Physical and ORGANIC exam pack mars schemes

TEST 1 Mark schemes

Q1.
(a)    Al + 1.5Cl → AlCl3
2

Accept multiples.
Also 2Al + 3Cl2 → Al2Cl6
Ignore state symbols.
1

(b)      Coordinate / dative (covalent)

If wrong CE=0/2 if covalent mark on.
1

Electron pair on Cl donated to Al(Cl )

−
3

QoL
Lone pair from Cl not just Cl
−

Penalise wrong species.

1

(c)     Al2Cl6 or AlBr3

Allow Br3Al or Cl6Al2
Upper and lower case letters must be as shown.
Not 2AlCl3
1

(d)     SiCl4 / silicon tetrachloride

Accept silicon(4) chloride or silicon(IV) chloride.
Upper and lower case letters must be as shown.
Not silicon chloride.
1

(e)     

 
Accept shape containing 5 bonds and no lone pairs
from Tl to each of 5 Br atoms.
Ignore charge.
1

Trigonal bipyramid(al)
1

(f)     (i)      Cl — Tl — Cl
 Accept this linear structure only with no lone pair on Tl
1

(ii)     (Two) bonds (pairs of electrons) repel equally / (electrons in)

the bonds repel to be as far apart as possible
Dependent on linear structure in (f)(i).
Do not allow electrons / electron pairs repel alone.
1

(g)     Second
1
[10]

Q2.
(a)    (If any factor is changed which affects an equilibrium), the (position of)
equilibrium will shift / move so as to oppose / counteract the change.
Must refer to equilibrium
Ignore reference to “system” alone
A variety of wording will be seen here and the key
part is the last phrase

OR

(When a system / reaction in equilibrium is disturbed), the (position

of) equilibrium shifts / moves in a direction which tends to reduce the
disturbance
An alternative to shift / move would be the idea of
changing / altering the position of equilibrium
1

(b)    (i)      M1
A substance that speeds up the reaction / alters the rate but is
chemically unchanged at the end / not used up
Both ideas needed for M1
Credit can score for M1, M2 and M3 from
anywhere within the answer

M2
Catalysts provide an alternative route / alternative pathway /
different mechanism

M3
that has a lower activation energy / Ea

OR
lowers the activation energy / Ea
3

(ii)     (Time is) less / shorter / decreases / reduces

Credit “faster”, “speeds up”, “quicker” or words to
this effect
1
 (iii)    None
1

(c)     (i)      R
1

(ii)     T
1

(iii)    R
1

(iv)    P
1

(v)     Q
1
[11]

Q3.
(a)     (i)      d (block) OR D (block)
Ignore transition metals / series.
Do not allow any numbers in the answer.
1

(ii)     Contains positive (metal) ions or protons or nuclei and

delocalised / mobile / free / sea of electrons
Ignore atoms.
1

Strong attraction between them or strong metallic bonds

Allow ‘needs a lot of energy to break / overcome’
instead of ‘strong’.
If strong attraction between incorrect particles, then
CE = 0 / 2.
If molecules / intermolecular forces / covalent
bonding / ionic bonding mentioned then CE=0.
1

(iii)    

M1 is for regular arrangement of atoms / ions (min

6 metal particles).
M2 for + sign in each metal atom / ion.
Allow 2+ sign.
2

(iv)    Layers / planes / sheets of atoms or ions can slide over one

another
QoL.
1
 (b)    (i)      1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d8 (4s0)
Only.
1

(ii)     NiCl2.6H2O + 6 SOCl2 NiCl2 + 6 SO2 + 12 HCl

Allow multiples.
1

NaOH / NH3 / CaCO3 / CaO

Allow any name or formula of alkali or base.
Allow water.
1
[9]

Q4.
(a)     (i)      Award mark for X on the time axis at the point where the lines just
become horizontal
Allow this mark if X is above the letters “sh” in the
word “show” in part(ii) - in the range of lines 31 to
33.
1

(ii)     They are equal / the same

OR

Forward (rate) = Reverse / backward (rate)

Allow the word ‘speed’ in this context.
Ignore reference to concentration.
1

(b)     Both OR forward and reverse reactions occur at the same time

OR both are occurring at once

OR both occur all of the time

OR both are ongoing

OR both never stop

Ignore ‘at equal rates’.
Ignore reference to concentration or equilibrium.
The idea that both reactions occur simultaneously
is essential.
The simple idea of ‘both reactions occurring’ is
insufficient for the mark.
1

