PSYCHO-SOCIAL IMPACT OF INCARCERATION AMONG

THE SECOND VICTIMS OF CRIME

A Research Presented to the Faculty of the College

of Criminal Justice System Education

Isabela State University

Cauayan Campus

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

BY

ABAD, GERICKSON
CACAL, JUPITER
LIZARTE, IVAN V.

2023
CHAPTER I
PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
RATIONALE

Crime is any act of intrusion against someone’ right which eventually leave a scar

on individuals who are affected by it. Once a person has been proven guilty of a

crime, sooner or later will be incarcerated in jail or prison. The Purpose of Incarceration

is to segregate convicted offenders from the community and their families. Hardships

are deemed to be casual in daily lives of the offenders family, more so if the

incarcerated family member is their bread winner.

There is the potential risk of having an imprisoned family member and the

effects of imprisonment do not only focus on the offender itself but it has also

something to do with the family members, which are considered as the second victims

of crime. Families are left to endure with the effects of imprisonment in both social and

psychological aspect of their lives.

In the study of Yeboaa, P. A., Mbamba, C. R., & Ndemole, I. K. (2022), they

expressed that when someone is behind bars, it affects them,their parents, spouses,

and offspring in numerous ways. Confinement does not only confined to the

incarcerated individuals, but reaches even beyond the individual. The family system has

been shown to be unfavorably and continually affected by the effects of incarceration

(Tadros, E., Presley, S., & Gomez, E., 2022). Families of prisoners, particularly the

children, have frequently been referred to as a "forgotten" or "invisible" group of

individuals who have been disadvantaged as a result of the functioning of the criminal
justice system and become innocent casualties as parents have been detained, found

guilty, and imprisoned. (Smith and Peter, 2018). 

In the last nineteenth century, Smith, Peter (2018) quoted that it has been a

common feature of Western and progressively international jail culture to de facto

punish offenders' relatives by negatively affecting members of their families. Other

kinfolks might think that imprisonment of their family member has positive benefits but

on the other perspective, studies ascertain that negative effects are more usual and

often severe. In the community, people who are connected to an incarcerated individual

are seemed to be non-existing and thus Smith and Peter (2018) they have been

disadvantaged as a result of the functioning of the criminal justice system and become

innocent casualties as parents have been detained, found guilty, and imprisoned.

Families way of living in will be in greater hardship compared to others once

their family member had been imprisoned. Families go through emotional distress when

a loved one is temporarily distant from the household and/or family life. For instance,

families are limited if not prohibited or hindered of sharing family get together like

birthdays and Christmas with the imprisoned family member, as well as more basic

family activities like meals. As individuals and citizens, family members are affected by

enduring larger patterns of marginalization and discrimination that reinforce and link to

pre-existing forms of inequality such as racial, economic, and gender inequality. The

consequences of incarceration reinforce and repeat patterns of inequality, have a major

impact on the social fabric and structure of society both now and in the future, and

influence how we understand individuals' roles in a democratic society Condry, R., &
Minson, S. (2021). Academic research on the impact of family member imprisonment

conducted by Condry, R., & Minson, S. (2021) shows that such imprisonment may

result in a variety of negative effects for non-imprisoned family members, including

exclusionary and stigmatizing practices, loosing companionship, financial instability,

forceful harassment and threats, strained connections, reduced life opportunities,

hindered studies and employment, and a heightened incidence of mental health and

addiction issues.

World Prison Brief (2019) had conducted statistical survey which shows that

there are 188,278 person who are imprisoned in jail and prison facilities in the

Philippines. In a study conducted by Bertulfo, D. J., Canoy, N., & Celeste, M. A. (2016),

result shows that when a member of a family is incarcerated there are also long-term

sociological and emotional issues faced by families, such declining relationship quality.

As concluded by Guinto, K.L. B., Kim, C.M. G., Babating, G.J. L., Caranto, L. C.(2019)

based on their study, the following conclusions were made: (1) incarceration is treated

differently by society, which led to the parents hiding the incident from the kids; (2)

incarceration can occur to anyone, regardless of circumstances; (3) stigma is pervasive

in society and negatively impacts a person's relationships with others, including his

family; and (4) a person is able to overcome stigma.

