova. Hmeithai in pasal a neih leh chu sual
niin an ngai a, amaherawhchu, mipa nupui sunin nupui dang
vawi engzat pawh nei leh mahse, engahmah an ngai leh chuang
lo a ni. Hetiang ang kalphung avang te hian child widows tih
ang chi leh kum naupang taka hmeithai an tam em em a,
hrehawm tak leh inthlahrung reng rengin an hringnun an hmang
liam thin a ni. Community thenkhat ah chuan an lute ziahkawn
sak an ni a, an incheina thi leh ngun te hlihsak an ni a,
thawmhnaw inbel an phalsak pawh saffron coloured saree,
sakhaw thila inserh ho Sanyasi hovin an hak ang chi chauh hi
phalsak an ni thin. Anmahni inchhung ah ngei sal angin an
hringnun an hmang thin a ni. Hmeichhe naupang tak tak,
kumtling an nih hma hauhin mipa upa tak tak neihtir an ni a, an
pasalte reilo te ah an boral leh thin si a, hmeithai naupang tak
tak an tam em em a ni.
4. Devadasi system: Devadasi system chu hmeichhe naupang
temple a rawngbawl tura hlan leh serh hran, Hindu sakhuain a
kalpui thin a ni a. ‘Deva’ tih chu Pathian tihna a ni a, ‘Dasi’ tih
chu hmeichhe bawih (female servant) tihna a ni. ‘Devadasi’ chu
‘female servant of god’ tihna anih chu. Heng hmeichhiate hi an
pathian limte hmaa lama zai tura hlan leh serh an ni naa,
puithiamten an taksa chakna hrik thlakna atan an hmang fo thin
a, chuvangin, heng devadasi ho hi a nihna takah chuan
‘nawhchizuar thianghlim’ an ni ber.
5. Hmeichhe fa tihtlak/thah: Hnam tha ho zingah nupui pasal
inneihna chungchanga kori tu ber chu hmeichhe thuam leh ro
chhawm (dowry) a ni. Heti anih avang hian nu leh pa tam tak
chuan hmeichhe fa neih chu phurrit angah an ngai a, inneih
senso tam lutuk avang chuan hmeichhe nausen thihna tam tak a
thlen a ni. Female infanticide hi sum leh paia harsa zualte zingah
a tam em em a ni.
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6. Mihring leh ran hmanga inthawina: An pathian

thenkhatten mihringa inthawina an ngiat nia ngaihna a lian hle
bawka, hetianga inthawina hi an pathianten an lawm bik niin an
ngai bawk. Hetiang ang ngaihdan avang hian naupang tam tak
ruk bo an ni a, a bik takin an pathiannu Kali hnenah a
malsawmna beiseina avangin naupang thisen hmangin an
inthawi thin a ni. Gautama Buddha leh Mahavira ten ran hmanga
inthawina nasa takin an sawisela, Ahimsa (tharum thawh lohna)
te an zirtir na chungin, hetih hun lai hian ran hmanga inthawina
pawh an ching chhunzawm thova. Amaherawhchu, hun dang ai
chuan a ziaawm deuh.
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2. India rama harhna thlentirtu (factor):

‘Renaissance’ tih chu Europe rama kum zabi 14 na tir
lam atanga zabi 17-na thlenga art, literature leh zirna lama
harhtharna sawina atan an hmang tlangpui thin a. Sawi dan
tlanglawn ah chuan engemaw, a bikin art, literature emaw
rimawi lama tui tharna leh hmasawnna thar sawina atan an
hmang bawk thin. India rama renaissance lo thleng ah hian a
thlentirtu thil lian tak tak khawthlang lam atanga lo thleng an
awm a ni. Chungte chu han zirho leh ila:
a) East India Company: East India Company thil tum ber chu
sumdawn a ni a. India atangin raw materials tlawm tein an la a,
England ah leh India ramah India mite hnenah vek an
manufactured goods te chu to tak takin an hralh leh a.
Chuvangin, India chu British industries ho tan sum hnar tha taka
siam a ni. Hei hian India rama cottage industry tam tak a tichhia
a, India natural resource tam tak rawkin a awm a, India ram
mipuite zingah beidawnna leh unemployment a thlen nasa em
em a ni.
Company chuan an sumdawnna atan Hindu sakhua chu a
pawimawh hle a ni tih hre ranin, India ram sakhua chu duhsak a
ngai a ni tih ngaihdan an neia. Chuvangin, policy 3 an kalpui a:
i) Temple tam tak anmahni enkawlna hnuaiah an la lut a. Heng
temple siamthat leh sakthatna te leh temple-a hnathawk te hlawh
an tumsak vek a. An kut leh inthawina atan sum tam tak an vur
a, Brahmin puithiam ho chawm nan sum tam tak an seng a ni.
Anmahni kaihhruaina hnuaiah Sati leh thil tih rapthlak tak mai,
hook-swinging an tih te chu an kalpui a. Sawrkar officer ho
pawh, sawrkarin an sakhaw kut lawmna te chu a tuipui a ni tih
lantir nan, heng Hindu kutte hi hmanpuia telpui tura beisei an ni
a, heng senso zawng zawng phuhruk nan mipui atangin pilgrim
tax an la leh a ni.
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ii) Company chuan Kristian missionary ho hna reng reng a dodal

a. An thuneihnain a huam chhungah missionary reng reng
awmhmun in benbel an remti lo. William Carey, India rama
British missionary hmasa ber pawhin British ho ram chinah
hmun a chang lova, Serampore hmun, Danish ho awmna
hmunah a inbengbel ta anih kha. Sawrkar thuneituten
missionary tam tak an thawn haw bawk. Amaherawhchu, he
sawrkar policy hi 1813 ah British Parliament in Act pass in a
rawn tidanglam ta a ni.
iii) Company chuan a ram mi Kristian a chhawr duh lova,
Kristiana inpe army-a tanglai te pawh Bengal hmunah chuan ban
hial an ni. English tam tak ngaihdan ah chuan India ram sakhua
leh civilization-a inrawlh chu thil fing lo tak ah an ngai a ni.
Hindu sakhua be ho nunah danglamna tluantling thlen chu thil
theih tak tak ah an ngai meuh lo. Hemi bakah an sumdawnna leh
an inrelbawlna a khawih buai ang tih an hlau bawk a ni.
Chuvangin, British mi tam tak chuan India mite zirna lama
hmasawntir chu thil tul lo ah an ngai a ni.
Amaherawhchu, hetih hun lai pawh hian Company leh
Kristian mission ho inkar ah thawhhona engemaw chen chu a
awm ve thova. William Carey-a pawh Lord Wellesley-a din,
Fort William Calcutta-a College ah part-time lecturer a chhawr a
ni thin a. Hetih hun lai hian Bengali leh Sanskrit zirtir tura
qualify chu amah chauh hi a ni. Mission printing press
Serampore hmuna mi chu sawrkar pawhin a chhawr tangkai hle
a. Ahmasa ber atan anmahni hawrawp ngeiin Serampore
hmunah lehkhabu chhutin a lo awm ta a ni. Missionary hmasa te
khan nasa takin Chanchin Tha kal tlangin Company kha an lo
tanpui a ni.
b) British Sawrkar: Sumdawnna hlawk tur chuan sawrkar
nghet leh sum leh pai chungchanga inrelbawlna felfai tak a
pawimawh avangin, Company chuan ram inrelbawlna chu a
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kenkawh a ngai ta a. Chuvangin, kum zabi 18-na tawp lamah

chuan East India Company chu sawrkar tak tak ah thlak
danglamin a lo awm ta ani. Clive, Hastings leh Cornwallis,
hruaitu ropui tak tak te kaihhruaina hnuaiah British ho chu an lo
thangharh zel a, India mite changkanna tur chuan British hovin
sawrkarna an chelh a ngai ani tih ngaihdan an lo nei chho ta zel
a. Chutiang chuan sumdawng hote chu sawrkar hnathawk an lo
ni ta a, thla tin hlawh neiin, an sumdawn phalsak an lo ni lo ta a
ni. 1849 ah, Second Sikh War a zawh meuh chuan India ram
pum chu British lalram ah rinluh a lo ni ta a ni.
1828-70 inkara sawrkar hmalakna chu siamthat lam hlir
a ni a. Hetiang hian a khaikhawm theih awm e:
a) Bentinck-a chuan thil chin tha lo tak tak, entirnan Sati,
hmeichhe nausen thah, zin mite rawk, mihring thisen hmanga
inthawina te chu sakhua nena inkungkaihna nei ni mahse, a
nuaibo chu sawrkar mawhphurhna ah a ngai a.
b) Mihring intluktlanna chawisan. Dan hma ah tumah an
danglam lo, chuvangin eng sakhua pawh ni se, mi tupawh
sawrkar hna ah chhawr theih an ni tih thutlukna siamin a awm ta
a.
c) English chu India official language a lo ni ta a. Zirna sang
reng reng chu English medium vek a ni ta a, sawrkarin school,
college, medical college te a hawng ta a ni. Calcutta, Bombay
leh Madras ah te University din an ni a. Chutih rual rual chuan
vernacular zirna hlamchhiah a ni chuang lova. English education
in India ram a thlak danglam dan chu ropui tak a ni. Sawrkar
educational policy thar chuan India ah educated class a hring
chhuak ta a ni.
1843 ah sal neih chu Dan hmanga khap a ni ta a. Hemi
kaltlang hian mi rethei tam takin zalenna an chang ta a. Lord
Dalhousie chuan hetih hun laia kawtthler vela mawilo tak taka
khawsak an chin chu a khap bawk a. Lord Rippon-a sawrkar
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chuan local self-government bill a pass bawk a, he bill tum ber

chu India ram mipuite self-government chungchang zirtir a ni.
1891 ah Age of Consent Act pass a ni leha, hei hian Child
Marriage khap lo mahse, pasalin a nupui chu kum 12 a tlin hma
chu a khawsak pui thei ta lo a ni. 1865 atang chuan nationalism
ah mipui an thangharh nasa hle a, Maharashtra, Punjab leh
Bengal ah te rorelna thlak duhna boruak a inmung nasa tan ta
hle a ni.
c) Kristian Mission: India rama Protestant missionary hna chu
Danish Mission in a intan a, zabi 18-na ah Tamil Nadu ah hna
nasa takin an thawk a. Amaherawchu, Kristian lo khawvel laka
an mawphurhna hriattira British, American leh European ho
kaiharhtu chu William Carey leh a rawngbawlpuite Marshman
leh Ward te kha an ni. Boarding school leh fahrah enkawlna te
an hawng a, medical lam hna a bikin phar ho zingah an thawk
bawka, a ram mi missionary hna thawk tura thawnchhuah an
duh em em a, anmahni train na tur College Serampore ah an din
a, Denmark lal chuan he College hi degree pe thei tura
thuneihna a hlan a. Carey leh a thiante hnathawh that avangin,
1813 ah British parliament chuan India rama inbengbela,
rawngbawl hna thawk turin missionary te zalenna a pe ta a ni.
Hemi hnuah hian Britain, America leh Europe ram atang tein
missionary an rawn lut ta ruih ruih a ni.
Western education tih hmasawn nan India ram khawpui
hmun hrang hrangah European hovin school leh college te an
hawng a. 1830 ah Scottish Missionary, Alexander Duff in
English zirna school Calcutta ah a hawng a. Duff-a hmalakna
hian India tan hun thar a rawn herchhuahpui a ni ber. Calcutta
hmuna tlangval fel ber ber ten Duff-a zirna in an rawn pan a,
Ram Mohan Roy (Brahmo Samaj dintu) pawh Duff a zirlai a lo
ni ta a ni. Modern religious movement a inhnamhnawih an
hruaitu te hi a tlangpuiin English education nei te an ni.
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Hmeichhia te tana zirna pawhin hma a sawn nasa hle a,

hmeichhe missionary tam tak India ah an rawn lut a. 1854 vel
atangin, Zenana hmuna kharkhip a awm hmeichhiate zinga
rawngbawlna tan a ni ta a, Hmeichhe medical missionary tam
tak hmeichhe zinga rawngbawl turin an lo thlenga. Fahrah
enkawlna te, hmeithai enkawlna te din an lo ni ta a ni.
d) Orientalism: Orientalist ho hi European scholars Indian
literature, art leh architecture zirchiang ho sawina a ni a.
Orientalism lo lar chhoh tanna chu British hovin India rama
sawrkar tha zawk siam an duhna atangin a ni a, mahse India
mite rilrua a tlak natna chu a hnu feah a ni. Hetih hun laia
pioneer orientalist te chu mi pathum, Colebrook, HH Wilson leh
Tod a te an ni.
Warren Hastings ah chuan hma la in, European hovin
Sanskrit leh Hindu sakhua an lo hmelhriat chho tan ta a.
Hastings-a hmalakna zarah Charles Wilkins-a chuan 1789 ah
Kalidas-a Sanskrit dramatist ropui ber kutchhuak ropui ber
(masterpiece) Shakuntala chu a letlinga, a chhuah a. Mi thenkhat
pawhin India ram mite chu an zirchiang bawk a ni.
Oriental studies hi 1879 hma lamah parchhuak ni mahse,
a rah chu a hnu kum 30 velah an tel chauh a. Hemi hun laia
kutchhuak ropui ber ber te chu The Sacred Books of the East
(Max Mueller), Oriental Series (Trubner), The Harvard
Oriental Series (Trubner), Light of Asia (Edwin Arnold), The
Song Celestial (Childers) te hi an ni. 1870 atangin Oriental zirna
chuan India mite rilru a tawk na ta hle a; Indian mithiam,
European method-a train te chuan Indian literature lehlin leh
editing hna an thawk ta chur chur mai a ni.
e) Khawthlang ramin India a nghawng dan: Heng India ram
pawn atanga lo lut factors hrang hrangte hian kum zabi 19-na
leh 20-na ah khawtlang leh sakhuaa harhtharna an rawn thlen
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nasa hle a. Mipui mimir rilru leh ngaihtuahna ah nghawng nasa

