Documentso American Catholic History

NIHIL O B STAT
C e nsor dep u ta ras
I M PRI M ATU R
PATRI CK A O BO YLE
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A rch b ish op o f Wash ing to n

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No em b er 22 , 1 9 6 1
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Th e n ih i l o bs tat and im p r im at ur ar e ofii ci al de cl ar at o n s th at a b ook or
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p am phl et i s f re e of d o ctr n al or m or al error N o i i ti
mp li cat on is con a n ed
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th ere n th at th ose wh o h ave grante d th e n ih il o b sta t
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w th th e content , op n ons, or st atem ents ex pressed .
Li b r ary o f C o n g ress C a ta lo g C ar d N u m b e r : 6 2—1 2 432
1 9 62 JO HN TRACY E LLIS
M ADE IN TH E U N ITED STAT E S O F A M E RI CA
( Secon d ii
e d t on 1 9 62 )
I N LO VI NG M E M ORY OF M Y B RO THE R
NO RBERT E ELLIS .
O CT OB ER 1 0 , 1 9 1 3 — O CT O BER 3 , 1 95 3
Preface
Du ring th e p ast gener ation increasing amount of liter ature h as
an
b een pub l i sh ed on th e hi story O f th e C ath ol i c Chu rch in th e Unit ed
St ates a f act whi ch i ndi cate s a growing interest in th e part th at th e

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Chu rch h as pl ayed in Am erican histo ry But nowh ere in th e l iter ature .
on th e Am e ri can Chu rch h as any att em pt b een m ade to dr aw t ogeth er
in one v ol um e a samplin g f rom th e o ri gin al sou rc es from whi ch it s

hi story h as b een written Th e need f or such a b ook h as l ong b een felt
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b y th ose wh o wi sh ed to in tegr ate th e story of C ath ol ici sm w ith courses

and sem in ar s in Am e ri can hi st ory an d thi s h as b een especi all y true in
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recent year s due to th e con st antl y in cre asing emph asis on th e stu dy O f
th e hi sto ry of th e Un ited St at es di rectl y f rom th e sou rce s Th e l ack of .
such a coll ecti on h as li kewi se prove d a h an dicap to th e r el ativ el y few
wh o O ff er c ou r ses in th e hi story O f th e Chu rch in thi s coun try in

C atholi c semi n aries coll eges an d univer sities It w as with a view to
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suppl ying thi s n eed in p art as al so t o m aki ng som e O f th e prin cipal

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docum en t s of Am e ri can C ath oli ci sm re adil y av ail ab l e for in tereste d

readers out side th e cl assroom th at th e present work was undert aken
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In th e ch oi ce of th e con tent s O f thi s vol um e th e e ditor w as gui ded

b y no preci se rul es O f sel ection ex cept th at th e t erm docum ent w as
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b roadl y interp reted to incl u de any written record th at w oul d ill u strate
an ev en t f rom a con t em por ary poin t of vi ew Thu s on e will fin d h ere .
offi ci al docu m ent s such as p apal b ull s an d encyclical s an d st at e l aw s

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an d ch art er s as w ell as a wi de v ari ety O f writings O f a pu r el y priv at e

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and per son al n atu re gath ered f rom ar chiv al r ecor ds prin t e d l ett er s , ,
n ew sp aper e dit ori al s b i ogr aphi e s m em oir s an d ev en a f ew sel ection s

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f rom th e poetry an d prose composition s of promi n ent C ath oli c l iter ary
figures A con sciou s eff ort w as m ade to h ave th e principal chu rchm en
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and l aym en O f th e A m eri can C ath ol i c p ast r epre sen ted an d t o incl u de
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sam pl e m at e ri al th at w ould give som e i de a O f th e chief organ iz ation s
an d in stituti on s of th e Chu rch Y et in spite O f th e care th at w as t ak en

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in thi s r egard it was n ot possib l e to emb r ace all th e per son s r el igiou s
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or der s in stitution s
, an d organizati on s th at m ight
, with some j ustice , ,
b e th ought proper sub j ect s f or a coll ection of thi s kin d D oub tl ess some .
will l ook here in v ain for a docum ent on a f avorite mi ssion ary on a ,
C athol ic society at whose b irth an ancestor stood sponsor or for th e ,
m ention of a l ocal or section al cel eb rity wh ose lif e refl ected hi gh

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cr edit upon th e Chu rch With su ch reader s th e e ditor can onl y pl ead
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th at h e did not feel h e should impose upon hi s pub li sher s generosity ’
b eyond th e size whi ch thi s vol um e h as assumed Moreover h e i s of .

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V1 11 Preface
th e con viction th at th e v ast extent and complexi ty of th e Am erican

C atholic b ody at th e present time m ake it virtu all y impossib l e to
represent within th e cover s of a singl e b ook all their m an ifold activities
and h i st ori c b ackgroun d s ,
A word shoul d b e sai d ab ou t th e m ethod used in coll ectin g and

edi t ing th e d ocum en t s F ir st. w i th th e exception O f those f rom th e
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col on i al pe ri od th e arr an gem ent i s chronol ogi cal Sin ce th e C ath ol i c

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m i ssi on s O f th e three Eu ropean pow er s th at sent ou t col on ies from th e

six te enth throu gh th e eight een th centu ri es are u su all y tre at ed as sep a
rate units it seem ed b est to b re ak th e chronol ogy in this earl ier section
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and l i st th e entri es u nder th e h e ad i ngs O f Spain F r ance and E ngl an d

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It w as al so thought preferab le to put two or more item s on a singl e

pe r son togeth er un der th e d ate of th e fir st docum en t r ath er th an t o
sep ar at e th em M ost of th e m at e ri al w as n atu r all y t aken f rom sou rces
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in Engl i sh b ut for th at written in f oreign l anguages st andar d tran sl a

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tions were u sed whenever they were avail ab le In a few case s however .
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transl ation s were m ade eith er b y the editor him self or were suppl ied
to h im thr ou gh th e kin dn ess O f frien ds In th e m ain th e docum ent s
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are p ri nte d j ust as th e y appear in th e o ri gin al sou rce al th ou gh in ,
som e i n st ance s m i nor ch ange s h av e b een m ade e ith e r to im prov e th e
tr ansl ati on s from foreign sou rces or to in sert punctu ation in ce rt ain
En gli sh docum en t s in o r der to cl ar if y th e m e anin g F or e ach item a.
singl e sou rce h as b een cit e d in th e in tr oducto ry note al though in som e ,
inst ances th e sam e document m ay b e found in sever al collection s Th e .
tran sl ati ons O f pap al b ull s and encycl ical s generall y give th e student
a ref e re nce to th e O ffi ci al coll ection s of th e Hol y See wh e re th e
o rigi n al m ay b e read in L atin Whil e reference h as frequently b een

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m ade in th e introductory n otes to pe rtinent b ooks an d peri odi cal s no ,
eff ort h as b een m ade t o add a f o rm al b i b l i ogr aphy w i th e ach docu
m ent M o st O f th e b etter b ooks in Am eri c an C ath ol ic hi story cont ain

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b ib l iogr aphi es an d for all th e essen ti al w orks pub l i sh e d up to three

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years ago th e edi tor s A Guide to A m erican Cath olic History ( Mil
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w aukee : 1 9 5 9 ) will serve th e pu rpose .
Th e e ditor is consci ou s of th e f act th at som e re ader s m ay f eel th e

nee d f or m or e O f a comm ent ary th an th ey will fin d in th e in troduc
tory notes A n effort w as m ade to supply th e necessary b ackground

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for a proper un der st an di ng O f e ach docum en t ; n oneth el e ss a few ,
ove r all comm en t s m ay h el p to cl arify cert ain m att er s th at recu r in a

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num b e r O f th e entri es Thi s is especi all y tru

. e where th e m at eri al
touches on ecclesi astical points O f a somewh at technical natu re th at

are O f ten not f am il i ar to th e l ay r eader O ne of th ese point s rel ates
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Prefac e ix
to th e questi on of fin anci al support for th e cl ergy of th e Am erican

Chu rch in different ar eas and periods of its hi story In th e Eur ope of .
th e sixteen th to ei ght eenth centu ri e s f rom whi ch th e m i ssion ari es ,
cam e th e me th o d s O f suppo rt v ari ed wi del y I n Spain an d F r an ce

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where Church an d St ate were united th e cl ergy received a stipend or

sal ary f rom th e gove rnm ent or l ived O ff O f th e in com e f rom a b enefice
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which h ad b een assigned to them Th i s w as al so true of th e mi s .
sion ari es in th e areas O f th e f utu re Un ited St at es th at w e r e rul ed b y
Spain an d F r an ce du ring th e wh ol e of th e c ol oni al period Th eir .
incom e was eith er direct in th e f orm of a ye arly stipend th at n ot

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infrequentl y w as in arrears or indirect su ch as th e revenue s from th e

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Pi ous Fun d ( NO In th e Engl i sh col oni es on th e con tr ary th e

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m i ssion arie s w e re compell ed to suppo rt th em sel ves b y t aki ng up f arm

l and s l i ke any oth er col oni st and l ivin g O ff th eir in com e Needl ess to .
say Pr ot est ant En gl an d f urni sh ed th em no assi st an ce at a tim e wh en

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th e cl ergy in th e m oth er country were r educed b y th e pen al l aw s t o

l iving O ff th e ch ar i ty of th e w e al thy C ath ol i c n ob l e f am il i es Th e sub j ect .
of fin anci al support thu s f re qu entl y b ecam e th e source O f f ri ction
b etween th e civil O ffi ci al s and th e m ission aries in th e Ame rican

dom in i on s of Sp ain an d F r an ce an d at tim es too b etween th e mi s
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sion ari e s and th e propri et ary gov e rnm ent of M aryl and O n e c an e asil y .
im agine for ex ampl e h ow th e successful enterp ri ses O f a mi ssion ary

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l ik e F ath er Ki no ( NO 1 2 ) m ight arou se th e cupi dity O f gr eedy O ffi

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ci al s an d h ow th e l oss O f all th eir t empor al goods in M aryl an d ( NO

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33 ) an d in Lou i si an a ( NO 2 4 ) w oul d seri ou sl y affect th e J esu it

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m ission s in th ose region s .
A second poin t in volve s th e qu esti on of eccle si astical j uri sdiction .
F rom th e b eginn ing O f th e col on i al settl emen t s down to 1 7 9 0 th e

entir e are a O f wh at l at er b ec am e th e Uni t ed St ates — wh eth er it w as
rul ed b y Spain Fr ance or Engl an d — w as regarde d b y th e Hol y See

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as m i ssion ary t e rritory In othe r w ords Am erica w as th en in th e

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fam ili ar phr ase in p artib us infidelium Th e n orm al governm ent of

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th e Chu rch th e refore with its r esi den t b i sh ops an d di oce san pri est s
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serving un der th em w as f or th e m ost p art l acking for one coul d

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scarcel y regar d th e som ewh at spasm od ic eff ort s in b eh alf O f th e C atholi c
col oni st s b y b i sh ops in d i st ant Hav ana D ur ango Q u eb ec or Lon don , , ,
as in an y sen se a r egul ar f o rm of epi scop al rul e Th e mi ssion ari e s

got .
their f acul ti es or th e authority to adm ini ster th e sacr am ents throu gh

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v ariou s ch ann el s : th e Spani ards from th e crown whi ch al one h ad th e

au th ority giv en t o it b y th e Hol y S ee to appoin t th e cl e r y to t
, g , po s s
in th e col on i al em pi re ; th e French from th e C ongregation de Propa

Preface
gand a i riors gener al O f their respective orders or th e

F de , th e su pe -
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B i shop O f Queb ec .In th e Engl i sh col on i es th e m i ssi on ari es pr acti call y ,
all of whom we re J esu it s at first h ad th eir f acul tie s f rom th e Propa

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ga n d a thr ou gh th e i r ge n e r al o r th e E ngl i sh pr o vin ci al an d at a l at e r ,
date from th e Vicar Apostoli c O f th e Lon don D i strict Bu t one can .
get some n oti on of h ow u n sati sf actory thi s sy stem w as b y th e igno

rance O f Am erican condi tions reveal ed in th e London vicar s r eport ’
of 1 75 6 ( NO .
Because there were no resident b ish ops on th e scene to impl em ent

n orm al eccl esi astical governm en t an d b ec ause of th e awkw ard m eth ods
of j u ri sdi cti on em pl oye d l engthy di spu t es over j u ri sdi ction al que stion s
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were not uncomm on b etweeen diff erent reli gious orders diocesan ,
p ri e st s an d rel i giou s reli gi ou s an d di st an t b i sh ops wh o cl aim ed j u ri s

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diction an d of c ou r se b etween m i ssi on ari es an d civil O ffi ci al s It w as

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sm all won de r then th at neither th e priests nor th e peopl e shoul d

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h ave h ad any cl e ar concept O f th e m ethods b y whi ch th e C hu rch was

cu stom aril y rul e d in O l d an d se ttl e d pl aces L ack O f experience O f epi s .
copal au thority w oul d in p art e xpl ai n th e r el uct an ce sh own b y th e

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Am erican priests when th e Hol y See raised th e questi on O f appoin tin g

a b i sh op ( NO an d th e ab u se s t o which l ay tru st ee i sm gav e ri se
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in th e rul e O f some C ath ol ic congregation s in th e n ew Republi c ( Nos .
49 , t o say n othing O f th e di sor derl y st ate O f eccl e si astical aff air s

as pictu red b y th e first resi den t b i s h op in Loui si an a ( NO .
Th ere w ere re al and d eep d iff erences am on g th e cl ergy on th ese

m atter s in col on i al Am eri ca as w ell as di ffe rences of anoth er kin d in
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a l at e r age O n e encou nte r s th em for ex am pl e in th e con du ct O f

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ce rt ai n u nrul y p ri est s wh o threw in th eir l ot with r eb ell iou s trust ees
( Nos 6 7 . in th e sch ool con trov er sy whi ch divi ded th e hi er archy

in th e 1 8 9 0 s ( NO an d in th e agit ati on ov er Am e rican i sm at th e
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turn of th e centu ry ( NO But these controver si es were u su all y

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th e ou tgr owt h of f actor s li ke th e l oosel y di sciplin ed Chu rch of th e

ea rly n ati on al period ( Nos 3 8 of conflicting n ati on al b ack
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grounds and experi ence on th e p art of chu rchm en ( No or of .
th e n atu r al d ivi sion b etween prel ate s an d pri e st s O f a con serv ative
versus l ib eral turn of mind ( Nos 1 2 6 It would b e e asy to
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magnif y th ese di spu tes ou t O f their tru e context an d to see in them

gr ave vi ol ation s of ch arity or ev en doctrin al di vergence s A ctu all y
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more O ften th an not th ey w ere b ut th e l egitim ate diff erence s O f O pinion

of f orceful an d con sci enti ous chu rchm en wh o av ail ed th em sel ve s of
th e f ree Ame rican atm osph ere to decl are their min ds Thi s i s a .
ph enom enon as ol d as th e Ch urch it self f or at th e hi storic m eetin g

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P reface xi
b etween St . Pe t er and St . P aul in Anti och i t n ne een cen u t ries ago
they diff ered qu est i on of th e Jew s

on th e to th e Gen til es
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rel ations ,
an d as St P aul sai d I wi th stood h im to h is f ace b ecause h e w as “

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deservi ng O f b l am e Wh en properl y understood th erefore th e dis

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putes of eccl e si astics n eed give n o groun d f or scan d al for as Pope

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Leo X III said in spe aki ng O f f al seh ood s ci rcul ated b y th e Church s
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en em ies no thing is m ore proper nothin g m ore effi c aciou s th an to

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b ring th em f ace to f ace with th e truth i t self as rev e al ed in th e

irrefr agab le testim ony of texts and docum ent s .
”2
Th e i dea for thi s edi ti on O f sou rce m ateri al s on Am eri can C ath oli
ci sm w as fir st su ggest ed t o th e e d i t or six y e ar s ago b y hi s f o rm er
stu dent and f ri en d th e R e v e ren d Gokh an J B arry

, assi st ant .
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profe ssor O f hi story in St J oh n s Un iver sity C oll egevill e M innesot a

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F ath er B arry not onl y took a l eadi n g p art in th e w ork of th e sem in ar

which for two years was engaged in th e t ask O f coll ecting and e diting ,
b ut after th e compl etion O f h is gr adu ate study h e contin u ed to foll ow

th e proj e ct with th e cl o se st i n t er est an d t o fu rn i sh sev er al l engthy
docu m ent s whi ch h e h ad tr an slated an d edited f rom forei gn sou rces .
A speci al expression O f gr atitu de is th erefore owed to F ather B arry , , .
Th e editor wi sh es al so to th ank th e f oll owin g pri est s wh o were m em

b er s of hi s sem in ar an d wh o were m ost h el pful in huntin g out d ocu
ment s and e dit ing th em for th e coll ection : th e Reverends F r anci s T .
Hucll er , Vincen t de Paul McMurray S S Peter J Rah ill ,

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D avi d F Sween ey . and R F elix Wh it e M M He i s un der

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O b l i gati on t oo to th e stu dent s O f th e C ath ol ic Univ er sity O f Ame ri ca

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wh o worke d on v ari ou s docu m en t s as a p art O f cou r se assi gnm ent s

du rin g th e summ er sessi on s of 1 9 5 0— 1 9 5 2 For kindl y suppl ying
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m ateri al f rom archives and m anuscript coll ection s in sever al c ases ,
in th eir own tr an sl ati on s or f or directi on t o th e e ditor on ques ,
tions O f sel ection in th e fi el d O f their speci al ization h e desi res to ,
th ank th e fol l owing th e Most R everend Rich ard O Gerow th e Right

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Reverend M J am es Fox 0 C S O . th e Ri ght Re veren d Ge orge G , . . . .