(c)    (i)      M1 No effect / no change / none / stays the same

M2 requires correct M1
In M2, ignore reference to particles or atoms.
 M2 Equal (number of) moles / molecules on both sides
2

(ii)     M1 Less time or it decreases or (equilibrium) reached faster (ie

M1 is a reference to time taken)
If M1 is ‘more time / it increases’ or ‘no effect’, then
CE=0 for the clip.
Reference to faster / increased rate / increased
speed alone penalises M1, but mark on M2 and
M3.

M2 More particles / molecules in a given volume / space

OR the particles / molecules are closer together

If M1 is blank, then look for all three marks in the
text.

M3 More successful / productive collisions in a given time

OR more collisions with E>EAct in a given time

OR more frequent successful / productive collisions

OR increased / greater successful / productive collision

frequency / rate
Ignore reference to reactants / products.
Penalise M3 if an increase / decrease in the value
of EAct is stated.
3
[8]

Q5.
(a)     energy
Ignore reference to
•   any units (e.g. J, kJ, J mol−1, kJ mol−1)
•   particles
•   molecules
•   kinetic
NOT mean energy or average energy
NOT E
1

(b)     M1     maximum peak height is lower and displaced to the right of the

original
1
M2     all of the following
•   starts at the origin but does not follow the original line
•   shows separation as soon as possible from the original line
•   crosses the original curve once only
•   similar area to original curve
•   an attempt has been made to draw the new curve correctly towards
the energy axis above the original curve but not to touch the original
 curve (or axis)
1

(c)     M1     an increase in the number/amount/proportion/fraction of

molecules with
          E ≥ Ea / with activation energy
or      more molecules have E ≥ Ea / with activation energy
or      more molecules have enough / sufficient energy (to react)
M1
Ignore
•   Molecules have more energy
•   More energetic collisions
•   More collisions

Allow E > Ea in place of E ≥ Ea

Credit particles for molecules (but not atoms)
Penalise for M1 reference to increased activation
energy
1
M2     more successful / effective / productive collisions in a given time /
period
or      higher rate of successful / effective / productive collisions
or      higher frequency of successful / effective / productive collisions
M2
Must refer to both idea of successful / effective /
productive collisions and the rate / frequency of
collisions
Ignore ‘chance of collision’
1
[5]

Q6.
D
The mean energy of the molecules is greater than the
most probable energy of the molecules
[1]

Q7.
(a)

 
Mark is for correct number of bonds and lone pair
in each case.
Ignore charges if shown.
2
 Pyramidal / trigonal pyramid
Allow tetrahedral.
1

107°
Allow 107 to 107.5°.
1

(b)     M1 Ionic

CE = 0 / 3 if not ionic.
1

M2 Oppositely charged ions / Tl+ and Br− ions

If molecules / intermolecular forces / metallic
bonding, CE=0.
1

M3 Strong attraction between ions

M3 dependent on M2.
Allow ‘needs a lot of energy to break / overcome’
instead of ‘strong’.
1

(c)     Tl + TlBr

Allow multiples.
Ignore state symbols even if incorrect.
1
[8]

Q8.
(a)     (i)      Hydrogen bonds / H bonds
Not just hydrogen.
1

(ii)     

M1 – lone pair on each N.

M2 – correct partial charges must be shown on the
N and H of a bond in each molecule.
M3 – for the H bond from lone pair on N to the Hδ+
on the other NH3 molecule.
If not ammonia molecules, CE = 0 / 3.
3
(b)     Lone pair / both electrons / 2 electrons / electron pair on N(H3) is
donated to B(Cl3)
Allow both electrons in the bond come from N(H3).
1

(c)     (i)      The power of an atom or nucleus to withdraw or attract

electrons or electron density or a pair of electrons (towards
itself)
1

in a covalent bond
1

(ii)     LiF OR Li2O OR LiH

Allow Li2O2, allow correct lithium carbide formula.
1

(iii)    BH3 / H3B
Allow B2H6 / H6B2
Do not allow lower case letters.
1
[9]
TEST 3 Mark schemes

Q1.
C
[1]

