Composite Structures 237 (2020) 111893

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Composite Structures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruct

An isogeometric continuum shell element for modeling the nonlinear T

response of functionally graded material structures
Ning Liu , Xiang Ren, Jim Lua
⁎

Global Engineering & Materials, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08540, USA

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: A geometrically nonlinear continuum shell element using a NURBS-based isogeometric analysis (IGA) approach
Isogeometric analysis is presented for the analysis of functionally graded material (FGM) structures. IGA offers a computationally
NURBS efficient and geometrically exact representation of the original shell geometry and its underlying basis functions
Functionally graded materials provide high-order continuity for the solution variables. The use of high-order smooth basis functions also al-
Thin shell
leviates shear and membrane locking phenomena that commonly occurred in shell structures. In addition, the
Continuum shell element
Geometrically nonlinear
developed continuum shell element features a precise description of the thickness-varying material properties in
Large displacement FGM in the sense that a set of desired high-order B-spline basis functions with sufficient number of quadrature
points are employed for accurate through-thickness numerical integration. A simple power-law distribution
function of the FGM is adopted in the current study. The performance of the proposed IGA solid shell element is
demonstrated via a variety of nonlinear shell benchmark problems. The effect of the FGM power-law exponent
on the geometrically nonlinear response of the shell structures is investigated as well.

1. Introduction
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) have received a significant
amount of attention since its advent in the 1980s. The main advantage
is that they circumvent the stress concentration problem that frequently
occurs at dissimilar material interfaces of composite structures and
therefore eliminate the possibility of delamination failure. FGMs are
usually manufactured with two or more phases of material constituents
and their material properties grade smoothly from one end to another.
Thanks to the multi-constituent compositions, FGMs can be made with
the possession of the advantages of all its constituents. For instance, a
common FGM is of the ceramic-metal type, of which the material ex-
hibits strong thermal resistance due to ceramic and high material
toughness due to metal. As a result, FGMs have been extensively used in
various industrial applications such as aerospace and nuclear en-
gineering.
Composite plate and shell structures made of FGMs have been tra-
ditionally modelled using two strategies: one being the so-called
equivalent single-layer (ESL) approach that equates a heterogeneous
composite shell structure with a statically equivalent single layer
model, the stiffness of which is calculated as a weighted average of each
individual layer stiffness. Popular ESL theories include first-order shear
deformation theory (FSDT) and higher-order shear deformation
theories (HSDT). In spite of its relative simplicity and the reduction of
an actual three-dimensional problem into a two-dimensional one, ESL-
based models fail to consider the discontinuity of the transverse strain
components in the thickness of the shell body and therefore are not able
to capture the through-thickness stress states that are essential in de-
termining the failure patterns of composite structures. On the other
hand, continuum modeling based layerwise theories [1] are built upon
a separate displacement field expansion assumption for each layer and
consider C0 displacement continuity at material interfaces. As a con-
sequence, continuum modeling based layerwise theories have the po-
tential to capture the through-thickness variation of stress/strain states
and provide a more thorough understanding of the stress and de-
formation responses of composite components. Thus, a continuum FGM
shell model is beneficial in scenarios where an accurate stress dis-
tribution is required (e.g., failure analysis and design optimization).
FGM shell modeling based on standard FEA approaches has been
expansive in the past a few decades. We refer to these work [2,3] for
excellent reviews in the advance of FGM shell modeling. In particular,
Woo and Meguid [4] presented an analytical solution for the large-
deflection analysis of thin rectangular shallow shell of FGM type sub-
jected to transverse mechanical and thermal loadings. The geome-
trically nonlinear effect was considered in the von Karman sense. A
similar approach based on HSDT was reported by Wali et al. [5,6] and