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Higgin s and th e Reverends P atrick H Ah ern Benj am in J Bli ed

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John J C on si dine M M
. Vincent F Holden , Rich ard C
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M adden Paul M arx , Th om as T McA voy , Rob ert F .

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McNam ara Willi am C Repetti S I and Antonine Tib esar O E M

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For simil ar assi st ance h e i s gr ateful to Professor F r anci s E Litz Mr .

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Ward Steim er Moth er Anselm McC ann , Si ster s M ary Virgin a ,
1
G al .
2 E
Soutif ,
. Leo XIII and H it i
s or cal Resear ch — Recen t Work in th e
i
Vat can L b r ary i , A m e rican C a th o l ic Quar ter ly R e vie w , (Oc XX t
ob er ,
7 56 .
xii Preface
G ei ge r , M ari e C arolyn Kl inkh am er O R an d I sab el Tooh ey

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DC . .
, Dr . Ann ab ell e M M el ville an d M i ss B etty B arb ar a Sipe
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It is a pl easan t
ty t o record th e num erous cou rtesi es extended b y
du
th e st Li b r ary O f Congre ss and especi al ly those of Mr
aff O f th e , .
R aph ael B rown Th e editor i s un der th e de epe st O b l i gati on as w ell to

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M r Eu gene P Will ging di rector of th e M ul l en L ib r ary O f th e C athol ic

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Universi ty O f America an d to th e st aff whose p atience h e tried on ,
m ore th an one occ asion b u t wh o b ore h i s in cessant c all s for assist ance
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with re al fortitu de and m et every dem and w i th th e m ost kindl y an d

f riendl y tre atm ent TO M i ss Ro sab ell e A K elp h e is l ikewi se un de r
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O bl i gat i on f or h er expe rt w ork in m aki n g th e in dex F in all y a deb t .
qu ite b eyond th e ordin ary w as in cu rred to tw o good f riends wh o read

throu gh th e enti re work : th e Right Rever en d J ohn K C artwright .
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rector O f St M atth ew s C ath edr al W ashi n gton W hose sh arp eye caught
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m any a cl um sy Con struct i on or doub tful tr an sl ati on and th e Reverend ,
Henry J B rowne form er archivi st of th e C athol ic Univer sity of

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Am erica wh o n ot onl y improved th e m anu script b y h is critical read

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in g b ut al so su gge sted item s an d h an de d ov er a num b er of docum ent s

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to th e editor s cu st ody f or in clu si on in th e coll ect i on

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J O HN TRACY E LLIS
Washington , D . C .
Au gu st 1 5 ,
1 955
O NO TE TO O
S EC ND EDI TI N
In th e se con d e di tion O f thi s w ork a nu mb er O f error s th at appeared
in th e ori gin al e di t i on h ave b een corrected an d f ou r docum ent s h ave ,
b een added t o ill u str ate n ew si tu ati on s th at h ave ari sen f or th e

Am erican C ath ol i c comm unity in th e ye ar s b etween 1 955 and 1 9 6 1 .
J O HN T RACY E LLI S
Nov em b er 1 5 ,
1 96 1
C onten ts
Pr eface
THE S P ANI SH C O L O NI E S
Th e B ull I n ter ca e t era O f Pope Al exander VI M ay ,
The T r eaty Of T o
rd es ill as , J un e
Th e B ull Un i versa l is ecc l es ia e Of Pope J uli u s II ,
J ul y
Th e B ul l S u b l im is D e us Of Pp
o e Paul III Ju
,
ne 2,
1 5 37 .
J u an d e P adi l l a t ,
t h Prrtyr O f th e U ni t ed St ates
e o om a ,
I s M u r der ed b y th e Pl ain s Indi ans 0 1 5 42 , .
A ssi gnmen t O f th e Fl ori da Mi ssi ons to th e D omi ni

c an s ; D on L ui s de V el asco to King Phi lip II ,
Sept em b e r
A gr eem en t B etw een Phil ip I I and Pedr oM enendez
de A vil es for th e C on qu est O f Fl ori d a an d th e A ssi gn
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m en t O f J esu it M i ssi on ari es M ar ch 20 1 5 6 5 , ,
St F r ancis B or gi a W ith dr aws th e J esu it s F r om th e

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Fl ori da M i ssi on s M ar ch 2 0 1 5 7 1
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A l on so de B en avi des D escripti on O f th e New M exi co

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M i ssi on s F eb r u ary
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R eport O f B i sh op C al der on O f S an ti ago to Q u een

M oth er M ari e A nn e on th e Fl ori da M i ssi on s A ugust ,
F e rnan do del B osqu e

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3 A ccoun t Of th e Fir st Hi gh
M ass in Tex as ,
M ay
R eport E u seb i o F r an ci sco Ki no on th e
Of M i ssi on s
O f Pim eri a Al t a ( A riz on a ) i n 1 7 1 0
xiv C on ten ts
J unipero Serr a s F ar ewell to th e O l d World Au gust

’
2 0 , 1 74 9
C oncord at B etw een th e Fr anci scans and D omini cans
D i vi din g th e C al i fo rni a Mi ssi on s A pril 7 1 77 2 , ,
J unipero Serr a M akes Hi s Final Report on th e Mi s

si on O f San C arl os de M on t er e y J u l y 1 1 7 84 , ,
T HE FRENCH C O L O NI E S
“
In str ucti ons

for th e F ath er s O f O ur Soci e ty W h o
Sh all b e Sen t t o th e Hu r on s b y J e an d e B réb euf , ,
S J , 1 637
. .
How F ath er J ogu es was T k en y th e Hi

“
uO i s a b q ,
and Wh at He Suff er ed on hi s F ir st En tr an ce int o
Th ei r C oun try b y J e r ome Lal em ant S I

, 1 6 47 , . .
,
F r ance s Repr esen t atives Take Form al Possessi on

’
O f th e W e st ern C ou n try , J un e
Th e C onv er sion and Hol y D eath O f C ath erine Tegah

koui t a, 1 6 7 6 —1 6 80
Th e Fr en ch R é coll e t s i n th e Il l inoi s C ountry 1 6 8 0 ,
L oui s Henn epin s D escripti on O f th e D iffi cul ti es En

’
coun t er ed in T ryin g to C on v ert th e In di ans

. 1 6 97 ,
Th e Q ueb ec Semi n ary Pri est s in th e M i ssi ssippi Val

l ey 1 7 0 0 an d th e In st all ati on O f th e Fi r st Past or at
, ,
M ob il e Septemb er 2 8 1 7 0 4
, ,
Th e G overnm en t s Pr ovi sion for C apu chin Mi ssi on

’
ari es in F r ench Lou i si an a M ay 1 6

'
1 7 22 , ,
Th e B ani shm en t O f th e J e su it s Fr om L oui si an a and

th e I llinoi s C ountry A ccor ding t o F r ancoi s Phi li b ert
W atrin S J Septemb er 3 1 7 6 4
, . .
, ,
THE ENGLISH C O L O NI E S
25 . Th e C h art er of M aryl and J une ,

20, 1 632
B ar on B al tim or e s In stru c ti on s to Hi s C ol oni st s NO
’
26 .
,
vemb er 1 3 , 1 6 33
C onten ts XV
Th e Engl i sh J esui t s E st ab l i sh th e Mi ssi on of M ary ~

l and , M ar ch — April , 1 6 34
Th e St ate C ath oli ci sm I n M aryl a
Of nd 1 6 3 8 ,
Vir gini a s A ct A gain st C ath oli cs an d Pri ests M ar ch

’
, ,
1 6 42 .
M assach u sett s B ay Passes an An ti Pri est

-
Law M ay ,
M aryl and s A ct ’
Of Rel i gi ou s Tol er ati on , April 21 ,
1 649
D i sfr an ch i sem en t Of C ath oli cs in M aryl and , O ct ob er
20 , 1 6 5 4
Per secu ti on Of th e M aryl an d C ath ol i cs 1 6 5 6 ,
New Y ork s ’
G r an t Of R eli gi ou s Tol er ati on O ct ob er ,
A n A ct A gainst J esui t s an d Ppi h Pri t

o s es s I n M assa
ch u setts, J u n e
Th e C omi ng A cadi ans to M assach u sett s NO

O f th e ,
vemb er 1 7 5 5— A ugu st 1 7 5 6
, ,
B i sh op Ch all on er on E ccl esi asti cal J u ri sd i c ti on in

th e B riti sh C ol on i es Sept em b er 1 4 1 7 5 6 , ,
Th e M i ssi on ari es Re ason s for Not W an tin g a B i sh op

’
Apri l
C h arl es C arroll s D efense O f Hi s R el i gi ou s B
’
eli ef s ,
1 77 3 .
Th e Queb ec A ct Gr an t s R el i gi ous F r eedom t o th e

C ath oli cs O f C anada, J une 2 2 1 77 4 ,
J ohn A dam s Impr essions Of C ath oli c Ser vi ce ,

’
a
O ct ob er
R e acti ons C ontin ent al C ongr ess to th e
O f th e Queb ec
A ct , Sept emb er 1 7— O ct ob e r
Geor ge W ashi ngt on B an s Guy F awkes D ay in th e
A rm y Novemb er
,
Th e D awn Of Reli gi ous F r eedom for Am eri can C ath

0 11 0 3 , 1 77 6— 1 7 9 1
F ath er Gib aul t Lends A ssi st ance to th e Ameri can
C au se 1 77 8 —1 7 8 0
,
‘
J oh n C arr oll I s Appoin t e d Supe ri o r Of th e Am eri can

Mi ssi ons J une 9 1 7 84, ,
xvi Con ten ts
C arroll A n sw ers an Att ack U pon th e C ath ol i c F ai th ,
1 7 84
Th e Fi r st A m eri can Report to Pr opagan da on C a
th oli ci sm in th e U ni te d St ates, M ar ch 1 , 1 7 85
Lay Tr ust eei sm in New Y ork , J anuary 2 5 , 1 7 8 6

Th om as F itzsim ons U r ges Penn syl v ani a s E arl y R ati
’
ficati on O f th e C onstitu ti on , Sept emb er 2 9 , 1 7 8 7

D ani el C arr oll Ar gue s for M aryl an der s to R atif y th e
C onsti tu tion O ctob er 1 6 , 1 7 8 7

,
Th e For esh adowi ng O f Tr ust eei sm in th e F irst Na

ti on al Pari sh of th e U n it ed St at es, 1 7 8 7
THE NAT I O NA L PERIOD

Th e B ri ef E x h a c E r ect
ap o s to l icae O f Pope Pi us VI
ing th e Di ocese O f B al tim or e and Appointing J ohn
C arroll as th e Fi r st Bi sh op, Novemb er 6 1 7 8 9 ,
Th e Beginni ngs O f th e Fi r st C ath oli c C ollege i n th e

U n it ed St at es, 1 7 8 9
Th e C ath oli cs C ongr atul ati on s to Pr esi dent W ashi n g
’
ton 1 7 89 an d Hi s R epl y M ar ch 1 2 1 7 9 0
, , , ,
B i sh op C arr oll s S erm on on T aki ng Possessi on of

’
Hi s See St Pet er s Pro C ath ed r al B al tim or e D ecem

’
-
, .
, ,
b er , 1 2 , 1 7 9 0
J oh n C arr oll s Pr ay er for th e Civi l A u th ori ti es NO
’
vem b er 1 0 1 79 1 ,
Th e Fr ench Sulpi ci ans an d St M ary s Semi n ary

’
.
,
B al ti m or e , April 23 , 1 7 9 2
R el i gi ou s C ondi ti ons In Lou i si an a ,
Novemb er 1 ,
1 7 95
F ath er B adi n D escripti on O f th e C h ur ch th e
’
s on
K en tu ck y F r onti er , Apri l 1 1 , 1 7 96
Pr esi den t J eff er son R eassu r e s th e L oui si an a U r suli nes
Ab out Th eir Fu tu r e U nder th e Am eri can Gov ern
m ent M ay 1 5 1 804
, ,
Th e U nit ed S t at es G ov er nm en t D ecl i ne s to C om mi t
Itself on a B i sh op for L ou i si an a Nov emb er 1 7—2 0 , ,
C on ten ts xvii
Moth er Se t on s Pl ans for Her R eli gi ou s

’
C omm uni ty ,
F eb r u ary 9 , 1 809
Rob er t W al sh ’
s Pr ospectu s for Hi s A m erican R eview
of History an d P ol itics J anuary 1 , 1 8 1 1
,
Th e F ir st B i sh op Mi ddl e W est A rrives in Hi s

'
of th e
See , J u ne , 1 8 1 1
A D etr oit Vi sitor Recor ds Hi s Im pr essi ons O f Gab ri el
Ri ch ar d S S J un e 1 8 1 6
,
. .
, ,
Archb i sh op M arech al s Report to Propaganda O cto ’
b er 1 6 , 1818
Th e Ab u se O f Lay Trusteeism at Norfolk Virgini a , ,
J u n e$eptemb er 1 8 1 9 ,
Th e I n au gu r ati on O f th e Un ite d S tates C a th o l ic M is

ce l lany O f C h ar l e st on J un e ,
B i sh op E ngl an d s A ccoun t O f His A ddress B ef o r e

’
C ongr ess J anu ary

,
Th e C h ol er a E pi demi c i n th e D i ocese O f M obi l e ,
Novem b er 1 0 1 8 32 ,
D e Tocquevi ll e on Am eri can C ath oli cs in Rel ati on

to D em ocr acy 1 8 3 5 ,
M ath e w C ar ey Expl ain s How He C am e t o W rit e th e
O l ive B ranch , M arch

Willi am Gaston Pl e ads for C om pl et e Reli giou s Fr ee
dom ln North
C arolina J une ,
Th e Aid O f th e Soci ety for th e Pr opagati on O f th e

F aith t o th e Ar ch di ocese O f B al ti m or e J anuary , 31 ,
1 838
Th e Papacy s R el ati on t o Tempor al Aff air s
’
Ex
pl ai ned b y Bi sh op K enri ck 1 8 38 ,
Th e C h ur ch in th e R epub l i c O f Tex as A pril 1 1 1 84 1 , ,
Fath er D e Sm e t s Pr om oti on O f th e Indi an M i ssi on s

’
Of th e F ar W est M ay , _
1 , 1 84 1
C anon Salzb ach er s O b serv ati on s on Am eri can C ath
’
ol i c C oll ege s f or M en 1 842 ,
Th e L aunchin g O f th e Am eri can Pr otest an t A ssoci a

ti on A gain st th e C ath ol ic Ch u r ch No vem b er 2 2 , ,
1 8 42
xviii C on ten ts
A Rur al C ol oniz ation Pr oj ect for G erm an C ath oli c

Im mi gr an t s, O ctob er
B i sh op Spalding s Impr essi ons
’
Of Pr ot est ant R eiv v al
i sm O n th e F r on ti er , 1 8 44
Sam u el M azzu ch elli O P , . .
,
on th e C ath ol i c Temper
ance Soci eti es 1 844 ,
A Report to th e L u dwi g Mission sverei n -

on C ath oli
ci sm i n Wi scon sin , Apri l 2 3 , 1 8 45
C onsecration O f th e C ath edr al O f St Peter in Ch ains .