Q2.
(Mix the alcohol with warm) K2Cr2O7 / H+ allows 3° identification by lack of
reaction
Scheme must allow the alcohol to be distinguished
to get all marks.
1

Distillation of initial product needed for 1° / 2°

If distillation stage not clear then max. 2 (M1 and
M3).
Awareness of correct reactions / lack of reaction
relating to each class of alcohol is worth 1 mark.
1

Effect of Tollens’ / Fehling’s on oxidation product to identify 1° or 2° (by

default)
Reacting Tollens’ / Fehling’s with alcohols directly
is incorrect and gains no M2 or M3.
Detailed observations relating to the reactions are
not needed but should be penalised where
incorrect.
1
[3]

Q3.
(a)     M1 Safety (in Process 1)

Sodium hydroxide / alkali is corrosive / harmful / caustic or sodium

hydroxide is
alkali(ne)
Ignore references to chromium compounds

OR

Bromine compounds are toxic / poisonous

“Carbon-neutral” alone is insufficient for M2

M2 Environmental
Ignore references to greenhouse gases

Process 2 could be used as a carbon sink / for carbon capture

OR
 uses waste / recycled CO2 / CO2 from the factory / CO2 from the bioethanol
(or
biofuel) production

OR

reduces or limits the amount of CO2 released / given out (into the
atmosphere)

OR

Process 2 uses renewable glucose / renewable resource(s)

2

(b)     (i)      M1 nucleophilic substitution

For M1, both words required

M2 must show an arrow from the lone pair of electrons on the oxygen
atom of
the negatively charged hydroxide ion to the C atom.
Penalise M2 if covalent NaOH / KOH is used
Penalise one mark from M2 or M3 if half-headed
arrows are used

M3 must show the movement of a pair of electrons from the C–Br

bond to the
Br atom. Mark M3 independently provided it is from the original
molecule
Penalise M3 for formal charge on C of the C–Br or
incorrect partial charges on C–Br
Penalise once only for a line and two dots to show
a bond.

For M2 and M3 award full marks for an SN1 mechanism

For M2 and M3, maximum 1 of 2 marks for the
mechanism if wrong reactant is used.
Penalise M3 if an extra arrow is drawn from the Br
of the C–Br bond to, for example, K+
Accept the correct use of “sticks

NB The arrows here are double-headed

3

(ii)     M1   B

M2   C
 M3   A
3

(c)     M1 fermentation

Mark M2 to M4 independently

Three conditions in any order for M2 to M4

Penalise “bacteria” and “phosphoric acid” using the
list principle

M2    (enzymes from) yeast or zymase

M3    25°C ≤ T ≤ 42°C  OR   298 K ≤ T ≤ 315 K

Ignore reference to “aqueous” or “water”, “closed
container”, “pressure, “lack of oxygen”,
“concentration of ethanol” and “batch process” (i.e.
not part of the list principle)

M4    anaerobic / no oxygen / no air OR neutral pH

4

(d)     M1    primary OR 1° (alcohol)

Mark independently

M2    acidified potassium or sodium dichromate

For M2, it must be a whole reagent and/or correct
formulae

OR    H2SO4 / K2Cr2O7 OR H+ / K2Cr2O7

Do not penalise incorrect attempt at formula if
name is correct or vice versa
Accept phonetic spelling
If oxidation state given in name, it must be correct.
For M2 accept acidified potassium manganate(VII)

OR    correct combination of formula and name

M3

HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH + 4[O] HOOCCH2CH2COOH + 2H2O

For M3 structures must be correct and not
molecular formula
3
[15]

Q4.
(a)     M1    CnH2n+2
1

M2    14.0n + 2.0 or 14n + 2

or 2(7.0n + 1.0) or 2.0(7n + 1) or 2(7n + 1)
1
 (b)     M1    nonane has stronger / greater / more van der Waals’ forces between
molecules
or converse arguments for 2,4-dimethylbutane
having lower boiling point
question refers to nonane if not expressly stated by
candidate
intermolecular forces = forces between molecules
M1 ignore abbreviations vdW and/or imf
1

M2    nonane molecules pack closer together / more (surface) contact

M2 ignore reference to surface area alone
CE=0 reference to breaking (covalent) bonds /
breaking chain
1