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: ningliu@umich.edu (N. Liu).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.111893
Received 12 October 2019; Received in revised form 3 January 2020; Accepted 7 January 2020
Available online 13 January 2020
0263-8223/ © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
N. Liu, et al.
Frikha and Dammak [7] with a discrete definition of double directors
and also by Oktem et al. [8]. Pandey and Pradyumna [9] employed a
layerwise theory for the modeling of FGM sandwich shell; however, the
FGM layer was approximated with FSDT that fails to describe the vo-
lume fraction variation. Kim et al. [10] extended a four-node quasi-
conforming shell element for geometrically nonlinear analysis of FGM
plates and shells based on FSDT. The FSDT was also employed together
with a matched asymptotic approach of the perturbation theory to
analyze variable-thickness FGM cylindrical shells under internal pres-
sure [11]. More recently, Tornabene and Viola [12] coupled FSDT with
the generalized differential quadrature approach to study four-para-
meter FGM shells. This approach was also extended to HSDT with stress
recovery [13] and for the analysis of variable-thickness FGM sandwich
shells [14]. Later, the meshfree method was combined with a modified
Sander’s nonlinear shell theory for the analysis of FGM shell panels
under combined thermal-mechanical loading [15]. Zozulya and Zhang
[16] expanded the field variables and FGM material parameters using
Fourier series in the form of Legendre’s polynomials for axisymmetric
cylindrical shell modeling. Cinefra et al. [17] adopted a nine-node
quadratic shell element and Carrera’s Unified Theory for the analysis of
FGM structures. The mixed interpolation of tensorial components was
used to alleviate the membrane and shear locking phenomenon.
Moreover, Reddy’s research group [18–20] utilized a set of high-order
spectral/hp polynomial basis to formulate a seven-parameter solid FGM
shell element. Along the line of solid FGM shell development, a mod-
ified first-order enhanced solid shell formulation [21] was recently
reported, in which a parabolic shear strain distribution was imposed
through the thickness in the compatible strain component. Reinoso and
Blazquez [22] presented a seven-parameter first-order solid shell model
that adopted a combination of the enhanced assumed strain and the
assumed natural strain to mitigate locking. A similar work in the con-
text of six-parameter thin shell and the neutral physical surface method
was reported in [23]. Moreover, a generalized hybrid quasi-3D HSDT
was proposed for FGM shell modeling [24]. It was further suggested
that the non-polynomial HSDTs should be optimized for accuracy im-
provement. In another work, Srividhya et al. [25] developed a nonlocal
stress-gradient FGM shell model in the HSDT framework. Beni et al.
[26] employed a modified couple stress theory for the modeling of FGM
cylindrical thin shells. In addition, a non-conforming triangular shell
element was used in an HSDT setting for material distribution and
sizing optimization analysis of FGM structures [27]. As opposed to
computing the transverse normal/shear components through displace-
ment derivatives, a mixed displacement/transverse stress approach was
presented recently [28]. In this approach, the transverse stress equili-
brium at the layer intersections was enforced via Lagrange multipliers,
which inevitably increased the problem size. On the application side,
FGM shell modeling has also been investigated in the context of free
vibration [29–41] and dynamic response [42–44], instability [45–57],
thermal-mechanical behavior [58–62], reinforcement with carbon na-
notubes [63–69] and stiffeners [70–76], material elastoplasticity
[77–79], variable thickness [80], active/passive control [81–83], na-
noscale modeling [84], and extended FEM [85,86].
Despite the wide variety of work reported in literature, the FGM
shell formulations were all developed under traditional finite element
approaches. In this contribution, we extend the FGM shell modeling to
the isogeometric analysis (IGA) setting. IGA was firstly put forward by