Besides, Besemer, K. L., Van de Weijer, S. G., & Dennison, S. M. (2018) argues

that existing research on the consequences of incarceration on family connections has

almost entirely focused on inmates' children, little is known about how incarceration

may affect other close family members. Because of the intricacy and individual
differences, it is impossible to simply categorize the impacts of incarceration in terms of

either good or bad outcomes (Council on Crime and Justice, 2006).

Given this perspective, researchers seek to identify the existing gaps in the

psycho-social impacts of incarceration among the second victims of crime in order to

conceptualize a policy that will help the second victims from the psychological and

social effects of imprisonment. The researchers will make intervention programs to help

families on coping with the effects of the incarceration of their convicted relatives. A

Series of programs will be made to divert such impacts of incarceration into positive

aspects to limit the stressors associated with having imprisoned family members.
Statement of the Problem

Specifically, this study endeavors to answer the following questions:

1. How does offender incarceration impact family members’ psychological aspects of

their lives?

2. How does offender incarceration affect the socializing aspect of family members’ life?

3. What is the manner of affection experienced by the family members of the

incarcerated offender?

4. What are the coping strategies done by the family of the incarcerated offender?

Theoretical Framework

Goffman's (1963) Stigma theory attributes stigmatized stereotypes. A person's

morale is negatively affected by their perceptions of stigma. Second victims of

incarceration are typically considered as untrustworthy and unworthy of prospects, as

they have frequently been subjected to stereotypes from the society. Houtton (2018)

claimed that families were aware that some prison staff viewed them as misbehaving

and unreliable just because they were visiting an inmate.

Furthermore, family members of an inmate may suffer from mental health issues

due to the stigma associated with the inmate's incarceration. They may have a sense of

isolation and mental collapse if they don't feel like they belong somewhere. They have

limited options for interacting with others in the neighborhood, which may have a

negative effect on their economic standing.

 In Family systems theory of Kerr and Bowen (1988) cited by Pfeiffer, S. In-

Albon, T. (2022) is a theory of human behavior that defines the family unit as a

complex social system whose members influence each other's behavior through

interaction. Interconnected family members make it possible to view the system as a

whole rather than as a collection of separate pieces. Any change in one member of a

family is likely to affect the system as a whole and may even result in changes in other

members.

With regard to this study, family being inter-connected with a imprisoned relative

may viewed as same as behavior with latter which may result to discrimination and may

have impacts on the psychological and sociological perspective of their lives.

Significance of the Study

The results of the study are expected to be beneficial to the following:

Community. The study will serve as an eye opener to the community for them to

better understand the effects of incarceration to the family of incarcerated individuals.

Results would serve as bases for the community strengthen their social interrelation

without regards to the effects of incarceration

Second victim of crime. The results of the study would help them cope up with the

psychological and social effects of incarceration by providing them knowledge and

deeper appreciation on the possible coping mechanisms presented in the study.

Policy makers. The study's findings will give them a bird's-eye perspective of the most

promising approaches to policy making for improving the rehabilitative and corrective

approach of the judicial system.

Future researchers. This study will serve as their reference in conducting the same

study in the University and the College of Criminal Justice Education

Scope and Delimitation

The research is centralized on the psycho-social impacts of incarceration among

the second victims of crime in the City of Cauayan, Isabela. It will be circumscribed on

the immediate family of the convicted individual. This includes the immediate family

such as parents, children, siblings, and closed relatives. Specifically, immediate family

of 6 imprisoned individuals who are convicted of crimes in the above mentioned city

where the study will be conducted.

Definition of Terms

To better understand the study, the following terms are technically and

operationally defined:

Family. For the purpose of this study family is defined as parents, spouse, and children

and close relatives.

Incarceration. It is the confinement in jail or prison for the purpose of physical

deprivation of liberty
Second victim of crime. In the context of this research, a second victim refers to the

immediate relative of the incarcerated person, to comprise his/her spouse, children, and

parents.