(c)     C9H20 + 14O2 → 9CO2 + 10H2O

allow multiples; ignore any state symbols; correct
structures rather than formulae are fine
1

(d)     M1    nitrogen and oxygen from air react

M1 must be at least one reference to air and no
reference to nitrogen/oxygen coming from the fuel
1

M2    at high temperature

ignore reference to pressure, heat, hot, incomplete
combustion
if temperature is stated, must be over 1000°C
1

(e)     thermal (cracking)
1

(f)        
allow any correct structural representation
ignore any n or brackets
1
[9]

Q5.
B
[1]

Q6.
           (a)    
May circle 4 C’s separately
1

(b)    

 
Ignore δ+ and δ- unless wrong
4

(c)     Reagent: H2O or water OR steam, Or dilute sulphuric acid (1)

Condition: heat, or warm, or boil or reflux [50-100°C] (1)
Name of compound C: 2-methylbutan-2-ol (1)
Allow 2-methylbutane-2-ol
Penalise hydroxy-2-methylbutane and 2-methylbut-
2-ol once only in the paper
3
(d)     Identity of alcohol D: 2-methylbutan-1-ol
(1),
OR its structure, could describe
                                 structure

          Explanation: C formed via t-carbocation; D via p-carbocation, (1)

                     tertiary more stable than primary (1)
If have wrong carbocation can still score stability
mark
3
[11]

Q7.
(a)     Electrophile: e– pair / lone pair acceptor or e– deficient species or e–
seeking species (1)
For ‘species’ accept atom, molecule, ion
NOT ‘+’ ion
NOT ‘attracted to ‘- ’ charge’

          Addition: reaction which increases number of substituents or

convert double bond to single bond or where two molecules
form one molecule (1)
2
 (b)     (High) e– dense or e– rich C=C or e– rich π bond or 4 e– between the C’s (1)
NOT just ‘C=C’

          causes induced dipole in Br2 (1)

Ignore refs to ‘temporary’
can score M2 from δ+ / δ– on Br2 in (c) unless a
contradicting error in (b)
2

(c)     Mechanism:

 
If incorrect alkene, lose M3 (wrong cation)
Mark M4 conseq on M3

          Name of product: 1,2-dibromopropane (1)

5

(d)     addition (1)

Not additional
1
[10]

Q8.
(a)     (i)      Reagent: Hydrogen of H2 (1)
Conditions: Ni (catalyst) (Ignore Pt) (1)
100 – 200 °C or heat (1)
Not ‘high temp’ or ‘warm’
M1 = 0, M2 = 1 then M3 = 0 max
or M1 = M2 = 0 then M3 = 0
M3 tied to M1. Only award M3 if M1 earned

(ii)     Difference in structure: soft margarine less hydrogenated or

has more C=C bonds or is more unsaturated than hard
margarine (1)
Difference in melting point: soft has lower melting point (1)
Must be comparison
5

(b)     (i)      3-methylbutan-2-ol (1)

No alternatives

(ii)     elimination or dehydration (1)

(iii)     (c) H2SO4 or (c) H3PO4 – name or correct formula (1)

(iv)   

 
Double bond must be shown
Accept any correct unambiguous structures
if but- 1-ene and but-2-ene offered, allow M2
5
[10]
TEST 4 Mark schemes

Q1.
(a)     M1 acidified potassium dichromate or K2Cr2O7 / H2SO4

OR K2Cr2O7 / H+ OR acidified K2Cr2O7

M2 (orange to) green solution OR goes green

M3 (solution) remains orange or no reaction or no (observed) change

If no reagent or incorrect reagent in M1, CE = 0 and
no marks for M1, M2 or M3
If incomplete / inaccurate attempt at reagent e.g.
“dichromate” or “dichromate(IV)” or incorrect
formula or no acid, penalise M1 only and mark on
For M2 ignore dichromate described as “yellow” or
“red”
For M3 ignore “nothing (happens)” or “no
observation”

Alternative using KMnO4 / H2SO4

M1  acidified potassium manganate(VII) / potassium permanganate

or
       KMnO4 / H2SO4

OR KMnO4 / H+  OR acidified KMnO4

M2  colourless solution OR goes colourless

M3  (solution) remains purple or no reaction or no (observed) change

For M1
If incomplete / inaccurate attempt at reagent e.g.
“manganate” or “manganate(IV)” or incorrect
formula or no acid, penalise M1 only and mark on
Credit alkaline KMnO4 for possible full marks but
M2 gives brown precipitate or solution goes green
3