tak an nei a ni.
India mite chuan khawthlang lam mite chu an tha a za a, an
taima a, India mite chu an zawia an thatchhia a ni tih ngaihdan
an rawn neia.
 Khawthlang mite chu an discipline a tha a,
organizational skills an nei tha a, India ram mite chuan
mumal lo takin thil an ti thin.
 Khawthlang lam chuan scientific outlook an neia, India
mite erawh chuan hmanrua thing tak tak an la hmanga,
puithuna atthlak an la buaipui
 Kristian rinna tluangtlam tak mai leh a guide-book atana
Bible hian mipui thinlung ah nghawng a nei lian hle.
Hindu sakhua chu sakhaw chipchiar, leh hnawk tak mai
a ni a. Mipui mimir chuan an Puranas bak lo chu han
chhiar leh hmuh theih an nei lova, hei hian milem biakna
a ti hluar em em a ni.
 Khawthlang nationalism leh democratic principles chuan
dan hma ah tumah an danglam lo tih a zirtir a. India ah
chuan caste system avangin mahni community tan chauh
mi a rinawm a, nationalism thlarau mipui ah a awm lo.
 Khawthlang society ah chuan hmeichhe leh mipa an
intluk tlanga, India ah chuan hmeichhia te chu mipate aia
hnuaihnung zawka ngaih an ni a, kawng tam takah an
hnufual zawk
 Zirna leh thiamna hi hnam tha ho tan chauh ani tih
ngaihdan nghet tak an neih laiin, khawthlang ho chuan
zirna an ngai pawimawha, mimir tan school leh college
te an hawng.
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 Khawthlang hovin printing press an hman khan inbiak

pawhna a nghawng nasa hle a, India ramah chuan hetih
lai hian printing press a la awm ve lo.
 British ho sipai chakna chuan India mite rilru a hneh hle
a. Hetih hun lai hian India chu pumkhat a ni lova, lalram
tam tak a dinga, an rinawmna pawh mahni hnam leh
lalram tan chauh a ni.
 India ram miten khawthlang mite an hmuh dan chu
ngaihsanna hlir a ni a, engemaw chen chu khawthlang
lam tihdan tawh phawt chu an copy tawp mai a ni.
Amaherawhchu, hei hian rei a daih lova. Scientific
knowledge hmang tangkaia, khawtlang siamthatna hna
an rawn thawk ve tan ta a, khawtlanga sualna tam tak
nuaibo duhna a lo lian chho ta zel a. Reformer tam tak an
lo chhuak ta a ni.
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4. Hinduism chhunga movement hrang hrang te

a) Brahmo Samaj: Brahmo Samaj dintu hi Raja Ram Mohan
Roy ani a. 1772 ah Bengal ah a lo piang a. Patna ah te leh hmun
hrang hrangah te lehkha a zir a. Amah hi tawng thiam mi a nih
avangin Sanskrit, Hindi, Persian, Arabic, Greek leh Hebrai te a
zir a. An Hindu sakhaw lehkhabu (Upanishad leh Brahmasutra)
te a zir a. He lehkhabu atang hian thlarau (atman) chu pathian
(Brahman) a ni tih a hre ta a. Upanishad in theism ni lovin
monism a zirtir zawk a ni tiin a sawi a. Kum 1828 ah pawl a din
ta a, a pawl hmingah chuan Brahmo Samaj (a din tirh ah chuan
Brahmo Sabha tih a ni a) a ti a ni. Roy-a zirtirna tlangpui chu
hetiang hian a khaikhawm theih awm e:
i) Milem biakna, pathian pakhat aia tam neih leh inthawina te hi
pumpelh tur an ni.
ii) Hindu lehkhabu thianghlim hrang hrang zingah Upanishads
leh Vedanta sutra te chauh hi thunei an ni.
iii) Pathian chu pakhat a ni a, mi zawng zawng unau kan ni.
iv) Brahmo Samaj mi leh sa te chuan sakhua zawng zawng leh
an sakhaw lehkhabu te an zah.
v) Roy-a hian thlarau pian nawnna a pawm lo. Hei hian Kristian
leh Muslim sakhaw zirtirna ten thui tak a rilru a kaihruai tih a
lantir.
vi) Nun dan tha Brahmo Samaj in a zirtir chu Isua Krista zirtirna
atanga lak a ni.
Roy-a beihna azara khawtlanga siamthatna larte chu
hetiang hian han khaikhawm leh dawn ila:
i) Hmeichhia te dinhmun chawikanna atan nasa takin a bei. 1818
vel atangin Sati duh lohna nasa takin a auchhuahpui a, an Hindu
lehkhabu Manusmriti te leh a dang dangte zir chiangin a tawpah
chuan lehkhabu ziaktu zawng zawngin an recommend vek lo,
mimal duhthlanna ani e tiin thutlukna a siam ta a. Nupui pakhat
aia tam neih pawh a duhlo hle a. Roy-a chuan Hindu dan ziaktu
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Yajnavalkya te zirtirna ah pawh Hindu dan kalh a nih thu a

sawia, damlohna (fa neih theih loh, hrisel lohna vang) vang anih
chuan tha a ti tho ani.
Naupang tea pasal neih te, nausen hmeichhia tihhlum te
chu a duh lo bawk a. Ro insem chungchanga hmeichhiate chan
chhe lutuk pawh duh lovin siam that tumin nasa takin a bei
bawk a ni. Hengte bakah hian Roy-a chuan inneih nia hmeichhe
thil chhawm tam lutuk hi a sawisel a, hei hian harsatna tam tak a
hrinchhuah avangin a sawisel nasa hle a ni.
ii) Chi inthliarna: Roy-a chuan chi inthliarna a sawisel nasa hle
a, a pawl din Brahmo Samaj ah chuan chi inthliarna hi hmang lo
turin a mite a fuih nghe nghe a ni.
iii) Hindu sakhua siamthat hna: Roy-a chuan Kristian
missionary ten Hindu sakhua an sawisel thin chu a duhlo hle a.
Hindu sakhaw rind an leh an tih dan chu thlak danglam tulin a
hre lo va. Mahse a that lohna lai apiang chu siam that a hnial
lem chuang lo.
b) Arya Samaj: Arya Samaj dintu chu Swami Dayananda
Saraswati a ni a, 1824- ah a piang a. Hindu chi tha Brahmin an
ni. Amah hi lehkha thiam tak a ni a. Veda bu hi diklo thei lovah
a ngai hmiah a ni. A naupan laiin zan khat chu temple ah
inthawina atana an thil hlan thin chu sazu pakhatin a ei lai a hmu
ta hlauh mai a, an milem chu pathian a ni lo tih a hr eta a. Chumi
avang chuan milem biak chu thil atthlak a nihzia a hre ta a ni. A
nu leh paten nupui nei tura an nawr nasat avangin an in a
chhuahsan a, Yoga hmanga chhandamna kawng zawh a tum ta a
ni.
1872 ah Calcutta ah Brahmo Samaj hotute nen inhmuin
engemaw chen an han inkawp naa, an thu a inhmuh theih tak loh
avangin a hranin a kal ta a, 1875 ah Bombay hmunah Arya
Samaj a din ta a ni. He a pawl dina an thu zirtir tlangpuite chu:
i) Vedas chauh hi thutak hnar an ni
 -14-

ii) Milem biak an dodal

iii) Pathian mihringa lo channa an dodal a, sakhua avanga zin an
dodal bawk
iv) Vedas bu a mantras chham an ngai pawimawh a, ‘Havan’ leh
‘Yajna’ te an ngai pawimawh bawk.
v) Hmeichhia te tana zirna an ngai pawimawh.
vi) Naupang tea pasal neih leh nupui 1 aia tam neih an dodal
Swami Dayananda in Arya Samaj kaltlanga Hindu
society leh sakhua siam that a tum dan chu kan han tarlan tak an
zirtirna hrang hrang kaltlang khan ani ber a. A au hla chu
“Vedas ah kir leh ang u” tih a ni. Vedas ah hian economics,
politics, social science leh humanities a awm kim vek tiin a zirtir
a. Milem biak, ran hmanga inthawina, pathian pakhat aia tam
neih te leh hremhmun leh van ram chungchang inzirtirna te a
dodal nasa hle a ni.
Arya Samaj chuan Hindu sakhua chu a siam awlsam a,
Hindu ho zingah an sakhua chungnun bikzia a tuh nasa hle a.
Hindu ho chuan kaihruaitu atan Kristianna emaw Islam emaw,
khawthlang culture lam an thlir tur a ni lo tih an zirtir a ni.
Hinduism chungnun bikna zirtir uarin Arya Samaj chuan
Islam leh Christian ten Hindu te an beihna chu a chhang leta.
Dayananda hian “Shuddhi Movement” tanin Hindu atanga
sakhaw danga inlet te lak let lehna leh sakhaw dang betute
Hindu a siam beihpui a thlak a ni. He Shuddhi Movement hian
Kristian missionary te hna nasa takin a ti khaihlak a ni.
Khawtlanga sualna chi hrang hrang, chi inthliarna,
khawtlanga Brahmin ho chungnun bikna, Vedas zir theihna right
Brahmin ho chauhin an neihna te, untouchability te Dayananda
hian dodalin a sawisel nasa hle.
Hengte bakah hian hmeichhiate chunga diklohna hrang
hrangte a dodal a, female education atan a thawk nasa hle a.
Naupang tea pasal neihtir te, nupui pakhat aia tam neih te,
 -15-

Purdah system te leh Sati a dodal nasa hle. Arya Samaj member
ho zingah chuan inter-caste marriage leh inter-dining te an
kalpui a ni.
Hmeichhia leh mipa tan zirna in hrang hrang Gurukul,
Kanya Gurukul, school leh college te a din a. Heng zirna in te
hian Hindu sakhua leh society a humhalh piah lamah khawvel
hmasawnna mila zirna a ti thanglian bawk a ni.
c) Theosophical Society: Theosophy tih thumal hi Grik thumal
2, theos leh Sophia atanga lo kal a ni a, chu chu Pathian leh
finna tihna a ni. He philosophy thiltum ber chu finna nei tura
pathian hriat a ni. Khawthlang lam concept, hlui tak a ni.
Theosophical Society hi NY khawpui US ah 17 November,
1875 ah Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, Colonel Henry Steel
Olcott, William Quan Judge leh mi dang dangten an din a.
Anmahni an inhrilhfiah danah chuan “thutak zawng pawl, mi
zawng zawng inunauna chawisanga mihring rawngbawlsak tu
pawlho” tiin an inhrilhfiah a ni. Olcott-a hi an pawl President
hmasa ber niin 1907-a a thihni thlengin he nihna hi a chelh a ni.
He Society thiltum hrang hrangte chu hetiang hian a khaikhawm
theih awm e:
i) Chi leh hnam, mipa leh hmeichhia inthliarhranna engmah
awm lova, mihring zawng zawng inunauna chawisan.
ii) Comparitive religion, philosophy leh science zirna
tihhmasawna chawisan.
iii) Laws of nature hrilhfiah theih loh te zirchiana mihringa
thiltihtheihna thupa awm te zirchian.
Mi tupawh kan han sawi tak thiltum te kha a tawmpui
theih chuan an pawl member a ni thei a ni.
An zirtirna tlangpui:
i) Engkim piah lamah hian nunna a awm a, chu nunna chu
mahnia awm, chatuan mi, khawikipa awm, engkim enkawltu a
ni. Nunna nei tawh phawt chuan chu chatuan mi hnen atang
 -16-

chuan nunna an dawng a, amah avangin an nunga, amah hnaih

zelin hma an sawn zel a ni.
ii) He nunna hi khawvel ah a awm a, Siamtu, enkawltu, nunna
thar petu a ni.
iii) He nunna hi Rishis (saints) ho thlarau lam zirtirna tha
zirtirtute thuneihna hnuaiah a awm. Khawvel pumpui zirtirtute
an ni a, vantirhkoh/devas hovin an tanpui a ni.
iv) Mihring chu thilsiam a ni a, pian nawn lehna kaltlangin siam
danglam zel an ni. Famkim tawhte chuan la famkim lo, siam
danglama awm mekte an pui a ni.
He Theosophical Society thiltum lian ber chu hmasang
sakhua Zoroastrianism, Hinduism leh Buddhism te zirtirna
chawisana, zirchian, science leh philosophy zirna tihhmasawn te
a ni a. Thlarau pian nawnna an pawm a, karma, zalenna te an
zirtira. He zalenna hi humanism, midangte rawngbawl sak na
azara neih theih ah an ngai.
He Theosophical Society hian India ram nunah nghawng
thui tak a nei a. Hmanlai Hindu hovin an lo rindan te chu
science ah innghahna nei vek an ni a, puithuna atthlak mai an ni
lo tih zirtirin Hindu sakhua revival lo thlen theihna atan an
thawhhlawk hle a ni. Khawvel hmun hrang hrangah branch an
neia, heng centre te kaltlang hian khawvelin India thlarau lam
nun ropuina an lo hrechiang deuh deuhva, khawchhak sakhua –
Hinduism leh Buddhism a ro inphumru hlutzia an lo hriat phah a
ni.
Heng bakah hian Theosophical Society chuan Home
Rule Agitation darh zauna atan an thawk bawk a, naupang tea
inneih, Purdah system, zirna tihhmasawn, zu dodalna,
hnuaichhiaha awmte khaichhuah, school ah te thlarau nun
inzirtirna kalpui, female education atana campaign, hetiang ang
hmalakna hrang hrangte pawh hi a kalpui a ni. Chi leh vun
 -17-

rawnga inthliarna khawvel ah inunauna leh intluktlanna a kalpui

bawk.
He Society hian India rama Muslimte pawh a hneh hle a.
1889 ah Mirza Ghulam Ahmad-a chuan he Society in mi zawng
zawng inunauna a kalpui ang deuh hian pawl thar Ahmadiya
Movement a din ta a ni.
He Society hian Hindu sakhua tihhmasawnna atan thawk
tha hle mahse, an hotute hi an Anti-Christian hle a. Annie
Besant-i, he Society-a hruaitu pawimawh chuan Kristianna hian
kum zabi tam tak chhung hmeichhiate hi ‘necessary evil’ niin a
ngai a, Kohhrana mithianghlim te pawh hi hmeichhiate hmusit
ber ber tute an ni a ti a ni.
d) Ramakrishna Mission: Ramakrishna Paramahansa (1836-
1886), kum zabi 19-na mi thianghlim nia ngaih hi Ramakrishna
Order of monks thathona siamtu leh Ramakrishna Movement
thlarau lama dintu ber nia ngaih a ni. 1886-a a thih hmain a
zirtirte enkawl hna chu a zirtirte zinga mi Vivekananda a hlan
chhawnga. A thih hnu hian Baranagore hmunah a zirtirte hian
Math (Monastery) hmasa ber an din ta a ni. Vivekananda chu
hmun hrang hrangah a zin kuala 1893 ah America rama
Parliament of the World’s Religions ah khan Hindu sakhua
aiawhin a tel a, thu te sawiin a lar phah hle a ni. Hemi hnu hian
Hindu sakhua leh thlarau mina chungchanga lecture pein hmun
hrang hrangah a zin kuala, India ramah 1897 ah lo kirin 1 May,
1897 ah Ramakrishna Mission a din ta a ni. Swami Vivekananda
zirtirna tlangpui te chu:
i) Sakhua zawng zawng hi a thain a dik vek a. Chuvangin mahni
sakhua ah theuh rinawm taka awm mai tur.
ii) Pathian chu mimal bik nihna nei lo (impersonal) a ni a.
Pathian mihringa lo changah hian pathian chu lantirin a awm.
Mihring thlarau hi pathianna nei (divine) dik tak a ni. Mi zawng
 -18-