,
C in cinn ati Novemb er 2 1 845

, ,
B oniface Wimm er O utlines th e Fu tu r e O f th e B ene

di ctine O r der in th e U ni t ed St at es Nov em b er 8 1 8 4 5 , ,
Th e Inaugu r ati on of th e F ir st C onf er ence O f th e

Soci ety O f St Vincent de Paul in th e U ni ted St ates
.
,
Novemb er 2 0 1 8 45 ,
A B r oadsi de on th e Infan t U niver sity O f Notr e D am e ,
J anuary 1 1 8 47 ,
Th e A ct O f Fou n dati on for th e F ir st Pe rm anent

Tr appi st M on ast ery in th e U nit ed S t at es O ct ob er , ,
Th e C ath oli c Mi ssions in th eF ar h

Nort west J anu ,
ary
C onditi ons i n th e Di ocese Of C h i cago , D ecemb er

13 , 1 8 49
Th e A dvent of B i sh op L am y t o th e Sou h wes t t , J un e
A Mi ssion ary B i sh op on th e Edge ofth e G

r eat P
l ain s ,
August 6 1 85 2
,
Th e C h u rch in San Fr an cisco in th e D ays O f th e

Gol d Ru sh , J une 1 5 , 1 8 5 3
Th e Conver si on to C ath ol i ci sm of E li za All en St arr ,
Feb ruary—Decemb er , 1 8 5 4
A si ati c C h ol er a in th e Di ocese Of Savann ah , A ugu st
29 , 1 8 54
A Pl an for th e Western C ol onizati on O f C ath oli c
Immi gr an ts M arch 1 5 1 8 5 6
F ath er Kindekens Appeal s for an Am eri can C
, ,
oll ege
at L ouvai n Nov em b er ,
C on ten ts
Instr u cti on O f th e C ongregati on de Pr opaganda Fi de

C oncern in g C ath oli c C hi l dr en Attending Am eri can
Pub li c Sch ool s Novemb er 2 4 1 8 7 5 , ,
B u i ld ing a M i ssi on ary Sch ool on th e C ol or ado F ron

ti er J un e
, 1 87 6 ,
P atri ck C K e el y R e ceiv es th e L aet ar e M edal M ar ch

.
,
30 , 1 8 84
B i sh op Spal din g on th e Int ell ectual W eakness A mong
Ameri can C ath ol i cs, Novemb er
Th e Past or al L etter Of r
th e Thi d Pl en a ry C ouncil
Of B al ti m or e on F orb i dden Soci eti es , Decemb e r 7 ,
1 8 84
J ohn Gil m ary Sh ea D i scu sses Hi s Pr ob l em s and
M eth od s i n Writin g th e History of th e C ath o l ic
C h urch in th e Un ited S tates M ar ch 1 8 8 5 — Sept em , ,
b er 2 6 ,
1 890
J ohn B oyl e O Rei lly s Spee ch i n B eh al f of th e Negr o
’ ’
D ecemb e r 7 , 1 8 85 and His E d itori al on th e Excom

,
m uni c ation Of Dr M cGl ynn J ul y 1 6 , 1 8 8 7

.
,
B i sh op K e an e A dm on iti ons C ar di nal Gibb ons

’
s to ,
D ecemb e r 2 9 , 1 8 8 6
J oh n LaF arge D escrib es Hi s Pai n ti ng of Th e A s
cen si on , 1 8 87
C ar din al G ibb ons D efense O f th e Kn igh t s O f Lab or
’
F eb r u ary 2 0 1 8 8 7 ,
C ardin al G ib b ons O pposes th e C on dem nati on of th e

W orks O f Henry G eor ge Feb r u ary 2 5 1 8 8 7 , ,
Th e R om an Ser m on O f th e A m eri can C ar di nal on

Chu rch and St at e in th e U ni ted St at es M ar ch 2 5 , ,
1 8 87
Th e L ayi ng O f th e C orner stone of th e C ath oli c U ni
v er sity O f Ameri ca M ay 24 1 8 8 8 , ,
Pope Leo X III s Pl ea for th e It ali an Imm i gr ant s i n

’
Am eri ca D ecemb er 1 0 1 8 8 8
, ,
C h arl es J B on aparte on th e Am eri can E xperi ence

.
O f S epar ati on O f C h u r ch and S t at e J ul y 1 1 1 889 , ,
Ar chb i sh op Ir el and Expl ain s Hi s St and on Pub l i c

and Par och i al Sch ool s D ecemb er 1 890 , ,
C o n te n ts xx i
Th e St R aph ael sverein Pr ot est s th e Negl ect O f Im

.
mi gr ant C ath ol i cs in th e U n it ed S t at es F eb r u ary , ,
1 89 1
The Secr e t O ath O f th e A meri c an Pr ot e ctiv e A ssoci a
ti on , O ct ob er 3 1 , 1 8 9 3
G eor ge P A H e al y R ecoun t s His B egi nn in gs as
. . an
Arti st and Hi s Pain tin g O f Pope Pi us IX 1 8 9 4 ,
Ar chb i sh op Ir el and s Vi ew s ’
on S oci ali sm , O c t ob er
14 , 1 8 94
Th e Am eri cani sm C on trover sy For esh ad ow ed in th e
Writin gs O f a Fr ench Vi sitor 1 8 9 5 ,
Pope Leo X III s E n cy cli cal Long in q ua o cea n i to th e

’
Ch u r ch O f th e U n it ed St at es J anu ary 6 1 8 95 , ,
B i sh op K e ane s Vi ew s on th e Rol e O f L e gi sl ati on

’
i n a D em oc r ati c G ov ernm en t Sept em b e r 1 1 1 8 9 5 , ,
C ar din al SatO l li s Vi sit to New O rl eans F eb r u ary

’
1 5— 2 1 , 1 8 9 6
Th e C h arter of th e Fir st C ath ol i c W om en s C oll ege
’
in th e U ni t ed St at es A pril ,
Mr D ool ey s C omm ents on K ee

.
’
pin g th e Phi li ppines ,
a C h ur ch F air an d th e D em ocr ati c Nati on al C on

,
vention O f 1 924
Pope Leo X III E ncy cl i cal Tesi em b en evol en t iae
’
s
on A m eri cani sm J anuary

C ongr atul ati on s to th e C h u r ch of
,
Pope Leo X III s

’
th e U ni t ed St at es,
A pril
Abb é Kl ein s Impr essi ons O f B i sh op M c Quaid 1 903
’
,
A Pi ctur e O f Hungari an Imm igr an t Pari sh Life in

th e U nit ed St at es 1 90 5 ,
Th e O ri gins O f th e C at h oli c C h u r ch Ext en si on So

ci ety O ct ob er 1 8 1 9 0 5
, ,
C hi ef Justice Whi t e s D eci si on s in Regar d to D ivor ce

’
April 1 2 1 9 0 6 and to th e Sel ecti v e D r aft Law

, , ,
J anu ary 7 1 9 1 8 ,
L ou i se Im ogen Gu iney on a Pr efer ence for Living

in Engl and April 1 90 7 , ,
M oth er K ath arine D r exel D r af t s th e C on stitu ti ons

of Her C ongr egati on M ay 25 1 90 7 , ,
C on te n ts
Th e L aunchi ng O f th e C ath ol i c F or e ign Mi ssi on

Soci ety O f A m eri ca ( M aryknoll ) , M ar ch 2 5 , 1 9 1 1
Th om as Fort une R y an E xpl ain s Hi s M ost Striki ng
Fi nanci al Tr an sacti on , A u gu st , 1 9 1 3
M au ri ce Fr an ci s Egan U r ges th e Pur ch ase of th e
D ani sh W est Indi es M ar ch 8 1 9 1 5
, ,
J oh n A Ry an an d th e B i sh ops Pr ogr am Soci al

'
Of
’
.
Recon str ucti on , Feb r uary 1 2 , 1 9 1 9

Th e Foundi ng O f th e Nati on al C ath ol i c W elf ar e C on
fer en ce and I ts Fin al A ppr oval b y th e H ol y See ,
M ay —J ul y
Th e Supr em e C ou rt Affirm s th e Righ t Of Pri v at e

Reli gi ou s Sch ool s, J une
Gov e rnor Smi th s Answ e r t o th e R el i gi ou s B i gotry
’
O f th e Pr esi den ti al C ampai gn , Sept emb er 2 0 1 92 8 ,
Mi ch el Expl ain s th e O rigin s Of th e Li turgi cal

'
D O In
Movem ent in t t t
th e U ni ed S a e s, F eb ua r ry 2 4, 1 9 2 9
D oroth y D ay D escrib es th e Laun ching O f Th e Ca th
o l ic Worker an d th e M ovem en t B ehi nd It , M ay , 1 9 3 3
Pope Pi u s X I I E ncy cl i cal S ert um laet itiae on th e

’
s
Sesqu i cent enni al O f th e A meri c an Hi er ar ch y , NO

vemb er 1, 1 9 39
Ameri can C ath oli cs and th e In t ell ectual Lif e , 1 95 6
Th e Am eri can C ath oli c B i sh ops an d Raci sm , NO
vemb er 1 4 , 1 95 8
Th e I ssu e O f Reli gi ous F r eedom in a Pr esiden ti al
C ampai gn , O ctob er 5 , 1 9 6 0
Feder al Aid to R eli gi ou s Sch ool s, April , 1 96 1
Index
DO C U M ENTS OF
A m er ica n Ca th o lic Histo ry

THE SPANI SH COLONI ES
Th e B ull I n ter cae te ra O f P ope Al exan der VI ,
M ay 4, 1 493
WH EN th e w of th e s ccess of C l m b fir t voy g r ched E r pe
ne s u o u us
’
s a e ea u o
i t w r m red th t th e energ ti c K i ng J hn 11 of Port g l w pr p rin g

as u o a e o u a as e a
t d i p te th Sp ni h l im s to th e n ew terr i tor i
o s u e a s F r d i n n d n d I s b el l a
c a es . e a a a ,
th r fore
e e t a hu rri d appe l to Pope Al ex nd r VI ( 1 49 2
, sen e a sk i n g a e a
th t h e confi rm their po sion of th e l nds di over d b y C olum b A s

a sses a sc e us .
a c on eques e th e p n ti ff i u d
nc , ev r l d o m nt i n th year 1 49 3 th
o ss e s e a cu e s e , e
b t kn own b ein g th t wh i ch d rew th e i m gin ry l i n e of dem ar ti on

“ ”
es a a a ca
whi h a si gned to Sp in all l and we t f a m eri d i n 1 00 l ag es w t of

c s a s s o a e u es
th e A z ores n d C p Verd I l n d A l though th l i n w a l ater h n ged

a a e e s a s . e e s c a
to P rtu g l adv nt g th e b u ll I t kn own f rom th e fi r t w r d

’ '
o a s a t a e, n er cae era s o s
of t h e or i gi n l L t i n t xta is i n l u ded here to i ll tr te m on g other th i ng

a e c us a , a s,
th e pr ti g wh i ch th e H ol y S e enj oyed t th e t i m e f or settl i n g d i p te

es e e a s u s
b tw n n ti on
e ee S ou rce : Fr n es G ardi er D venport ( Ed ) E
a s . a c p n a ,
ur o ea n
Trea ties b earing on th e H is to ry o f th e U n i ted S ta tes a nd I ts D ep end enc ies

to 1 6 48 ( W ashi ngton : C ar negi e I n sti tuti on of W ash i n gton I 7 5—7 8 , , .
Al ex ander b i shop serv ant O f th e serv ants O f God to th e ill u strious

, , ,
so v erei gn s ou r v e ry de ar son in Chri st F erdin and k ing an d ou r very

, , , ,
de ar daught er in Chri st Isab ell a qu een O f C astil e h e al th and b ene

, , ,
di cti on W e h ave indeed l earn ed th at you wh o for a l ong time h ad

.
,
intended to seek out and di scover ce rt ain i sl ands an d m ainl ands rem ote
an d u nknown an d not hith ert o d i scov er ed b y oth er s t o th e en d th at ,
y ou m i ght b rin g t o th e w o r ship O f ou r R e de em e r an d th e pr of essi on
of th e C ath ol ic f ai th th eir resi den t s and inh ab it an t s h aving b een up ,
to th e pre sent tim e gre atl y en gaged in th e si ege and re cove ry O f th e

ki ngdom it self O f Gr an ada w ere un ab l e to accompl ish thi s h ol y and
pr ai seworthy pu rpose ; b ut th e sai d kin gdom h avin g at l ength b een
regained as w as pleasing to th e Lord with a wi sh to fulfill you r
, ,
de sire ch ose our b el oved son Chri st oph er C olum b u s a m an assu r edl y
, , ,
worthy an d O f th e hi ghest recomm endations and fitted for so great an

undert aking whom y ou f urni she d with ships an d m en e quipped f or
,
l ike design s n ot with ou t th e greatest h ardships d angers an d expen se s

, , , ,
to m ake dil i gent qu est for th ese r em ot e an d unknown m ainl an ds an d

2 Th e Sp an ish C o l on ies
isl ands through th e sea where hi therto n o one h ad sail ed ; an d th ey

,
at l ength with divin e aid an d with th e u tmost dil igence sail in g in th e
oce an se a d i scov ere d ce rt ain v e ry r em ot e i sl an ds an d even m ainl ands

,
th at hithert o h ad n ot b een di scovered b y others; wherein dwell very

m any peopl es l iving in peace and as reported goin g uncl o th ed an d , , , ,
not e at in g flesh wherefore as b ecom es C atholic kings an d princes

.
,
you h ave pu rposed to b rin g un der you r sw ay th e sai d m ain

l an ds an d i sl an ds A n d in order th at you m ay en te r upon so great
.
,
an un dert aking with gre at er r e adin ess an d h eartin e ss endow ed with
th e b enefit O f our apostol i c f av or we O f ou r own accord n ot at your , , ,
inst ance nor th e request of anyone el se in you r regard b ut out of our ,
own sol e l argess an d ce rt ai n kn owl edge an d ou t O f th e f ull ness O f our
apostol i c pow er b y th e au th o rity O f Almi ghty God conf erre d u pon u s

,
in b l e ssed Pete r an d of th e v i carship O f J esu s Chri st which w e h old ,
on e arth do b y ten or O f th ese presents sh oul d any of sai d i sl an ds

, ,
h ave b een found b y your envoy s and c apt ains give grant and assign , , ,
to you an d y ou r h e i r s an d succe ssor s k ings of C asti l e an d Leon , ,
forever t ogethe r with all th eir d om i n i on s cities c amps pl aces and

, , , , ,
vill ages an d all rights j u ri sdiction s and appu rten ances all i sl ands
, , , ,
an d m ainl an d s f ou n d an d to b e f ou nd di scov ered an d to b e di s ,
cover ed t ow ar d s th e w e st an d th e sou th b y dr awing an d est abl i sh ing ,
a l in e f rom th e Arctic pol e n am el y th e n orth to th e An t arct i c pol e

, , ,
n am el y th e sou th n o m atte r whether th e sai d m ainl an ds an d i sl ands

,
are f oun d an d t o b e f ou n d in th e directi on of In di a or t ow ard s any
oth er qu art e r th e sai d l i n e t o b e d i st ant on e hund re d l e agues t ow ar d s

1
,
th e w est and sou th f r om any O f th e i sl an ds comm onl y known as th e

Azores and C ape Verde Wi th thi s provi so however th at none O f
.
, ,
th e i sl an ds an d m ai nl an ds f ou n d and to b e foun d d i scovered an d

, ,
to b e di scovere d b ey on d th at sai d l ine tow ards th e w est an d sou th

, ,
b e in th e actu al posse ssion of an y Chri st i an ki ng or prince up to th e

b irth d ay of ou r Lord J esu s C hri st j u st p ast f rom whi ch th e present
year 1 49 3 b egin s Fu rth erm ore un de r pen al ty of excommunication
.
,
l atae sen ten tiae to b e incu rred ip so facto sh oul d any one thu s contr a ,
vene w e strictl y forb i d all person s O f wh at soever r ank even imperi al

, ,
an d r oy al or O f wh at soeve r est at e degree o rder or condition to d are

, , , , ,
withou t you r speci al perm it or th at of you r af oresai d heirs and suc

ce ssors to go f or th e pu rpo se O f tr ade or any other re ason to th e
,
isl ands or m ai nl ands apo st ol i c con stitu ti on s an d or din an ce s an d
oth e r d ecree s wh at soe v er to th e contr ary n otw ith st an di ng: Let

1Th l d Sp i h I g
e O an sf q tly m ti d i th d m t th t f ll w
e ua , re ue n en on e n e ocu en s a o o ,
w asth q iv l t f b t
e e u a en m il
o l th
a ou gh th Sp i d d th
es, a ou e an ar s u se ano er
t d d i C l if i th
s an ar n a t q i l t f wh i h w
or n a e exac d t mi d
e u va en o c as never e er ne .
4 Th e Sp an ish C ol on ies
sa id b ound is not crossed sh all b elong to and rem ain in th e possession

,
of an d pert ain f orever to th e sai d K ing O f Portugal an d hi s su ccessors

, ,
.
A nd all oth e r l an ds b oth i sl an ds an d m ainl ands f oun d or to b e foun d

, ,
hereafter b y th e said K ing and Queen O f C astil e Ar agon etc , , .