(b)     M1   (Shake with) Br2 OR bromine (water) OR bromine (in CCl4 /
organic solvent)

M2   (stays) orange / red / yellow / brown / the same

        OR no reaction OR no (observed) change

M3   decolourised / goes colourless / loses its colour / orange to

colourless
If no reagent or incorrect reagent in M1, CE = 0 and
no marks for M1, M2 or M3
If incomplete / inaccurate attempt at reagent (e.g.
Br), penalise M1 only and mark on
 No credit for combustion observations; CE = 0
For M2 in every case
Ignore “nothing (happens)”
Ignore “no observation”
Ignore “clear”

OR as alternatives

Use KMnO4 / H2SO4

M1 acidified potassium manganate(VII) / potassium permanganate

OR
      KMnO4 / H2SO4

OR KMnO4 / H+ OR acidified KMnO4

M2 (stays) purple or no reaction or no (observed) change

M3 decolourised / goes colourless / loses its colour

Use iodine

M1 iodine or I2 / KI or iodine solution

M2 no change

M3 decolourised / goes colourless / loses its colour

Use concentrated sulfuric acid

M1 concentrated H2SO4

M2 no change

M3 brown
For M1, it must be a whole reagent and / or correct
formula
For M1 penalise incorrect attempt at correct
formula, but mark M2 and M3
With potassium manganate(VII)
If incomplete / inaccurate attempt at reagent e.g.
“manganate” or “manganate(IV)” or incorrect
formula or no acid, penalise M1 only and mark on
Credit alkaline / neutral KMnO4 for possible full
marks but M3 gives brown precipitate or solution
goes green
Apply similar guidance for errors in the formula of
iodine or concentrated sulfuric acid reagent as
those used for other reagents.
3

(c)     M1 Any soluble chloride including hydrochloric acid (ignore

concentration)
 M2 white precipitate or white solid / white suspension

M3 remains colourless or no reaction or no (observed) change or no

precipitate or clear solution or it remains clear

OR as an alternative

M1 Any soluble iodide including HI

M2 yellow precipitate or yellow solid / yellow suspension

M3 remains colourless or no reaction or no (observed) change or no

precipitate or clear solution or it remains clear

OR as an alternative

M1 Any soluble bromide including HBr

M2 cream precipitate or cream solid / cream suspension

M3 remains colourless or no reaction or no (observed) change or no

precipitate or clear solution or it remains clear

OR as an alternative

M1 NaOH or KOH or any soluble carbonate

M2 brown precipitate or brown solid / brown suspension with NaOH /

KOH
      (white precipitate / solid / suspension with carbonate)

M3 remains colourless or no reaction or no (observed) change or no

precipitate or clear solution or it remains clear
If no reagent or incorrect reagent or insoluble
chloride in M1, CE = 0 and no marks for M1, M2 or
M3
Allow chlorine water
If incomplete reagent (e.g. chloride ions) or
inaccurate attempt at formula of chosen chloride, or
chlorine, penalise M1 only and mark on
For M2 require the word “white” and some
reference to a solid. Ignore “cloudy solution” OR
“suspension” (similarly for the alternatives)
For M3
Ignore “nothing (happens)”
Ignore “no observation”
Ignore “clear” on its own
Ignore “dissolves”
3

(d)     M1 Any soluble sulfate including (dilute or aqueous) sulfuric acid

M2 remains colourless or no reaction or no (observed) change or no

 precipitate or clear solution or it remains clear

M3 white precipitate or white solid / white suspension

If no reagent or incorrect reagent or insoluble
sulfate in M1, CE = 0 and no marks for M1, M2 or
M3
Accept MgSO4 and CaSO4 but not barium, lead or
silver sulfates
If concentrated sulfuric acid or incomplete reagent
(e.g. sulfate ions) or inaccurate attempt at formula
of chosen sulfate, penalise M1 only and mark on
For M3 (or M2 in the alternative) require the word
“white” and some reference to a solid.
Ignore “cloudy solution” OR “suspension”
For M2 (or M3 in the alternative)
Ignore “nothing (happens)”
Ignore “no observation”
Ignore “clear” on its own
Ignore “dissolves”

