AL-REFAQ UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

" drilling fluids laboratory report "

Student Name:

Mohammed Albakosh

Student ID :

3806084

Group : ( A )

Supervisor Name: Dr. Adel Jaluta

Aime :-

This experiment was carried out to investigate Rheology of fluids and hydraulic
calculations . This is important to the petroleum engineers in calculating friction loss
in pipe or annulus , determination of the equivalent circulating density of the drilling
fluid , determination of the flow regime in the annulus , determination of the
theological model , estimation of the hole cleaning efficiency and evaluation of the
fuid suspension capacity .

Introduction:

Rheology and hydraulics are interrelated studies of fluid behaviour. Fluid rheology
and hydraulics are engineering terms that describe the behaviour of fluids in motion.
Rheology is the science of deformation and flow of matter. Primarily concerned with
the relationship between shear stress and shear rate and the impact they have on fluid
flow characteristics inside tabular and annular spaces. Hydraulic on the other hand
deal with the mechanical properties of liquids, describing how fluid flow creates and
apply pressures. In drilling fluids, the flow behaviour of the fluid must be described
using rheological models and equations before the hydraulic equations can be applied.
Rheology of fluids and hydraulics are significant in petroleum industries during
drilling.
A mathematical fluid model describes the flow behavior of a fluid by
Expressing a mathematical relationship between shear rate and shear
Stress:-
• Newtonian Model

2
 • Non-Newtonian Model
1. Bingham plastic

2. Power-Low Model
• Viscosity :-

It is among the most used rheological terms. It can be defined as the resistance of the
substance

to flow. In the oil field, many terms related to viscosity are used to describe the viscosity of
drilling fluids

- Funnel viscosity

- Apparent viscosity

- Plastic viscosity

- Yield point

- Low shear rate viscosity

- Gel Strengths

3
 The viscosity of drilling fluid is a function of:
- Viscosity of the continuous phase or the base liquid
- The size, shape and solids particles in the mud which is represent it by the plastic
viscosity
- The inter-particle force represents it by the yield point

The plastic viscosity

Plastic viscosity (PV) can be defined as the resistance offered by a fluid to flow freely.
This resistance is a result of friction between the liquid undergoing deformation under
shear stress and the solids and liquids present in the drilling mud

Reducing viscosity in any drilling fluid can be

achieved by: - Reduction of solids by mechanical
treatment or dilution - Neutralization of attractive
forces between particles.
Yield point
Yield point (YP) is resistance of initial flow of fluid or the stress required in order to
move the fluid. In the Bingham plastic model, YP is the shear stress when shear rate is
zero. The unit in US oil field for YP is (lbf/100ft2).

Gel strength
Gel strength represents the attractive forces under static conditions (non-flow
conditions). Contrary to gel strength, the yield point represents the attractive forces
under flowing conditions. The gel strength gives an indication of the required pressure
to initiate flow after ceasing circulation for period of time. Also, it gives an indication
about the ability of the drilling fluid to suspend cuttings when mud is stationary

Apparent viscosity
Apparent viscosity is defined as the ratio between shear stress and shear rate over a
narrow range for a plastic mel

Funnel viscosity
Funnel viscosity is the ratio of the speed of the slurry as it passes through the outlet
tube (shear rate) to the force (weight of the slurry) causing the slurry to flow (shear
stress). Funnel viscosity is reported as the seconds required for one quart of slurry to
flow out a full funnel

4
Apparatus and Materials:

Marsh funnel
VG – Meter

5
Procedure :
Marsh funnel
1. Cover the orifice with a finger and pour a freshly agitated fluid sample through the
screen into the clean, dry, upright funnel until the liquid level reaches the bottom of
the screen.

2. Quickly remove the finger and measure the time required for the fluid to fill the
receiving vessel to the one quart (946 cm3) mark.

3. Report the result to the nearest second as Marsh funnel viscosity. Report the
temperature of the sample in degrees F (°C).

Plastic Viscosity & Yield Point Measurement

1. Place a sample in a suitable container and immerse the rotor sleeve exactly to the
scribed line.

2. With the sleeve rotating at 600 rpm, wait for the dial reading to reach a steady value.
Record the dial reading for 600 rpm.

3. Shift to 300 rpm and wait for the dial reading to come to a steady value. Record the
dial reading for 300 rpm

4. The plastic viscosity (PV) in centipoise equals the 600 rpm reading minus the 300
rpm reading.

5. The yield point (YP) in lbf /100 ft2 equals the 300 rpm reading minus the plastic
viscosity. Report the temperature of the sample in degrees F (°C)

6. The apparent viscosity in centipoise equals the 600 rpm reading divided by two.

Gel-Strength Measurement

1-Place the fluid sample in position as in the procedure for plastic Viscosity
and yield point measurement.

2-Stir at high speed for 10 seconds.

3-Allow the fluid to stand undisturbed for 10 seconds. For instruments

Having a 3 rpm speed, the maximum reading attained after starting Rotation
at 3 rpm is the initial gel strength. Report the temperature of the Sample in
degrees F (°C).

4-Restir the fluid sample at high speed for 10 seconds and then allow the

6
 Fluid to stand undisturbed for 10 minutes. Report the measurement as
In Step 3 above and report the maximum reading as the 10-minute gel
In lbf/100 ft2

Tabuiated reslts :

parameters Pre-mixed Pre-mixed Pre-mixed Pre-mixed mud+15gm

mud mud+15gm mud+15gm bentonite+10gm spersen
bentonite bentonite+125ml
water
ɵ 600 20 25 180 160

ɵ 300 12 13 150 140

Reslts :

Plastic viscosity 8 12 30 20
Yield Point 4 1 120 120

Flow behavior 0.736 0.942 0.262 0.192

index
Consistency 62.2 18.66 14959.1 21603.8
index
Apparent 10 12.5 75 70
viscosity
10sec/10min gel 5/8 10/14 8/13 7/11
st

7
Conclusions

This experiment's main goal is to determine the theology properties of the mud sample ,
which include viscosity , yield point , and gel strength was achieved .

The goal of the Marsh funnel experiment is to measure the viscosity of the funnel using
water – based mud also have been obtained Water – based mud has a high yield point
and perceived viscosity . AsiDrilling mud with a high viscosity is called " thick , "
whereas mud with a low viscosity is called " thin . " In drilling fluid , there is no such
thing as " viscosity . " The viscosity changes with shear rate .

As the shear rate increases , the viscosity of a fluid falls . This is known as " shear
thinning fluid . " The inaccuracy in this experiment might be due to parallax error or an
error in timing the mud entering the marsh funnel .

Furthermore , when obtaining RPM measurements , the observer's eyes must be

perpendicular to the scale . Finally , the experiment's goals for both portions have been
met .

_______________________________________________________

• Report the effect of adding water to mud rheology?

It was found that the viscosity and shear stress increased with increasing bentonite
concentration and storage time.

• Report the effect of adding bentonite to mud rheology?

Lifting the viscosity of drilling fluid

• Report the effect of adding spersen to mud rheology?

The viscosity is reduced without changing the density of drilling liquid