,
an d b y th eir v essel s on th e w est ern side O f th e sai d b oun d

,
deter ,
m in ed as ab ove af ter h avin g passed th e sai d b ound tow ar d th e west in

, ,
eith er it s n orth or sou th l atitu de sh all b el ong to ,

th e sai d Kin g
and Q ueen of C astil e LeOn etc ,
an d t o th eir su cce ssor s
,
.
,
.
Item th e sai d represent atives promi se and affi rm

, th at from thi s
date n o ships sh all b e di spatch ed — n am el y as foll ow s : th e sai d King
an d Q u een of C astil e Leon Ar agon etc
, , for thi s p art of th e b ound
, .
,
whi ch pert ains to th e said King of Portugal n or th e sai d K in g
O f Portu gal t o th e o th e r si de O f th e sai d b oun d whi ch pert ai n s t o th e
sai d K i ng and Q ue en O f C astil e Ar agon etc — f or th e

, pu rpose of , .
di scov ering and seeking any m ainl an ds or i sl an ds or for th e pu rpose ,
O f tr ade b art e r or con quest O f any kin d B u t sh oul d it com e to pass

, , .
th at th e said ships of th e said King and Queen O f C astil e on
sail i ng thu s on thi s si de of th e sai d b oun d sh ou l d di scov er an y m ain ,
l an ds or i sl an ds in th e regi on pert ainin g as ab ovesai d to th e sai d , ,
K in g O f Portugal su ch m ainl an ds or i sl an ds sh all b el ong forever to

,
th e sai d King O f Portu gal and hi s h eir s an d th eir Highn e sses sh all ,
orde r th em t o b e su rrende r e d t o him im m edi atel y A nd if th e sai d .
ship s O f th e sai d Ki n g O f Po rtu gal di scov er any i sl an ds or m ainl an ds
in th e regi on s of th e sai d K ing and Queen of C astil e all su ch l an ds
sh all b el On g t o an d rem ain f orev er in th e possessi on O f th e sai d K ing
an d Q u een O f C astil e an d th eir h eir s an d th e sai d K in g of Po rtu gal

,
sh all cause su ch l an ds t o b e surren dered imm e di at el y .
A n d b y thi s present agreem ent th ey entre at our m ost H ol y

,
F ath er th at h i s Holi ness b e pl eased to confirm an d approve thi s said

agreem ent accordi ng to wh at i s set f orth th erein ; and th at h e orde r
,
his b ull s in regard t o it to b e i ssu ed to th e parties or to wh ich ever of

th e parties m ay sol icit th em with th e t enor O f thi s agr eemen t incor
,
porated th erein an d th at h e l ay his censures upon th ose wh o sh all

,
viol ate or O ppose it at any time wh atsoever .
Th e B ull Un iversal is e cc les iae O f P ope Juliu s II ,
Ju l y 2 8 , 1 5 0 8
BY TH E b ul l U n iversal is ecclesiae O f J ly 2 8 u , 1 5 0 8 , Pope J li
u us II ( 1 5 03
1 5 1 3 ) concede d to th e Span sh c o n i r w ni ver u tr
sal p a on age over al l eccl e si
Th e B u ll U ni versal i s eccl esi ae 5
asti cal h th r thi

b enefice s in it s New W o l d possess on s W e e or n ot r
s b ull i .
r t fi r t ti
g an ed f or th e s wh th r i t r r
m e th e rea l p a tro n a to or e fir
e m e el y econ m e d ,
ri ht r y t y it
g s al ead b e s ow ed b y t h e H ol See ti r r
con n u e d to b e e ga ded as th e ,
r i t ry vi
p inc pal d ocu m en a ri ht
e d en ce O f t h e l egal ig vri
of th e Sp an sh so e e gn s
x r i j r i i ti vr t i h rh
to e e c se u sd c on o e th e C a h ol c C u c r w
in th e N ew W o ld d o n
i t th t r
to t h e n n e een r J
cen u y S ou ce :y h
Ll o d Mec am , C h urch an d S tate in
. .
i iv r ity
La tin A m er ica ( C h apel H l l : U n e s rth r iO f Nor C a ol n a P ess,
1 8 —2 0
pp . .
J uliu s b ish op serv an t O f th e servant s O f God W e presiding b y

, ,
.
,
divine ch oice al th ou gh unworthil y ov er th e gove rnm en t O f th e U ni

, ,
versal Chu rch do concede vol unt aril y to th e C ath oli c kings prin cipall y
,
th o se thin gs th at augment th e ir h on or an d gl ory an d contr i b u te eff ec ,
tively to th e b en efit an d secu rity O f the i r dom ini on s Since ou r b el oved .
son in Chri st F e rdin an d ill ustri ou s kin g O f Ar agon an d al so O f

, , ,
Sicil y an d I sab ell a O f ch eri sh ed m em o ry Q ueen O f C astil e and Leé n

, , , ,
afte r h aving expell e d th e M oor s fr om Sp ain cr ossed th e oce an an d ,
p l an t e d th e Cr o ss in u n kn o w n l an d s an d su b j u ga t e d m a n y i sl an d s a
,
nd
pl aces and am ong th ese b e in g one very rich an d extr em el y popul ou s

,
n am ed New Sp ain th e reb y f ulfilli ng to th e ext en t O f th eir ab il ity th e

,
sayin g i n om n e m terram ex i vi t son us e orum Th erefore we in or der , ,
th at it ( New Spain ) mi ght b e purged of f al se an d perniciou s rites ,
and th e tru e reli gion b e pl an t ed th ere h ave acceded to th e m ost ,
u rgen t re qu e st s of th e kin g and qu een an d do h e reb y e rect f or th e ,
greater g l ory O f th e n am e O f Chri st a m etr opoli t an chu rch in ,
A ygu acen and two cath edr al s in M aguen and B ayunen

, and if th e ,
1
conve rt s im b u e d b y th e n ew f aith sh ould att empt t o f oun d any church
or pi ou s pl ace th ey sh oul d do so in su ch a w ay as not to inj u re th e

,
n ew r eli gi on or th e t em or al dom ini on s of th e ki n

p g .
In vi ew O f th e f act th at th e sai d F er din an d wh o i s al so at present ,
govern or gen er al O f th e kingdom s O f C astil e an d Leé n an d ou r m ost

-
,
che ri sh ed d au ghte r in Chri st J u an a que en of th e sam e kingdom s an d , ,
dau ghter of th e aforem entioned F er din and wi sh th at n o church , ,
mon astery or pi ou s pl ace b e erect ed or f oun de d eith er in th e i sl ands

,
an d l an ds al re ady possesse d or in those sub se qu en tl y acqu ir e d with , ,
1Th A h di e rcf A yg ocese o ( Hy g t ) d th ff g

u acen S f M g
a ua a an e su ra an ee s o a ue n
(M g ) a ua d B y an (B y ) v
a u ne n itd pta u na
p p Af t
n e er th ex s e exce on a er . er e
im p ti lity f th i it h d b m k w
rac ca O e r s d ft
es F di
a ecod f A g
e no n , an a er er n an o r a on
h d a bj t d t
o ec e ly t ig i g t th b i h p
s renu ou s o p t
ass f th
n n t it h o e s o s a ar o e es on
g ld
o il r d p i
, s ve , t
an J li II i d b i f
rec ou s s on es, A g t 8 151 1
u us ssu e a r e on u us , ,
th t pp d th j i di ti
a su resse d i th i p l
ese ur s c t d th
o ns an w di n e r ace erec e r ee n e oceses
a t S D mi g
an o d C pt i
n o d l V g i
an E p ii l
o n ce ( H iti )
on e d t S
a e a n s a o a a an a an
Juan i P tn Ri ll m d
u er o ff g co , f th A h di
a a e su f S ill
ra ans O e rc o cese o ev e .
6 Th e Sp an ish C o lon ies
ou t their express consent and th at O f their successors; and considering

th at since it is convenient to those kin gs th at th e persons wh o preside
o v er church es an d m on ast e rie s b e f ai thful an d accept ab l e to th em ,
they desire th at they b e conceded th e ri ght O f patron age and O f th e

c athe dr al chu rch es al re ady erect e d or to b e e rect ed in th e f ut ure
, ,
an d f or all th e oth er eccl esi asti c al b enefices in si de of a y ear of th eir
v acancy and al so for inf erior b enefice s; and in case th e ordin ary
,
sh ould refuse with ou t l egitim at e c au se t o gr an t th e one present e d with
canon ic al i nstitu ti on in si de O f t en d ay s any oth er b i sh op at th e , ,
request O f th e king sh ould gr ant it We appreci atin g th at these .

,
privil eges in cre ase th e h onor b eauty an d security O f th ose i sl an d s an d

, ,
al so O f th e sai d kin gdom s wh ose kin gs are al w ay s devou t an d f aithf ul

,
to th e Apostol i c See and h ee din g th e r eiter at ed dem an ds m ade on u s

,
b y Ki ng Ferdin and and Q ueen J u an a after m atu re del ib e r ation with ,
ou r broth er s th e cardin al s O f th e Hol y R om an Chu rch an d wi th th eir ,
advi ce b y th e se pr esent s we concede w i th apo stol ic au th ority

, o th er ,
con stitu ti on s ordi n an ces

,
an d l aw s to th e contr ary notwith st and i ng
, ,
to th e sai d Fer di n and and J u an a an d to th e futu re kings of C astil e

,
an d LeOn th at nob ody with ou t thei r consent can con struct or b u il d

,
in th e ab ove m enti oned i sl and s n ow possessed or to b e possessed

, ,
l arge chu rch es; and we con cede th e ri ght O f patron age an d O f pre
senting qu al ifi e d per son s t o cathe dr al church es m on ast eri e s dign i ties , , ,
coll egi ates an d oth er eccl esi astic al b en efices and p ious pl aces in thi s
,
m anner : respectin g b enefices th at are in st i tu t ed in th e consi story th e ,
pre sent ation i s to b e m ade to U s or O ur successor s w ithin one year

, ,
af ter th e v ac an cy occu r s ; an d r espect i n g th e oth er b ene fices present a ,
ti on will b e m ade to th e respecti ve ordin aries and if these refuse ,
without cause to give institu ti on insi de O f ten d ays any b ishop in those ,
l ands on th e petiti on O f K ing F erdi nan d or O f Q u een J u an a or th e

, ,
ki ng ruli ng at th at tim e c an b est ow un der th ose con diti on s f ree an d

, , ,
l egal canoni cal institu tion on th e per son pre sented Nob ody sh oul d .
dei gn t o infringe on or act con tr ary to thi s concessi on an d if an y on e ,
attempt s to do so l et h im kn ow th at h e will in cu r th e in di gn ation of

“
God Almi ghty an d O f th e b l e ssed apostl es Peter an d P aul Giv en in .
Rome etc J uly 2 8 1 5 0 8

, .
, , .
Th e B u ll Sub limi s Deu s
Th e B ul l S u bl im is De us Of P ope P aul III ,
June 2 1 537 ,
TO C O M B A T th e c a ge a hr th t
th e I n d an s i
e e n ot capabl e of wr ec e ng r iv i
th i
th e C a ol c f a , i th
P au l II I ( 1 5 34 wi
f oll o n g ep esen a on s b y th e r r t ti
i i r r i i y
D om n can s Be n a d n o de M n a a an d ul an G a c es, B sh op of Tl a cal a J i r i x
i J
in New Sp ai n , ssu ed on u ne 2 , 1 5 37 , th e b u ll S u bl im is D eus By s ac . thi
ti on th e p ope r r
eaffi m e d th e tr iti
ad onal t hi
e ac n g O f th e C a th
oli c C u c h rh
r i
conce n ng th e sp ir i t
q ity
u al e u al r th r
an d b o e h ood o f all m en T hi
s i s a key .
t
docum en in th e l en gt hy tr v r y v r
con o e s o e i t t i ti
th e n el l ec u al c ap ac es of t h e
ri i
A m e can I n d an s A l ou gh th it . i i
i s mpos s bl e to say h ow m an yof t h e
i
Span sh co n q u is tadores eall r y iv i i
b el e ed th e In d an s to b e an m al s [ b ru ta
a n im a l ia] , th re e i s n o d oub t th t a som e h thi vi w
el d s e If it rv
h ad p e ail ed .
with t h
ou c al l en ge it w hv
ou l d i r
a e en ab l e d th e Sp an a ds t o u se th e l iv
es an d
r rti tiv h
p ope es O f th e d efen sel ess n a es u n c ecked b y th e p o e c ng an d O f
:
r t ti h
h h
th e C ur c , and th u s th e t i i ri w
ask of th e m ss ona es ould hv
a e b een ren
r
de ed mu ch m o e d f culr i fi t th i t t y an ac u all w as .
r r hr V
Em pe o C a l es
“
r vr t
b ecam e so con ce ne d o e th e eff ec O f th e S u b l im is
ih
D eus in th e Span s dom n on s i i th t r ht r r
a h e b ou g r
p essu e t o b ea on Pau l III
rv
t o e oke it q i th r
A s a con se u en ce , th e p op e ssued an o e b u ll on u n e 1 9 ,
. J
1 538, whi h r v
c r vi ri ht i t rj i
e ok ed all p e ou s p ap al b ef s an d b u l l s t a m gh p e u d ce
wr
th e po e O f C a l es hr V i ir tt r
in h is col on al em p e In th e l a e d ocu m en th e . t
t
pope di d n ot ake b ack wh t i
a h e h ad sa d in th e S u bl im is D eus con ce n ng r i
i
th e I n d an s capac
’
ity vri r
f or con e s on , b u t h e d i d decl a e all eccl es as cal i ti
r ti i i i i
cen su e s an d p en al es m p ose d b y th e m ss on ar es on th e c o n q u is tado res t o
v i h i ti ri h r
b e nu ll an d o d T s ac on se ou sly am pe ed th e m ss on a es eff o s to
. i i ri ’
rt
h
c eck th e ap acr i ty ir h r
o f th e Sp an a d s, b u t as on e sc ol a h as s a ed , tt “
th e b u ll
i i iv r
Sub l m s D eu s l ed on as a f o ce t o b e eckon e d r wi th in th e en d less dis
t vr
pu e s o e th e tr tr ri i
u e n a u e of th e Am e can In d an s b ecau se th e n u llifi cati on
w as not wi del y kn o n w ”
wi “
Le s H ank e, Pope P au l I II an d th e A m e can
. ri
i
In d ans, H arva rd Th eo logical R evie w XXX ri
(Ap l,, 9 7 S ou ce : r .
r i
F an c s A u gu st us M acNu tt , B ar th o lo m ew d e Las C asas ( N ew Y r
o k: G P . . .
t
Pu n am s Son s
’
, pp 427 —4 3 1 . .
Paul I I I Pope To all f ai thf ul Chri sti an s t o wh om th i s writin g m ay

'
com e , h eal th in Chri st ou r L ord an d th e apostol i c b enedi cti on .
Th e sub lim e God so l oved th e hum an r ace th at He created m an in

suc h wise th at h e mi ght participate not onl y in th e good that other ,
cre atur e s enj oy b u t endowed him with c apacity to att ain to th e

,
in accessibl e and in vi sibl e Supreme Good and b ehold it f ace to face ;

an d since m an accord ing to th e t estim on y O f th e sacr ed sc riptures
, ,
h as b een created to enj oy etern al lif e an d h appiness whi ch none m ay ,
O b t ain save thr ough f aith in our Lor d J esus Chri st it i s n ecessary th at ,
h e sh ould possess th e n ature an d f acul ties enabling him to receive

8 Th e Sp an ish Colon ies
that f ai th ; and th at whoever is thu s endowed shoul d b e capab le of

receiving th at sam e f aith Nor is it credib l e th at any one shoul d
.
possess so l ittl e un der st an ding as to desire th e f aith an d yet b e desti

tu te O f th e m ost n ecessary f acul ty to en ab l e him to receive it Hence .
Chri st wh o is th e Truth itself th at h as n ever f ail ed and can n ever

, ,
f ail sai d to th e pre ach ers O f th e f aith wh om He ch ose f or th at O fli ce

,
GO ye and te ach all n ations He sai d all w i th ou t ex cepti on f or all

‘ ’
.
, ,
are capabl e of r ece iving th e doctrin e s O f th e f aith .
Th e enem y O f th e hum an r ace wh o Oppose s all good deeds In ,
order to b rin g m en to de structi on b eh oldin g an d envyin g th i s in ven ted

, ,
a m ean s n eve r b ef or e h e ar d O f b y whi ch h e m i ght hin der th e pre aching

,
O f God s w or d O f S al v ation to th e p eopl e : h e i n spired hi s sat ell it es

’
wh o t o pl e ase h im h ave n ot h e sit ated t o pub li sh ab road th at th e

, ,
Indi an s O f th e West an d th e South and other peopl e O f whom We h ave

,
recent knowle dge shoul d b e tre ated as dumb b rute s created for ou r
se rvi ce preten din g th at th ey are incapab l e O f receivin g th e C ath o
,
lic F aith .
W e wh o though un worthy exerci se on e arth th e power O f our

, , ,
Lord and seek with all our m ight to b ring those sh eep of His flock
wh o are out si de in t o th e fold comm itted to our ch arge con si der , ,
however th at th e Indi ans are trul y m en and th at they are not onl y
,
c apab l e O f u n der st an ding th e C ath ol i c F aith b u t accor din g to our ,
inf orm ation they desire exceedin gl y to rece1 ve i t D esiring to provide

,
.
am pl e rem e dy f or th ese evil s W e define an d decl are b y th ese O ur

,
l etter s or b y any tr an sl ation th ereof signed b y any not ary pub li c an d

,
se al e d with th e seal O f any eccl esi ast i c al di gni t ary t o whi ch th e sam e ,
cre dit sh all b e giv en as to th e o rigi n al s th at n otwith st andin g wh at

‘
, ,
eve r m ay h av e b e en or m ay b e sai d to th e contr ary th e sai d Indi an s ,
an d all oth e r peopl e wh o m ay l ate r b e d i scov ere d b y Chri sti an s are ,
b y n o m e an s to b e deprived O f th eir l ib e rty or th e possessi on of th eir

p pr o e rty ev e n th,ou gh th e y b e o u t si d e th e f aith O f J esu s Chri st ; an d
th at they m ay and shoul d freely an d l egitim ately enj oy their lib erty
, ,
an d th e possessi on O f th ei r pr ope rty ; n or sh oul d th ey b e in an y w ay
en sl ave d ; sh oul d th e con tr ary h appen it sh all b e null an d O f no eff ect

,
.
By virtue O f O ur apostol ic au th o rity W e define and decl are b y th ese

present l etter s or b y any tr an sl ation th ereof si gned b y an y n ot ary
,
pub li c an d se al ed with th e se al of any eccl esi astic al di gnit ary whi ch .