zawng hi mi thianghlim vek an ni. Mihring sual anga sawi chu

sualna a ni.
iii) Hindute finna hi a rei tawh avang leh tlawm tak atanga lo zi
chhuak anih avangin a mawiin a thlarau thil em em a. Hindu
hnam hi thlarau hruai hnam an ni.
iv) Europe ram leh an finnate chu a khawvel thil lutuk a. Mahni
hmasialna leh tisa chakna thil a ni. European-ho zirtirna laka
Hindu sakhua humhim turin a fuih a ni.
v) Mihring rilru ngaihtuahna leh suangtuahna hi Swami
Vivekananda chuan a ngai pawimawh hle a. Hriatna hi sakhua
leh science a ni a ti bawk. Swami Vivekananda chuan Vedanta
philosophy a zirtir.
vi) Sakhua zawng zawng inpumkhatna a zirtir bawk.
Ramakrishna Mission in khawtlang tana hna a thawh
hrang hrangte chu famine & plague relief, fahrah enkawl, school
leh college, hospitals, maths, English tawnga chhuah magazine
2, thlatin chhuak chanchinbu Bengali tawngin.
DS Sarma chuan Hindu sakhuaa socio-religious
movement hrang hrangte thlirin heti hian a ti a: Ramakrishna
Mission lo chhuah hmaa movement hrang hrang lo chhuak te
kha Hindu sakhua ropui tak lantir tumna beitham tak tak vek an
ni. Brahmo Samaj kha Hindu aiin Kristian thil a tam zawk a,
Arya Samaj kha Vedas ngaihsanna hlawm lian mai a ni a,
Swami Vivekananda kaihhruaina hnuaia lo piangchhuak
Ramakrishna Mission erawh hi chu Hindu sakhua tarlanna dik
ber leh famkim ber a ni tiin. Vivekananda hian khawthlang
atangin thil tam tak zirchhuakin sakhua zawng zawng zah turin
zirtir bawk mahse, India rama Kristian missionary ten
rawngbawlna a ngai thei lo hle a, Hindu sakhua hnuaichhiah tak
leh negative taka rawng an bawlna kha a sawisel leh dem ber
chu a ni.
 -19-

4. Sakhaw danga movement hrang hrangte

a) Islam:
i) Aligarh Movement: Syed Ahmad Khan leh Muhammadan
Anglo Oriental College (M.A.O. College) nena inzawm Muslim
harhna kha Aligarh Movement tia hriat a ni ber a. A bul tantu
Syed Ahmed Khan hi 1817 ah Delhi ah chhungkaw hlun tak
atanga lo piang a ni a, an chhungkua hi sawrkar nen pawha
inlaichinna tha tak nei an nih avangin British sawrkar hnuaiah
dinhmun pawimawh tak a luah chho ta a. Muslim community
hmasawnna atana Syed Ahmed Khan-a hnathawh hi kawng li-in
a then theih a:
a) Politics siamthatna: India rama Muslim te chuan Muslim
ram a nih tak loh avangin India chu Dar-ul-harh (House of war)
niin an ngai a. Syed-a ve thung chuan British sawrkar hnuaia an
sakhua zalen taka an kalpui theih avangin India chu Dar-ul-
Islam (House of Islam) niin a ngai ve thung a. British sawrkar
leh khawthlang thiamna leh finna an thlirdan an thlak
danglamna chuan Muslim te tan kawl a eng zawk dawn niin a
ngai tlat a ni. India ram tan British sawrkar chu hlu hle ah a ngai
a ni.
Sepoy Mutiny (1857) lai khan Syed-a chu British
sawrkar tana mi rinawm tak niin European tam tak nunna pawh
a humhim nghe nghe a. 1886 ah khan India ram mite ngaihdan
lakhawma, British Parliament ah thlen anih theih nan ‘British
Indian Association’ a din ta a. English ho chuan India ram mite
beisei dan leh duhdan te hrethiamin an lo khawngaih ang tih a
beisei tlat a ni. British sawrkar rin kaiin Viceroy’s Legislative
Council member atan ruatin a awm a, knighthood pawh pek a ni
ta nghe nghe a, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan a lo ni ta a ni.
b) Zirna lama siamthatna: Muslim-ho hmasawnna tur chuan
khawthlang thiamna leh finna an hip luh a ngaia, an
khawtlangah siamthatna a thlen a ngai a ni tih Syed-a hi a
 -20-

chiang hle a. A Muslim puite sap tawng zir tur leh khawthlang
culture la lut tura hneh tumin a bei nasa hle a, huaisen takin, “all
religious learning in Mohammedan libraries is of no avail” a ti a
ni.
Zirna leh politics lama a ruahmanna te tihlawhtling turin
1869 ah England ah a kal ta a, thla 17 zet a cham a, English nun
leh politics te a zirchiang a, a hun tam zawk chu zirna atan a
hmang a ni. English hovin zirna an kalpui dan te zirchiangin
school leh college an kalpui dan te a zirchiang bawk a. India a lo
kir leh hnuin Urdu tawngin magazine pakhat Tahzibul Akhlaq
(reform of morals) a ti chhuak ta a. He magazine hian sakhua,
khawtlang leh zirna lam kaihhnawih thupui hrang hrang a huam
a ni.
1875 ah Aligarh hmunah school a hawng a, 1877 ah
college ah hlankai a ni a. A hmingah Mohammedan Anglo-
Oriental College a vuah a. England rama a cham chhunga
Oxford leh Cambridge University a zirna an kalpui dan a
zirchian te chu hmang tangkaiin sap rama an kalpui danin he a
college a zirna hi a kalpui a. A staff tam tak te pawh European
mi an ni nghe nghe. MAO College chu ngaihdan leh thlirdan
thar chherna hmunpui a lo ni ta a. MAO College hi Muslim te
thim ata enga khaichhuahna tura din ni bawk mahse, a tir
atangin community hrang hrang tan hawn a ni a, zirtirtu hmasa
te leh graduate hmasa te pawh Hindu an ni nghe nghe. Hindi leh
Sanskrit pawh he college ah hian zirtir an ni.
Sir Syed-a hian sap tawng a thiam nal vak lo naa,
zirlaiten khawthlang boruak an man thiam theih nan a college ah
hian medium of instruction atan English a hmantir a. 1886 ah
Syed-a hian All India Mohammedan Educational Conference a
tan a, hei hian zirna lama Muslim ho la hnufual zia mi tam tak a
hriattir a, Muslim ho zingah khawthlang zirna leh thiamna a
chawisang em em a ni.
 -21-

c) Sakhaw lama siamthatna: Muslim ho zingah sakhua

chungchanga ngaihdan thar tuh tumin Syed-a hian a bei nasa hle
a. Muslim tam tak ngaihdan ah chuan Kristian ho hian Bible thu
hi an tibawrhbang niin an ngai a, mahse Syed-a hian chutiang
chuan a ngai lova, Kristiante hi Muslim ho hian ‘ringlo’ leh
‘hmelma’ angin kan thlir tur a ni lo, a ti a. Quran leh Bible pawh
hi dik taka hrilhfiah an nih chuan an inkalh love a ti a ni.
Genesis 1-11 hrilhfiahna pawh a ziak nghe nghe a ni.
Muslim thenkhatin Hindu te ‘ringlotu’ anga an ngai chu
Syed-a hian a pawm lova. Ani ngaihdan ah chuan Quran
pawmtute leh pawmlo tute danglamna chu tawngka mai ah a ni
a, chhungril ah kan danglam chuang lo a ti a ni. Chuvangin,
Hindu-Muslim inpumkhatna leh inunauna tha te thawhhona tha
te a awm theih nan nasa takin hma a la a ni. Indian United
Patriotic Association pawh dinin he pawlin a tum ber chu
Hindu-Muslim inpumkhatna a ni.
d) Khawtlang nuna siamthatna: Orthodox Muslim hovin an
pawm ngheh em em thil 2 Syed-a hian a dodal a. A hmasa zawk
chu Muslim hmeichhiate tan Purdah chu ngei ngei a ni a, zirna
erawh a ngai kher lo tih ngaihdan a ni a. Hemi thiat tur hian nasa
taka beiin Aligarh hmunah hmeichhe college dinin a lo awm ta a
ni. A pahnihna ah chuan Muslim hovin nupui pakhat aia tam an
neih thin chu nasa takin a dodal a. Hmeichhiate zalenna atan a
thawk nasa hle a, a Muslim unaute chu ngaihdan hmanlai lutuk
leh tihdan thing tawh lutuk te chu paihthla turin a fuih nasa hle a
ni.
A nghawng:

 British sawrkarin Muslim te a thlirdan a thlak danglam.

 Aligarh Movement hian Muslim society a nghawng mai
piah lamah society dangte pawh nghawng telin kum zabi
 -22-

19-na chho ah socio-religious movement hrang hrang a

hringchhuak a ni.
 Urdu tawng hman dan a thlak danglam a, un leh
hriatthiam harsa taka Urdu tawnga thuziah an chinna
bansanin mipui nawlpui hriatthiam theih zawnga thuziak
an uar chho.
 Aligarh Movement chuan thuziak mite leh hla phuah
thiam te thu kalhmang a thlak danglama, India rama
Muslim te nun pumpui khawih zawnga thuziak an uar
phah.
 Sir Syed-a kha nationalist ropui tak a ni a, secular state a
tuipuia, sakhua leh politics te a hrang hlawkin kal ve ve
se a duh a ni. Amaherawhchu, ram inthen hran lam chu a
duh ngai lo. Mahse, hun lo kal chho zelah a college din
chu Muslim te tana Pakistan ngiatna hmunpui a lo ni
chho ta a ni.
b) Ahmadiyah Movement: Ahmadiyah chu Punjab hmuna
Islamic religious movement zabi 19-na tawp lama tan a ni a, a
hnar kaitu ber chu Mirza Ghulam Ahmed a ni. He movement hi
zabi 18-na bawr chhova Kristian missionary ten Muslim sakhua
chak lohna an hailan do letna a ni a, chumi piah lamah Aligarh
Movement do letna a ni bawk. A bul tantu Mirza Ghulam
Ahmed hi 1839 ah Qadian, Punjab ah a lo piang a. 1880 bawr
velah pathianin hna bik thawk turin a ko niin a inhre tan a. 1889
ah chuan pathian inpuanna dawng niah inchhalin, thuihruaite a
nei tan ta a, zirtirna thar a thehdarh tan ta a ni. Imam Mahdi
(Guided Leader) ni ah a inchhal mai piah lamah, Messia tiam
chu amah ngei anih thu a puang a ni. Khawvel zirtirtu tur
Zoroastrian te, Hindu leh Buddhist te nghahfak chu niin a
inchhal a. Pathian tirh Mujaddid (revivalist) a hun laia Islam
sakhua kaitho tu tur niin a inchhal bawk a ni.
 -23-

A zirtirna tlangpui chu hetiang hian a khaikhawm theih

awm e:
i) Messia nia a inchhal avangin miten Krista lo kal lehna leh
kraws-a a thihna te chu ring lo se a duh avangin, Krista kha
kraws ah a thi lova, a thidang mai a ni zawk. Lo harhchhuak
lehin Kashmir hmunah a kala chutah chuan a thia, a thlan pawh
a awm niin a zirtir. Srinagar a thlan pakhat a hmuchhuah chu
Krista an phumna thlan tiin a sawi.
ii) Hetiang anga a zirtir avang hian Isua Kristan Messia nia a
inchhalna a paihthla a.
iii) Mohammed-a chu amah ah lo piang nawn leh niin a zirtir
bawk.
iv) Hindu te tan Krishna, Kristiante leh Muslim te tan Messia
niin a inchhala. Krista aia chungnung zawk leh ropui zawk niah
a inchhal bawk.
v) Muslim sakhaw puithiamte chu an mi leh sate puithuna
atthlaka phuarbet reng nia demin a sawisel nasa hle a, lehlamah
Muslim rationalist Syed Amir Ali leh S. Khutda Baksh te a hmu
peih leh chuang lova, Quran thuneihna tidal tu ah a ngai a ni.
vi) Purdah system tih bo tul a ti lova, nupui pakhat aia tam neih
leh nupui then leh mak chungchang te pawh a pawm vek a.
Mahse, conservative Muslim ho chuan zirtirna diklo thehdarhtu,
rinna hmelma ah ngaiin an hnawtchhuaka, amah zuitute pawh an
pathian biakna hmuna tel ve an remti lo.
Mirza hi 1908 ah a thi a, Hakim Nur-ud-din an a thlaka,
1914 ah a thlaktu hi a thih ve leh tak mai avangin Mirza fapa
Mirza Bashiruddin-a chu an hotupa atan an thlang a. Mahse,
Mirza Bahiruddin an a pa chu zawlnei (nabi) nia a ngaih
avangin an pawl an inthendarh ta a. An zinga lehkhathiam te
chuan Mirza Ghulam Ahmed chu Mujaddid (revivalist) mai niin
an ngai a. Chung ho chu inla hrangin pawl thar an din ta a,
Lahore an headquarter-a hmangin. Pawl 2 a inthendarh te chu
 -24-

