ZOOM INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

( Senior Secondary : Affiliated to CBSE, Delhi )

Study Material For this week:
18.04.2023 – 21.04.2023
Class : ………
XI……. Bi…
Subject : ………… ol…
og…
y ……..

The following notes were explained in this week. Please go through the same.
CHAPTER – 3: PLANT KINGDOM
In this chapter we will study in detail the classification within the plant kingdom. Earlier, Fungi and
members of the Monera and Protista having cell walls were put under the kingdom Plantae. But now
they have been excluded from the kingdom. So, the cyanobacteria that are also referred as blue
green algae are not ‘algae’ any more. The plant kingdom has been classified in various ways by
different scientists. Here, we will describe Plantae under Algae. Bryophytes, Pteridophytes,
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

Kingdom plantae includes all eukaryotic chlorophyllous autotrophic organisms. A few members are
partially heterotrophic such as insectivorous plants or parasites. Bladderwort and Venus fly trap are
examples of insectivorous plants and Cuscuta is a parasite.

KEY TERMS
Archegonium: Female sex organ in algae, which is covered with a jacket of sterile cells and
produces egg or female gamete in algae, fungi bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms
Antheridium: A male sex organ, which is covered with a jacket of sterile cells and produces sperms
in algae, fungi, bryophytes and pteridophytes.
Annuals: Plants which live for one season and complete their life cycle in a single favourable
season.
Anemophilous: Pollination which takes place with wind.
Antibiotic: One of a group of organic compounds, varying in structure, that are produced micro-
organisms and can kill or inhibit the activities of other micro-organisms.
Ascogonium: The female gametangium of certain ascomycete.
Autogamy:Self fertilization.
Ascocarp: The fruiting body of ascomycete fungi.
Apothecium: Cup or disc shaped ascocarp.
Axopodium: A pseudopodium which contains straight, rigid axoneme is called axopodium
Basidium: The cell of basidiomycete fungus that produces the haploid basidiospores.
Basidiocarp: Fruiting body of basidiomycetes,
Bacteriochlorophyll: A type of chlorophyll unique to photosynthetic bacteria.
Carotenoids: A group of pigments comprising carotenes and xanthophylls.
Carotene: This is orange pigment made up of hydrocarbons.
Nuclear dimorphism: A protist is said to exhibit nuclear dimorphism when it contains two
morphologically and functionally distinct nuclei i.e. small micronucleus and large macronucleus.
Marine: Found in sea.
Polyembryony: Formation of many embryos within single seed.
Gametophyte : Gamete producing haploid phase of a plant.
Hydrophytes : Plants found in aquatic conditions.
Hypnospore: Existence of two types of spores i.e. microspores and megaspores.
Laminarin: The chief food reserve of brown algae.
Monocots :Angiospermic plants with single cotyledon in their seeds.
Mating types : Morphologically alike but physiologically different.
1
Pyrenoids : Starch storing proteinaceous bodies in some algae.
Perennial :Plants which grow for many seasons.
Pollination :Transference of pollen grains to stigma (in angiosperms).
Xerophytes :Plants growing in dry habitats.
Polyembryony : Formation of many embryos within single seed.
Phycocolloids : A covering of alginic acid on cellulosic cell walls of brown algae.
Protista :A kingdom of aquatic unicellular, eukaryotic microorganisms
Pseudopodia :A temporary finger-like projection which helps in locomotion and feeding.
Rhizome :Underground, unbranched stem in ferns.
Siphonaceous: Multinuclear thallus but not divided into cells.
Syngamy : Act of fertilization
Sporophyte : Spore producing diploid phase in a plant.
Slime mould :They are multinucleate, lack cell walls, display amoeboid movement. However for
spores with cellulose cell walls in sporangia.
Sporogonium :Sporophyte in bryophytes usually differentiated into foot, sete& capsule.
Orthotropous : Straight ovule found in gymnosperms and some angiosperms.

CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
There are three main systems of classification:
 ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION -The artificial system gives equal weightage to vegetative
and sexual characteristics; this is not acceptable since the vegetative characters are more easily effected
by environment.

2
 Proponents- Aristotle, Linnaeus.
 NATURAL SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION- is based on natural affinities among the organisms and
consider not only the external features but also internal features.
Proponents- George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker gave such a classification for angiosperms.
 PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION -The phylogenetic systems are based on evolutionary
relationships between the various organisms, assuming that organisms belonging to the same taxa have
common ancestor .
Proponents- Engler and Pranti, Hutchinson, Takhtajan.

