Solar Energy

If
current
Zenith Angle
Center
of Sun

Zeta
x

Center of Earth
 Solar Power Density
r = ro cos x (a dt - b wa )a p kW
m2
or
costzenithangle
0 at equator

f 1.353 Kahn
data direct transmittance without water
Bwa
Xp
 Solar Power Density
r = ro cos x (a dt - b wa )a p
• r: solar power density on earth in kW/m2
• ro: extraterrestrial power density (1.353 kW/m2)
• x: zenith angle (angle from the outward normal on the earth surface to
the center of the sun)
• adt: direct transmittance of gases except for water (the fraction of
radiant energy that is not absorbed by gases)
• ap: is the transmittance of aerosol
• bwa: water vapor absorptions of radiation.
 2 Tkwhlday.hn
Solar Energy (Whr/m2/day)
O
 Daily Solar Power Density
assume
Gaussian
are

e
scene
to time at faux fI em

e.g noon at the equator

r standard deviation in practice

µfhfhhhn
 Daily Solar Power Density
Density ratio
100%

80%

60%
2s

- (t - t o ) 2 40%

2s 2
r = r max e 20%

0%
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

t:hour of the day using the 24 hr clock Time

rmax: the maximum solar power density

to: time at rmax (noontime in the equator)
s : standard deviation
Solar Efficiency (h)

r = ro cosx (a dt - b wa )a p
r Cos Ude Awa Ap
h= J
r0

5 70Eo
Zz
Example

An area located near the equator has the following parameters:

a dt = 80%, a p = 95%, b wa = 2%

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0#*3'./*&."&456(,5&&7/$8#'%&'(%&"/1),&8/9%,&+%*".':&)*+&
"/1),&%00.3.%*3:&)'&4;<<&=>5
Solution
At noon we have Imax
Imax f cos g Ade Pwa xp
O
0.8 0.02
f cos10
I kW1mL
at 5pm i
Er e
a am e 0.693 Kuhne

693 1353 51 2
Z T
f
Types of Solar Systems

– Passive Solar System

– Active Solar System (Photovoltaic or PV)
Passive Solar System

New supply of cold Warm water to the

water house
Warm
water
Lens Tank

Sun
rays Collecto Cold water
r back
to solar
collector
Passive Solar
Integrated Solar Combined Cycle
System (ISCCS)

Receiver

Collector
mirror
Integrated Solar Combined Cycle System (ISCCS)
Stirling System
Trough System
Solar Chimney
EE 351 26
Apr
3rd
Midterm is on May
cover to this wed
up
active solar solar PD
Today
goal
solar cell circuit model

solar array

THE
Active Solar Cell (Photovoltaic
PV)
 Silicon
Empty
space for
extra
electron
Nucleu
s

Electrons

Silicon Atom Silicon Crystal

Silicon

• Silicon is a good insulator

• To make the silicon more conductive
electrically, additives (impurities) are added
(doping)
– Phosphorus (P), which has 5 electrons in its
outer shell
– Boron (B), which has 3 electrons in its outer
shell
 P-N Material
electron

SI SI SI hole SI SI SI
space
eor
electron
SI SI SI
SI
P B
SI SI SI
SI
SI SI

n- type p- type
 photons

I current

pe e

ref I cangenerate
only photons of certain wavelength conducting

current T
not 100 efficient E
Active Solar Cell (PV)
PV cell is like a diode

photons can excite the electrons

creates current
Active Solar Cell (PV)

because PV cells are diodes

like
DC current
they can
only produce

1 I
9
solar PNjunction
energy
Main Parts of PV
Glass cover or lens

Antireflective
coating
Contacts grid

n-type material
p-type
material
Base
Structure of Solar System
• PV cell: 4X4 inches. The cell can produce about 1
watt which is enough to run a calculator.
 Structure of Solar System

• Panel or Module: To increase its

energy rating, the PV cells are
connect together in parallel and
series.
• Parallel cells increase the current
rating
• Series cells increase the voltage
rating.
 Structure of Solar System
• Array: PV panels connect together in parallel and
series to form a high power system.
 Example

• Estimate the maximum power, current, and voltage ratings of the

panel and array in the figure. Assume that each PV cell produce a
maximum power of 2.5 W at the best solar conditions and is rated at
0.5 V. Each panel has 9 cells in series, 4 rows per panel. Array has 4
panels in series, 2 rows
find voltage powerratingsptrmethe
 ay

Solution
for a panel 9 cells in series
T
I band 05 9 4.5 V

q
i Ppanel 2.5 9 4 90W
i
is
My 17
Total current of panel

Ipanel 9 220A
thymine

of 4 panels in series
Array has 2 columns

Vpane 4 4.5 4 18 V
array

total power
Parray
Popamel 8 720W
Parray
Iarray 40 A
 ay

Computation of PV Energy
Density ratio
100%

80%

60%
2s

40%

20%

Solar power density 0%

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
- (t - t o ) 2 Time

2s 2
r = r max e
 Computation of PV Energy

Linear relationship

Solar power density Panel power

- (t - t o ) 2 -( t - t o ) 2
2s 2
r = r max e 0 2s 2
Ppanel = Pmax e

24 -( t - t o ) 2

Panel Energy E panel = ò Pmax e

2s 2
dt » Pmax 2 p s
0
Example

- ( t -12 ) 2
r = r max e 12.5 Pmax = 100 W

Compute the daily energy produced by a PV panel.