Stereotyping. to believe unfairly that all people or things with a particular

characteristic are the same

Psychological. affecting, or arising in the mind; related to the mental and emotional

state of a person.

Social. Relating to society or organization.

 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter is a review of the related literature that the researcher used as a

guide for this study. The relevant literature was used to give the necessary background,

insights, and to add to the ideas in this research.

Related Literature

Incarceration defines as the deprivation of normally living which includes

socializing and partially off communication with the external world. Due to that,

incarceration has also effects to the immediate family member of the incarcerated

individual which notably shows that they lived with the false humiliation, marginalization

and stigmatization caused by the community to their everyday lives. In the study of

Turney, K. (2021), he concluded that the incarceration have impacts on families,

notably the following: First, having fair or poor mental health is strongly correlated with

having an immediate family member in prison. Second, the different categories of

family member incarceration are not statistically distinct from one another, albeit parent

and sibling incarceration—but not child or romantic partner/co-parent incarceration—is

positively related with fair or poor mental health. Third, regardless of race/ethnicity,

gender, socioeconomic level, or prior incarceration, there is a consistent correlation

between family member incarceration and fair or poor mental health. Likewise, in the

study of Patterson, E. J., Talbert, R. D., & Brown, T. N. (2021) they concluded based on

the result of their study that elevated levels of psychological discomfort and negative

effect were linked to family history of incarceration. Though their respondent on study

only focused on wives, spouse is noted as family.

Also, Hairston, C.(2020) has long given attention to how imprisonment affects

the relatives of convicts. She notes that although adolescents are probably the most

fragile members of the family, spouses, parents, siblings, and cousins may all be

affected, and the effects can even spread outside the family into the neighborhood. She

notes that families may experience a financial, social, or emotional impact.

In corrections of Government of South Australia, they situated that Friends and

relatives of prisoners could go through a variety of emotions. Families of prisoners may

encounter discrimination, fueled by a fear of criminality and false notions. Even relatives

may be scared and judgmental, families may discover. The community's and the

media's focus can frequently create stress on families. If the offender is sent to prison,

there might be a sense of relief. If someone enters prison, perhaps their life will

become more tranquil and predictable. There can also be the impression that people in

the neighborhood are passing judgment on them. People who are afraid of being

rejected may choose to withdraw from society.

Families could be affected as being stigmatized if they have a relative who is

incarcerated or they are related to someone who has committed a crime. According to

Hairston, "the notion is frequently carried to his or her family members, whatever that

individual did to be imprisoned." People may wonder, 'How did you raise that person?' if

you are the mother. Or if you're in a relationship, "Why are you still in touch with that

horrible person?" This ignores the crucial truth that the individual behind bars is more

than their worst act. They are a brother, son, parent, or sister Hairston, C.(2020).

Second victims of crime which are the family members of incarcerated individuals

experienced stress as cited by Turney, K. (2021). Children are the most vulnerable

member of the family in developing stress due to the incarceration of their relatives

Hairston, C.(2020). The coping mechanism provided to children like when they ask

them to are realized what a variety of personal interests helped them to deal with the

stress given by the incarceration of their family member could be adopted by the

immediate family to cope with the impacts of imprisonment of their loved one.

Strategies such as distraction can be achieved through education, sports, the theater, a

person's faith, spending time with friends, and conversing with supporting others like

family, carers, friends, and school personnel would be effective if society support them

in coping with the effects of imprisonment on the affected families Heinecke Thulstrup,

S., & Eklund Karlsson, L. (2017).

Over the past decade, experts have become increasingly interested in how

incarceration impacts the lives of convicts' family members. The preponderance of

evidence indicates that incarceration has detrimental effects on family lives. However,

much less emphasis has been paid to the countering consequences of incarceration,

including instances in which prisoner–family relationships may strengthen throughout

the sentence. Focusing on primary caregivers maintaining relationships with young men

in prison, we study how and why these improvement dynamics exist and what role jail

may play in assisting some families to reestablish relationships with inmates within the

constrained physical context of prison (McCarthy and Adams., 2018).