Hughes et al. [87] in 2005 as a novel technology to seamlessly bridge
computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA). Its
essential idea is to adopt the same basis functions that are used in
geometric design for discrete solution spaces. A number of the ad-
vantages of IGA include the elimination of the meshing process, tight
interaction between CAD and FEA, geometrically exact numerical
model description, improved computational accuracy and efficiency
due to the use of high-order spline basis [88–94], among others. From a
practical implementation point of view, the so-called Bézier extraction
technique [95] provides a finite element data structure and therefore
2
Composite Structures 237 (2020) 111893
allows an efficient integration of the high-order spline model re-
presentation into the standard FEA code package.
While a significant amount of work has been done in the IGA shell
development ([96–108] to name a few), the analysis of FGM structures
in IGA has been mostly limited to 2D plate analysis [1,109–125]. Aside
from the studies in structural plates, Taheri and Hassani [126] have
investigated the use of NURBS-based IGA for shape and material com-
position optimization of FGM structures, but the analysis was focused
on 2D spaces as well. As far as IGA FGM shell analysis is concerned,
investigations have been limited to a few studies. In particular, Nguyen
et al. have attempted the use of NURBS and FSDT for the modeling of
FGM shells reinforced by carbon nanotubes in static, dynamic and
buckling analysis [127], as well as post-buckling analysis [128]. In the
work of Tan et al. [129], the meshfree method was coupled with IGA for
the analysis of FGM plates and shells, in which the IGA description was
only applied at the domain boundaries and the interior was filled with
meshfree nodes. In this context, the current work aims to develop an
IGA continuum shell element suitable for modeling the nonlinear re-
sponse of FGM shell structures. To the authors’ best knowledge, the
current contribution represents the first effort that an IGA-based con-
tinuum shell element is developed for the analysis of FGM structures.
The present IGA continuum shell model features an accurate FGM de-
scription via through-thickness quadrature point enrichment and a
precise modeling of the geometrically nonlinear behavior of FGM shells.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: section 2 and 3 provide a
brief introduction of functionally graded materials and NURBS basis
construction, respectively. The IGA continuum shell formulation is
presented in detail in section 4. To demonstrate the capability of the
developed isogeometric FGM shell element, a variety of geometrically
nonlinear FGM shell examples are shown in section 5 with various
volume fraction exponents. In section 6, we draw some conclusions.
2. Functionally graded materials
Functionally graded materials are characterized by the through-
thickness gradual volume fraction variation from one material to an-
other. A simple power-law distribution function is adopted here to
describe the volume fraction variation:
2z + t t t
Vc (z ) = , z
2t 2 2 (1)
with the volume fraction exponent and t the thickness of the shell.
From Eq. (1), the effective Young’s modulus at a thickness z can be
calculated as,
E (z ) = Ebot + (Etop Ebot ) Vc (z ) (2)
where Ebot and Etop are the Young’s modulus of the bottom and top
materials, respectively. As an example, the volume fraction variation in
the thickness direction is plotted in Fig. 1 with various volume fraction
exponents, where we observe a drastic change in volume fraction when
the power-law exponent becomes relatively large/small compared to
one. This accounts for the reason why FGM modeling with traditional
finite shell element is challenging.
3. Fundamentals of Bézier, B-spline and NURBS
In one dimension, the ith degree-n Bernstein polynomial can be
defined in the following,
Bin (t ) = (ni) t (1
i t )n i
(3)
where t [0, 1], (ni) = n!
i ! (n i ) !
represents the binomial coefficient.
A Bézier curve S(t) is then constructed as a linear sequence of n + 1
Bernstein polynomials Bin (t ) and the associated set of control points bi,
N. Liu, et al. Composite Structures 237 (2020) 111893