E Pmax Far
22 12.5
0 2.5

627 W h
E lov Fa I 5
 Solar array Stand Alone PV
House
System

dc current

Converter
ac current

Charger
Discharger

Battery
Local load
 PV System without
Solar
array
battery
House

ac Meter To utility
dc current

Converte current
r

Local load
Solar System With Battery
• Battery: To store the energy when the PV
power is not fully utilized by the load.
– The battery power is later used when the PV
power is less than the demand.
– These batteries are deep cycle types
• Charger: To charge the battery by the PV
Solar System With Battery

• Inverter: To invert the dc power of the battery

to the 60Hz power used in homes.
• Synchronizer: Used to connect the PV system
to the power grid.
– DC/AC converter.
Ideal PV Model: P-N Junction

Cathode (K) Cathode (K)

n
p Vd
I

Anode (A) Anode (A)

Ideal PV Model: P-N Junction
Vd

I
I
+
Vs Vl R Forward
biased region
-

Io Reverse saturation
current
Vd
Reverse biased
region
Ideal PV Model: P-N Junction
æ VVd ö kT I

I = I o ç e T - 1÷ VT =
q
Forward

ç ÷ biased
region
è ø Io Reverse saturation
current
Vd
Io: reverse saturation current Reverse biased
region
VT: thermal voltage
q: elementary charge constant, i.e. charge of one
electron (1.602 10-19 Coulomb)
k: Boltzmann’s constant (1.380 x 10-23 J/K)
T: absolute temperature in Kelvin (K).
Ideal PV Model: P-N Junction
I Io e 1 I
Forward
it Vd Lco biased
region

I Io Io Reverse saturation
current
Vd
d 520 Reverse biased
region

I 2 Io e
k Vd o

I o
 PV Model
17
Lens
N-Type
-
I
EH
-

Load
P-Type Id

-
Base

AE
PV Model

MT
I't
vi
I load
ts Id l power_Va't

Is solar current
diode
forward current through the
Id
toad controllable
Vdi voltage
 diode solar current
Id Is
PV Characteristics

Io
Vd Vd
I = Is - Id
load current
H i
I
Is Iole

Vd
 PV Power Characteristics
Solar Cell
Pout = VI
I Is Id

Load
Is Id V=Vd I
Vd da

Pout
Val Is I Le 1
PV Power Characteristics
Pout = VI Solar Cell
V = Vd
I = Is - Id

Load
Is Id V=V I

æ VVd ö d

I d = I o ç e T - 1÷
ç ÷
è ø
é æ VVd öù
Pout = V I = Vd ê I s - I o ç e T - 1÷ú
êë ç ÷ú
è øû
PV Power Characteristics
power

up
mox power
PV Power Characteristics

• Main variables
– Short Circuit Current (Isc)
– Open Circuit Voltage (Voc)
– Operating Point at Maximum Power (Pmax, Vmp, Imp)
 Short Circuit PV

Is Id=0 Isc=Is

Isc Is
 Open Circuit PV

Id Is I e i
Is Id=Is Voc

Voc Vila EI ti
Example

• An ideal PV cell with reverse saturation

current of 1nA is operating at 30oC. The solar
current at 30oC is 1A. Compute the output
voltage and output power of the PV cell when
the load draws 0.5A.

i
I
Solution
2
Vy 1.38 10 301 273.15 3

Kj 1.602 yo Tag
26.11.10

I Is I e 1
9 o
s
0.5 I lo e 1

solve for V k
1041
V In 4 0.5
0.523 V
20 2615W
V I 0,523 0.5
P
Example

• An ideal solar cell with reverse saturation

current of 1nA is operating at 20oC. The solar
current at 20oC is 0.8A. Compute the voltage
and current of the solar cell at the maximum
power point.

is
if
 da gud e Hgh 14mg'lx
Solution
p a VI Is Iole 4
I
Yy o

If It V IT e

at wax power
TV e o
Is Iole D
a IF
H II e
Is TI
 Solution
Ist.IO
It E e Lo

1 V
Vi e 25.25 to

at mox power
f
Vmp 443.85mV
 Solution
Imp Is Iole l

0.757 A

Panay Vmp Imp

335.95mW
 Operating Point of PV
• The operating point of the
solar cell depends on the
magnitude of the load Solar Cell
resistance R
• The load resistance is the
output voltage V divided by