,
sh all thu s com m an d th e sam e O b e di en ce as th e o ri gin al s th at th e sai d ,
Indi ans and other peopl es shoul d b e converted to th e f aith of J esus

Chri st b y preaching th e word O f God and b y th e ex ample O f good
and h ol y l iving .
Protomarty r , J uan de Pad illa 9
Juan de P adill a th e Protom artyr O f th e U nited ,
S tates I s Mur dered b y th e Pl ain s I n di an s 0 1 542

, , .
t t ri tw tr
I N THE h r ee cen u es b e een th e en ance of t h e fir t ri t i t
s p es s n o F l o d a ri
ry i t i r i i i
in th e ea l 1 5 2 0 s an d th e f ou n d ng of th e l as O f th e C al f o n a m ss on s
’
r i
at S an F an c sco S ol an o in J y
u l , 1 8 23 , h r t i i i ri
u n d ed s o f C a h ol c m ss on a es
r
l ab o ed in e e v ry ti
sec on O f wh t
a it tt
w as t o b e com e th e U n ed S a e s in an
e ff ort to convert th tiv Indi ns t C h ri ti nity In th e tt mpt m y O f
e na e a o s a . a e an
th se m en m et d th at th e h d of th e v g O n th e po h l xpl ri g
e ea an s sa a es . e c a e o n
exp ed i t i on of C r n do wh i ch tarted n rth f r m ld M exi in F b r ry

o o a s o o O co e ua ,
1 5 40 and d r i g th e n ext two ye r s tr v r d so l r g a p rt of th A m

, u n er i a a e se a e a e
can Sou th we t th er were th ree Fr n i c fri ar F th er J

s , e d P d i ll a c s an s, a s u an e a a
a nd J an d e l u C ru n d B roth er L i
a de U b d
z, (D E l
a ) Wh n u s e a e sca on a . e
C oron do turn d b ck i n d i s ppoi tm n t in th e spr i ng of 1 5 42 th f ri r

a e a a n e e a s
rem ined b ehi nd in th e hope f v g l i i g th Indi n S o th r ft r

a O e an e z n e a s . on e ea e
P d ill a w a m rd r d b y th e r d m
a s u e e d th b m e th e pr t m artyr e en an us eca o o-
o f th e f u tur U n i t d St t s; th
e th r tw w r n v r h rd fr m g i
e a e e o e o e e e e ea o a a n .
In th e accou t wh i h f ll ow wr i tt n b y e of C oro old i r P dr

’
n c o d s, e on na o s s e s, e o
de C a t ned h e d e crib ed th e l i ttl th t i s kn own ab o t th f t

s a a, s f th e e a u e a e O
f ri ar Th e ex ct d t an d l o t i on of P di ll de th r rt i l tho gh
.
’
. a a e ca a a s a a e u n ce a n, a u
m ost uth or i ti s thi n k i t took pl h rtly ft r C ro d d p rt r ’

a e ace s o a e o na o s e a u e
sou th w r d d prob b ly occu rr ed

a an m wh r in sou th ern K n
a S r so e e e a sas . ou ce :
Th e N rr tive of th e Exped i ti n f C oro do b y C t n d F r d ri k

“ ”
a a o O na as a e a, e e c
W H odg nd Theodore H Lewi ( Ed ) S p i h E p l

. e a . i th S th s s , an s x o rers n e ou e rn
U it d S t t 1 5 2 8 —1 5 43 ( N ew Y rk C h rl e S rib n er s S n
’
n e a es, pp o : a s c o s, .
3 7 2—374 ; n ow i cl ded in O igi l N n u ti f E ly A m i r Hi t y na arr a ves o ar er ca n s or ,
copyri ght B r Nob l e Inc N ew Y rk

a n es ,
.
, o .
When th e general Francisco Vasqu ez saw th at everything w as, ,

1
now qui et an d th at his sch em es h ad gone as h e wi sh e d h e o rder ed

, ,
th at everyth ing sh oul d b e ready to st art on th e retu rn to New Spain

b y th e b eginnin g of th e m onth O f April in th e ye ar 1 5 43 ,
Seeing thi s Fri ar J uan de Padill a a regul ar b roth er of th e l esse r

, ,
or der an d an oth er
, Friar Lu i s [D escal ona] a l ay b r oth er told th e
, , ,
gener al th at th ey w anted to rem ain in th at coun try F ri ar J u an de

Padill a in Q uivir a b ecause hi s teachings seem ed to prom i se f rui t th ere
, ,
and F ri ar Lui s at Cicuye O n thi s account as it w as L en t at th e 2

.
,
time th e f ather m ade this th e sub j ect O f hi s serm on to th e companie s

,
1
i
Franc sco V as u ez C oron ado ( q ) w as G overnor 1 5 1 0— 1 55 4 Of Nu e v a G al ii
c a
'
and l eader of th e exp ed on iti .
2
Cicuy e w as sy no ny m ou s w th Pe cos in New M ex co i i .
on e Sunday ,
t
i hing h is propositi on on th e autho rity O f th e Holy
es ab l s
Sc riptu res H e decl ared h is z eal f or th e conver si on O f th ese peopl es

.
and h is desire t o dr aw th em t o th e f aith an d st ate d th at h e h ad ,
received permi ssion to do it al though th i s w as not necessary Th e ,

.
g e n e r al sen t a c o m p an y t o es cort th e m as f ar a s C ic u y e wh e r e F ri ar ,
Lu is stopped whil e F ri ar J u an went on b ack to Q u ivir a with th e

,
g u i d es wh o h ad c on du ct e d th e ge n e r al t ak i n g with h i m t h e P o rt u guese , ,
as w e rel at e d an d th e h al f b l ood an d th e In di an s f rom New Sp ain H e

,
-
,
.
w as m artyred a sh ort t im e af ter h e arrived th ere as w e rel ated in th e

'
se con d p art Ch apte r , Thu s we m ay b e su re th at h e di ed a m artyr ,
b ecause his ze al w as h ol y and e arnest .
F ri ar Lui s rem ained at Cicuye Nothing m ore h as b een h e ard ab ou t .
h im si nce b ut b efor e th e arm y l eft Tigu ex som e m en wh o went t o

,
4
t ake h im a numb er O f sheep th at were l eft f or h im to keep m et h im ,
as h e w as on h i s w ay to vi sit som e o th er vill ages whi ch w ere fif teen ,
or tw en ty l e ague s f r om C icu ye accom pan ie d b y som e f oll ow er s He ,

.
fel t ve ry h opeful th at h e w as l iked at th e vill age and th at hi s teachi ng

woul d b ear fruit al thou gh h e com pl ained th at th e O ld m en were f all ing
,
aw ay fr om h im I for m y part b el i eve th at they fin all y kill ed h im

.
, ,
.
He w as a m an O f good and h ol y li fe an d m ay O u r Lord protect h im ,

.
an d gran t th at h e m ay conv e rt m an y O f th o se p eopl es and en d h i s d ay s ,
in gui ding th em in th e f aith W e do n ot n eed to b el i eve oth erwi se f or.

,
th e pe opl e in tho se part s are piou s an d n ot at all cruel Th ey are .
f ri ends or r ath er enemi es O f cru el ty an d th ey rem ained f aithf ul an d

, , ,
l oy al f ri en ds .
After th e f ri ars h ad gon e th e gener al fearing th at they m i ght b e , ,
inj ured if peopl e were c arried aw ay f rom th at country to New Spain ,
ordere d th e sol di e r s to l et an y of th e n atives wh o were h el d as se rv ant s
gO free t o th eir vill ages wh en ever th ey m ight W i sh In m y opin i on .

,
though I am n ot su re it would h ave b een b etter if they h ad b een

,
kept and t au ght am ong Chri sti an s .
3
it
A t th e p o n ref erred to C ast aned a st ated : A f r ar n am e d u an de Pad ll a i J i
i
rem a ned in th s pro i vi
nce , t ogeth er w th a Sp an sh Portu gu ese an d a n e ro an d
g i i -
i
a h alf b l oo d and som e I nd ans f rom th e p rov nce of C apoth an in New Sp a n
-
i i
i i i
.
Th ey k ll e d th e f r ar b ecau se h e w ante d to go to th e p rov nce of th e G u as

i
[poss b l y th e K aw or K ansa I n d ans] , wh o w ere th e r e nem es i
Th e I nd ans i i . i
i
f rom N ew Sp a n wh o accom p an e d th e f r ar w ere all owe d b y th e m u rderers i i
to b u ry h im ( pp 3 6 4 .
4
it
Tiguex w as s uate d at th e s te of Bernal l l o on th e Rio Gr ande R ver i n i i i
t
wh a is tod ay New M e co xi .
12 Th e Sp an ish C olon ies
h
and s oes religi ous and these cost f ou r tim es as m uch in thi s
for th e ,
country as in Spain .
In th e meantim e I am sending out three rel igiou s to th e new m in es

of S an M artin whi ch are b etw een th e mines O f Los Zacat ec as and
,
CO p al a thirty l eagues f rom th e min es [ of Los Zacatecas] an d as

,
m any m ore according t o wh at th e In di an s O f th at country say f rom

, ,
Copal a They are to assi st a good cl eric wh o h as b apti zed a num b er

.
of Indi ans b etween th e country O f S an M artin and C opal a to attr act ,
th e r est O f th e peopl e O f th e di strict an d to m ake su re wh at th e ,
province O f C opal a i s so th at wh en conv enien t it m ay b e entered

, ,
p acifi e d an d col oni ze d

,
.
M exico th e l ast d ay O f Septem b er 1 55 8

, , .
You r C atholi c Roy al M aj esty s ’
faithful serv ant wh o ki sses y our Maj esty s r oyal f eet

’
Don Lui s de Vel asco
Agreem en t Between Philip II an d P edro M enen dez

de Aviles for th e C on quest O f Fl ori da an d th e
Assignm ent O f J e su it Mi ssion ari e s M arch 20 1 56 5 , ,
i r t
O N F IV E d ff e en occas on s i wi t i
h n a alf cen u y Spa n h ad h e d an dt r i tri
i q r tt ri
f a l ed to con u e and se l e Fl o d a T o th e ea l e n su m oun ab l e O ppos
. ri r i r t i
tion of sa age n a v tiv t r
es h e e w as l a e adde d t h e a m ed tr
os l y O f Eu op ean r h ti i t r
i r r fir t r r ih i
,
n t u de s A m on g th e. s to f o esee t h e d ange s t o th e Span s Em p r e

r r r
an d it s com m e ce in th e New W o l d f om a p e m anen l oss O f F l o d a w as r t ri
r
Pe d o M en en dez It was at h i s u gen appeal
. a th e r t th t
el asco Lu na e p ed V -
x i
ti r i tr t iv tt
on w as o gan ze d to con s u c de f en s e se l em en s on th e F l o d a coas t ri t .
i y
F nal l in 1 56 5 M en en dez w as au o zed t o o gan ze ano e e pe d on ,th ri r i th r x iti
an d whi ry t t r t
l e th e asie n to, or o al pa en , g an ed to h im an d h is h e r s m any i
ti t rv r
l es an d th e e en u es f om th e l an ds h e s ou l d con ue , h
l ke se l a d q r i t i wi i
x r ti r rt i
th e e pen se an d b u den o f t h e en e u n de ak n g on t h e s ou l d e s of th e h r
new G o e n o vr r
an d C ap a n G en e al O f ti
La F l o da Sou ce :
-
r e an ne e ri . r J tt
r r
Th u b e Conn o r
P ed ro M e n en dez d e A vil es M em or ial by G o n
’
zalo S o lis d e M erds ( D el an d : F l o d a S a e H s o cal S o c e y , ri tt pp i t ri it .
2 59 —2 70 .
Th e K ing:
Where as we h ave given asientos at variou s tim es for
th e di scovery
and settl em en t of th e provinces of Fl ori da an d l ik ewi se ,
ch arged D on Lu i s de Vel asco wh o was our Vi ce r oy of New Spain , ,
to send a cert ain num b er O f peopl e an d rel i gious t o settl e th at country ,
and an asien to w as l ast m ade con ce rn in g thi s with Lucas V asquez

C on q u es t f
o F l or ida 13
de Ayll on ; an d eff o rt s h ave b e en m ade b y th e per son s t o wh om w e

gave th e sa id as i e n t os, as well as b y th e Viceroy af oresai d ; never
up to now h as th at l an d b een wh at we desired i
col on ze d ; n or h as ,
which w as th e af ore sai d settlem ent b een accompl i shed ; nor th e ,
teachin g and conver sion O f th e n atives O f those provinces and th e ,
b ri nging th em i nto our H ol y C ath ol i c F aith ; an d as we h av e in m i n d

th e goo d an d th e sal v ation O f th ose soul s w e h ave de ci de d t o gi v e ,
th e or de r to se nd r el i giou s pe r son s to i n str u ct th e sai d In di an s an d ,
those other people wh o are good Chri sti an s and ou r sub j ects so th at ,
they m ay l ive among and t alk to th e n atives there m ay b e in th ose

l an ds and provin ces O f Fl ori da an d th at [ th e Indi an s] b y intercou rse
,
an d conv er sati on with th em m ay m or e e asil y b e t au ght ou r H ol y
C athol ic F aith an d b e b rou ght to good u sages an d cu stom s and per ,
fect pol ity An d to y ou Pedro M en endez de Avil es Kn i ght O f th e

.
, ,
O rder O f S an ti ago h ave I O ff ered an d do O ffer b ec au se O f th e desi re

, ,
y ou h ave f or th e se rvice O f God O u r Lor d an d for the i n crease to th e ,
R oy al Cr own O f th ese kin gdom s th at du ring th e com in g m onth O f M ay

,
O f thi s pr esent y ear y ou sh all h old r e ady an d prep ar e d t o sail in S an

, ,
Lucar de B arr am eda in th e port of S ant a M ari a or in th e B ay O f

,
C adiz in order to depart with th e first O pportunity six sh all ops O f

, ,
fif ty toneles each m ore or l e ss; an d fou r swift zab ras with their oar s
, , ,
arm s an d m u niti on s l aden with s u ppli es an d f ul l y prep are d f or w ar ;

,
an d th at y ou sh all t ake five h u n dre d m en on e h un dre d O f th em ,
f arm ers and one hu ndred sail or s an d th e r est O f th em n av al and ,
mili t ary m en an d O ffi ci al s oth er s profe ssion al st onecutter s carpenter s

, , ,
sawy e r s sm ith s
, b arb er s l ocksm ith s; all of th em with th eir arm s
, , ,
arqueb u se s an d cro ssb ow s an d h el m et s an d b u ckl er s and oth e r O ff en

, ,
sive an d defen siv e w e apon s which y ou m ay see fit an d which m ay
b e su it ab l e for th e sai d v oy age ; an d two pri est s; an d th at you sh all

do oth er things decl ared ab ove all O f thi s at y ou r cost and under ,
your commi ssion withou t O ur b eing obl igated or th e Kings wh o m ay

, ,
com e af ter U s to p ay or indem n if y y ou anythin g th e r eof oth e r th an

,
wh at m ay b e conceded to you b y thi s A greem ent as you h ave ,
entreate d m e t o m ake it with you an d t o gr ant you ce rt ain f av or s .
F u rthe rm ore ; Y ou O ffe r and pl edge y ou r self th at within th e sai d

tim e and am ong th e n um b er O f th e sai d peopl e wh om you b in d you r
,
self t o t ake you will in cl u de at l e ast ten or tw el v e rel i gi ous O f th e

, ,
O rder which m ay appe ar b est to y ou : per son s wh o are O f a good l if e

an d ex am pl e ; lik ewi se f ou r oth er s O f th e Soci ety of J e su s so th at ,
there m ay b e rel igious instruction in th e said l and and th e Indi ans can ,
b e convert ed to our Hol y C athol ic F aith and to our O b edience .