OR as an alternative

M1 NaOH or KOH

M2 white precipitate or white solid / white suspension

M3 remains colourless or no reaction or no (observed) change or no

precipitate or clear solution or it remains clear
If incomplete reagent (e.g. hydroxide ions) or
inaccurate attempt at formula of chosen hydroxide,
penalise M1 only and mark on
If M1 uses NH3 (dilute or concentrated) penalise M1 only
and mark on
3
[12]

Q2.
Compare spectrum of aldehyde with known spectrum of pentanal
Must be a specific reference to a comparison.
1

Exact match
Allow ‘fingerprint regions match exactly’.
1
[2]

Q3.
(a)     Secondary OR 2° (alcohol);
1
 (b)     Spectrum is for butanone (or formula) or butan-2-one
The explanation marks depend on correctly
identifying butanone.

          If butanone is correctly identified, award any two from

•        (Strong) absorption / peak at approximately 1700 (cm–1) /

1710 (cm–1) / in the range 1680 – 1750 (cm–1) This
needs to be stated.

•        (Characteristic) absorption / peak for C=O (may be shown

on the spectrum in the correct place).

•        No absorption / peak in range 3230 to 3550 cm–1.

1

•        No absorption / peak for an OH group.

Look at the spectrum to see if anything is written on
it that might gain credit.
Allow the words “dip” OR “spike” OR “low
transmittance” as alternatives for absorption.
2

(c)     Displayed structure for 2-methylpropan-2-ol

 
Must have all bonds drawn out but ignore the bond
angles
1
[5]

Q4.
This question is marked using levels of response. Refer to the Mark Scheme
Instructions for Examiners for guidance on how to mark this question.
 
  How to choose the level Requirements for Stages
communication for
higher mark

Level 3 All three stages   •     Answer Stage 1

are covered communicates
5-6 whole process Carries out a test-
and tube reaction to
marks explanation of coherently with
logical identify a
each stage is compound (or to
generally progression
•     Chemical tests split the
correct and compounds into
virtually (appear to) start
with all two groups).
complete –
compounds rather
 leads to all than selected 1a reagent
four compounds
•     Chemical tests 1b observation
compounds with correct
being reagents and
observations are deduction
distinguished
complete and Stage 2
correct
Carries out a
•     Chemical tests
second test-tube
leave two
reaction to identify
compounds to be
a second
distinguished by
compound.
spectroscopy
•     Enough detail is 2a reagent
given about the 2b observation
spectroscopy to with correct
distinguish these deduction
two compounds
•     Answer is mainly Stage 3
Level 2 All three stages Two stages
are covered but covered and coherent Uses spectroscopy
3-4
marks the explanations •     Chemical tests to distinguish two
explanations of are generally reagents and compounds.
each stage correct and observations are
3a suitable
may be virtually complete and
technique
incomplete or complete correct
•     Enough detail is 3b data that will
may contain
given about the distinguish
inaccuracies
spectroscopy to compounds
distinguish these
two compounds
(if spectroscopy
included)
Level 1 Two stages One stage •     Chemical tests
covered but the covered and reagents and
1-2 observations are
marks explanations of explanation is
each stage generally complete and
may be correct and correct (if
incomplete or virtually awarded level 1
may contain complete for one chemical
inaccuracies test stage)
•     Enough detail is
given about the
spectroscopy to
distinguish these
two compounds
(if spectroscopy
included)
0 marks Nothing valid to warrant a mark    
 
Possible test tube reactions Possible spectroscopic methods
Tollens’ reagent [or Fehling’s / for a pair
Benedict’s] IR (infra-red) spectroscopy
Identifies butanal – silver mirror (or
If different functional groups: need
black ppt) [or orange/brick/red pptto identify wavenumber and bond of
with Fehling’s] key functional group signal (e.g.
(No reaction with other compounds) (alcohol) O-H 3230-3550 or C=O
1680-1750 (cm )).–1