Qadianis (Mirzais) leh Ahmadis (Lahore group) tia hriat an lo ni

ta a ni. Qadianis ho hian Muslim pangai angin an inngai lova,
Ahmadis ho erawh hi chu Muslim pangai ho zingah telin
Qadianis ho nen an inhnim hnai duh vak ta lo a ni.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad-a hi Muslim nawlpui ai chuan a
ngaihtuah thui fe zawk mai a. A ngaihdan ah chuan Muslim ten
Isua vana lawn leh a lo kal lehna thurin an pawm hian
Kristianten Isua chu Pathian Fapa, Pathian lalthutphah dinglama
thu nia an ngaih chu thui tak a pawmpui niin a hria a. Chuvang
chuan Isua kha a thi a, India ramah phum a ni tih prove turin
nasa takin a bei a ni. Isua nun leh a rawngbawl dan zawng
zawngte thlak danglama Israelte zawlnei famkim lo tak pakhat
ve mai anga tarlan tumin a bei char char a. A nihna takah chuan
Mirza hian Islam sakhua leh Kristianna hi inzawmna nei lo anga
chhuah a tum ber a ni.
Muslim nawlpui chuan Isua chu nula thianghlim hrin
a nihna te, vanah a lawn chho leh tih te an pawm a, mahse, heng
an pawm main a te hian Isua chu mihring pangai a ni lo a ni tih
nemnghetin, Isua Pathianna a nemnghet zawk a ni tih Mirza hian
hria in, hetianga a pawm ve mai chuan Isua Pathianna a pawm
tihna ani dawn tih a chiang em em a. Chuvangin, nula
thianghlim hrin a nihna te leh vana a lawn chhoh lehna te hi
Mirza hian a pawm duh lo a ni.
b) Sikhism:
i) Singh Sabha Movement: Singh Sabha Movement (Punjabi:
Society of the Singhs) chu zabi 19-na a Sikhism huang chhunga
movement pakhat a ni a. Kristian leh Hindu sakhua do letna a ni
deuh ber a. A thil tum lian ber te chu Sikh Guru-ho zirtirna
tuaithar, Punjabi tawnga sakhaw thuziak chhuah, ziak leh chhiar
thiamloh na umbo te an ni.
1849 ah British hovin Sikh lalram an lak hnu khan
Kristian missionaries hovin central Punjab vel ah hma an la nasa
 -25-

hle a. Sikh lal hnuhnung ber Dalip Singh-a ngei pawh chu
Kristian ah a inpe ta a, a hnu lawk 1853 ah Kapurthala hmuna
mi langsar tak Harnam Singh-a a inpe leh a. Kristian missionary
te hnathawh chu Sikh sakhua atan a hlauhthawnawm a ni tih
Sikh ho chuan an hre ta thuai a. Mahse, hei chauh hi an
hmachhawn a ni lova, Punjab a British sawrkar hnuaia hnathawk
ho zingah Bengali sap tawng thiam, Brahmo Samaj pawl
member an tam hle a. Anni hian 1860 bawr chho velah khan
Punjab chhunga khawpui hrang hrangah an branch din an chak
em em a. Hemi bakah sakhua, zirna leh khawtlang nun an
changkan zawk theih nan Punjabi Muslim ho chuan 1869 ah
Lahore hmunah Anjuman-i-Islamia an din bawk a ni.
Heng zawng zawng hmachhawna do let tur hian Sikh ho
chuan Singh Sabha Movement an tan ve ta a, an tum ber chu
Sikh doctrine bulpui leh thianghlima let leh a ni. Singh Sabha
unit hmasa ber chu 1873 ah Amritsar ah din a ni a, he unit aia
firfiak deuh Lahore ah din ani leh thuaia. He unit thar hian Sikh
ho hi Hindu kan ni lo tih an sawi uar hle a ni. Tichuan, kum zabi
19-na tawp lamah chuan Singh Sabha unit 100 aia tam mah a lo
ding ta a ni.
Singh Sabha Movement lo intanna chhan kan sawi tak
bakah khan an Guru hnuhnung ber Guru Gobind Singh-a thih
hnu 1708 hnu lam atang khan Sikh Gurudwara ah Hindu dan leh
hrai te, an tih dan ten kua an rawn hreuh leh tan ta a. Sati hial te
pawh an lo ching tan leh ta a ni. Chu a chhapah Mughal lal
hovin Sikh ho an tihduhdahna an chhunzawm zel bawk nen,
Sikh tam tak chu tlangram leh thlaler ah te an tlanchhiaa, an
Gurudwara te chu Brahmin puithiamho thuneihna hnuaiah a
awm zui ta a. Sikh pathian biakna tluangtlam tak chu Hindu
sakhua pathian biakna hautak taka thlak danglamin a lo awm ta
a. Heng Hindu puithiam ho hian Gurudwara nena inzawm in leh
lote chu anmahni private properties ah an siam bawk a. Sikh ho
 -26-

chuan identity crisis an hmachhawna, Sikh tam tak Hindu

sakhua ah an let leh bawk a ni.
Thiltum: Singh Sabha Movement in a tum hrang hrangte chu
hengte hi an ni:
i) Sikh sakhua dik tak tundin leh
ii) Sikh chanchin leh an sakhaw kaihhnawih lehkhabu tam zawk
ziaka chhuah.
iii) Punjabi tawng ngeia magazine leh chanchinbu te chhuaha
khawvel thiamna leh finna thehdarh
iv) Sikh sakhua phatsan te Sikh sakhua huangchhunga lak let.
v) English mi pawimawh te hneha, Sikh ho tihhmasawn na atana
chhawr tangkai.
A nghawng: Singh Sabha Movement hian Sikh society tundin
lehna ah nghawng lian tak a nei a. Sikh mithiam leh an
hruaituten an thlawp tha hle. Sabha hian Sikh sakhua nena
inzawmna neilo an paithla hmiah hmiah nachungin Western
education an chawisang a. Chuvangin, he movement hian
revival leh hmasawnna a kalkawp pui a ni. Singh Sabha unit
hrang hrang lo ding ta sup sup khaikhawm turin General Sabha
din a ni a, ahnu ah he General Sabha hi Khalsa Diwan, Amritsar
hmuna 1883 a dinin a rawn thlakthlenga.
Singh Sabha hmalakna zarah Sikh thalaite pawh rawn
thangharhin sakhaw chungchang sawihona te neiin an
pungkhawm thin a, 1891 ah Khalsa Vidyarthi Sabha (Sikh
Students Club) an din ta a. He pawl thiltum te chu:
i) Sikh ho zinga western education tih lar.
ii) Sikh literature zirna tihhmasawn
iii) Sikh zirna in tih changtlun
iv) Zirna in thar hawn belh
v) Sikh ho zingah female education tihhmasawn leh
vi) Technical leh agricultural zirna tihhmasawn.
 -27-

Singh Sabha Movement hian Sikh sakhua pawlh dalna

tam tak paihthlain, a tira an rindan leh pawmdan ah mite a hruai
let a. Singh Sabha movement kaltlangin Sikh ho chuan nihna an
lo neih phaha. Guru ho zirtirna ni lo chu an hnawl a, Sikh
sakhua kalphung pangai chauh an la lut a. British sawrkar atang
pawhin Sikh sakhua nena inzawmna nei tihdan phung te chauh
lakluh theihna dan duan a ni a. Singh Sabha Movement hian
Sikh community thil thlirdan rawn thlak danglamin, Sikh history
a rawn thlak danglam a. Sikhism chu sakhaw nung a lo nih leh
phah ta a ni. Singh Sabha Movement zarah Sikh ho tan
hmasawnna kawng hawnin a awm ta a ni.
ii) Gurudwara Reform Movement: Gurudwara Reform
Movement (Gurudwara Sudhar Lehr) chu Punjab Legislative
Council in Legislation a pass sawina a ni a. 1920-25 chhunga
Sikh mipuiin an pathian biakna hmun mahants (puithiam ho)
hnen atanga laklet leh tuma an beihna rah a ni. Singh Sabha
Movement ah khan kan sawi lan tawh ang khan, kum zabi 18-na
bawr velah khan Khalsa (Sikh) ho chu an in leh lo atanga
tlanchhia in tlangram leh thlaler ah te sahimna an zawn hlanin
an sakhaw hmun te chu Hindu puithiamte thuneihna hnuaiah a
lo lut a, anni ho hian anmahni hlawkna tur zawngin anmahni
mimal property ah an lo siam teuh a ni.
Punjab ah Sikh hovin lalna an rawn chan leh tak hnu
khan an sakhaw hmun te chu thuam tha lehin property zau tak
tak an lei belh a, amaherawhchu a management chu puithiamho
kutah a awm zui ta a. 1849 ah British an lo lal tak hnu khan
heng puithiam ho hian heng ram leh sakhaw hmun te hi anmahni
personal property anga cheibawlin anmahni sum hmuhna atan
an hmang chhunzawm ta a, thenkhat chuan an duh dan danin
heng Gurudwara properties te hi an lo hralh vel a ni. Hemi
bakah heng sakhaw hmunah te hian mawi lo tak taka chetna te
leh dan kalh thil te pawh tihin a awm thin ani awm e. Heng
 -28-

zawng zawng hian Gurudwara Reform Movement a rawn

hringchhuak ta a. Hemi chhung hian Sikh ho chuan ralmuang
taka duhlohna an lantir laiin tharuma chhan let an ni a. Mi tam
tak he movement ah hian an martar ta hial a, he movement hi
khawvel in a lo hmelhriat phah ta hial a ni.
A tawpah 1925 ah khan Punjab Legislative Assembly ah
“Sikh Gurudwara Bill” pass niin, 1 Nov. 1925 atanga hman tan
a nit a a. He bill dungzui hian Sikh sakhaw hmun pawimawh
zawng zawng enkawl tura mawhphurhna chu Shiromani
Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC) hlan an ni ta a. He
bill pass a nih meuh hi chuan British sawrkarin mi 30,000 vel a
man hman a, mi 400 velin nunna an chan hman a, mi 2,000 velin
hliam an tuar hman a ni. He movement avang hian Sikh ho
zingah British sawrkar duh lohna a intuh a, Sikh thenkhat zingah
Hindu ho hmuh peih lohna a intuh bawk a ni.
c) Buddhism
Ambedkar-a leh Neo-Buddhist Movement: Ambedkar-a
chanchin tawi: Ambedkar-a chu April 14, 1893 ah Mahar
hnam, Maharashtra a ‘outcaste’ lian ber a\angin a lo piang a.
Mahar a nih avangin sikul a kal lai a\angin Ambedkar-a chuan a
tuar nasa hle a. Naupang dangte chu hnam \ha an nih avangin an
z$ngah pawh a infiam ve thei ngai lova. Ambedkar-a chuan
1907 ah Elphinstone H/S a\angin matric a pass a, Kelusakar-a
lehkhabu ziah, Life of Gauthama Buddha tih chu p>k a ni a.
Gauthama nun leh a thiltih te chuan a hneh hle a. Hemi kum v>k
hian Narasu lehkhabu Essence of Buddhism tih chu a chhiar
bawk a. Heng lehkhabu te hian Ambedkar-a rilru an hneh hle a,
kum 16 mi lek a nihin chh<ngril lamah chuan Buddhist sakhua a
pawm fel der a ni.
Baroda lal Sayaji Rao \anpuina in Ambedkar-a chuan
Columbia University a\anga degree la in, England ramah
economics a zir a, barrister ni thei turin a inziak tling thei ta a ni.
 -29-

India rama a lo kir leh chuan, thiamna leh degree neiin rawn
haw mahse, khawih thianglo a nih avangin a lak ah mipuiin an
rilru an thl^k danglam phah chuang lova. Office-a peon pawhin
hmusit takin file ten a vawm \hin a ni. Ch>nna hmun tur pawh
hmuh a harsat avangin a tawpah Baroda khawpui chhuahsan in
Bombay lamah barrister hna thawk turin a kal ta a. Hetah pawh
a advocate pui ten an z$ngah an telh ve duh ngai lo a ni.
Ambedkar-a chuan ch$k tak a Hindu sakhua a zirchian hnu ah
Hindu sakhua hi intluktlan lohnaa innghat a ni tiin thutl<kna a
siam ta a ni.
Sakhua a thl^k dan chanchin:
Yeola Conference 1935: October 13, 1935 ah schedule caste
hruaitute chuan Yeola, Nasik ah inkhawmpui an ko a. He
inkhawmpui ah hian Ambedkar-a chuan Hindu ni reng chunga a
thih loh tur thu a puang a ni. He inkhawmpui hian thutl<kna
siamin ‘depressed class’ ho chuan Hindu sakhua kalsanin
sakhaw dang khawtl^ng leh sakhaw thila intluktl^nna pe thei an
zawm tur a ni tiin thutl<kna a siam ta a. Hinduism chu eng
sakhua in nge thl^k ang tih erawh sawi chian a ni lo. He
inkhawmpui hnu ah hian sakhaw hrang hrang hruaitute chu
Ambedkar-a hn>na lo kal in an sakhua zawm turin an rawn
thl>m nasa hle a ni.
Poona Inkhawmpui 1936: January 12, 1936 ah Yeola
inkhawmpui thurel bawhzui turin Poona inkhawmpui koh a nil
eh a. Hemi \um hian inkhawmpui Chairman in ‘depressed class’
ho tana kawng awmchhun chu Hindu sakhua kalsan a sakhaw
danga inleh kher pawh a ni lova, sakhaw thar pawh din mai tur a
ni. Anih loh v>k leh hmasang Adi-Dravidas ho sakhua kha an
tinung leh mai tur a ni ti te hialin rawtna a siam a. Eng sakhua
nge an zawm ang tih thutlukna siam turin Ambedkar-a chu
mawhphurhna p>k a ni.
 -30-