14 Th e Sp a n ish C olon ies
T herefore b y these present s if you th e said Pedro M en en dez do

, , ,
carry ou t th e af oresai d at y ou r cost acco rdin g t o wh at i s cont ai ned

,
in th e aforesai d in th e m anner th ereof ; an d if you ful fil all th at i s

,
included in thi s agreem ent in th e instructions which sh all b e given

,
you an d in th ose whi ch sh al l b e given y ou l at er on ; li kewi se th e

,
provi sion s an d o rdin ances W e sh all m ake an d or der to b e O b served , ,
for th e sai d cou ntry an d settl emen t s an d f or th e good treatm ent an d

,
conv er sion t o ou r H ol y C ath ol i c F aith of th e n ative s th ere an d of ,
th e settl e r s wh o m ay go th ere ; I say an d pr om i se b y my f aith an d ,
my Roy al word th at thi s A greem ent sh all b e O b se rved in y ou r f avor

, , ,
an d eve rything th er in con t ai n e d wh oll y an d ab sol u tel y according as

e , ,
it is therein cont ain ed withou t you r m eeting any O pposition thereto ;

,
b ut th at if you sh oul d n ot so fulfil an d accompl i sh th at to whi ch you

ob li gat e you r self w e sh all n ot b e com pell ed to keep with you an d
,
carry out th e af oresai d [ agr eem ent ] n or any p art th e reof ; r ath er sh all
,
we or der th at you b e pu n i sh e d an d w e sh all proceed again st y ou as

,
a per son wh o does no t ob se rve an d f ul fil b ut tre sp asses again st th e

, ,
comm an ds of h i s K ing and n atu r al M ast e r .
A n d w e order th at th ese present s b e given to th at eff ect si gn ed b y ,
ou r h an d and b y th e m em b er s of ou r C ou ncil of th e Indi es, and

“
cou nt er si gn e d b y F r an ci sco de B r asso ou r S e cr et ary , .
I th e King .
B y or der of h is M aj esty ,
F r anci sco de B r asso .
Done in M ad ri d on th e
,
2oth d ay of M arch 1 5 6 5 ,
.
St Franci s B orgi a With draw s th e J esu it s From

.
th e F l o ri da Mi ssi on s M arch 20 1 5 7 1 , ,
ri y r
D u ng th e six ea s, 1 56 6—1 5 72 ,th t J it
a th e t esu s sp en in th e m ss o n s of i i
ri t y t r ti i t wh t
Fl o d a h e m ove d u p t h e coas f om St A u gu s ne n o a are n o w th e
.
tt ri th r i wi th ri
s a es of G eo g a an d S ou C a ol n a, t
a b ef an d f a al eff o in 1 5 7 1 rt
as f ar asVir i i h y
g n a T e m et .wit i tt
h l l e or n o success an d th e de a h s o f a t
r
nu m b e i i ri h
o f th e m ss on a es at th e tr h r
an d s o f i
eac e ou s I n d an s co n nced vi
J it
th e e su r th t
G en e al rti
a h e cou l d n ot x iv i
e a n so e pen s e a m ss on el d i n i fi
w i th r
h ch itt r
e e w as so l t r t r t whi
l e p ospe c of pe m an en e su l s l e th e m ss o ns ,
i i
o f New Spa n i wr ri r ri t
e e cl am o ng f or m o e p es s I n t h e f ol l o n g l e e
. wi tt r
r r i ri
f om Rom e St F anc s B o g a ( 1 5 1 0
. r G en e al of th e e su s e x J it ,
i r r with r wi
pl a ned to Ped o M en en d ez t h e eason s f or d a ng h is m en f om r
ri r ix
Fl o d a Sou ce : F el
. i
Zu b ll aga S J , M o n um e n ta a n tiq ua e F lo ridae
.
Ne w M ex ico M iss ions 15
( 1 5 6 6 —1 5 72
) ( Rom e : A pu d M onu m en ta H istorica S oc . Ieu s, pp .
4 8 9 —49 0 .
Since you kn ow our In stitu te and th e pu rpo se of thi s sm all

Company , it will b e superfluou s to spe ak of th e desire which God,
o u r L ord , give s t o th ose w h o b el ong t o th e C omp any O f goi ng t o h el p
those peopl e wh o are in gre ater n ee d an d in th e d an ger of b eing l ost ,
for thi s i s ou r vocati on ; an d accordin g to thi s vocati on m ay th e

infinite an d divin e goodness inspire u s with su ch desires and th e will
t o act in acco r d with th em Th i s i s th e r e ason why th e m em b er s of
.
ou r C om p any so promptl y go throu gh ou t th e w orl d an d why th ey

.
,
went to Fl ori da th e few th at are there They h ave worked and .
su ff ere d in F l o ri d a with a con st ancy th at h as b een m an if est an d yet
they h ave seen l ittl e or no f ruit of their l ab ors which is th e gre atest ,
su ff ering of al l f or th ose wh o seek onl y th e go od of soul s f or th e
g r e at e r g l o ry o f G od S in.c e th e r e f,
o r e th o se p ag an s ar
,e so b ad l y dis
p o se d th a t th e y are sai d t o p r ef e r th e d e vil a n d to go to h ell with
h im r ath er th an to ou r G od and say th at h e wh o t al ks again st th e ir
,
god c ann ot b e good ; an d si n ce it i s evi den t in ou r l ong expe ri en ce in

, ,
Fl ori d a th at we could cou n t so t o say w i th th e finger s of our h an d

, , ,
those wh o durin g thi s l ong pe riod h ave b een convert ed and even they "
,
h ave tu rned b ack to darkness and sin ce moreover there is in thi s

, , ,
Company as I wrote to your Excell ency and it i s trul y so such a

, , ,
sm all per sonnel f or th e m any ent e rp ri se s which th e C om p an y h as
assum e d ; it i s evi den t th at f or a tim e u nt il God our L or d l ittl e b y ,
l ittl e stirs th ose p agan s in th e c apacity of th eir soul s th at n ot onl y

, ,
i s it n ot fittin g to keep th e C omp an y in th at l an d b u t it m u st n ot b e ,
done ; for even if th e re w ere m an y II n SSI O n arI es w e are al w ay s ob l i ged ,
b y th e Chri sti an rel igi on and our own In stitute to seek th e gr e at er

gl ory of God an d th e gre ate r good of our n eighbor f or as our Lo rd ,
say s : If th ey do not r eceive th e sacre d Gospel in on e pl ace w e sh ou ld

‘
,
go from th at l an d to an oth er sh ak in g th e du st f rom our feet

, .
Al on so de B en avides D e scription of th e
’
New Mexico Mission s Feb ru ary 1 2 1 6 34 , ,
q t
D REA M S of th e con u e s an d se l em en of N ew M e co h ad s tt ed up a t xi tirr
r t th i
g ea deal o f en u s asm in th e s een t cen u an d m an i xt
com pe o s h t ry y ti t r
i
v e d f or t h e p o s i ti
on o f a d ela n ta d o or G o e no of New M e co I n 1 59 5 vr r xi .
r t q t
th e cont ac f or th e con ues o f New M e co w as a a d ed to D on u an d e xi wr J
16 Th e Sp a n ish C o lon ies
O Ii ate
‘
iri tu al harge of th e enterpri e w as as i g ed to th e Fr nci ca s

. Sp c s s n a s n
an d a cu stody o f th at or d er w as e st abl i sh ed i n 1 6 1 6 I n 1 6 30 F r y A l on o . a s
d e Be avi des ( dn comm i ssary of th e cu sto dy u n ti l 1 6 2 9 ret r ed t o

.
, u n
Spai n t o report to th e ki ng n d to th e M i n i ster G e ner l of th e F ran i sc a a c an
O r der F ray B ern r di o d e S i e a on th e m ore n otab l e h appe i n gs i th e

, a n n , n n
cu stody o f New M exi co In 1 6 34 th i s s m e f r i ar p resente d a revi sed report

. a
to Pope U rb an VI II wh i ch w as d esi gne d t o pr om ote m i ssi onary activi ty in

New M exi co an d t o u rge th e e t b l i shm e t of a b i sh opri c in th at m i ssi on s a n
fiel d Th e followi g extr ct is indi cative of th e work of th e fri ars for Chu rch
. n a
an d S t at e i n col on i al N ew M exi co S ou rce : F r ed er i ck W ebb H odge G eorge

'
.
,
P H am m on d a d A gap i to R ey ( Ed s ) F ay A l de B id R i d
’
.
,
n , r o n so e nav es e v se
M m i l f 1 634
e or a ( A l b q erqu e : U n iversity o f New M exi co Pres
o . u u s,
pp . 1 00 1 0 3
-
.
S in ce very rem ote an d i sol ated and th e dif ficul tie s of

th e l an d i s
th e l ong j ou rn ey s r e qu ire m ore th an a y e ar O f tr avel th e f ri ars , ,
al thou gh th er e are m any wh o wi sh t o dedi cat e th em sel v e s t o th ose
conve r si on s fin d th em sel v e s u n ab l e t o d o so b ecause of th eir pove rty

,
.
Hence onl y those go there wh o are sent b y th e C atholic king at hi s

own ex pen se f or the c ost i s so ex cessive th at onl y h is roy al ze al can
,
aff or d it Thi s i s th e r e ason th at th ere are so f ew f ri ar s ov e r th ere an d

.
th at m ost O f th e convent s h ave onl y one religiou s e ach an d h e minis ,
ters to fou r six or m ore nei ghb oring pu eb l os in th e mi dst of which

, , ,
h e st an ds as a l ighted t orch to gu i de th em in spiritu al as well as

temporal aff airs M ore th an twenty Indi an s devoted to th e service of
.
th e chu rch l iv e with him in th e convent Th ey t ake tu rn s in rel i evi ng

,
.
on e anoth er as po rt e r s sexton s c ooks b ell ringer s gardeners refec , , ,

-
, ,
tioner s an d in oth er t asks Th ey pe rfo rm th eir du ti e s with as m uch

,
.
c i rcu m spectio n an d c are as if th ey w ere f ri ar s At ev en ti de they say .
their pr ayers together with m uch devoti on in front O f som e im age ,

.
In eve ry pueb l o wh ere a fri ar resi des h e h as sch ool s for th e t e achin g ,
of pr ayin g sin ging pl aying m u sic al i n stru m ent s an d o th er in t e resting

, ,
th ings Promptl y at d awn one of th e Indi an singers whose tu rn it i s

.
, ,
th at week goes to rin g th e b ell for Prim e at th e sound of which

, ,
those wh o go to school assemb l e and sweep th e room s th oroughl y .
Th e singer s ch ant Prim e in th e ch oir Th e f ri ar mu st b e presen t at al l .
of thi s an d t ake s not es of th ose w h o h ave f ai l ed to perf orm th i s duty ,
in order to reprim an d th em l ater Wh en eve rything i s neat and cle an .

,
they again ring th e b ell an d each one goes to learn hi s parti cul ar
speci al ty ; th e f ri ar ov er sees it all After they h ave b een occupied .
in thi s m ann er for an h ou r an d a h alf th e h ell i s run g for m ass All , .
go into th e ch u rch an d th e f ri ar say s m ass an d admini sters th e

,
Ne w M ex ico M iss io ns 17
'
r
sac am en s t . v r all kn e el dow n b y th e ch u rch door
M ass o e .
and sing th e S al ve in th eir ow n t ongu e .
At meal time th e poor people in th e pueb lo wh o are not ill com e to

,
th e port er s l odge wh ere th e cooks of th e con ven t h av e sumcient f ood

’
,
re ady whi ch i s served to them b y th e f ri ar ; food for th e sick is sent

to th eir h om e s A fte r m eal tim e it al w ay s h appen s th at th e f ri ar h as
.
,
to go to som e n ei ghb o ring pu eb l o t o h e ar a conf ession or to see if

they are carel ess in th e b oys school where they l earn to pr ay and
’
,
assi st at m ass f or thi s i s th e r espon sib il ity of th e sext on s an d it i s

,
their du ty al w ay s to h ave a dozen b oy s for th e service of th e sanctu ary

an d to t e ach th em h ow t o h elp at m ass an d h ow to pr ay .
In th e ev enin g th ey toll th e b ell for v espers whi ch are ch an ted b y ,
th e singer s wh o are on du ty f or th e w eek an d accor din g t o th e ,
import ance of th e fe ast they cel eb rate it with organ ch ant s as they
do for m ass .
O ne of th e weekdays which voted to b aptism

is n ot so b us y i s de ,
an d all th ose wh o are t o b e b aptized com e t o th e chu rch on th at d ay ,
unl ess som e u rgent m atter sh oul d in t e rf er e ; in th at c ase it i s per ,
form ed at any tim e With great care their n am e s are inscrib ed in a

.
,
b ook ; in anoth er th ose wh o are m arried ; an d in anoth er th e dead

, , .
O n e of th e greatest t asks of th e f ri ar s i s to adj ust th e di sputes of

th e Indi an s am on g th em sel v es f or sin ce th ey l ook upon him as a
, ,
f ath er they com e to h im with al l th eir troub l e s an d h e h as to t ake

, ,
p a in s t o h arm o
n iz e th em I f it i s a que sti on of l an d and prope rty h e
.
,
m u st go with th em an d m ark th eir b oun d aries and thu s p acif y th em , .
F or th e support of all th e poor of th e pu eb l o th e f ri ar m ake s th em ,
sow som e gr ain an d r ai se som e cattl e b ec au se if h e l ef t it t o their ,
di scretion th ey woul d n ot d o anythi ng Th eref ore th e f ri ar requires

, .
th em t o do so an d tr ain s th em so w ell th at with th e m eat h e f ee ds , , ,
all th e poor an d p ay s th e v ari ou s w orkm en wh o com e t o b u il d th e

'
chu rch es With th e wool h e cl oth e s all th e p oor an d th e f ri ar hi m self

.
,
al so get s his cl othin g an d f ood f rom thi s sour ce A ll th e wh eel s of .
th i s cl ock must b e kept in good order b y th e friar with ou t neglecting ,
any det ail oth e rwi se all woul d b e t ot all y l o st

, .
Thi s M ost H ol y F athe r i s th e st ate of th at new an d primi tive

, ,
chu rch whi ch th e ser aphic sons of S ai n t F r an ci s it s onl y w orkers , ,
h ave foun ded and w atered with th e b lood an d lives of ten of their
b rethren .
Th e Sp a n is h C o l on ies
Report of Bish op C al deron of S anti ago t o Queen

Moth er M ari e An ne on th e Fl ori da Mission s ,
Au gu st 1 4 1 67 4 ,
WH EN D on G ab ri el D i az V ara C al deron ( d b ecam e B s op of . 1 676 ) ih

ti i
S an ago d e Cu b a in 1 6 7 1 , no b sh op h ad s e d F l o d a in m o e h an s y v i it ri r t ixt
y r th
e a s, al ou gh w as a pa it rt i
of t h e D ocese o f S an a go d e C u b a H a n
g ti .
vi
fi t
r s m ade an ep scopal i
s a on of th e v i i t ti i
sl an d of Cu b a, C al de 6 n set sa l r i
r v t
f om H a an a on A u gu s 1 8 , 1 6 7 4 , con o e d b y a e e fl t whi h t r c vy
en e ed th e
hr r
a bo ti t
of S t A u gu s ne on A u gu s 2 3 W
. r r vi it ti
l e th e e co d of h is . hi
s a on
i i ri r
of th e m ss on s in Fl o d a i s f ar f om com pl e e t th r i t vi
e e i s suffi c en e dence ,,
as seen in h i s l e e tt r th r i
t o th e Qu een M o e o f Sp a n , t o kn o wt t i
h a th e ep s
it t i
copal vi s a on w a s n o m e e f o m r r r y
S ou ce : Lu c L W enh ol d
.
“
A .
1 7th C en u t ry tt r
Le e of G ab el D azri i Vr r ih
a a C al d e on , B s op o f C u b a D e ,
ri i i i i i ri
sc b ng th e I n d a n s an d I n d an M ss on s o f F l o d a, S m ith so n ia n M isce l
hi t it i ti t t i
la n e ous C o llec tion s ( W as n g on : Sm h son an I n s u on , V ol 9 5 , .
No 1 6 , pp 2 , 7— 9 1 2— 1 4
. .
, .
Sefiora
You r M aj esty is pl eased t o comm an d m e , in th e two roy al cédul as
of th e 4th of M arch of th e ye ar 7 3 , to vi sit at thi s tim e th e provin ces
of Fl orid a an d appl y th e proper rem e dy in th e m atter presen ted to
You r M aj esty i shop of th e ci ty Rodrigo my predecessor
b y th e B , ,
here No b i sh op h as gone th ere [to F l orid a] in m ore th an 6 0 ye ar s

.
,
an d th e presen ce of one i s needed n ot onl y t o cel eb r at e confi rm ation s

,
and corr ect th e f aul t s an d ab u ses th at h av e c om e in du ri n g so l on g
a tim e in th e c ase of [ a] peopl e so recentl y con ve rt e d an d t o inv esti ,
gate th e st ate in w hi ch th e p riests of S an F r an ci sco h ave th e w ork O f

convertin g th e In di ans an d th e i nstructions of th e convert s un de r
their care b ut al so to l end encou ragem ent to th e converting of th e

,
Indi an s of th e province of A pal ach ocoli wh o h ave for years b een

asking th at m i ssion ari es b e sen t to te ach an d b apti ze th em ; a re que st
neve r y et gr ant ed for l ack [ of m i ssion ari es] In thi s fi eld th e Bi shop .
b el i eves th e D om in ic an pri est s O f thi s city w oul d accom pli sh much .
Senor a thi s my predecessor sai d to m e in th e city of S an Lu car

,
where I w as b y order aw aiting th e first opportunity of passage to

,
thi s incum b ency I repli ed to h im th at I wi shed first to com e to th e

.
city of Cub a se at of thi s b i sh op ri c vi sitin g it and t o go th en to th e