The impact of family visits on the mental health and future behavior of inmates

is an essential factor in the formulation of prison policy. This evaluation investigates the

impact of prison visits by family members on three distinct criminal outcomes:

prisoners' well-being, rule violations within the prison, and recidivism. The study

focuses on family visits and does not replicate previous reviews, but rather expands

them into contemporary literature by identifying empirical studies completed after 1989

and published after 1991. Ten studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All studies have

case–control or cohort designs. The study review utilized a standardized quality

assessment instrument. The outcomes demonstrate a wide range of study quality,

methodology, and findings. However, numerous studies have documented the positive

impacts of visiting prisons. Prison visits alleviated depression symptoms in female and

juvenile inmates. There were indications of a decline in rule-breaking conduct. A high-

quality study found that visits reduced recidivism and boosted community survival.

Although there were beneficial effects linked with jail visits, it was not able to draw firm

conclusions regarding the outcomes of interest due to a paucity of research,

methodological inconsistencies, and variation in outcome measurements and results.

The discussion discusses the findings' policy, practice, and research implications. (De

Claire and Dixon 2016)

 Significant numbers of inmates suffer from mental health issues, and obtaining

proper social assistance is one approach to improve mental health. However,

incarceration is likely to strain or perhaps negatively affect social support, particularly

family support. In this study, we investigate whether positive or negative familial

support in jail and after release influences post-release mental health outcomes. Using

the dataset collected by the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI), we

regress post-release mental health on in-prison familial support, post-incarceration

familial support, and changes in familial support. We found that while family support

during incarceration has little effect on mental health, post-release family support does.

In addition, an increase in negative familial support is connected with a decline in

mental health after jail. We finish with a discussion of measures that may encourage

stronger familial support settings. (Wallace et al., 2014)

For the purpose of investigating the impacts of parental incarceration on

children, the Family Stress-Proximal Process (FSPP) model is proposed. This model

positions parental incarceration as a stressor that influences psychological and proximal

relational processes in the family. Proximal processes include person–environment

interactions that generally involve psychological anguish and unresolved loss, as well as

changes in parenting and the necessity for children to spend time in prison

environments if they visit an incarcerated parent. These processes occur within a

background of social inequality, which contributes to the challenges faced by families.

The implications of an FSPP framework for methodological innovation and intervention

targeted at enhancing child and family resilience are also discussed. (Arditti, J. A. 2016)
 Most people think of prison as a place that makes people more likely to commit

crimes and has bad effects on prisoners and their families. But more recent research

has questioned whether incarceration has only bad effects on the relationships between

prisoners and their families (Turanovic., 2012; Turney and Wildeman, 2013; Turney,

2015). When you look at the family members left behind when a loved one goes to

prison, the prison sentence is often just one part of a long list of problems they have to

deal with (Christian and Kennedy, 2011; Arditti, 2012). Social problems like drug and

alcohol abuse, violence, and mental health problems can put a lot of stress on family

members, especially when a family member commits a crime and the criminal justice

system keeps coming back to check on them (Giordano and Copp, 2015). Even though

we don't want to downplay the negative effects of incarceration, we don't know much

about other ways in which a prison sentence can give family members and prisoners a

chance to work out past problems and start to rebuild their relationships. In light of the

often difficult circumstances that existed between family members and prisoners before

the sentence, this article tries to shed light on the ways in which prison can help to

rebuild or stabilize family relationships.

Societal scientists and program providers explain the importance of families and

family relationships to prisoners and the fulfillment of social goals in a variety of ways.

The effect of incarceration on families has been described as a type of family crisis.

(Fishman, 1990)
 Incarceration separates individuals from their families and their communities,

raising the risk for damaged relationships, community fragmentation, and stress on

service systems. This study will highlight the unique repercussions of incarceration on

convicts and their families based on focus groups with 38 male and 39 female detainees

and interviews with 21 family members. Prisoners' and families' perceptions of the

impact of incarceration on communication, health, mental health, finances, and

involvement with community resources such as friends, church groups, and human

services are among the findings. The research, practice, and policy implications are

discussed (heart, shapiro and clone 2018).