Nagpur Inkhawmpui 1956: Eng sakhua ber nge zawm tur tih
thutlukna siam turin Ambedkar-a hian kum 20 lai mai a awh a.
A tawpah chuan Ambedkar-a chuan thutl<kna siamin
‘untouchability’ harsatna sutkianna tur chuan Buddhist sakhua
hi a \ha ber a ti ta a ni. Tichuan October 14, 1956 ah Ambedkar-
a chuan Diksa (initiation) la in vantl^ng hmuh ah Buddhist a lo
ni ta a. Ambedkar-a leh a nupui Savita Bai leh a fapa Yeshwant
Rao te rual hian hemi ni ah hian mi 3,08,000 in Buddhist sakhua
an pawm ta a ni.
Buddhist sakhuaa a inleh ni hian Ambedkar-a chuan
Bharatiya Buddha Mahasabha (Buddhist Society of India) din
in, he pawl thiltum ber chu ‘untouchables’ ho z$nga Buddhist
sakhua thehdarh a ni. A t<k ah mipui hmaa thusawiin
Ambedkar-a chuan, “He sakhaw inlehna hian lungawina lian tak
leh sawifiah zawh loh min pe a, hremhmun a\anga chhuah zalen
ang mai ka ni” tiin tl^ng a kawm nghe nghe a ni. Ambedkar an
Buddhist sakhua a pawm hnu kum 2 chh<ngin Neo-Buddhist ho
chu maktaduai 18 a\angin maktaduai 20 ah an pung hman a ni.
December 6, 1956, Buddhist sakhua a pawm hnu kar 7
chauh a liam tihin Ambedkar-a chu a thi ta a ni. Hindu sakhua
ah ka thi lovang tia a lo sawi chu tihpuitlin in a awm ta a ni.
Engvangin nge Ambedkar an Buddhist sakhua a thlan?
Ambedkar-a chuan Hinayana Buddhism a thlang a. Buddhist
sakhua a thlanna chhan chu hengte hi an ni:
a) Ambedkar-a sawi dan chuan sakhaw dangin an neih ve loh
thurin bul 3 a nei a. Chungte chu Prajna (understanding against
superstition and supernaturalism), Karuna (hmangaihna) leh
Samatva (intluktlanna) te an ni.
b) Ambedkar-a chuan Buddhist hovin hmeichhia an ngaih dan
chu hmasang Hindu ten hmeichhia an ngaihdan lak ah chuan a
changkang hle a, Hindu ngaihdan hi Manu-a hnu ah a tlachhe
zual sauh niin a ngai.
 -31-

c) Buddhism chu hmasang India culture chhunzawmna niin a

ngai.
d) Buddhism thurin bul chu intluktlanna a ni a. Ambedkar-a
chuan Buddhism chauh hi chi inthliarna pawm lova, hmasawnna
beiseiawm siamtu sakhaw awmchhun a ni a. Hnuaichhiah leh
rahbeha awmte hn>nah beiseina a pe niin a sawi.
e) Buddhism hi chhia leh \ha hriatnaa innghat a ni a. Amah ah
hian sakhaw danga hmuh tur awm lo thlep theihna/nem na
(flexibility) a awm a. Buddhism ah hian mihring nuna tawrhna
tihreh dan awmze nei tak a awm a ni.
Ambedkarite Neo-Buddhist ho hmalakna \henkhat: Neo-
Buddhist ho thil duh pakhat chu khawtl^ng siam danglam a ni.
Sakhua an inleh hnu reilo te ah an thil chin \han leh an hnathawh
te an hn^wl a. An inneih d^n ah danglamna a langsar hle.
Buddhist sakhua an zawm hma chuan sum leh pai tam tak an
sengso a, rimawi leh ruai te, Hindu pathiante hn>na inthawina te
leh zu te nen inneihna an lawm \hin a. Buddhist sakhu an pawm
tak hnu ah chuan tihdan danglamin an inneihna te chu an lawm
ta a ni. Mo in sari var a kaih a. Inneih inkh^wm chu puithiam
pakhatin a kaihruai mai a. An inneih lawmna te chu ahma aiin a
tawi fel a, sen so a tl>m z^wk bawka, a zahawm ta zawk bawk a
ni.
Thil thar dang tam tak a awm a. Puithuna atthl^k zawng
zawng an paih bo a. Hindu serh leh s^ng, inthawina te an bansan
tak hnu ah chuan sum te an lo kh^wl ve thei ta a. Thlatin thla
bial zan apiangin ruai awlsam te leh hautak lo tak an buatsaih \
hin a ni.
Buddhist sakhua zawm tam tak chuan an hnathawh \
hinte an thawk chhunzawm duh lova. Hnam s^ng tam tak chuan
he danglamna lo thleng hi an duh lo hle a. Buddhist sakhuaa
inlet tam tak te chuan hnam s^ng hovin khawih thianglo ho an
thawh luihtir \hin hna te chu an thawk duh ta lo a ni.
 -32-

Khawtl^ng ah leh ei leh bar zawnna kawng ah

danglamna tam tak thleng bawk mahse. Neo-Buddhist ho hian
sakhua an inlehna hian midang mit a an dinhmun a danglam
phah chuang lo tih an hrechhuak ve zel a ni.

5. Guru Movements
a) Guru Movement ze ken tlangpui: Hmanlai Hindu lehkhabu
Veda ah chuan Guru (zirtirtu) tih hi hmuh tur a awm lo va. A
chhan ber nia lang chu hman lai Hindu sakhuaah khan inzirna
lam aiin inthawina lam an uar nasat zawk vang a nih a rinawm.
Guru tih tawngkam an hman tanna hun chu kum 850 BCE velah
Upanishads buah a ni. Guru tih sawifiah nan hian tawng bul
hrang hrang a awm a, mi thenkhat chuan Guru tih chu ‘Gur’ tih
atanga lo kal niin an ngai a. Chumi awmzia chu ‘tho,
chawikang, tha thawha chawikang’ tih te a ni thei a. Kawh a
ngah em em a ni. Tichuan, Guru tih chuan zirlaite mawlna leh
vengvat lohna a tihlum a, hriatna lam a chawikang a,
chhandamna kawnga kaltirtu a kawk ta a ni. Kawng danga sawi
chuan Guru tih hian ‘Pathian panna kawng’ (a doorway to
divine) tih pawh a kawk thei bawk a. Guru chu thim ata enga a
zirlaite hruai luttu a ni ta a ni.
Guru dinhmun hi a pawimawh em em a, pathian aiawha
thu sawitu leh palai a ni. Hun lo kal zelah phei chuan pathian
angin an be ta hial a ni. Entir nan Guru Nanaka chu Sikh hote’n
pathian tlukin an bia a ni.
Heti em em a Guru te lo lar ta hian thil pahnih a entir
thei ang. Pakhat ah chuan mipuite thlarau lama an tuihalzia leh
zirtirtu an mamawhzia a entir a; a lehlamah chuan Guru te chu
hnam nun (culture) chhanhimna atan an pawimawh hle a ni tih a
 -33-

entir. Tunlai India ram dinhmunah chuan khawthlang culture

epna a lian hle a, chuvang chuan India culture vawnhim thuah
hian Guru te an pawimawhna a zual deuh deuh niin a lang.
Heng Guru Movement hrang hrang te hian ze ken
langsar zual te an neia, chungte chu tawi te tein han zir ila:
a) Guru chu Pathian tluka ngaihna: Guru Movement hrang
hrang han ena han zirchian hian heng pawl hrang hrangte hian
an Guru chu an pawlin a zirtirna te tisaa channa angah an ngai
tlangpuia, chumi avang chuan an Guru chu pathian tlukah/angah
an pawm tlangpui a ni. Heng movement hrang hrangte hian a
zuitute chu an taksa, rilru leh an thil neihte guru hnena hlan turin
an inzirtir a. Zirlaiin a zirtirtu hnena a inhlan pumhlum thinna
kha heng Guru Movement hrang hrangah te hian chhawm nunin
a la awm zel a ni. Guru chu pathian an zah tlukin an zah a, a
piancham pawh a zuitute chuan kut ni ang hialin an lawm thin a
ni.
b) Khawvel pum huapna: Guru thenkhat anmahni hnam leh
chibil tana hnathawk, an zirtirna leh an huhang pawhin a huap
zau vak loh te pawh awm ve bawk mahse, a tlangpuiin heng
Guru hrang hrangte zirtirna leh hnathawh hian khawvel a huap
tlangpui thin a ni. An thuchah ken te pawh mihring zawng
zawng tan a ni deuh tlangpuia, ram leh hnam, chibil thliar hrang
lovin an zirtirna an kalpui a. Khawvel hmun hrang hrang ah te
zuitu an nei hlawm tlangpui a ni.
c) Inthliarhranna a awm lo: Chi ah te, mipa hmeichhia nihna
ah te, sakhua ah te heng Guru te hian tumah an thliarhrang ngai
lova. Chi tha leh chhia te pawh an welcome a, sakhaw hrang
hrang bia te pawh an welcome tho a, an hnungzui te pawh mipa
leh hmeichhia an ni thin. Tin, Guru ho zingah hian hmeichhe
Guru te pawh an awm ve bawk a ni.
d) Hindu sakhua ziding dodalna leh chhunzawmna: Guru
movement hian Hindu sakhua ziding dodalna a lantira, a chhan
 -34-

chu heng Guru ho hian chi inthliarna, inthawina harsa leh hautak
tak tak te an dodala, an sawisel thina, an paihthla thin. Chutih
rual chuan Hindu sakhua kalphung pangai heng ashrama system
te, guru leh a zirtir inlaichinna te pawh heng Guru movement te
hian an kalpui zel tho a ni.
e) Khawtlang veina: Heng guru movement a Guru hrang
hrangte hian khawtlanga sualna leh harsatna hrang hrangte hi an
vei hle a. Khawtlang hmasawnna leh changkanna atan an thawk
nasa hle a ni. Chumi kawngah chuan school, college leh hospital
te din te, khuarel chhiatna alo thlen chang a relief hna te heng
Guru movement hian an kalpui nasa hle a ni.
f) Thilmak tihtheihna: Heng Guru hrang hrangte hian eng
thiltihtheihna emaw tak chu an nei ve thin a. Damlo tihdam te
leh thilmak chi hrang hrang te pawh an ti ve thin a ni.
Amaherawhchu, thenkhat hi chu inbumna mai te pawh a ni ve
thei tho.
b) Zir bingna:
i) Shirdi Sai Baba Tradition: Shirdi Sai Baba tia an sawi thin
tak hi chu kum 1918 daih khan Maharashtra state, Sirdi hmun ah
a thi tawh a. A damlai khan Allah ka ni te a lo inti thin a ni.
Kum 1910-1918 vel lai phei kha chuan mi tam takin pathian ang
maiin an be hial thin. A thihna hmun Sirdi pawh hi a lo lar ta hle
a, thenkhat rilruah phei chuan pathian chenna nia ngaihna a lian
hle a ni.
Tunlaia nung dama la awm, Satya Sai Baba tia hriat lar
hian 1918 a Sirdi a thi tawh Shirdi Sai Baba rawn piang nawn
leh niin a inngai a. Amah a inchhal dan phei chuan Shirdi Sai
Baba te, Rama leh Krishna te ai pawhin ropui zawkah a inngai a
ni. Khawthlang rama a zinna lamah pawh Isua Krista mihringa
lo chang nawn lehah a inpuang a ni. A insawi dan chuan mite
harsatna lak kian sak tura rawn piang nawn leh a ni a; he
 -35-

khawvela dikna (dharma) tungding tura lo kal a ni. A zirtir dan

tlangpui te chu:
a) Satya Sai Baba chuan Pathian chu mize nei leh nei lo pathian
angin a zirtir a. Khawvel lo bawlhhlawh tak chhan chu maya
(mitvai leh inbumna ang) vang a ni.
b) Mihring hi thlarau (atman) a ni a; mahse khawvelah a awm
avangin mahni thlarau nihna a hloh ta a ni. Chuvang chuan
chhandamna chang tur chuan mahni nihna dik tak inhriat chhuah
a ngai a, chumi atana thil pawimawh ber chu pathian pawlna a
ni.
c) Satya Sai Baba rawngbawlna hian khawtlang ei leh bar thila
harsatna awm mekte tihbo hi a tum a ni. Hetiang rawngbawlna
an chherchhuah chhan hi Hindu sakhuaah chulam ngaihthahna a
nasat avang a ni.
Satya Sai Baba leh a pawl te hian zirtirna danglam tak
tichhuakin inngai mah sela chutiang taka an danglamna chu
hmuh tur a tam lo. Hindu rindan atangin a peng hla lo hle a ni.
Tun thleng hian Shirdi-ah hian an inkhuar a, thil mak tam tak
pawh a ti fo thin a, mahse an chanchin hi pawn lam mite zir leh
chhui an phal vak lo a ni. Damlo tihdam leh thil mak dangte a
tih nasat avangin ‘thilmak ti thin mihring’ (man of miracles) tiin
hriat a hlawh hle. Khawthlang mi thalai tam takin an zui a ni.
ii) Prajapati Brahmakumaris: Prajapati Brahmakumaris hi
1930 bawr vela Hyderabad, Sindh a intan a ni a. Brahmakumaris
tih chu “Brahma fanute” tihna a ni a, a bul tantu hi Dada Lekhraj
Kripalani (a hnuah Om Baba tia koh a lo ni ta) niin, he
movement danglam bikna chu hmeichhia an langsar em em hi a
ni. A tirah chuan a member te hian titi hona an neih hmain ‘Om’
tih hi an chham rual thin avangin ‘Om Mandali’ tia koh an ni
thin a.
Brahmakumaris ho hian ‘meditation’ chi khat an zirtir
thin a, chu meditation ah chuan mihring hi tisa ni lova, thlarau
 -36-

kan nihna ah focus turin an zirtir thin a ni. An zirtirna ah chuan

thlarau zawng zawng hi an tha vek a, chu thatna hnar chu
pathian a ni. Pathian sawinan hian ‘Supreme Soul’ tih an hmang
a. Pathian chu chatuan mi, amaherawhchu mihringte anga taksa
pianphung nei lo, sakhua, mipa leh hmeichhia, culture thliar
hranna awm lova thlarau zawng zawng pa niin an zirtir a.
Amaherawhchu, Pathian chu Siamtu angin an ngai lo, a chhan
chu ‘matter’ hi chatuan ata awm tawh nia an ngaih avangin a ni.
Pathian chu mihringte thlaraua harhtharna thlentirtu leh
lungngaihna, sualna leh thil thalo tinreng tikiangtu angah an
ngai a ni.
Brahmakumaris ho hian mihringin inthliar hranna hrang
hrang kan siam thin, entirnan, chi, hnam, sakhua, mipa leh
hmeichhia, etc te piah lama leng turin an zirtira, ‘soul-
consciousness’ tia an sawi thina innghat ‘global culture’ din chu
an tum ber a ni.
Tisa chakna leh duhzawng thunun turin Brahmakumaris
ho hian lifestyle bik an zirtir a, mahse, member thenkhat chu he
lifestyle zawm diak diak kher lova pawla tel te pawh an awm ve
tho. An zirtirna ah chuan:
a) Mipat-hmeichhiatna laka inthiarfihlim (nupa karah pawh)
b) Sattvic vegetarianism
c) Zu leh ruitheih thil, zuk leh hmuam, Dr chawh ni lo damdawi
laka inthiarfihlim.
d) Zing 4-4:45 inkara meditation ‘Amrit vela’ an tih neih thin.
e) Zing tin 6:30 vela class neih
f) Class neihna ah hian mipa leh hmeichhia a hrana thuttur a ni.
g) Thawmhnaw var, thianghlimna entirnan an inthuam thin.
Brahmakumaris ho hian hmalakna lian tham tak tak neiin
The Brahmakumaris at the United Nations chu international
NGO niin UN Economic & Social Council leh UNICEF te nen
an thawk ho a, UN Dept of Public Information te nen pawh
 -37-