, , ,
m i ssion A ccor dingl y as soon as I ente red thi s city ob eying you r
.
, ,
M aj e sty I b egan to pl an for th e carrying ou t of th at pu rpose Havi ng .
now compl eted th e vi sit ati on of thi s entire i sl and I h ave it in such ,
no wheat grows an d corn only spar sel y and at th e cost of much l ab or

, .
Thu s th e inh ab it an t s are compell e d r egul arl y t o depend for their

su sten ance upon th e pro du ct s of th e provin ce of Ap al ach e Th e .
se cti on doe s n ot produ ce any sort O f r aw m at eri al whi ch coul d
attr act tr ade an d h as n o re sou rces o th er th an th e gove rnm en t all ow

,
an ce which it aw ait s e ach y e ar f rom th e city of M exico and b y ,
which th e inf antry is fed and cl othed .
A s regards it s spiritu al w elf are it h as a pari sh chu rch dedicated to ,
S aint Augustin e serv ed b y a pri est a sacri st an an d acolyt e s an d

, , ,
a F r anci sc an convent he adqu arters for th e province call ed Saint

, ,
Helen a with three m onks [sic] a superior a preach er a l ay b rother

, , , , ,
and with au thority b y a roy al decre e of You r M aj esty to h ave three
cu r ates f or th e thr ee prin cipal l angu age s of th ese pr ovin ce s Gu al e , ,
Tim uqu a an d Apal ach e f or th e te aching of Chri sti an d octrin e an d

,
th e adm in i sterin g of th e sacr am ent s to th e In di an s wh o u su all y attend

to th e cul tiv ating of th e l an ds of th e r esi dent s of th e Post [ S aint
Augustine] O f th e fou r he rm it age s which form erl y exi sted onl y two
.
,
rem ain : S an Patricio and O ur L ady of Sol itude and a hospit al ,
contiguous to th e l att er with six b eds F or defense th e r e i s a f o rtr e ss .
with 2 0 guns and a good garri son a governor resident in th e city a , ,
serge an t m aj or 2 c apt ains 3 0 0 enli st ed m en and 2 r oy al off i ci al s

-
, , , .
Going out of th e city at h al f a l e ague to th e n orth th ere i s a sm all

,
vill age of scarcel y m ore th an 3 0 Indi an inh ab it an t s call ed Nomb re ,
de D i os th e m i ssi on which i s serv ed b y th e conv ent Foll owing th e

,
.
road from e ast to west w i thin an exten t of 9 8 l eagues there are 2 4

,
se ttl em en ts and mi ssions of Chri sti an Indi an s 1 1 b el onging to th e ,
p r ovi n ce o f Tim u qu a an d 1 3 t o th at of Ap al ach e .
Nin e l e agues f rom Encarn acion on th e north ern f ronti er i s an oth er , ,
[ vill age] nam ed San Nicol as of ab ou t 3 0 in h ab itant s and 3 l e agues

, ,
fu rth er on i s anoth er S an C arl os of som ethin g l ike 1 00 inh ab it ant s

, , .
B oth th ese are of th e Ch acatos n ation whi ch 1 4 y ears ago re quested ,
b apti sm and h ad not th eir desire f ulfill ed until th e 2 1 st of J une of

l ast y ear 1 6 7 4 In th at secti on l ivin g in encampm ent s with ou t any
,
.
,
perm an ent dwellings are m ore th an , heathen call ed Chi scas ,
wh o su st ai n th em sel ves with gam e nut s and roots of trees , .
Ch aracteristics o f th e Ch ristianized I ndi ans
r provinces of Gu al e Timu qu a Apal ache and A pal ach o

In th e fou , ,
col i th ere are Chri sti anized Indi an s to whom I adm ini stered
th e h ol y sacr am ent of confirm ati on Th ey are fl eshy an d r arel y is .
,
there a small one b ut they are weak and phlegmatic as regar ds work
, ,
Visita tion f
o Bish op Ca lderon 21
though clever and qu ick to le arn any art they see done an d great ,
c arpen ters as i s evi denced in th e con stru ction of th eir w ooden chu rches
which are l arge and painst akingl y wrought Th e arm s they empl oy are .
b ow an d arrow s an d a h atch et th ey c all m acci na Th ey go n aked .

,
with onl y th e skin [of som e anim al] from th e w ai st down and if , ,
an yt hin g m ore a coat of serge with ou t a l in in g or a b l anket

,
Th e ,
.
wom en wear onl y a sort of tuni c th at wr aps th em f rom th e neck to

th e f eet an d whi ch th e y m ake of th e pearl col ore d foli age of tree s
,
-
,
which they call guano and which cost s them nothing except to gather “
it Fou r thou sand and e i ghty one women whom I found in th e vill ages
.
-
,
n aked f rom th e w ai st up and f rom th e knees down I cau sed to b e ,
cl oth e d in thi s gr ass l ike th e oth er s

'
Th eir or din ary di et con si st s of porri dge whi ch th ey m ake of co rn

with ashe s pum pkins b eans whi ch th ey call frijoles with game and
, , ,
fi sh f rom th e river s an d l ake s wh i ch th e w ell t o do on es can aff ord - -

.
Th eir onl y dr ink i s w ater an d th ey do n ot t ouch win e or rum Their

,
.
g r e at est l u x u ry i s [ a d rin k] whi ch th e y m ake f r om a w e e d th at gr ows

on th e se acoast whi ch th ey cook an d d rink h ot an d whi ch th ey c all
,
cazina . It b ecome s very b itter and i s worse th an b eer al though it ,
does not int oxicate th em an d i s b enefi ci al Th ey sl eep on th e groun d .

,
an d in th e ir h ou ses onl y on a f r am e m ade of r eed b ar s whi ch th ey ,
call b arb acé a with a b e ar ski n l ai d u pon it and with ou t an y cover

, .
,
th e fire th ey b u il d in th e center of th e h ou se serving in pl ace of a

b l anket Th ey call th e h ou se b ujio It i s a h u t m ade in round form
“
. .
,
of str aw withou t a win dow an d with a door a vara hi gh an d h alf a

,
vara wi de O n on e si de i s a gr an ary support ed b y 1 2 b e am s whi ch

.
,
they call a garita where they store th e wheat corn and other thi ngs
, ,
they h arvest .
Durin g J anu ary th ey b u rn th e gr ass an d w eeds f rom th e fiel ds

prepar ato ry t o cul tiv ation su rroun ding th em all at one tim e with fire
,
so th at th e dee r wil d ducks an d rabb its fl eein g f rom it f all in to

, ,
their h ands Thi s sort of hunting they call h urim elas Then they enter
. .
th e f or est s in pu r su it of b ear s b i son an d l ion s whi ch th ey kill with,
b ow s and arrow s and thi s th ey c all ojeo Wh atever th ey secu re in

, .
eith er w ay th ey b ring t o th e pri n cip al cacique in or de r th at h e sh all ,
divide it h e keeping th e ski ns which fall t o h is sh ar e O ff ering is

, .
m ade to th e chu rch of th e b est part s and thi s se rves for th e support ,
of th e mi ssi on ary pri est to wh om th ey are in such su b j ecti on th at

,
they ob ey hi s orders withou t que stion .
In April they comm ence t o sow and as th e m an goes al ong opening ,
th e trench th e wom an f oll ow s sowing All in comm on cul tivate and

, .
sow th e l an ds of th e ca ci ques A s
i ssionaries and th e . al m s for th e m
n eedy wi dow s th ey sow wh e at in O ctob e r an d h arv est it in J un e Th i s
,
.
is a crop of excel l ent qu al ity in th e province of Apal ach e and so ,
ab un dant th a t it produces seventy fanegas [ a fanega is ab ou t a b u shel

an d a h alf ] from on e fan ega sown
,
.
E ach vill age h as a council h ou se Call ed th e gre at b uno con structed ,
of wood and cover ed with str aw r oun d an d with a v e ry l arge openin g , ,
in th e tO p M ost of th em c an accomm od ate fr om

. to per
son s . Th ey are fu rni sh ed al l arou n d th e in teri or with ni ch es call ed
b arb acoas which serv e as b ed s an d as se at s for th e c aciques and chi ef s
, ,
an d as l o dgi ngs f or sol die r s and tr an si ent s D ance s an d f e stiv al s are .
held in them arou nd a gre at fire in th e center Th e mi ssion ary priest .
att end s th ese f estiviti es in or der t o prev en t in decen t and l ew d con
duct and th ey l ast u n til th e b ell strike s th e h ou r of las ti nim os [th e

,
d e p rofundis b ell ] .
Th ese In di an s do v t riches nor do they esteem sil ver or

n ot co e ,
gold coin s of wh i ch do n ot circul ate am ong th em an d th eir onl y

, ,
b arter i s th e ex ch an ge of one comm odity f or an oth e r whi ch ex ch an ge

'
they call rescate Th e m ost comm on articl es of tr ade are knives

.
,
sci ssor s ax es h oe s h at ch et s l arge b r on ze r attl e s gl ass b e ads bl anket s

, , , , , , ,
which they call congas pieces of rough cl oth garm ent s and other trifl es
, ,
.
A s t o th eir r el i gion th ey are n ot i dol ater s an d th ey em b r ace with

, ,
devoti on th e m y steries of our h ol y f aith Th ey atten d m ass with regu .
l arity at 1 1 O cl ock on th e h ol y d ay s th ey ob serv e n am el y Sun d ay an d

’
, , ,
th e f estiv al s of Chri stm as th e Circum ci si on Epiph an y th e Purifi cation

, , ,
of O u r L ady an d th e d ay s of S aint P et er S ain t Paul an d A l l S ai nt s

, ,
D ay an d b efore ente ring th e chu rch e ach one b rings to th e h ou se of

,
th e pr i est as a con trib u t i on a l og of w ood The y do n ot t alk in th e .
chu rch an d th e w om en are sep ar at e d f rom th e m en ; th e form er on

,
th e si de o f th e Epi stl e th e l atte r on th e si de of th e E v angel [ Gospel ]

, .
Th ey are ve ry devoted t o th e V i rgin an d on S atu r day s th ey attend ,
wh en h er m ass i s sung O n Sund ay s they attend th e R osario and th e

.
S al ve in th e aftern oon Th ey cel eb r ate with rej oi cing an d devoti on

.
th e B irth of O u r Lo r d all atten ding th e m i dnight m ass with O ffe rings

,
of l oav e s eggs an d oth er foo d

, Th ey su b j ect th em sel ves to ex traor .
din ary pen ance s du ri ng Hol y Week an d du rin g th e 2 4 hou rs of Hol y ,
Thu r sd ay an d Fri d ay whil e our L ord i s in th e U rn of th e M onum en t

, ,
they attend st an ding pr ayin g th e ro sary in compl ete sil ence 24 m en

, ,
and 24 w om en an d th e sam e n u m b e r of ch i l dren of b oth sex e s with ,
hourly ch ange s Th e ch il dren b oth m ale and fem al e go to th e chu rch

.
, ,
on w ork d ay s t o a rel igiou s sch ool wh e re th ey are t au ht b t h r

, g y a e ac e
F irst H igh M ass in Tex as 23
whom th ey call A th eq ui of th e chu rch ; [ a person] whom th e prie sts

h ave for this se rvice ; as they h ave al so a per son deputized to report
to th em conce rn in g all p ar i shi on er s wh o live in evil .
You r M aj esty s m ost humb l e servant and ch apl ain

’
.
G ab l B i shop of Cub a
’
.
Fern ando del B osqu e s Accou n t of th e First

’
High M ass in Tex as M ay 1 6 1 6 7 5 , ,
TH E s aufir t en c th ti r rt r ti
epo of th e cel eb a on of M ass on th e so l of Te as i x
i r r
i s f ou n d in th e d a y o f F e n an do del B os ue ( d c q t
Repea e d re
. .
q t i i ri r
u e s s f or m ss on a es f om th e n a etiv tri iv y
b e s wh o l ed b e on d t h e Rio
r
G an de an d th e n s s en ce of F ai it ryJ
u an La os, ri wr i t iv
e e th e n ce n es
r x i ti i q ri
f or a f o m al e p e d on W h l e th e B o s u e La os u n de ak ng ac oss th e Rio
. rt i -
r
r
G an d e w as n ot l a ge in siz e r it th
w as, n on e el ess, mpo an
, i rt t It w as th e .
ri t w
e a l es el l au th ti t x i ti
en c a e d e pe d
-
on on r r
eco d t o c ossr th t r iv r r
a e f om th e
t
sou h O n M ay 1 6 , 1 6 7 5 , th e pa
. rty
w as at a pl ace whi h th y
c e cal l ed San
Yi rs d o an d whi
ch m u s thv r h
a e b een on on e of t h e b an c es of th e Nuece s
iv r
R e C on ce n n g
. r i thi i r t
s ep so d e C a l o s E C as aned a h as sa d : . i “
v
I n th e ab o e
tt t
s a em en ab ou t thi i
s b e n g th e fir t i h
s H g r
M ass, th e eason why i t w as n ot
ti r
m en on ed b ef o e, w as, p e ap s, th e f ac rh t th t th y
a e i r it
d id n ot con s de ex
traordin ary t o ol d h r
e gu l a r t rti
l ow M ass It i s t o b e n o ed pa cul arl in th e
. y
ri t i
d e sc p on r i i i tr ti
con ce n n g th e ad m n s a on of th e S ac am en r t of B ap
th t
t i sm , tr r
a con a y t o th e g ossl r yi rt
n a ccu a e asse rti th t
on i i ri
a th e m ss ona es,
in th ir e r r t
z eal an d f e vo , of en b ap z e d ti th i wi
ou san d s o f In d an s t iv i
th o u g n g
th q t i tr ti
em ade u a e n s uc on t o p ep a e r r th r
em f or th e sac am en , F a t th r ri e La os
r e fused to b ap ze ti th
em
‘
un l ti th y
e kne w th i r r y r
e p a e s
’
O ur C a th ol ic .
H e ri tag e in Texas 1 5 1 9 — 1 9 3 6 ( A u s n ,
, ti r r rt
I , 2 4 0 S ou ce : He b e .
Eu gen e Bol on t “
i r r
D a y of F e n an do del B os u e , 1 6 7 5 , q Sp a n ish
Exp loratio n in th e S o u th w es t 1 5 42 — 1 70 6 ( N ew , Yr hr ri r
o k : C a l es S c b n e s
’
S on s, p 30 1 ;.n ow n c liu d e d i n O r ig i n a l N a rra t ives of E ar ly A m er ica n
H istory , cop yri t r

gh B a n es Nobl e , In c , N ew Yr o k . .
In sa id pos t
river O f S an Ysidro
and on th e 1 6 th d ay of sai d
month and ye ar I said l ieu t en ant alcalde m ay or ce rtify th at thi s d ay

, ,
there w as erected in sai d post a port ab l e al tar an d th at it was pre ,

“
p ar e d t o say m ass ; an d at a si gn al m ade with a sm all b ell th e pe opl e
cam e to h e ar it It w as ch an t ed b y th e f ath er comm i ssary m i ssi on ary

.
,
Fr ay J u an L ario s an d w as attended b y all th e peopl e A fter it w as

,
.
concl u ded th ey asked th e sai d f ath er t o b aptiz e th em ; an d wh en th ey
were given to un derst an d b y him through an interpreter th at h e coul d

n ot b aptize th em until th ey knew th eir pr ayer s t o con sol e th em h e ,
b aptized fif ty five inf ant s th e Span i ards acting as th eir godf ath er s
-
,
.
24 Th e Spa n ish C o lon ies
T hey were in structed in th e doctrin e and counted and th e peopl e of , ,
th e f ou r chief s [X om an Terrod an Tean am e an d Teim am ar] w ere , , ,
found t o comp ri se fou r hun dred and twenty five w arri or s an d seven -
hundred and fo rty seven women b oys and gir l s of all ages m akin g
-
, , , ,
in all el even hundred and seventy two persons -

.
In sai d post of S an Y si dro on sai d d ay m onth and y e ar I sai d

“
, , , , ,
l i euten ant alcalde m ay or put th e f ath er comm i ssary F r ay J uan L ari os

, , ,
in possessi on of hi s O ffi ce and of th e admini str ati on in sai d post in .