generality, the bottom surface of the shell is herein treated as the re-
ference surface.
The C1-continuous shell geometry permits the determination of a set
of basis vectors in the reference space in the following form,
X0
A = , = 1, 2
A1 × A 2
n0 = A1 × A 2
t (8)
where t is the shell thickness.
It is convenient to introduce a set of co-variant tangent vectors to
describe the motion of an arbitrary material point of the solid shell as,
X 3n
G = =A + 0, , = 1, 2 G 3 = n0
(9)
where ( ), denotes the partial derivative with respect to the curvilinear
coordinates and the derivative of the surface normal is expressed as,

A ·A3 A ·A3,
3, 3
n 0, =
Fig. 1. An example of the volume fraction variation through the thickness with A32 (10)
different volume fraction exponents.
where A = A1 × A2 , A = A1, × A2 + A1 × A2, , A3 = A1 × A2
3 3,
A3 ·A3,
n+ 1 and A3, = A .
3
S (t ) = Bin (t ) bi Now that the co-variant basis vectors are defined, their dual basis
(4)
i=1
vectors (i.e., the contra-variant basis vectors) can be determined based
The B-spline basis functions are related to the Bernstein basis via the on the following relation,
so-called Bézier extraction operator C [95] that is uniquely defined by a j
G i· G j = (11)
given knot vector in the parameter domain, i

with i j the Kronecker delta. The surface metric tensor of the first
N (t ) = CB (t ) (5)
fundamental form is then written as,
d d+1
Through projection of the B-splines from ℝ to ℝ using the
G = G ijGi G j = Gij G i Gj (12)
weights of the associated control points, a degree-n NURBS curve can be
constructed as, where Gij
= Gi G j,
Gij = G i G j , and = [Gij] [G ij] 1.

Finally, the element-level volume under the reference configuration

Nin (t ) wi
Rin (t ) = ncp can be calculated in terms of the surface metric tensor in the parametric
N nj (t ) wj domain as,
j=1 (6)
dV0 = det[Gij ] d 1d 2d 3
(13)
where ncp is the number of control points that are used to describe the
curve. In two and higher dimensions, NURBS are merely a tensor pro- In order to define the stress and strain components, the deformation
duct of their univariate counterparts. NURBS are standard basis func- gradient between the reference and deformed spaces is needed,
tions in CAD and IGA to exactly describe curves, surfaces and solids as
F = gi Gi (14)
they are formed from rational polynomials.
where g i represents the co-variant tangent vector in the deformed
4. Continuum shell formulation configuration based on a total Lagrangian framework,
g i = x , i = G i + u, i . Consequently, the surface Green-Lagrange strain
An isogeometric solid-like continuum shell element that employs tensor can be written as,
separate through-thickness discretization from the in-plane curvilinear 1 T 1
representation is formulated here. Specifically, the proposed shell ele- E= (F F I) = (g Gij ) Gi G j = Eij Gi Gj
2 2 ij (15)
ment adopts NURBS for the in-plane representation, while a desired
univariate B-spline is used for the thickness direction. Moreover, the in which the strain components Eij can be further expressed using the
thickness numerical integration is enriched with sufficient number of reference local tangent vectors and displacement derivatives as,
quadrature points for accurate description of the thickness-varying 1
Eij = (G i u , j + G j u , i + u , i u , j )
material properties of FGM. Geometrically nonlinear effect is also 2 (16)
considered in a total Lagrangian framework.
Eq. (15) essentially describes the variation of surface metric tensors
as a result of structural deformation.
4.1. Continuum shell kinematics Eventually, the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor and the Green-
Lagrangian strain tensor are related through the Hooke’s law,
As illustrated in Fig. 2, the continuum shell kinematics can be de-
scribed by a general mapping system between the parametric space Ą, S=C E (17)
the reference space Ω0, and the deformed space Ω. The position vector with C the fourth-order FGM material elasticity tensor. Note that the
of an arbitrary material point in the undeformed space Ω0 can be ex- stress and strain fields S and E are defined in terms of the contra-var-
pressed in terms of the convective curvilinear coordinates as, iant coordinates which are not necessarily orthonormal. Therefore,
X ( 1, 2, 3) = X 0 ( 1, 2) + 3n ( 1, 2 ), 0 3 1 (7) transformation from the curvilinear system to the element local co-
ordinates (ei , i = 1, 2, 3) is needed,
where represents the projected point of X onto the reference surface
X0
and n is the surface normal director of the point. Without loss of Eije = Ekl (G k e i )(G l e j ) (18)

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N. Liu, et al. Composite Structures 237 (2020) 111893

Fig. 2. Mapping between the parametric space, undeformed space and the deformed space.

Fig. 3. The annular plate problem: (a) model setup and (b) deformed configuration at peak loads.