Frequently, family members of incarcerated individuals incur financial, social, and

emotional consequences as a result of the imprisonment of their loved ones (Comfort

M. 2017).

Second victims of crime which are the family members of incarcerated individuals

experienced stress as cited by Turney, K. (2021). Children are the most vulnerable

member of the family in developing stress due to the incarceration of their relatives

Hairston, C.(2020). The coping mechanism provided to children like when they ask

them to are realized what a variety of personal interests helped them to deal with the

stress given by the incarceration of their family member could be adopted by the

immediate family to cope with the impacts of imprisonment of their loved one.

Strategies such as distraction can be achieved through education, sports, the theater, a

person's faith, spending time with friends, and conversing with supporting others like

family, carers, friends, and school personnel would be effective if society support them
in coping with the effects of imprisonment on the affected families. Heinecke Thulstrup,

S., & Eklund Karlsson, L. (2017)

Related Studies

Incarceration separates individuals from their families and communities, strictly

controlling, monitoring, and limiting contact with the outside world. Incarceration of

family members the incarcerated individuals left its family members and living with

uncertainty, followed by Moore, K.E., Stuewig, J.B., & Tangney, J.P. (2016). The effect

of stigma on criminal offenders ’functioning: a longitudinal mediational model. Deviant

Behavior, 196-218 New paper in the journal of marriage and family

Evelyn J. Patterson (2020) stigmatization caused by incarceration has led to

maladaptive behaviors and poor mental health. Moore (2016) the stigmatization

brought by incarceration also affects family life. The family considered as the hidden

victim of crime they often face far more difficulties dealing with the stigmatization of

the crime.

Among the effects of incarceration, notably appears as psychological and social.

William Dyer,2009 increased in aggression to children after the incarceration of their

parents, as a result, they are more prone at risk for a trajectory of increased

aggression.

Addingly, incarceration of parents gives a higher risk of antisocial and

psychological problems such as depression Wakefield & Wideman 2013 has also stated

that children who have incarcerated parents often experience more adversity compared
to their peers. The effect of incarceration has involved the children. when a mother or

father is arrested and removed from a child’s life, it will face emotional, social, and

economic consequences, which include poor behavioral problems and relationship

breakdown or separation from an incarcerated parent.

Furthermore, Houck K, D Loper (2012), a B, and Arditti J.A, (2016) Separation of

children due to incarceration represents a long-term stressor, there is evidence that

such separation is associated with institutional role violations and psychiatric distress in

incarcerated parents. The extent to which separation stress contributes to such risk

may depend on many other factors, such as alternate caregiver availability, institutional

support, and the nature of the pre-placement parent-child relationship, to the extent

that navigating relationships with children is a significant stressor for incarcerated

parents, it may present a for services unique to this demographic.

The social effects of incarceration could have led to marginalization and

stigmatization, in the study, parental separation due to incarceration can have serious

consequences might include feelings of humiliation, social censure, and isolation, lack of

financial assistance, decreased relationships to the parent, changes in family make-up,

bad school performance. delinquency, and the likelihood of abuse or neglect are all

affected. Long term effect, might range from doubting parental authority to bad

attitudes of police, the legal system as well as increasing reliance or maturational

regression to demisedcapacity to cope with nature stress or trauma, interruption of

development and integrational patterns of criminal activity.

 It has been suggested that the children who has incarcerated parents are five or

six times more likely to enter criminal justice compare to those who not had

incarcerated parent.

Nonetheless, incarceration has questioned whether incarceration inflicts which

negative consequences for prisoner outcomes left behind. Study shows has called into

question whether incarceration has an entirely negative impact on prisoners’ family

connections (Turano Vic et.al 2012). Turney and Wideman 2013 Turney 2015 when

focusing on the family members who are left behind when a relative when a relative is

imprisoned, the prison term is frequently is simply one element in lengthy series of

hardships Christian & Kennedy 2011, Arditti 2012.