inzawmna an nei a ni. Environment humhim na lamah an

thawhhlawk hle a, Mt. Abu-a an hmunpui ah solar thermal
power plant an nei bawk a ni. 1991 atang khan Global Hospital
and Research Centre (GHRC) Rajasthan hmunah an tan a, 2004
khan GV Mody Rural Health Care Centre & Eye Hospital, Mt.
Abu ah vek an tan leh a ni. 2009 khan North India ah
Sustainable Yogic Agriculture (SYA) an tan a. India ram
sawrkar thlawpna hmuin he programme hi 2015 khan Akhil
Bharatiya Krushak Sashatikaran Abhijan (ABKSA) tia launch a
ni a. He programme in a tum ber chu India a lo neitu mahni
intihlum an tam em em a lo tlem zawkna atana meditation
technique te zirtira anmahni tihchak a ni.
iii) Mahesh Yogi leh Transcendental Meditation: Mahesh
Yogi hi 1918 vel khan a lo pianga. 1940 khan Allahabad
University atangin B.Sc. a zo va. Rawngbawlnaah lut chho
nghalin a hlawhtling hle a. 1956 khan nihna ropui tak Maharishi
(puithiam ropui) chu pek a ni. Mahesh Yogi chu America rama
California-ah kalin, a tum ber chu American thalai tam tak an
hnam nuna beidawng tak takte kawng thar kawhhmuh a ni. India
nun phung leh sakhaw zirtirna thehdarh pawh a kal chhan a ni
bawk. California ah chuan mi tam tak hnenah ngaihtuahna
hmanga pathian pawl dan a zirtira, chu chu Transcendental
Meditation tiin a hming a vuaha.
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi zirtirna pui ber zinga pakhat chu
ngaihtuahna hman thiam (creative intelligence) hi a ni. Hei hi
pathian ang emaw thiltihtheihna chungnung neitu emaw, ang
tluk hialin a sawi thin. He khawvel hmuh theih leh khawih theih
leh mihringte hi ral ve lo tur, chatuan mi lo entir lawkna a ni tiin
a zirtir.
A zirtir zel dan chuan khawvela thil tam tak hi tuifinriat
fawn vel ang chauh an ni a. Tam tak angin an lang phe nauh
nauh chauh a ni, kum hlum tur an ni lo a ti. Chubak ah chuan a
 -38-

rindan chuan mahni inman chian hi chhandamna ni maiah a ngai

a, chu chhandamna chan theihna turte chu kawng 5-in a sawifiah
thin:
i) Finna kawng
ii) Rilru phurna kawng
iii) Taksa thununna kawng
iv) Rilru leh taksa thununna kawng
v) Hmanrua hrang hrang hmanga rilru thununna kawng
Rilruah thuk taka pathian pawlna neih hi chhandamna
kawng pui ber niin a ngai. Sakhua a ring lo va. Chuvangin mi
tam tak chuan mite hruai botuah an puh a, thu buai tam tak
siamsak a ni an ti.
iv) Rajneesh: Rajneesh pawh hi Guru hmingthang leh lar,
khawvel puma hriat a ni a. Kum 1931 khan MP-a hmun pakhat
Kuchwada ah a lo piang a. 1957 khan MA Philosophy a zo a.
College ah zirtirtu hna a thawk zawk a, chumi hnuah chuan
sakhuana lamah a inhmang zui ta a ni. Rajneesh-a hi mite
zalenna dik neihtir tura hrilh vartu leh kaiharhtu a ni. A zirtirna
tlangpui te chu:
a) Hindu society-a chi inthliarna chu a dodal tlat a. Mi zawng
zawng hian thlarau nuna tih tak takna kan mamawh a ni tiin a
zirtir thin. Mihring thlarau hi pathian (Brahman) a ni a ti.
b) He khawvela thil tam tak phenah hian thu tak (reality) a awm
a. Chu chu Soonya/Sanya, a ti a. Chumi awmzia chu ruak emaw,
bial emaw tihna a ni. Khawvel leh pathian hi thil hrang an ni
lova, thilsiam hi pathianah a ngai mai a ni.
c) Mihring hi mihring a nih chhung chuan hriatlohna salah a
tang a ni. Mihring hi sual angin a ngai lo. Mihring hian pathian a
nihna a inhre lo mai zawk a ni, a ti.
d) Pathian pawlna chu temple kal te, a thu chhiarte, nun thaa nun
te, ngaihtuahna ding taka hman te hi an ni lova, keimahni leh
keimahni kan inenfiahna hi a ni mai, a ti bawk.
 -39-

e) Mihring nawmchenna chi hrang hrang chen hi sualah a ngaih

loh avangin sual a tizalen a. Inngaihna/Mipat hmeichhiatna
zalen taka hman hi sualah a ngai lo. Inpawlna hi pathian nena
inpawlna thuk takah a ngai a ni. Hei hi a zirtirna lian ber te zinga
mi anih avangin a hnungzuite pawh mipat hmeichhiatna lamah
an tlan nasa em em a, khawtlang nun siam that leh
tihchangkanna lamah a zirtirna hian thawhchhuah a nei meuh lo.
v) Amritanandamayi Mata: Mata Amritanandamayi (Mother
of the Immortal Nectar) Kerela hmuna a chipuite mai ni lo, India
chhung leh ram pawna mi tam tak ngainat leh ngaihsan em em
Guru te zinga mi a ni a. Midangte tana thawk nasa em em,
pathian a hmangaihna leh midangte a ngaihsakna te hi a entawn
tlak hle a ni. A mission hi tunlai science leh technology leh
hmanlai finna inchawhpawlh mawi tak mai a ni a. A chenna
hmun Amritapuri ah a mission hmun hi awmin khawvel hmun
hrang hrang atangin an rawn pan thin a ni.
Mata Amritanandamayi hi 1953, Sept 27 khan Kerela-a
Prayakadavu ah a lo piang a. Sudhamani (Ambrosial Jewel) tiin
a hming an sa a. A pian tirh atangin nausen mak tak nia sawi a
ni a, a vun rawng pawh a dum pawl niin an sawi. A taksa rawng
avangin inchhungah tihduhdah a tawk fo thin a. Amaherawhchu,
hlim tak leh lungawi takin a tuar mai thin. A naupan lai atangin
pathian ngaihsak mi tak niin inchhung hna a thawh zawh hnuah
zan rei tak tak thleng pathian bia in, zai leh lamin a hun a hmang
thin a, a chhungten an ning thin hle a ni.
1975 ah a nunah danglamna mak tak lo thleng ta a, ‘Ka
nu ka nu, I hmel hmu chak reng renga thi turin min hnutchhiah
ta emni?’ tiin a au vak vak thina. Chuta a chhanna dawn chu,
‘Ka fa, mitin thinlungah ka cheng alawm, awmna bik ka nei
hleinem,’ tih a ni a. He kohna a dawn hnu atang hian amah ah
Pathiannu nihna a lo langchhuak tan ta a. Hnungzui te a rawn
 -40-

neih chhunzawma, amah pawh a huaisen sawt em em a, a hmel

te pawh a inthlak danglam nia sawi a ni.
1978 tawp lamah chuan khawvel thil zawng zawng
hnuchhawna, mite rawngbawlsak tura inpe thalai rual engemaw
zat a hnenah an rawn kal a. An zingah hian Australian nula
pawh a tel ve. Amritananda pa chuan ram tereuh te a pe a,
chutah chuan a ashram chu din a lo ni ta a ni. Amah zuitu an lo
pun tak zelah chuan hmun a lo ngai zau ta zel a, 6 May, 1981 ah
Mata Amritanandamayi Mission chu dinin a lo awm ta a ni.
A zirtirna tlangpui chu hetiang hian han khaikhawm
dawn ila:
a) Pathian chuan condition leh limit a nei lova, thlei bik nei
lovin a pe a, a hmangaihna a pangai reng a ni. Lungngaihna hi
zirtirtu ropui ber, Pathian min hnaihtirtu a ni. Pathian hriatchian
chu amah hmangaih hi a ni tiin a zirtir. Pathian tana inpekna chu
malsawmna dawnna hnar a ni.
b) Pasal/fanau neilo ni mahse, mi tam tak nu a ni a. Miten a
hnenah an lungngaih manganna an rawn thlena, a hnen atangin
hmangaihna an dawng thin a ni. Thilsiam zawng zawngah
pathian a awm tih a zirtirna atangin khawtlang tana a
rawngbawlna zawng zawng pawh a kalpui a ni.
c) Inneihnaa hmeichhe thuam chhawm nasa lutuk hi a dodal tlat
a, dowry pek emaw dawn loh tur tiin a zirtir a. India penal
system pawh hi tunlai mila thlak danglam turin a nawr nasa hle
a. Universal motherhood kaltlang hmeichhiate tihchak
chungchang a zirtira, nu nihna hi nihna ropui ber niin a zirtir
bawk.
Khawtlang hmasawnna leh changkanna atan a thawk
nasa hle a, Amriteswari Society chuan a tulna hmun apiangah
hma an la zel a. 1984 a din Pelangi Home chu hlamchhiaha awm
te enkawlna hmun a ni a. Sembawang Halfway Centre chu drug
addict te enkawlna hmun a ni a. Amritapuri Ashram ah Vedanta
 -41-

Vidyalayam/school din a ni bawk a. 1987 atang khan Ashram

chheh vela mi retheite tan kum tin in a sak sak a. 1996 khan
project lian tak Amritakuteeram tan a ni a, he project thiltum
chu in India ram hmun hrang hrangah in 1 lakh sak a ni. Amrita
Niketanam chu fahrah enkawlna atana din a ni a, tar enkawlna
hmun Anbu Illam din a ni bawk.
Mata Amritanandamayi Math chuan Kerela hmun hrang
hrangah centre 300 vel a nei a, state dangah 100 vel leh,
khawvel hmun hrang hrangah 25 vel. He Math hian India
pawnah naupang tana playschool, retheite tana a thlawna chaw
leh thawmhnaw semna hmun te a din tawh a. Maharashtra leh
Rajasthan ah te mi retheite tan in 30,000 vel an sa tawha. Thlatin
mi rethei 50,000 vel ei leh in an siamsak a, silh leh fen te an pe
thin a ni. Amritanandamayi hming hian medical, engineering
college te, school leh hospital te pawh hmun hrang hrangah
dinin a awm tawh a ni.
Amritanandamayi Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS)
ah damlo 800 vel enkawl theih a ni a. Amritapuri-a a ashram ah
hian engtiklai pawhin amah rawn beltu mi 3,000 vel thlenna tur
hmun a awm reng a, chute chung pawh chuan a la lian tawk lo a
ni. Amah ngaisangtute leh amah rawn pantute hman tur special
train Amrita Express pawh tlan tir a ni. Hmalak tum te chu
AIDS hospice, mi retheite tana inneihna runpui buatsaih,
Kolkata hmuna nawhchizuar te enkawlna hmun din te leh free
legal cell, ukil 1008 awmna, mi retheite tana din te an ni.
 -42-

6. Secular Movements thenkhat

a) Muslim League leh Jamaat-e-Islami Hind: India rama
Muslim political pawl hmasa ber chu 1906-a din, Muslim
League hi a ni a. H.H. Aga Khan-a kaihhruaina hnuaia Muslim
hruaitu thenkhatin hetih hun laia British India Viceroy Lord
Minto an hmuh hnu reilo te a din a ni a. Heng hruaitute hian
inthlanna reng rengah a hranpaa Muslim aiawh an din theihna
tura Viceroy hi hmu an ni. Muslim League hian a tirah chuan
sakhua avanga Muslim zawng zawng inzawmna an kalpui
deuha, mahse hun lo kal zelah nationalistic spirit a rawn nei
chho ta zel a ni.
December 30, 1906 khan Dhaka hmunah Nawab Viqar-
ul-Mulk kaihhruaina hnuaiah Mohammedan Educational
Conference Annual Meeting neih a ni a. Hemi tum hian palai
3000 vel an kalkhawm a ni. Nawab Salim Ullah Khan-a chuan
rawtna siamin, Muslim-te hamthatna tura thawk tura political
party din a rawt a – All India Muslim League. Hemi bakah hian
he inkhawmpui hian Muslim ho chu electoral system en that
mekah a population ang zawng ni lovin a community ang
zawnga Muslim-ho chu represent ni se tiin an rel a ni. Tichuan,
Muslim League chu a tir takah chuan Muslim political interests
chawikan nana din a ni.
A tirah chuan British sawrkar pawhin Muslim League
chu a thlawp hle a, amaherawhchu, 1913 ah chuan Muslim
League chuan a goal atan self-government a pawm tak hnuah
chuan British sawrkarin a en dan pawh a danglam deuh ta a ni.
 -43-