The principle of virtual work is employed, in which the body force 4.2. Discretized form
term is neglected for sake of brevity,
Let the n in-plane NURBS basis functions be denoted by Ri and m
= Wint + Wext = E Sd t0 ud =0 through-thickness B-spline basis functions be denoted by Nj, the dis-
0
0
0
0
(19)
placement variables can be described as follows,
An incremental-iterative solution scheme (e.g., the Newton-
Raphson method and arc-length method [130]) is usually employed to n m

solve the above nonlinear system, where linearization of the internal u ( 1, 2, 3) = Ri ( 1, 2 ) N ( 3) u

j ij
i j (22)
virtual work is necessary for the computation of the tangent stiffness
matrix,
Adopting the Voigt notation, the variational strain tensor can be
Wint = ( E S+ E S) d = ( E C E+ E S) d conveniently expressed as,
0 0
0 0

(20) E T = [ E11, E22, E33, 2 E12, 2 E23, 2 E13] (23)

where where each individual term is expanded and represented using the in-
1 1 plane NURBS and through-thickness B-splines as,
Eij = (G i u, j + G j u, i + u, i u, j + u, i u, j ) = (g i u, j + g j u, i )
2 2
(21)

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N. Liu, et al. Composite Structures 237 (2020) 111893

Fig. 6. Deformation path at point B of the annular plate with various power-law
Fig. 4. Load-displacement curves of the annular plate problem.
exponents.

Fig. 5. Deformation path at point A of the annular plate with various power-law
exponents. Fig. 7. Deformation path at point C of the annular plate with various power-law
exponents.
m n 3
E11 = g 1 u,1 = g 1 e k Ri,1 Nj uk
j i k
where B is a 6-by-[3(p + 1)2 (q + 1)] matrix, with p and q the in-plane
m n 3
E22 = g 2 u,2 = j i k
g 2 e k Ri,2 Nj uk NURBS and through-thickness B-spline order, respectively,
m n 3
E33 = g 3 u,3 = j i k
g 3 e k Ri Nj,3 uk 1 2 3 4 5 6 T
B= Bijk B ijk Bijk B ijk Bijk B ijk
m n 3
2 E12 = g1 u,2 + g 2 u,1 = j i k
g 1 e k Ri,2 Nj uk 1
B ijk = g 1 e k Ri,1 Nj
m n 3
+ g 2 e k Ri,1 Nj uk 2
j i k B ijk = g 2 e k Ri,2 Nj
m n 3
2 E23 = g 2 u,3 + g 3 u,2 = j i k g 2 e k Ri Nj,3 uk 3
B ijk = g 3 e k Ri Nj,3
m n 3
+ j i k g 3 e k Ri,2 Nj uk 4
B ijk = g 1 e k Ri,2 Nj + g 2 e k Ri,1 Nj
m n 3 5
2 E13 = g 3 u,1 + g 1 u,3 = j i k
g 3 e k Ri,1 Nj uk B ijk = g 2 e k Ri Nj,3 + g 3 e k Ri,2 Nj
m n 3 6
+ g 1 e k Ri Nj,3 uk B ijk = g 3 e k Ri,1 Nj + g1 e k Ri Nj,3 (26)
j i k (24)

The above equations can further be conveniently described via the As is discussed in Eq. (18), the above matrix B needs to be trans-
strain–displacement matrix B and the displacement degrees of freedom formed from the non-orthonormal curvilinear coordinate system to
(DOFs) u as, the element local coordinate system. Using the notation
Tijkl = tki tlj = (g k ei )(g l e j ) , this transformation is realized via the fol-
ET = B u (25) lowing,

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N. Liu, et al. Composite Structures 237 (2020) 111893

Fig. 8. The pinched hemisphere test: (a) problem setup and (b) control polygon of a quarter of the model.

Fig. 9. The deformed configuration of the pinched hemisphere test colored in (a) pull-out displacement and (b) pinching displacement.

Fig. 10. Deformation paths of the pinched hemisphere problem. Fig. 11. Deformation path at point A of the pinched hemisphere with varying
power-law exponents.