Load
the load current I. Is Id V=Vd I
• The intersection of the PV cell
characteristic with the load
line is the operating point of
the PV cell.
Operating Point of PV
 Example
• For the solar cell in the previous example, compute the
load resistance at the maximum output power.
Solution
From the previous example

Ump 44.3mV

Imp 0,757 A
h
0.59 r
Rmp mp
 Example
• An ideal PV cell with a reverse saturation current of 1nA is
operating at 30oC. The solar current at 30oC is 1A. The cell is
connected to a 10W resistive load. Compute the output power of
the cell
I
Solution
on
Iria

3
Vi 26 I yo

I Is I le D Vz
 R Io e 1
Is R
h
026
lo lo 86 y

I 0,47 V
22 3mW
pi 4,7
0
 28
E E 351 Apr
midterm next Monday
to solar energy
cover
up
work with solutions willbe
A how.me

posted today
Today solar and wind

is

I Is Id
Is Iole 1

T depends on solar power density

Effect of Irradiance r solarpower density
Effect of Irradiance r
Effect of Temperature T

T1>T2>T3 T3
I

3
2 T2
1
Load line

T1

Voc V
Effect of Temperature T

P
T1>T2>T3 T3
T2
T1

V
 PV Module (Series Connection)

Is1 Id1 V1
Load iii it
f tI
Id2 V2
Is2
 PV Module (Parallel Connection)

Is1 Id1 V1
Is If
Load
I
Is2 Id2 V2
Example

• An ideal PV module is composed of 50 solar

cells connected in series. At 20oC, the solar
current of each cell is 1A and the reverse
saturation current is 10nA. Draw the I-V and I-
P characteristics of the module.
Solution
23
t 38 co co g
V 9 2525mV
1 602 yo
Kei
Id Iole 1

module JO Heil
power

it
Losses of PV Cell

• Irradiance Losses
• Electrical Losses
Irradiance Losses
Reflection

has photons with large range of

Light
energy

709 of energy is lost

Losses of PV Cell (Electrical Losses)

resistance
in wires

in the semiconductor
 Real PV Model
• To account for the electrical losses only

Solar Rs
Cell
I

Load
Ip V I
Is Id Vd Rp

Rs : Resistance of wires and traces

Rp : internal resistance of the cell
 Efficiency of PV Cell

Sun power converted to electricity Pse Vd * I s

h irradiance = = =
Sun power Ps rA

Output power of the cell Pout V *I

he = = =
Sun power converted to electricity Pse Vd * I s

Pse Pout Pout V * I

h = h irradiance h e = = =
Ps Pse Ps rA
 Example
• A 100 cm2 solar cell is operating at 30oC where the
output current is 1A, the load voltage is 0.4V and the
saturation current of the diode is 1nA. The series
revenge

resistance of the cell is 10 mW and the parallel

resistance is 1kW. At a given time, the solar power
density is 200W/m2. Compute the irradiance
efficiency and the overall efficiency.
Solution
Solar Rs
Cell Va V
L
I a
V

Load
Ip I
Is Id Vd Rp
n

V 1.38.10 301273.15 U
_kqI 4602 9 26.1.10

0.4 V I 1A
0.4 1 I 0.01 0.41 V
Vd Vt I R
Id Io e l 6.64mA
Solution
Solar Rs
Cell

I
1Vd V

Load
Ip I
Is Id Vd Rp

0.41mA
Ip Vpfp 0,4g
Is It Idt Ip 1.00705 A
VdIs 0.205
irradiance
20.5
Solution
Solar Rs
Cell

I
V

Load
Ip I
Is Id Vd Rp

eta
Pe loss I R Ipapp
10.168mW
Pn 0.975
re Pg pn
Zirraelience Me 0.20
y dominates
Assessment of PV Systems

$6.0

$5.0 $5.0

$4.0
$/kWh

$3.0

$2.0
$1.5
$1.0 $0.6 $0.4 $0.3
$0.0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Assessment of PV Systems

• Consumer products (calculators, watches, battery

chargers, light controls, and flashlights) are the most
common applications
• Larger PV systems are extensively used in space
applications (such as satellites)
• In higher power applications, three factors
determine the applicability of the PV systems
1. the cost and the payback period of the system
2. the accessibility to a power grid
3. the individual inclination to invest in environmentally
friendly technologies.
Midterm up to here
 Assessment of PV Systems

• In remote areas without access to power grids,

the PV system is often the first choice among the
available alternatives.
Assessment of PV Systems
Assessment of PV Systems