Acidified potassium dichromate

 Reacts with butanal and butan-2-ol If same functional group, need idea
– goes green of using fingerprint region to look for
(No reaction with other compounds) match to known compounds /
comparing region to samples in a
Sodium (not on specification but database
may be mentioned)
Mass spectrometry
Reacts with butan-2-ol and 2-
methylpropan-2-ol – fizzes If different, can use different Mr
values with values of Mr given
(No reaction with other compounds) butanone 72(.0), 2-methylpropan-2-
Examples of incomplete/incorrect ol = 74(.0), butan-2-ol = 74(.0),
reagents include “Tolling’s solution”, butanal = 72(.0)
no acid with potassium dichromate, If compounds have same Mr, then
wrong oxidation state for Cr in would have to use idea that
potassium dichromate if stated. fragmentation patterns would be
Examples of incomplete/incorrect different (not on specification but
observations include silver may be mentioned)
precipitate with Tollens’, green ppt
with acidified potassium dichromate
[6]

Q5.
Test            bromine (water) / iodine
Accept ‘Br2’ or ‘bromine in a named solvent’.
Do not accept ‘Br’
Use of UV light, CE (lose next mark as well)
1

Observation   orange / yellow / (red-)brown to colourless

Must have correct reagent to score this mark.
For I2, allow red-brown / purple to colourless.
1
[2]

Q6.
(a)     The molecular ion is

•        The molecule with one/an electron knocked off/lost

Ignore the highest or biggest m/z peak

OR

•        The molecule with a (single) positive charge

OR

•        the ion with/it has the largest/highest/biggest m/z (value/ratio)

Ignore “the peak to the right”

OR
 •        the ion with/it has an m/z equal to the Mr
Ignore “compound”
1

(b)     (i)      2(14.00307) + 15.99491 = 44.00105

A sum is needed to show this
1

(ii)     Propane/C3H8 and carbon dioxide/CO2 (and N2O) or

they or both the gases/molecules or all three gases/molecules
have an (imprecise) Mr of 44.0 (OR 44)

OR

they have the same Mr or molecular mass (to one d.p)

This could be shown in a calculation of relative
masses for propane and carbon dioxide
1

(iii)     By definition

OR

The standard/reference (value/isotope)

Ignore “element”
Ignore “atom”
1

(c)     (i)      M1 (could be scored by a correct mathematical expression)

ΔH = ΣΔHproducts – ΣΔHreactants

OR a correct cycle of balanced equations

M1 and M2 can be scored with correct moles as follows

ΔH + 2(– 46) = +82 + 3(– 286)

ΔH – 92 = – 776

ΔH = 92 – 776 OR 92 + 82 – 858

M3
ΔH = – 684 (kJ mol–1) (This is worth 3 marks)

Award 1 mark ONLY for + 684

Full marks for correct answer.
Ignore units.
Deduct one mark for an arithmetic error.
3

(ii)     The value is quoted at a pressure of 100 kPa OR 1 bar or 105 Pa

OR

All reactants and products are in their standard states/their normal

 states at 100 kPa or 1 bar
Ignore 1 atmosphere/101 kPa
Ignore “constant pressure”
1
[8]

Q7.
(a)     (i)      C
1

(ii)     A
1

(iii)    D
1

(iv)     B
1

(b)     M1 Br2 OR bromine (water) OR bromine (in CCl4 / organic solvent)
If M1, has no reagent or an incorrect reagent, CE=0
Ignore “acidified”
For M1 penalise Br (or incorrect formula of other
correct reagent), but mark on
For M1, it must be a whole reagent and/or correct
formulae

Either order
If oxidation state given in name, it must be correct.

M2   cyclohexane OR A or the alkane: remains orange / red / yellow /

brown /
the same OR no reaction OR reference to colour going to
cyclohexane layer
For M2 credit “no change”
Ignore “nothing”
Ignore “nothing happens”
Ignore “no observation”

M3   cyclohexene OR D or the alkene: decolourised / goes colourless /

loses
its colour
For M3, ignore “goes clear”

Alternatives : potassium manganate(VII)

M1 KMnO4 in acid M2 purple M3 colourless

M1 KMnO4 in alkali / neutral M2 purple M3 brown solid

Give appropriate credit for the use of iodine and observations

No credit for combustion observations
 3

(c)     M1   acidified potassium or sodium dichromate

For M1, it must be a whole reagent and/or correct
formulae

OR   eg H2SO4 / K2Cr2O7 OR H+/ K2Cr2O7

OR   correct combination of formula and name

If oxidation state given in name, it must be correct.