6
N. Liu, et al. Composite Structures 237 (2020) 111893

Be = T B (27) [Sije] pre-multiplied by the transpose of the transformation matrix T in

eq. (27). Note that this is not intended to transform the second Piola-
where Kirchhoff stress tensor from the element local system to the curvilinear

T1 T 2
T=
T3 T4
11 22 33
T11 T11 T11
11 22 33
T1 = T22 T22 T22
11 22 33
T33 T33 T33
1 1 1
(T12
2 11
21
+ T11 ) (T 23
2 11
32
+ T11 ) 2
31
(T11 13
+ T11 )
1 1 1
T2 = (T12
2 22
21
+ T22 ) 2
23
(T22 32
+ T22 ) 2
31
(T22 13
+ T22 )
1 1 1
(T12
2 33
21
+ T33 ) (T 23
2 33
32
+ T33 ) 2
31
(T33 13
+ T33 )
11 11 22 22 33 33
T12 + T21 T12 + T21 T12 + T21
11 11 22 22 33 33
T 3 = T23 + T32 T23 + T32 T23 + T32
11 11 22 22 33 33
T13 + T31 T13 + T31 T13 + T31
1 1 1
(T12
2 12
12
+ T21 21
+ T12 21
+ T21 ) (T 23
2 12
23
+ T21 32
+ T12 32
+ T21 ) (T 31
2 12
31
+ T21 13
+ T12 13
+ T21 )
1 1 1
T4 = (T12
2 23
12
+ T32 21
+ T23 21
+ T32 ) 2
23
(T23 23
+ T32 32
+ T23 32
+ T32 ) 2
31
(T23 31
+ T32 13
+ T23 13
+ T32 )
1 1 1
(T12 12
+ T31 21
+ T13 21
+ T31 ) (T 23 23
+ T31 32
+ T13 32
+ T31 ) (T 31 31
+ T31 13
+ T13 13
+ T31 )
2 13 2 13 2 13 (28)

Now that all the terms have been expressed in the element local system, but is a result of the transformation of the strain tensor [Eij ]
system, the geometrically linear part of the stiffness matrix can be from curvilinear to element local coordinate system.
written as,
4.3. Numerical integration of FGMs
K L = (B e )T C B e (29)

Next, we derive the geometrically nonlinear contribution to the Due to the drastic change in material properties of FGMs governed
stiffness formulation. From eq. (21), the derivatives of Eij can be by the power-law distribution function, common approaches of Gauss
evaluated in the following, integration (i.e., n-point Gauss integration for a univariate B-spline of
order 2n-1 or less) may not be accurate. Therefore, the through-thick-
1
D Eij = (Du, i u, j + g i D u, j + Du, j u, i + g j D u, i ) ness integration should either be enriched with sufficient number of
2 (30)
quadrature points or be represented by higher-order B-splines to match
By neglecting the higher-order terms, we obtain, the power-law distribution function. The integration scheme in the
current study is explained as follows: in each shell curvilinear plane, the
1
D Eij = (Du, i u, j + Du, j u, i ) same number of quadrature points is employed in each direction as the
2 (31)
NURBS polynomial order, i.e., for a bi-cubic NURBS, a 3-by-3 integra-
The derivation of each Eij term involves directional derivatives and tion rule is adopted. The thickness integration is treated differently
thus the final geometrically nonlinear part of the stiffness matrix be- from the in-plane integration, where a total of 5 integration points with
comes a block-diagonal matrix. just one thickness element are used to arrive at a converged solution in
the cases show below. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the number
K NL, diag 0 0
of integration points needed for exact numerical integration is depen-
K NL = 0 K NL, diag 0 dent on the power-law function order. Generally speaking, n-point
0 0 K NL, diag
(32) Gauss quadrature is able to yield an exact integration for polynomials of
degree 2n-1 or less. Alternatively, a higher-order B-spline basis (i.e.,
where cubic or higher) could be used for the thickness description with equal
T T T T T
number of quadrature points for numerical integration.
K NL, diag = 1 1 S11 + 2 2 S22 + 3 3 S33 + ( 2 1 + 1 2)