Social concerns such as drug and alcohol misuse, aggression and mental health

disorders call put a significant burden on family members, especially when they occur in

combination with the frequently continuous and long-term intrusion of criminal justice

agencies as a result of family members resolve.

Studies suggest that parental incarceration is often lead to a source of stress

most especially to children and adolescents (n=10) code with parental incarceration

results suggest that the most has used some combinations of different strategies which

is deidentification from the incarcerated parent, sensitization to incarceration and

strength through control. Johnson E.I &Easterling B.A(2015). The psychological effect

of stigmatization and the social marginalization causes anxiety and stress among the

family member of the incarcerated individual.

 However, Jettenet.al (2012) social support activates more powerfully during

major life transitions and unexpected crises, Addingly, Fahmmy & Wallace (2018) as an

influential and cost-effective resource social support is compelling in its ability to

moderate life stress particularly when it is mobilized early in the process Ughino Et.Al

(2020).

Moreover, Proximal processes encompass person–environment interactions that

broadly involve psychological distress and unresolved loss, as well as alterations in

parenting and the need for children to spend time directly in prison settings if they visit

the incarcerated parent. These processes occur within a context of social inequality that

contribute to the difficulties families experience. Arditti (2016)

A. FOREIGN STUDIES

Psychological effects of incarceration

Social effects of incarceration

Manner of affection experienced by the families

Coping strategies by the family of imprisoned person

Local Studies
Psychological effects of incarceration

Social effects of incarceration

Manner of affection experienced by the families

Coping strategies by the family of imprisoned person

CHAPTER lll

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

 This chapter presents the research methodology that describe the Research

Design, Research Instruments, Research Procedures, and population and sampling.

Research Design

The Qualitative-Descriptive Research design will be utilized in this study.

Qualitative descriptive research provides a subjective account of the "who," "what," and

"where" of events or experiences (Kim et al., 2017) specifically the lived experienced by

the family of an incarcerated person. To understand deeper the experience of

incarcerated person’s family more, thematic analysis will be used to analyze the data.

According to Alhojailan, M. I. (2012), the ability to see the possibilities of any topic

more broadly is provided by thematic analysis .

Research Instruments

The study will using a Structured Guide Questionnaire to elucidate information

from the participants. There are many reasons to do an interview, so it can be used as

the main tool for research Cln, L. I. S. (2013) . There are many things to keep in mind

when making interview questions:

a) That the questions should be relevant to the research issues and study objectives; b)

That the questions should be appropriate and easy to understand.

c) You shouldn't ask leading questions.

d ) That questions shouldn't ask for sensitive or personal information that the

respondent might not want to give.

Research Procedures

To collect data, the researchers will ask and work with the City Jail of Cauayan

City, Isabela, to find out who the convicted offenders are based on their data. This will

help them figure out who their immediate families are so they can interview them.

Before they can do interviews, researchers will ask the dean and the research adviser

for permission. Structured questions that will be made will be asked for feedback to

make sure they meet ethical standards. Respondents who have been convicted of a

crime will be sent a consent letter explaining the purpose of the interview. Before the

research adviser's approval, the interview will be set up.

Population and Sampling

This study is to be conducted in Cauayan City, Isabela. The population will be the

immediate family of an incarcerated individual who have been convicted of a crime. A

total of 24 respondents will serve as participants in this study whose immediate family

of 6 individual prisoner that is Convicted of crime. Family as defined in this study will be

the one to be utilized to acquire the exact information about their experienced of having

a imprisoned family member. Each family, as noted in this study has 4 members, and

by having 6 individual prisoner that will give a sum of 24 respondents.

Purposive sampling will be utilized to select participants. Purposive sampling's

major objective is to concentrate on certain demographic features that are of interest

since they will help you better answer your research objectives and otherwise it is
participant's purposeful selection based on the attributes they possess Etikan,

I.,Musa,S.A., Alkassim R.S.(2016). The following criteria will be used by the researcher

to select the respondent: immediate family of a convicted offender, regardless of age,

sex, and civil status.

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