M2 oxidation OR oxidised OR redox

Do not penalise incorrect attempt at formula if
name is correct or vice versa

M3   secondary / 2o (alcohol)

Credit acidified potassium chromate(VI) / H2SO4 +
K2CrO4
3

(d)     M1   (free-) radical substitution (mechanism)

M1 both words required

M2   Br2     2Br•

Penalise absence of dot once only.

M3   Br• + CH4      •CH3 + HBr

Penalise + or – charges every time

M4   Br2 + •CH3      CH3Br + Br•

Accept dot anywhere on methyl radical
Accept a correct termination step for 1 mark if
neither M3 nor M4 are scored; otherwise ignore
termination steps
Mark independently
NB If Cl2 is used, penalise every time ( this may be
for M2, M3 and M4)
If cyclohexane is used, penalise every time (this
may be for M3 and M4)

M5   Condition

        ultra-violet / uv / sun light

OR   high temperature

OR   125 °C ≤ T ≤ 600 °C

OR   400 K ≤ T ≤ 870 K

For M5 ignore “heat”
5
[15]
Q8.
(a)     M1    have the same molecular formula
or are C3H6O
or both have the same number/amount of each type of atom or same
amount of each element
or are isomers
Not just the same atoms;
1

M2    identical / exactly the same / same precise (relative) molecular

mass / formula mass / Mr
Same (relative) molecular mass / formula mass / Mr
is NOT enough got score M2
Allow same accurate (relative) molecular mass /
formula mass / Mr
Ignore reference to number of decimal places
1

(b)     M1    prop-2-en-1-ol

Must refer to this compound clearly by name or
structure (not to alcohol alone); ignore minor slips
in name/structure
1

M2    O(-)H (alcohol) and 3230–3550 (cm−1), or

C=C and 1620–1680 (cm−1)
Marked independently from M1
Could score from bond labelled on correct signal on
spectrum
Allow any value within these ranges
If additional incorrect signals given penalise M2
Ignore signals below 1500 cm−1 and C-H signals
1

(c)     (i)      Determine the level by looking at the chemical content. (NB - If
there is clear breakage of covalent bonds then max level 2
(max 3 marks).

(ii)     The mark within that level is then determined by looking at how
coherent and logical the answer is and by use of terminology;
start at the higher mark and penalise poor
terminology/explanation; examples of terminology that would
reduce the mark to the lower one:

•        reference to van der Waals ‘bonds’ or dipole-dipole

‘bonds in relevant compounds that are being credited
•        uncertainty about whether hydrogen bonds are the O-H
bonds within or are forces/bonds between molecules (if
the alcohol is being credited)
•        use of ‘vdw’ or ‘dip-dip’ unless these terms ‘van der
Waals’ for ‘dipole-dipole’ have been used elsewhere in
answer (note that IMF and H-bond would not be
penalised)
 (iii)     If the answer does not achieve level 1, then 1 mark maximum
could be scored for any correct point from the list of indicative
content

Level 3
•        Relative order of boiling points of all three compounds
•        Strongest intermolecular force of all three compounds identified
•        Answer explains this coherently and logically and uses correct
terminology for all three compounds
5-6 marks

Level 2
•        Relative boiling points of two compounds correctly compared
•        Strongest intermolecular force for these two compounds correctly
identified
•        Answer explains this coherently and logically and uses correct
terminology for these two compounds
3-4 marks

Level 1
•        One compound with the highest or lowest boiling point is correctly
identified
•        Strongest intermolecular force for that one compound identified
•        Answer explains this coherently and logically and uses correct
terminology for this one compound
•        Allow 1 mark for individual correct point from indicative content on
the right if no other mark scored
1-2 marks

Level 0
None of the indicative chemistry content given.
0 marks
Indicative chemistry content:
• Correct order (highest to lowest) = prop-2-en-1-ol
> propanal > butane
• Prop-2-en-1-ol has hydrogen bonds
• Propanal has (permanent) dipole-dipole forces
• Butane has van der Waals’ forces
• Strength of intermolecular forces:
hydrogen bonds > dipole-dipole > van der Waals
(Note - actual values for reference are prop-2-en-1-
ol 97°C, propanal 46°C and butane −1°C)
[10]