Kum engemaw ti chhung chu Muslim League leh an hruaitute, a

bik takin Mohammed Ali Jinnah te pawhin ram pakhat India
chhunga Hindu-Muslim inpumkhatna leh inunauna an kalpui a.
Mahse, 1940 vel atangin Muslim League chuan India rama
Muslim-te tana ram hran a sual tan ta a ni. Hei hi independent
India chu Hindu-te lalna ram niin Muslim-te nekchepa an awm
hlauhna avang a ni. Jinnah leh Muslim League chuan theihtawp
chhuahin India ram thendarha, Muslim-te tana ram hran siam
anih theih nan an beia. 1947 ah Pakistan siam anih tak hnuah
khan Muslim League chu an political party hlun ber leh lian ber
a ni chho ta a ni.
Thiltum te:
i) India rama Muslim-te political rights humhalh leh an chanvo
dik tak an chan theihna atana a tul anga British sawrkar hnena
thlen
ii) India rama Muslim-te zingah British sawrkar tana rinawmna
tuh leh British sawrkar hmalakna chungchanga hriatthiam loh
awm theite nuaibo.
iii) India rama Muslim-te political chanpual leh chanvo humhalh
leh tihhmasawn. Chumi kawngah chuan a tul dan anga an duhna
te zah taka sawrkar hnena thlen.
iv) League thiltum dangte kalh chuang lova, India rama Muslim-
te zingah community dangte laka rilru tha lo leh innghirnghona
awm thei te venhim.
Jamaat-e-Islami Hind: Jamaat-e-Islami Hind hi India rama
Islamic organization pakhat, Jamaat-e-Islami peng tiin a sawi
theih awm e. India ram then hrana Pakistan a lo pian tak ah khan
India rama la awm, Jamaat-e-Islami pawl hruaitu thenkhatte chu
inhmukhawmin, Jamaat-e-Islami, Pakistan laka hrang, pawl
thar, constitution, hruaitu leh organizational structure te pawh a
hran hlawk neih an rela. Heta an hruaitu ber chu Syed Abul Ala
Maududi ani. India chu Hindu-majority ram ni mahse, Maududi-
 -44-

a hian “Islam hlawhtlinna atan 60% vel chance awm niin a ngai
tlat a ni. Tichuan, India rama Jamaat-e-Islami chu April 1948 ah
Allahabad ah lo piangin Jamaat-e-Islami Hind tih hming puttir a
ni ta a ni. He meeting hmasa berah hian member 240 vel
kalkhawmin Maulana Abul Lais Nadvi chu an Amir (Leader)
atan an thlanga, Malihabad, Lucknow, UP ah headquarter an
bun ta a ni. 1960 ah an headquarter chu New Delhi ah an sawn
leh a ni. Hemi hnu ah hian Jamaat-e-Islami Hind chu inrel felna
hun hmangin, an pawl constitution te an reframe a, an policy te
an siamtha a.
He pawl hi kum 60 a din chhungin India sawrkarin tum
hnih a ‘ban’ a. A hmasa zawk chu 1975-77 Emergency hunlai
khan a ni a. A hnuah 1992 ah khan ‘ban’ a ni leh a ni.
An thiltum te: Official taka he pawl hian an thiltum an hrilhfiah
danah chu “Iqaamat-e-Deen” tiin a ni a, chu chu “Hringnun
pumpui Islamic zirtirna dungzuia din a, khawvel lo la awm tura
pathian malsawmna leh hlawhtlinna chan” a ni a. An doctrine
bulpui ber pawh “La Ilaha Ilallahu Muhammadur Rasulullah”
(Allah lo chu pathian dang an awm lova Muhammad a chu a
zawlnei a ni). Quran leh Sunnah te chu an pawl innghahni niin,
an thiltum reng reng chu tharum thawhna tel lova hlenchhuah an
tum tur thu an sawi lang bawk a ni. Hemi bakah, an thiltih reng
reng ah dik tak leh rilru ngil taka hlenchhuah an tum tur thu
chumi kalh emaw khawtlang ralmuanna ti chhe zawnga hma an
lak loh tur thu an tarlang bawk.
He pawl social wing hi NGO hrang hrangte nen an
thawk ho a, Kashmir lirnghing te, tsunami leh 2008-a Mumbai
hmuna terrorist chetna rapthlak hnu lamah khan relief hna
thawkin an thawhhlawk hle a. Tamil Nadu ah tsunami tuarte
tanpuinan in 38 an sa bawk a. Nagore, Pudupattinam leh
Kottakuppam hmunah te in 160 sa in, helai hmuna awm mi
harsa te ei leh bar zawnna ngaihtuahsak bawk a ni.
 -45-

Gujarat riots leh lirnghing ah te khan relief hna thawkin

hma an la nasa a. Sum leh pai tam tak sengin Gujarat-a
intualvuakna a thlen tum khan, a tuarte tan in thar hlak 1,321 an
sak sak a, in chhia 4,946 an siamtha bawk a ni. Gujarat lirnghing
tuarte tan 40 million rupees an pe bawk a ni.
Jamaat thlawpnaa thawk Association for Protection of
Civil Rights (APCR) chuan hnam hnufual te zingah human
rights violation chungchangah dan angin hma a laksak bawk a,
Maoist hel ho beihna atana tharum thawh an sawisel bawk a ni.
Hmeichhiate zingah pawh rawngbawlna neiin,
dowry system te an sawisel a, Muslim Personal Law siamthat
anih theih nan te hma an la bawk a ni.
b) Sarvodaya leh Bhoodan Movement: Sarvodaya tih chu
‘Universal uplift’ emaw ‘mi zawng zawng
hmasawnna/changkanna’ tihna a ni a. He thumal hi hun hmalam
ah te pawh hman lo ni tawh thin mahse, 1904-a Gandhi-an
Ruskin Bond-a lehkhabu ‘Unto this last’ tih Gujarati tawnga a
lehlin khan a rilru ah ngaihtuahna thar a siamsak a. Hetih hun lai
hian ‘a tha ber chu a tam ber te chan a ni’ tih ngaihdan a lar hle
a. Amaherawhchu Gandhi-a chuan Sarvodaya chu mi zawng
zawng changkanna a ni a, a tam ber ten a tha ber ber an channa
ani ngawt lova, a hnuhnung bera awm pawhin chan tha a chang
tho tur a ni a ti a. Chuta tang chuan Sarvodaya ideology hi a lo
lar chho tan ta a, a awmzia hrilhfiahna leh sawizauna chu
Gandhi an 1909-a a ziah ‘Hind Swaraj’ ah khan hmuh theihin a
awm a ni. Gandhi-an Sarvodaya a zirtirna chu thil 3 a innghat a
ni a:
i) Mimal hamthatna chu mi zawng zawng hamthatna ah a
innghat a ni
ii) Ukil hna leh lu mettu hna hlut dan a inchen reng
iii) Rim taka hnathawh hi nun hlawhtling chu a ni.
 -46-

Hemi rilru leh ngaihtuahna pu chung hian 1920 bawr

chho velah khan Gandhi-a chuan Sarvodaya Movement a kal
chhohpui ta a. Sarvodaya Movement innghahna chu thutak,
tharum thawh lohna leh hmangaihna ah te innghatin, mi zawng
zawng tana hmasawnna leh changkanna chu a thiltum ber a ni.
Sarvodaya thiltum ber chu khawtlang ralmuang tak,
inpawngnekna leh inrahbehna awm lohna. Chutiang ang
khawtlang ah chuan hausa leh rethei, chak leh chaklo mi zawng
zawng tan hmasawn tura hun remchang a awm ang. Chu chu
Sarvodaya awmzia tak pawh a ni, ‘mitin tana hamthatna’.
Gandhi-a zirtirna leh a suangtuahna tipuitling turin a hnungzuitu
ten nasa takin hma an la a, chung zingah chuan Vinoba Bhave
hming hi a langsar hle a.
Sarvodaya Movement thiltum: Sarvodaya Movement thiltum
ber chu self-supporting village communities hrang hrang
thlunzawm. Hetiang anga inthlunzawmna ah hian chi leh kuang,
thisen zawmpui awm tawh lovin, lo neih dan te pawh mitinin ei
tur an neih theuh theih nan mumal taka kalpui a ni ang a. Khaw
chhung mamawh pawh mipuiin an ngaihtuah anga, Village
Council kaltlangin mipui aiawha thlan ten ro an rel dawn a ni.
Bhoodan Movement: 1948-a Gandhi-a a thih hnu khan
Acharya Vinoba Bhave in hruaitu nihna a rawn chang chhova. A
hmalaknain Sarvodaya Samaj 1948 ah din niin thla 10 chhung
anni hian West Pakistan atanga lo kal refugees ho zingah rawng
an bawla. Ei leh bara harsatna an tawh tak avangin Vinoba-a
chuan thlai amah ngeiin a thar chauh ei a intiam ta a, sum
hmanga thlai lei lo turin a intiam bawk a. Vinoba hian
padayatras (Sans. Ke-a zin) a kalpui bawk a, hetiang ang
padayatras hi politician hovin anmahni thlawptute nena
inhmelhriatna tha zawk nei turin an kalpui thin a. Vinoba
thiltum chu Sarvodaya zirtirna thehdarh a ni.
 -47-

Hemi padayatra a kalpui lai hian Vinoba rilru ah

Bhoodan (Land-gift) hi a lo piangchhuak ta a. Harijans thenkhat
a hnenah lo kalin ram pe turin an rawn ngen a, anni hi ziak leh
chhiar thiamlo an ni. Tichuan Vinoba chuan landlord hausa tak
tak ho ko khawmin an ram te mi retheite hnena pe duh an awm
leh awm loh a zawt a. Tlangval pakhat chuan acre 100 ram a pek
phal thu a sawi ta a ni. He thil thleng hian Vinoba rilruah thu a
sawi thui hle a, chumi zan chu a muhil thei lo a ni. Miten biak
in, temple, zirna in saknan te ram an donate thin a, mahse mi
retheite tana ram donate chu tuman an la hre ngai lo. Vinoba
chuan mihring chhungrila thatna awm chu kaiharhin midangte
harsatna sutkian a tum ta a ni. Khaw thenawmah ke in a kal leh
a, khaw miten pangpar thi an awrhtir lai chuan pangpar ni lovin,
ram ani ka mamawh tiin a chhanga. He khuaah pawh hian
response a tha hle a. Tichuan, 1951, June 6 thleng khan he
Bhoodan kaltlang hian 12,201 acre a dawng hman a ni. He
Bhoodan Movement hi thanglian zelin gramdan, talukdan,
zilladan, statedan thlengin a thanglian tawha.
He movement thiltum ber chu ram zau tak tak nei mi
hausate ram neilo, mi retheite an ram sem then tura ngen a ni a.
Mahse, he ram hi hralh theih a ni lova. Ram neilo mi retheite
chu ram tlem, an inbenbel na tur pek an ni a, he ramah hian ei
leh bar tur te chingin an khawsak phalsak an ni. Amaherawhchu,
an hralh thianglo a, kum 1 aia tam engtin mah khawih lova an
dah mai mai a, lo te an siam loh chuan, sawrkar in a laksak
thiang a ni.
c) Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Vishwa Hindu
Parishad: Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) hi 1925 a Dr.
Keshava Baliram Hedgewar an a din a ni a. 50 lakh chuang
Swayamsevaks neiin khawvela voluntary organization lian ber te
zinga mi a ni. Hindu te suihkhawma India ram hi ropuina rama
hruailuh chu an tum ber a ni.
 -48-

An rilru sukthlek leh an hmalak dan te: i) RSS thiltum ber

chu Hindu te rilru ah an hnam leh sakhua ngaihsanna tuh thar
leh a ni. Non-Hindu ho chuan Hindu culture leh tawng an la tur
a ni a, Hindu sakhua an zah tur a ni a, Hindu sakhua lakah rilru
dik puin, hmangaihna leh ngainatna rilru an pu tur a ni.
ii) Secularism an pawm lova, sakhua leh politics then hranna an
pawm lo.
iii) Sakhaw pawl ni lovin, cultural organization ah an inchhal na
a, Hindu mithianghlim te leh an puithiam ho te hi he pawl active
member te an ni. Hinduism chu India rama sakhaw lian ber leh
sakhaw awm chhun nih tira minorities ho chunga rorel turin an
duh a ni.
iv) RSS hian Savarkar-a Hindutva ideology chu pawmin Hindu
revival leh politics lamah pawh Hindu rorelna thlentir an tum a.
RSS hian hun hmalam ah Hindu ho hian khawvel ah ro an la rel
anga, Brahmin puithiamho hian vedic culture ropui tak kha India
ramah an rawn thlentir leh ang tih an beisei a ni.
v) RSS hian India chu Hindu te ta a ni a, India rama chengte
chuan Hindu culture leh tawng an pawm tur a ni an ti a.
Chuvangin, minority te chuan Hindu culture an pawm thlap tur a
ni an ti.
vi) RSS hian Hindu te hian chi inthliarna, hnam inthliarna te
paithla in, Hindu ram ropui an din tur a ni an ti a. Tunlai hian
sakhaw dang dangte pawh Hindu sakhaw chhunga rin luh zel an
tum a ni.
vii) RSS hian cultural organization angin in chhal bawk mahse,
thil chi hrang hrangah kawng hrang hrangin an inhnamhnawiha.
Entirnan, Bharat Mazdoor Sangh (Trade Union), RSS ideology
a din hi working class ho zinga communist influence do letna
atana din a ni a.
viii) RSS hian Seva Bharati hnuaiah SC ho chawikanna atan
programme 10,000 vel an din tawh a. Seva Bharati kaltlang hian
 -49-