BRANCHES OF TAXONOMY

1. Numerical taxonomy(Phenetics) is based on all observable characters. Number and codes are given to all
the characters and these data are made and processed by the help of computer for making the numerical
taxonomy .

2. Cytotaxonomy/ Karyotaxonomy: Cytotaxonomy is based on cytological information like chromosome

number, structure and behaviour etc.

3. Chemotaxonomy: Chemotaxonomy uses the chemical constituents of the plant.For example DNA
sequence,chemical nature of proteins,crystals (calcium oxaiate or calcium carbonate) etc.

Kingdom Plantae

ALGAE

Algae are highly variable in form and size, they are unicellular (microscope), colonial, filamentous, and also
form massive plant bodies (kelps).
 Isogamy: Fusion of similar gametes in size is isogamy. These Gametes may be motile (Ulothrix) or
nonmotile(Spirogyra).
 Anisogamy: Fusion of two gametes dissimilar in size is anisogamyeg. some species of
(Chlamydomonas).
 Oogamy: Fusion between one large, nonmotile (static) female gamete and a smaller motile male
gamete is termed as Oogamyeg. Volvox, Fucus.

 At least a half of the total CO2, fixation on earth is carried out by algae through photosynthesis.
 Many species of Porphyra, Laminaria and Sargassum are among the 70 species of marine algae
usedas food.

3
  Many algal products like algin (from brown algae) and carrageen (red algae) are used commercially.
Agar agar (from Gelidium and Gracillaria) are used to grow microbes and preparation of ice creams
and jellies .
 Chlorella andSpirullina are unicellular algae, rich in proteins and are used as food supplements even
by space travellers.

CHLOROPHYCEAE (Green algae)

 Most of the members of chlorophyceae have one or more storage bodies called pyrenoids located in
chloroplasts.
Chloroplast of different shape (cup, spiral, ribbon) with Pyrenoids contain protein besides starch.

 In green algae the cell wall is made of inner layer of cellulose and an outer layer of pectose
 Reproduction
Vegetative- by fragmentation
Asexual- by flagellated zoospores
Sexual- by gametes(isogamous, anisogamous oroogamous).
 Some commonly found green algae are- Volvox, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, Chara etc.

PHAEOPHYCEAE: (Brown algae)

 The members of brown algae show great variation in size and form. They range from simple branched,
filamentous forms to profusely branched form, which may reach a height of 100 meters.
 Their cellulosic cell wall is covered on outside by a gelatinous coating of algin.
 Food is stored in them as complex carbohydrate, laminarin or mannitol.
 The gametes of these algae are pyriform (pear shaped) and bear two laterally attached flagella.
 Reproduction
Vegetative- by fragmentation
Asexual -by biflagellate (lateral) zoospores.
Sexual- by gametes(isogamous, anisogamous or oogamus).
 Common members of phaeophyceae are - Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Laminaria, Sargassum&Fucus.

RHODOPHYCEAE: (Red algae)

 Majority of red algae are found in marine water with greater concentrations in warmer areas.
 The reserve food in red algae is floridean starch which is very similar to amylopectin and glycogen.
 Reproduction
Vegetative- by fragmentation
Asexual- by non motile spores
Sexual reproduction - by Oogamous and accompanied by complex post fertilisation developments.
 Examples of red algae are Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Gracilaria, Gelidium.

4
Economic importance of Algae

Algae are economically important in a variety of ways. The natural substance can be used as a food source for
aquatic animals, humans etc., a fodder, in fish farming, large photosynthesiser, and as a fertilizer. It also plays a
key role in alkaline reclaiming, can be used as a soil binding agent, and is used in a variety of commercial
products like-produce Algin (Brown algae), carrageen (red algae), agar (gelidium, gracilaria)

BRYOPHYTA - ( Amphibians of plant Kingdom)

 Bryophytes lack true roots, stem or leaves. They may possess root like, stem like or leaf like structures.
 Root like rhizoids present.
 They are also called amphibians of plant Kingdom because these plants can live in soil but are
dependent on water for sexual reproduction.
 Main body of bryophytes is made of haploids cells and it produces gametes hence is called as
gametophyte. Zygote forms sporophyte which produces haploid spores to give rise to new plants.
 Gametophyte bears Antheridia and Archegonia. Biflagellate antherozoids produced from Antheridium
and reach through water to egg in Archegonium.
 Sporophyte in them is not free living, but attached to the photosynthetic gametophyte and derives
nourishment from it.
 Sphagnum provides peat that have long been used as fuel and also used as packing material for trans -
shipment of living material because of its high water holding capacity.
 Mosses along with lichens are the first organisms to colonise rocks and hence are of great ecological
importance.
 Mosses form dense mats on the soil, they reduce the impact of falling rain and prevent soil erosion.
 (Follow the diagram of NCERT textbook ,Page-34)