S12 + ( 3
T
2 + 2
T
3) S23 + ( 1
T
3 + 3
T
1) S31 (33) 5. Numerical examples

In eq. (33), i denotes the full 1-by-[(p + 1) 2 (q + 1)] spline basis In this section, we apply the developed isogeometric continuum
vector (i.e., the multiplication of each in-plane NURBS basis vector term shell element to assess a number of benchmark FGM shell problems
by each through-thickness B-spline basis vector term). In specific, involving geometric nonlinearity. Specifically, a set of bi-cubic NURBS
k k k basis functions are employed for the in-plane curvilinear discretization
1 = Ri,1 Nj , 2 = Ri,2 Nj , 3 = Ri Nj,3 (34)
and a quadratic B-spline is used to represent the thickness space. In
where the superscript k represents the kth element of , regards to the solution scheme, the Newton-Raphson incremental-
k = i + j (p + 1)2 . [Sij] denotes the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress vector iterative solution procedure [130] is adopted. Additionally, all the

7
N. Liu, et al.
Fig. 12. Deformation path at point B of the pinched hemisphere with varying
power-law exponents.
numerical examples are modeled with isotropic materials first to verify
the formulation and are then extended to FGM shell analysis. In all the
FGM shell modeling, a ceramic-metal FGM material type is adopted
with material properties Ec = 380GPa and Em = 70GPa for ceramic and
metal, respectively. In terms of the application of boundary conditions,
they can be directly applied at the control points since these control
points correspond to the end of the knot vectors and are therefore in-
terpolatory. All the through-thickness control points are fixed when
applying clamped boundary conditions, whereas only the control points
on the mid-surface are fixed in simply supported boundary conditions.
Symmetry boundary conditions are applied to all the corresponding
through-thickness control points as well.
5.1. Annular FGM plate subject to tip distributed load
The first numerical example is concerned with the classical annular
plate that is clamped at one end and subjected to top distributed load at
Fig. 13. The pull-out of a cylindrical shell problem: (a) model description and (b) deformed configuration at peak loads.
8
Composite Structures 237 (2020) 111893
the other end. The internal and external radii of the annulus are
ri = 6.0m and re = 10.0m , respectively. The plate has a constant thick-
ness of 0.03m . The isotropic material properties are: Young’s modulus
E = 2.1 × 107Pa and Poisson’s ratio = 0 . The tip distributed load is
q = 0.8N m . The detailed problem setup and deformed configuration
can be found in Fig. 3, where we used a 32 × 8 in-plane mesh to obtain
the final converged solution.
For verification purposes, the force-displacement curves at point A,
B and C (see Fig. 3) are plotted and compared to solutions provided by
Sze et al. [131], as is illustrated in Fig. 4. We observe a very good
agreement between our solutions and the reference solutions. There-
fore, we conclude that the developed isogeometric continuum shell
formulation is accurate.
Next, we investigate the performance of the proposed continuum
shell element on modeling the nonlinear response of FGM shells with
exactly the same geometry. As is aforementioned, the FGM of the
ceramic-metal type is adopted here as an example. The deformation
paths at point A, B and C are illustrated in Figs. 5–7 with various power-
law exponents, respectively, where we observe a gradually stiffer re-
sponse of the annulus plate with the decrease of the power-law ex-
ponent with the ceramic shell the stiffest. Note that the solutions of the
FGM shell made of full ceramic and in the case of = 0.2 are compared
to solutions available in [21] for verification purposes.
5.2. Pinched FGM hemisphere
In the second numerical example, we study the nonlinear response
of the benchmark pinched hemisphere problem. A reference solution
can be found in [102]. As is demonstrated in Fig. 8, the hemisphere is
fixed at the vertex and subjected to two pairs of pinching and pull-out
forces along the x and y axes. Due to symmetry, only a quarter of the
full model is simulated. The geometry details and material properties of
the model can be found in Fig. 8(a) and a relatively coarse NURBS
control polygon is illustrated in Fig. 8(b).
A 16 × 16 in-plane mesh of the quarter hemisphere model is adopted