RSS thawktuten sluma chengte leh tunhmaa khawih thianglo ho

zingah hna thawkin lehkha an zirtira, Hindu zirtirna an tuh mek
a ni. Vidya Bharati hian India hmun hrang hrangah secondary
school tam tak a din tawha, 1.2 million zirlai te zirna a pe mek a,
zirtirtu 40,000 vel an thawk mek bawk a ni.
ix) Vanbasi Kalyan Sangh pawh an din a, hei hian tribal ho
Kristiana an inpek lohnan chak takin hma a la mek a. A chhan
chu an ngaihdan ah chuan tribal ho sakhua, an rindan leh an
thiltih dan hrang hrangte hi Hindu sakhua atanga an lak niin an
ngai a, chuvangin heng tribal te hi Hindu society huangchhunga
mi niin an ngai a ni. Tribal ho chenna khua 31,000 velah centre
an din tawh a ni.
Politics nena inkungkaihna: RSS hi political party ni lo mahse,
VHP nen hian BJP sangawi zawnpui te an ni a. BJP, RSS leh
VHP te hian inzawmna thuk tak neiin an sawi a ni. RSS hi a
laimu ber niin ni nen khian tehkhin a ni a, pawl dang zawng
zawng hi amah hel kualtu anga tehkhin an ni.
Vishwa Hindu Parishad: VHP hi 29th August, 1964 khan
Bombay hmunah RSS hruaitu pahnih M.S. Golwalkar leh S.S.
Apte ten an din a. VHP hi Hindu pawl, Hindu sakhua chhunga
pawl hrang hrang awmte suihkhawm tumtu pawl a ni a. VHP hi
RSS hruaitu te leh Swami Chinmayananda te duanchhuah niin,
non-political pawl, party hrang hrang leh caste hrang hrangte
insuihkhawma Hindu rashtra (Hindu lalram) din tura thawhhona
hmun ni tura an duan a ni. A nihna takah chuan VHP hi khawvel
huap Hindu kohhran ani deuh ber. He pawl hian a bik takin
backward class leh dalit ho te zirna peka, Hindu sakhuaa hruai
luh a tum ber. Khawi hmun ah pawh Hindu 2000 vel an awm
chuan VHP branch din zel a ni. Hindu movement hmasa, Arya
Samaj leh Hindu Maha Sabha te hnungzuiin VHP hi a ding
nghet tawh hle a. Bawng humhalh te, Hindi tawng hman uar
kawngah te, Muslim leh Kristiante mission rawngbawlna dodal
 -50-

kawngah te hma an la nasa hle a ni. VHP hian NGO ten foreign
contribution an dawn thin te pawh an dodal a, heng foreign
contribution hmang hian Hindu ho sakhaw dangah inlehtirin an
awm niin an sawia. An thil ngiat pakhat zingah chuan Uniform
Civil Code hi a ni a, hemi bakah minorities te hnena India Dan
puiin hamthatna leh chanvo a siamsak hi Hindu te pawn an
chang ve tur a ni an ti. Heng bakah hian Sanskrit zirna leh
Bharatya culture zirna hi zirna in zawng zawngah compulsory a
ni tur a ni an ti bawk.
An thiltum tlangpui chu hengte hi an ni:
i) India ram chhung leh khawvel hmun hrang hranga Hindu te
suihkhawm.
ii) Hindu society tihchaka tihngheh. Hindu values humhalh leh
thehdarha, tunlai khawtlang nuna Hindu values hman tangkai
leh India pawna Hindu awmte tihchak.
iii) Sakhaw dang beihna laka Hindu te humhim leh Hindu te
sakhaw danga inleh dodala, Hindu sakhua tihhmasawn.
Khawtlanga rawngbawlna: VHP hi kawng hrang hrangin
social service ah an inhnamhnawih a, khawtlang hmasawnna
tura an thawh piah lamah Hindu temple din leh chei that an tum
nasa em em a ni. Thingtlang lamah primary health care te
buatsaihin, medical check-up camp te an buatsaih thin.
India ram hmun hrang hrangah self-employment training
camp te an buatsaih a, centre 959 vel an hawng mek a ni.
Thingtlang leh hmun kilkhawr tak taka awm te tan zirna in te an
hawng a, educational facilities 3266 an tanpui mek a ni. Heng
bakah hian nau hnuchham enkawlna te, help centre, temple,
hostel te an kalpui mek bawk a. Khuarel chhiatna a lo thlen
changa relief hna te pawh an kalpui bawk a ni.
 -51-

7. Tunlai India ram boruak awn lam zirchianna :

a. Communlaism leh Fundamentalism: Fundamentalism tih
chu ‘firfiakna’ tihna ani deuh bera. Tunlaiah Hindu
fundamentalism, Islamic fundamentalism tih tawngkam te kan
hre lar hle a. Amaherawhchu, khawvel chanchin kan en chuan,
‘fundamentalism’ tih lo pianchhuahna chu USA a Protestant
Kristiante zing atangin a ni tlat mai. 1909-1915 inkar khan thu
thehdarhna lehkha them (pamphlet) engemaw zat thehdarh a ni
a, heng pamphlet a an thupui ber chu “The Fundamentals: A
testimony to the Truth” tih a ni a, a chhunga thuziak te chu Bible
chungchanga modernist leh liberal ho ngaihdan leh thlirdan
rawn dodal na leh Bible doctrine bulpui (fundamental)
humhalhna a ni. Chuvangin, ‘fundamentalism’ tih chu
conservative hovin rinna leh sakhua liberal ho lakah an humhalh
tumna hi a ni ber e, ti te pawhin a sawi theih awm e.
Amaherawhchu tunlai khawvelah chuan ‘fundamentalism’ han
tih hian a chhe lam a kawk ta zawk tlat mai a. Tunlai hman
danah chuan ‘fundamentalism’ tih chu “the narrow-minded
claim that one’s faith is the sole truth while opposing others’
belief, faith or opinion,” tih a kawk ta zawk mah a. Tin,
‘religious fundamentalists’ kan han tih ho chu sakhua
changchawia mahni mihringpui te rikrapa, harsatna tam tak
siamsak tute hi niin mitinin kan ngai ta deuh ber.
 -52-

Religious fundamentalism hian zia (characteristics) tam

tak a nei a, Paul Puthanganady-a chuan ze langsar tak tak pali
(4) a tarlang a:
(1) It rejects change in the expressions of religious faith in social
structure.
(2) It tends to isolate itself from the influence of other religions,
ideologies, etc.
(3) It develops an attitude of self-righteousness in people who
claim to be the defenders of their faith.
(4) It considers proselytism as an integral part of its religiosity.
Chuvangin, religious fundamentalism chu thlei bik nei
rana mahni rindan leh pawmdan sawh ngheh tumna. Mahni
rindan leh pawmdan chauh thutak leh thudik nia ngaihna leh chu
pawmdan leh rindan chu midang ngaihdan leh pawmdan pawh
ngaihsak lek lova, eng ang hmanrua, tharum thawhna hial pawh
hmanga midangte pawmtir tum ve duhna tihna a ni deuh ber.
Communalism tih hi dictionary in a hrilhfiah dan chi
thum a awm a, chung zingah chuan ‘khawtlang aia mahni chibil
ngaih pawimawhna’ tiin a sawifiah bawk a ni. India ramah
chuan ‘communalism’tih hian awmze hran hlak neiin sakhua
nen inzawmna thuk tak a nei a, ‘ethnicity-based sectarianism
promoting communal violence’ hei hi political movement tam
takin an kalpui dan a ni.
James Massey-a pawhin ‘communalism’, ‘politics’ leh
‘sakhua’ te hian inzawmna thuk tak neiin a hria a. Asghar Ali
Engineer pawhin, “communalism in India has been the art of
realizing secular ends through religious means, by the elites of
both the communities,” a lo ti bawk a ni. Heta ‘both
communities’ a tih hi Hindu leh Muslim te a sawina a ni.
Amaherawhchu, kan chhinchhiah atana pawimawh chu sakhua
hi communalism awm chhan emaw a hrin chhuah ni lovin, a
hmanrua mai zawk a ni.
 -53-

Communalism chu sakhua a ni lo, amaherawhchu

communal feeling chawmtu chu ‘religious sentiments’ a ni
chawk. Engemaw hlawhchhuah emaw hamthatna duh avanga
community pakhat ‘religious sentiments’ chawhthawh anih a,
chu a tawpna a chu sakhua nena inlaichinna nei hauh lo anih
chuan society chu ‘communalism’ thangah a awk tihna a ni.
Chuvangin sakhua hi political emaw, economic emaw thil danga
hamthatna duh avanga hmanruaa hman anih chiahin
communalism hi a rawn inlar thin a ni.
b. Zalenna, dikna leh hmasawnna atana mipui movement:
India ram hmun hrang hrangah zalenna, dikna leh hmasawnna
ngiat avanga mipui movement chi hrang hrang hmuh theihin a lo
awm tawh thin a, kan hmu mek bawk a. Chung movement hrang
hrangte chu Dravidians, Dalits, Tribals leh Adivasis ho te zingah
hmuh theihin a awm a. India ramin independence a hmuh hnuah
hetiang ang movement hrang hrang lo irhchhuak te hi hlawm
lian tak tak 3 ah then theihin an awm a:
i) Pawn lam mite pawngnekna avanga movement lo chhuak
(entirnan Santhal leh Mundas ho zingah)
ii) Economic lama an chanvo dik tak hmuh loh avanga
movement lo chhuak (entirnan Madhya Pradesh a Gond-ho leh
Andhra Pradesh-a Mahar-ho zingah)
iii) Separatist tendency avanga movement lo chhuak (entirnan
Naga leh Mizo te zingah). Heng movement te hi retheih luat
avanga lo irhchhuak an ni tlangpuia. An retheihna chhan te chu
A.S. Hemron chuan heti hian a sawi a: Ram inchhuhsak
avangin, development changchawia an chenna in leh lo ram
channa avangin, sakhaw thila innek chepna avangin,
Globalization vangin, hmun khat atanga hmun danga pem
avangin, khawtlang nun kehsawm avangin, cultural identity hloh
avangin leh economic lama inrahbehna avang te pawh a ni thei.
 -54-

c. Tunlai boruak leh thil thleng Kohhranin a chhan let dan

tur: Communalism leh Fundamentalism ten khawtlang nun a
chawh buaia, mi tam tak pawisawi lo ten sakhua, chi leh hnam
avanga an nunna hlu tak an chan mekna khawvelah hian
Kohhran hian engtinnge hma a lak ang a, heng harsatna lian tak
tak te hi engtinnge kan hmachhawn ang tih hi zawhna
pawimawh tak a ni. Ram leh khawtlang hmasawnna heng
fundamentalism leh communalism te hian a ti thuanawp tak zet
zeta, engtinnge Kohhran hian a lo chhan let ang?
i) Sakhaw dang chanchin chhia hril lovin, Kristianna
Chanchin Tha hril mai tur a ni: British sawrkarna hnuaia
India a awm lai khan, Kristian sakhua chu colonialist ho sakhua
anga en a ni a. English chu Kristiante tawng angin an ngai a.
Tin, Kristian missionary ho pawh khan ualau taka Kristianna
chungnun bikzia auchhuahpui kha an ching hle a, Kristian
sakhua nena inzawmna nei lo thil dang zawng zawng chu tha lo,
chhe lailet der angin an chhuah fo a ni.
Chuvangin, Kristianten chungnung bik tha bik nia an
inngaihna khan Hindu lehkhathiam te a inenfiah tira, an sakhua
humhalh duhna an thinlung ah a tuh ta a, movement tam tak a lo
piangchhuak ta a ni. Thenkhatin, Hindu sakhua chungnun
zawkna an kal uar puia, chu chuan fundamentalist rilru a rawn
hringchhuak ta a ni. Chuvangin, India ram ang sakhaw hrang
hrang kan chenkhawmna hmunah hian Kohhran chuan Kristian
Chanchin Tha, remna leh muanna, dikna, mi zawng zawng tana
chhandamna, hmangaihna leh intluktlanna te hi a hril uar deuh
deuh a pawimawh hle. Sakhaw dang ngaihtheih lohna te, thliar
hranna rilru reng reng Kristiante leh kohhran hian a paihbo a
pawimawh hle a ni.
b) Mahni vengte hriat: Kan hriat loh hi kan hlau fo thin.
Innghirnghona tam tak hi khawtlanga kan chenpuite, kan
thenawm khawveng te kan hriatchian loh avanga lo chhuak an ni
 -55-

fo thin. Chuvangin Kristiante leh Kohhran chuan khawtlanga

kan chenpuite, sakhaw dang biate pawh ni se kan hrechiang tur a
ni a, an sakhua pawh kan hriatpui a pawimawh. Sakhaw dang
betute nena khawtlanga kan khawsak hona ah an rindan leh
pawmdan kan hriatpui a pawimawha, Max Muller-an “Pakhat
chauh hria chuan engmah a hre lo a ni,” a lo tih ang khan, kan
vengten enge an rina, enge an pawm tih te hi inlungrual taka
khawsa ho tur chuan kan hriatpui a pawimawh a ni.
c) Mitin hi Pathian anpuia siam kan nihna hriatchian:
William Gurnall-a chuan “Pathian kan hlauh loh avangin
mihring kan hlau thin” a lo ti a. A dik hle mai. Pathian hlauhna
kan tlakchham avangin kan mihring puite hi Pathian anpuia
siam an nihna kan hmuthiam lo fova, hmangaihna kan
tlakchham phah fo thin. Mitin hi Pathian anpuia siam kan nihna
hi pawm thiam ila chuan, mitinah Pathian hmel kan hmu ngei
ang, Hindu, Muslim ho ah pawh. Chutah chuan inhuatna in
hmun a chang lo ang.
d) Tahte tahpuia lawmte lawmpui: Khawtlanga sakhaw dang
biate nena kan khawsak ho na ah hian an hlimna leh lawmna te
pawh kan tawmpuia, an tuarnate pawh kan tawmpui a
pawimawh khawp mai. Chhiatni thatnia kan intawiawm na ah te
pawh hian sakhua leh hnam kan thliar hran loh a pawimawh.
Mizo tlawmngaihna kan tih te pawh hi keimahni Mizo te huam
chhung chin chauha kan lanchhuahtir loh a pawimawh a, Krista
tlawmngaihna chuan khawvel a huapa, Kraws ah mi zawng
zawng tana a thih ang khan, kan tlawmngaihna in a huap chin te
pawh hi kan tih zau deuh deuh a pawimawh hle.
e) Kohhran mawhphurhna: Kohhran chuan sakhuana leh
tharum thawhna hi an inzawm lohzia a auchhuahpui a
pawimawh hle a, sakhua chhuanlam leh changchawia tharum
thawhna tawh phawt chu na takin a dem ngam tur a ni. Kohhran
chuan sakhaw hrang hrangte hi intualvuakna leh rawng tak taka
 -56-

inthahna te hi kan harsatna leh kan danglamna sutkianna

kawnghmang an nih lohzia a zirtir a pawimawh a. Kohhran chu
local, national leh international level ah pawh palai hna thawkin,
mipuite zirtira, hnuaichhiaha awm te, rahbeha awmte chhuah
zalenna kawnga hma la deuh deuh turin a zirtir a pawimawh.
Khawvela Krista lalram dinna pawh hian thlarau
chhandamna chauh huaptir lovin, khawvel thlak danglam tumna,
economic, political, cultural leh religious khawvel te pawh thlak
danglam tura hma kan lak a pawimawh deuh deuh a ni. Kohhran
chuan tunah he khawvel ah ngei hian Pathian Lalram dina a
awm theih nan hma a la tur a ni a, Lalram values khawtlanga
tuha a awm theih nan hma a la tur a ni. Dialogue kaltlangin
sakhaw hrang hrang leh culture hrang hrang te zingah hmalak a
pawimawh a, chu chuan mahni inbihchianna, kan rindan leh
pawmdan thlirchianna pawh a thlen dawn a ni.
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