Q:Describe the important Characteristics with well labelled diagram of LIVERWORTS &
MOSSES.
Ans:

LIVERWORTS

 The plant body of liverwort is thalloid and the thallus is dorsiventral and closely appressed to the
substratum.
 The leafy members of liverworts have tiny leaf like appendages in two rows on the stem like structures.

5
  Asexual reproduction in liverworts takes place by fragmentation of thalli or by the formation of
specialised structures called gemmae(gemma-singular). Gemmae are green multicellular, asexual buds,
which develop in small receptacles called gemma cups located on the thalli.
 The sporophyte is differentiated into a Foot, Seta and Capsule (Marchantia). After meiosis spores are
produced within the capsule.
 Fusion of gametes result in the formation of zygote which develops into an embryo.The embryo in turn
develops into sporophyte (diploid).
 (Follow the diagram of NCERT textbook ,Page-34 fig.3.2(a &b))

MOSSES
 The gametophyte body of moss is made up of two stages -
(i) Protonema- first stage from spore
(ii) Leafy stage - second stage produced from buds of protonema (juvenile stage).
 Each antheridium produces a number of biflagellate antherozoid .
 Each archegonium produces a fertile egg.
 Fusion of gametes with the help of water leads to the formation of zygote. The zygote develops into
sporophyte which is differentiated into a Foot, Seta and Capsule.
 The mosses have an elaborate mechanism of spore dispersal.
 Vegetative reproduction in mosses is by fragmentation and budding in the secondary protonema.
 Common examples of mosses are Funaria, Polytrichum and Sphagnum.
 (Follow the diagram of NCERT textbook ,Page-34 fig.3.2(c))

Q:Write the Characteristics of PTERIDOPHYTA.

Ans: In pteridophytes the main plant body is sporophyte which is differentiated into true root, stem & leaves.
 Group of first terrestrial plants having vascular tissue viz. Xylem & Phloem.They have well
differentiated vascular tissues.
 Spores give rise to Prothallus which is leafy & autotrophic.
 Found on damp, shady places. Sporophyte makes main plant body.
 Prothallus bears sex organs: Male – Antheridium and Female- Archegonium.
 The leaves in pteridophyta are small (microphylls) as in Selaginella or large (macrophylls) as in ferns.
 Only few genera of pteridophytes show heterospory; they produce two types of spores,
Macrospores (large) and Microspores (small).
 Sporophylls of Sporophyte bear sporangia (sori) onventral side producing haploid spores.
 In heterosporous pteridophytes the female gametophytes are retained on the parent sporophyte for
variable period. The development of zygote into young embryo takes place within the female
gametophytes. This is precursor to the seed habit, considered as an important step in evolution.
 (Follow the diagram of NCERT textbook ,Page-37 fig.3.3 )

Q:Write the Characteristics of GYMNOSPERMS.

Ans: The important characteristics of gymnosperms are mentioned below:

6
 In gymnosperms ovules are not enclosed in ovary walls and remain exposed both before and after
fertilisation, so they produce naked seeds.
 Gymnosperms are medium sized trees or tall trees and shrubs.
 The giant redwood tree Sequoia is one of the tallest tree species.
 In gymnosperms the stem may be unbranched (Cycas) or branched (Pinus. Cedrus)
 The leaves may be simple or pinnately compound.
 Main plant body Sporophyte.
 In some members roots may have fungal association called Mycorrhiza.
 The leaves in gymnosperms are well adapted to withstand extremes of temperature, humidity and wind.
In conifers, the needle like leaves reduce the surface area. Their thick cuticle and sunken stomata also
help to reduce water loss. These are the xerophytic characters in gymnosperms.
 Microspore i.e. pollens reaches to ovules.Pollen tubes help to transfer male gametes up to egg of
archegonia present in female gametophyte of ovule.
 Zygote develops in an embryo inside seed.
 The male and female cones (strobili) may be produced on the same tree (Pinus) or on different trees
(Cycas)
 In Gymnosperms the male and female gametophytes do not have an independent free living existence.
 Some common examples are Cycas, Pinus, Cedrus, Sequoia (giant redwood tree) etc.

*********