to get the converged solution. For illustration purposes, the deformed
configuration is plotted in Fig. 9, where Fig. 9(a) is colored in pull-out
displacement and Fig. 9(b) colored in pinching displacement. The radial
displacement vs. load relations at the points where external loads are
applied (i.e., point A and B) are plotted in Fig. 10, where a convergence
study is also performed using 14 × 14 , 16 × 16, and 18 × 18 in-plane
meshes. Again, our solutions match very well with reference solutions.
N. Liu, et al.
Fig. 14. Deformation paths of the pull-out of the cylindrical shell problem.
Subsequently, the material is replaced to FGM with the same geo-
metry to explore the nonlinear behavior of FGM shells with changing
power-law exponents. Similar to the observation in the annular plate
example, the hemisphere exhibits a much stiffer behavior as the power-
law exponent decreases, while the response changes gradually from
that of the pure metal model to the solution of the pure ceramic model
(Figs. 11 and 12).
5.3. Pull-out of a FGM cylindrical shell
In the last example, the pull-out of a cylindrical shell is considered.
As demonstrated in Fig. 13, the cylindrical shell is open-ended and is
under two pull-out forces at the middle of the cylinder. A reference
solution can be found in [131]. Due to symmetry, only one octant of the
full cylinder is modeled. The problem details are drawn in Fig. 13(a)
and the deformed configuration at peak loads is plotted in Fig. 13(b).
Fig. 15. Deformation path at point A of the cylindrical FGM shell with varying
power-law exponents.
9
Composite Structures 237 (2020) 111893
Fig. 16. Deformation path at point B of the cylindrical FGM shell with varying
power-law exponents.
In terms of the isotropic cylindrical shell analysis, a 12 × 12 in-plane
mesh of the one-octant model is employed to arrive at a converged
solution, and the deformation paths at point A, B and C are plotted in
Fig. 14. We observe a perfect agreement between our solutions and the
reference solutions.
The nonlinear response of the FGM cylindrical shell is demonstrated
here as well. In this case, the magnitude of the two concentrated pulling
forces is 1.2 × 106N . Figs. 15–17 illustrates the load-displacement re-
lations at point A, B and C, respectively. We can see that, despite the
quite challenging behavior of the FGM cylindrical shell, the proposed
isogeometric continuum shell approach is capable of capturing the
nonlinear response very well. Additionally, compared to the converged
solution reported in [21] where a 16-by-16 mesh was used, our solution
with the 12-by-12 mesh is computationally efficient.
Fig. 17. Deformation path at point C of the cylindrical FGM shell with varying
power-law exponents.
N. Liu, et al.
6. Conclusion
As a summary, we presented a geometrically nonlinear continuum
shell formulation based on IGA that is suitable for the analysis of FGM
structures. The developed continuum shell element characterizes a
precise description of the thickness-varying material properties in FGM
in the sense that a set of desired high-order B-spline basis functions with
sufficient number of integration points are used for accurate through-
thickness numerical integration. In addition, the geometrically non-
linear effect is considered in the formulation and therefore the proposed
shell element is suitable for large-displacement analysis. The perfor-
mance of the isogeometric continuum shell model is evaluated with a
number of benchmark nonlinear shell problems and numerical results
prove the accuracy of the proposed model. Moreover, the shell element
is also applied to study challenging FGM problems and numerical so-
lution demonstrates that the proposed formulation is a viable approach
for modeling the nonlinear response of FGM shell structures.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Ning Liu: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis,
Methodology, Investigation, Software, Validation, Visualization. Xiang
Ren: Project administration, Writing - review & editing. Jim Lua:
Funding acquisition, Writing - review & editing.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influ-
ence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful for the support provided by the U.S. Naval
Air Warfare Center (N68335-17-C-0196) for which Dr. Gabriel Murray
serves as the technical monitor.
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