,
virtu e of a roy al provi sion an d of l icenses O f thi s l egal record

w as m ade in hi s despatches f oll owing th e re st of th e eccl esi astical ,
despatch es regar ding thi s settl em ent .
Report of Eu seb i o Franci sco Kino on th e

Mission s of Pim eri a Al t a ( Arizon a ) in 1 7 1 0
F A TH ER EU S EB I O KI N O , S J ( 1 6 44 an d h i s com p an on s en e e d . i tr
t t h r i
Pim eria Al a in 1 6 8 7 Pim eria A l a, th e om e of th e U ppe P m as, e en ded
. xt
r v t iv r th t
f om th e all ey of th e Al a R e to i t i t
a O f t h e G l a an d h u s n cl u d ed th a
pa rt
of sou th r ri
e n A zon a whi h
c tr ti
w as l a e con a n ed i n th e G ad sden Pu r
h t i i i tr r
c ase In 1 6 8 7 Ki no e s ab l sh ed th e m ss on of Nu es a S eno a d e l os D ol o es
. r
m re th n 1 0 0 m i l e so th of Tuc n Thi m i i o b am h i h dq art r
o a s u so . s ss n ec e s ea u e s
for tw nty fo r y r f expl r ti on m i ionary tivity d writi g O p r t

e -
u ea s o o a ,
ss ac ,
an n . e a
i g fr om th i b e K i o cr
n s d th l i e i nt A r iz n
as , n nd f n d d th
osse e n o o a a ou e e
Mi i of S
ss on s X vi er del Bac G ué a i d Tum ca ori Th F avor
an a . v v , an a c . e
“
es
cel esti l s m n cript h i tory b y Ki o f th e w rk f h i m lf n d h i

a e , a a us s n o o o se a s
ass oci t s i n Pi m e i
a e Al t w a di cov r d in 1 9 1 5 b y B l ton
r a a, d ed i ted
s s e e o an
b y h im In th f ll win g
. l ti on f rom
e o o c ount wr i tt n i 1 7 1 0 Ki o
se ec an a c e n ,
n
su mm ri ed h i a fforts wi th
z t t m nt f p ib il iti s f o f t r d v l p
s e a s a e e o oss e r u u e e e o
m nt S urce Herb ert E gen B l ton ( E d ) K i Hi t i l M m i

’
e . o : u e f o ,
no s s or ca e o r o
P im eria A l ta . A C o n te m p ora ry A cco u n t o f th e B egin n ings o f C a l if orn ia ,

S o nora, a n d A r izo na by F a th er E use b io F ra n c isco K ino S J , . 1 683
v
1 71 1 ( C l e el an d : A h u H C l a k C o , rt rII , 23 4—2 5 3 . r . .
B eginnings an d f th e New Conq uests and New Con versions

Progress o
of th e H eath e n dom s of Th is Ex tensi ve P im eria an d th e
O th er Neigh b oring New Nations
It is well known th at du ring alm ost two whol e centuries th e roy al

C atholic crown of Spain h as spent m ore th an two mill i ons an d a h alf
f or n ew con qu est s an d new conver si on s an d for th e exten si on of th e
Hol y Evangel [ Gospel ] and for th e eternal sal vation of th e soul s of
,
th e C alif orni as; b ut it appe ar s th at th ank s b e to Hi s D ivine M aj esty , ,

E use b io F ran c isco K in o , S] . 25
th e b l essed time is now coming when not only th e conqu est and con
version of th e C alifornias is b eing accompl ished b ut al so at th e sam e ,
time th at of these other neighb oring extensive l ands and n ations of

thi s North Am erica m ost of which h as hitherto b een unknown and
, ,
when th e Lord is adding to th e rather poor l ands of th e C alif orni as

th e n ecessary succor of th ese v ery exten siv e an d ri ch l an ds ab un dant ,
ch ampaign s an d f ertil e riv er s an d v all ey s

, .
A s soon as I kn ew th at th e c on ver si on of cov et ed C al iforni a w as

suspen ded I asked an d ob t ai n ed f r om m y superi or s an d h is E x cell en cy
,
p e rm i ssi on t o co m e m e an wh i l e t o th ese h e ath en coas t s n e are st t o an d
m ost in sight of C al if orni a t o th e Gu aim as an d Seri s; and I h avin g

,
arriv e d at th e end of Feb r uary 1 6 8 7 in thi s prov in ce of Son or a an d

, , ,
gone t o O possura to see th e F athe r Vi sitor M anuel Gon zal es hi s , ,
Reverence cam e with m e t o thi s post of h e ath en Pim as as th e f ath er ,
of C ucu rpe n ear b y , J o seph de A guil ar w as asking of h im a f ather

, ,
f or th em W e n am ed th e pl ace Nu estr a Seii ora de l os D ol ores It i s

. .
in thirty two degree s an d a h alf of l atitu de W e entered M arch 1 2

-
.
,
1 6 8 7 accom pani ed b y F ath er J o seph de A guil ar an d his serv ant s ; an d

,
th e f ath er vi sitor r etu rni ng th e f o ll owin g d ay t o ob serve H ol y Week in

h i s pu eb l os I w en t inl and tw o h ou r s after h is dep artu re an d with
,
sai d F ath e r J oseph de A guil ar an d som e gui des going ten l e ague s ,
b eyon d Nuestr a Sefi ora de l os D ol or es t ow ar d th e w est t o th e good , ,
po st an d v all ey which we n am ed de S an a aci o wh ere w e f oun d ,
e ven m ore peopl e al th ou gh th ey w er e som ewh at sc att er e d W e retu rned

, .
b y th e n orth through th e r an ch eri a of H im eres which w e n am ed S an ,
J oseph and through th at O f D oagib u b ig which we n am ed Nu estra

, ,
S enor a de l os Rem edi os wh i ch r an ch eri as im m e di at el y th anks b e

, ,
to th e Lord we b egan r edu cin g t o n ew goo d pueb l o s m ak in g a

, ,
b eginn in g of teach in g th em th e Chr i sti an D octri n e an d pr ay er s b y ,
m e ans of a good in terpreter an d a good n ative helper wh om I pro ,
cu re d from th e old Pim a m i ssi on O f Lo s Ures an d of th e b u il d ing ,
of th e chu rch es an d h ou se s of crop s etc , , .
Afterw ard I m ade oth er m i ssion s or expedition s to th e north an d

, ,
f arther to th e w est and de sp atch ed f ri en dl y m e ssages invitin g all th e

,
he athen of the se environs t o receive ou r h ol y C ath olic f aith for their

.
e te rn al sal v ation in im it ati on oi th ese Pim as th eir rel ative s an d

, .
,
coun trym en Soon m any c am e f rom v ariou s p art s to see m e for thi s
.
pu rpose an d we arr an ged f or th e b eginn ing of oth er n ew mi ssi on s an d

,
pueb l os Th ere cam e t o see an d to vi sit u s with gr eat comf ort on our
.
,
p art a n d hi s F ath e r M a n u el G o n z a l e s H e aske d an d O b t ain ed throu h

.
g ,
th e Seno r al cal de m ay or f ou r additi on al al m s f rom th e roy al ch est

, ,
26 Th e Sp an is h C o l on ies
for fou r th er new m issions for thi s extensive Pim eri a; an d fou r other
o
m i ssion ary f ath er s cam e t o i t at th e tim e wh en I dedicated thi s my

fir st an d capaci ous chu rch of Nu estra Senor a de l os D ol ores .
In gener al in th ese twenty on e y e ar s up t o th e presen t tim e I

,
-
, ,
h ave m ade from th e first pu eb lo of Nu estr a Senora de l os Dol ore s

more th an forty expedition s t o th e north w est northwest an d sou th , , ,
west of fifty eighty one hu ndred two hundred and m ore l eagues
, , , , , ,
som etimes accom p ani ed b y oth er f ath e r s b ut m o st of th e tim e with ,
onl y my serv ant s an d with th e gov ern or s c apt ai n s and caciques of , ,
diff eren t r an ch eri as or i n cipi ent pueb l os from h er e and from th e

interior .
With all these expedit i on s or m i ssion s which h ave b een m ade to a

di st ance of two h un dred l e agu es in th ese new h e ath en dom s in th ese
twenty one ye ar s there h ave b een b rou ght to our friendship and to
-
,
th e desir e O f receiving ou r h ol y C ath ol ic f aith b etw een Pim as C oco , ,
m ari copas Yum as Quiquim as etc m ore th an th i rty th ou sand soul s

, , ,
.
, ,
there b ein g six teen thou san d of Pim as al one I h ave solemnized m ore .
th an fou r thousan d b aptism s and I could h ave b aptized ten or twel ve

,
thou sand Indian s m ore if th e l ack of f ather l ab orers h ad not rendered

it impossibl e for u s to catechi se th em an d instruct th em in adv ance .
But if ou r Lord sen ds b y m e an s of h is roy al M aj e sty an d of th e

,
su perio r s th e n ece ssary f ath e r s f or so great an d so ripe a h arv est of

,
sou l s it will not b e d iff icul t G od w i ll ing to achi ev e th e h ol y b apti sm

, , ,
of all th e se soul s an d of v e ry m any oth er s on th e v e ry popul ous ,
Col orado River as well as in C aliforn ia Al t a and at thirty—five degrees

, ,
l atitu de and th ereab out s f or thi s very gr eat Col or ado River h as its
,
origin at fif ty two degree s l atitu de

-
.
A nd h ere I answer th e que st i on asked of m e in th e l etter of th e

F ath er Rector J u an Hu rt asum as t o wh eth er som e riv er s run into ,
th e North Se a o r all em pty i nto th e Se a of C al ifo rn i a b y say i ng th at ,
as thi s C ol o r ado River whi ch i s th e Rio del Norte of th e an ci ent s

, ,
carri es so m u ch w at er it m u st b e th at it com es f r om a high an d r em ot e

,
l and as is th e c ase with th e oth er l arge vol um ed rivers O f all th e world

,
and terr aqu eou s gl ob e ; th er efor e th e oth e r riv er s of th e l and of fif ty
two degr ees l atitu de prob ab l y h av e th eir sl ope tow ar d th e Sea of th e

North where Husson wintered Som e m ore inf orm ation can b e dr awn
,
.
f rom th e m aps which I add to thi s report ; and in or der not to vi ol ate
th e b revity which I prom i sed h er ein I will add onl y th at in r egard ,
to th e fou rteen j ou rn ey s f or two hun dred l eagu es to th e northwest I ,
h ave written a li ttl e tre ati se of ab ou t twenty five sheets whi ch is -
en titl ed Cosmographical Proof th at C alif o rnia is not an Isl an d b ut

“
un ited with th e actual duty i s th e hi ghest vocation they coul d h ave ,
wi shed me to foll ow .
Af ter all considering th eir ol d age their lif e is f ar spent B eyond

, ,
.
any doub t th e rem ai n der i s sh ort an d sh ou ld th ey com pare it with

, ,
e te rn i ty th ey will see th at it i s no m or e th an an in st ant If thi s b e so

,
.
,
it i s very important and accordi ng to God s Will th at they l ay no

,
’
store b y th e l ittl e h el p I m i ght b e t o th em A n d so th ey will m e rit .
from God our Lord th at if w e are n o m ore to see e ach oth e r in th i s

, ,
world we will b e uni ted f orev er in ete rn al gl ory

, .
Tell th em h ow b adl y I f eel at n ot b e i ng abl e t o st ay l on ger an d

m ake th em h appy as I u sed to do Anyh ow th ey know qu ite w ell th at .
fir st things come first ; and our first duty un doub tedl y is to do th e , ,
Will of God Nothing el se b ut th e love of God h as l ed me to l eave

.
-
them A n d if I for l ove of God and with th e help of His gr ace can
.
, ,
mu ster cou r age t o l e ave th em m i ght I not suggest th at th ey al so for , ,
th e l ove of God b e conten t to f orego th e h appin ess of m y presence ?

,
Let th em l i sten att entiv el y to th e advice th ey will r eceive on thi s

m atter from th eir F ath er Conf essor ; and th ey will see in f act th at now , ,
God h as trul y en tered th eir hom e By pr act i ci ng hol y pat i ence and .
re sign ation to th e D i vine Wi ll they w ill possess their soul s and att ain , ,
e te rn al l if e .
Th ey sh oul d h old n ob ody b ut O ur Lord G od al on e re spon sib l e f or

th e separ ati on Th ey will fin d h ow sw eet Hi s y oke c an b e ; th at wh at
.
they n ow con sider and en dure as a gre at sorrow will b e tu rn ed into

a l astin g joy Nothing in thi s l if e shoul d cause u s sadne ss O ur cl ear
. .
du ty i s to conf orm ou r sel ves in all things t o th e Will of God an d t o ,
prepare to die w ell Th at i s wh at coun t s : nothin g el se m atter s If thi s

. .
i s secure d it m atter s l ittl e if we l ose all th e rest ; w i th out thi s all el se

,
is u sel ess .
Happy they to h ave a son a priest however h ad and sinf ul wh o ,
eve ry d ay in th e h ol y S acrifice of th e M ass pr ay s for th em

, as b est , ,
h e can ; an d ve ry often O ff er s for th em ex cl u sivel y hi s M ass so th at

th e L ord sen d th em h elp th at th ey b e n ot with ou t th e nece ssitie s of
,
l if e ; th at He gr an t th em th e gr ace of patience in th eir tri al s of ,
resignation to His hol y Will peace and union with their neighb ors , ,
cou r age t o r esi st th e t em pt ati on s of th e devil an d fin al l y at th e , ,
prope r tim e a h appy d eath in His h ol y gr ace

, , .
If b y th e h elp of Go d s gr ace from ab ove I succeed in b ein g a

’
, ,
good rel igi ou s th ese pr ay er s of m in e will b e all th e m ore powerful

,
and my p ar en t s w i ll b e th e fir st t o profit f rom th em A nd th e sam e i s .
to b e sai d as regar d s m y y oun ge r si ste r in C hri st my J u an a an d , ,

F ray J u n ip ero Serra 29
my b roth er-in—l aw M i qu el ; th erefo re th ey sh oul d rememb er m e for

th e sol e pu rpose of r ecomm ending m e to God th at I b e a good pri est ,
and a good m n s i i te r of God Th at i s . wh at counts an d in th at they

,
should all b e n e i t rested .
I well rem emb er th at whil e ass i sti ng my f ather ( I w as al ready a

,
religiou s at th e tim e ) when h e h ad t aken so severel y ill th at Extrem e

Unction b ecam e advi sable convinced h e was to die an d th e two of
u s b ein g al on e h e sai d t o m e :
,
Son wh at I am most anxious ab ou t i s th at y ou b e a good reli giou s

“
,
of ou r F ath e r S ai nt F r an ci s
”
.
Well f ather re st assu red th at I keep you r words alw ay s b efore me

, , ,
j ust as if I hear them from your m outh at thi s very m oment But , .
b ear well in min d th at it is t o b ecom e a good r el igi ou s th at I h ave

‘
undert aken thi s v oy age .
Y ou mu st n ot feel b ad th en th at I am doing you r will whi ch i s , , , ,
at th e sam e tim e th e Will of God A s r egar ds m y m oth er

, I know .
,
well th at sh e h as never mi ssed O ff ering up h er pr ayers for m e to God

for th e sam e pu rpose — th at I b e a good rel igiou s No w onder th en .
, ,
my dear m oth er th at God gr anting you r pr ayer s direct ed m e in thi s

, , ,
w ay Rest sati sfi ed th en with th e w ay in whi ch God h as d i sposed

.
m atter s In all y ou r troub l es say al w ay s : Bl essed b e God and Hi s

.
,
Hol y Will b e done ! ”
An d J u an a m y si st er know s th at a sh ort time ago sh e w as at

, , , ,
th e door of de ath an d th at th e Lor d b y th e m erit s an d th e in tercessi on

, ,
of His m ost b l e ssed M oth er M ary gr anted h er a compl ete recov ery ,
of h e al th H ad sh e di e d at th at tim e sh e w oul d not n ow b e worrying

.
,
whether I b e in M all orca Or n ot Anyw ay sh e shoul d give th anks to .

, _
th e L or d f or wh ateve r He doe s Now wh ateve r He will s i s al w ay s .

,
for ou r good ; an d in all prob ab il ity th e Lord gave h er compl et e

recovery of heal th so th at sh e mi ght b e a consol ation for th e ol d folk ,
again st th e tim e I h ad t o l e av e th em .
Let u s b l ess God wh o l ov es and cares for u s all O f M iquel m y .

,
b roth er in l aw and of J u an a m y si ster I h av e a gr eat f av or t o ask

- -
, , ,
they know wh at it is M ay th ey ever continu e to li ve t ogether in per

.
feet peace an d l ov e an d at th e sam e tim e b y showin g gr eat reverence

, ,
and p ati ence b e th e con sol ati on of th e ol d f olk ; and t ake good c are
,
of th e edu cati on of th eir chil dren I n a w or d f ost er within y ou r sel ve s .

,
a l ov e of going to chu rch of receiving f r equ en tl y th e S acr am ent s of

'
Conf ession and Comm union of m aking th e Way of th e Cross; in short , ,
b e zeal ou s Ch ri sti an s .
I know qui te well that j u st as they h ave al w ays asked God s help ’
f or m e so they will
tinue to do th e sam e in th e futu re Thus
con .
it will come ab ou t th at
b y pr aying for one an oth er I for them they ,
for m e th e self sam e Lor d will prot ect u s all an d gr an t all of u s His ,
hol y grace in thi s l if e and at th e end of it etern al gl ory

, , ,
.
Good b y m y f ath er ! G ood b y m y m oth er ! Good b y J uan a m y

-
,
-
,
-
, ,
si ste r ; Good b y b roth e r M i quel ! T ak e good care of M iquel et ; m ay

-
,
h e b e a good Chri sti an and a good pupil at sch ool ; likewi se th e tw o

l ittl e girl s m ay they b e good Chri sti an s A nd h ave confi dence in G od
,
.
from now on their Senor uncl e will b e th ere to h elp th em Good b y .

-
,
Good b y l -
My very de ar b roth er
ther Se rr a good b y to you My l etters
, Fa ,
-
.
,
from now on will b e l ess f re quent I n f act to ch eer th em up and

, .
,
encou r age th e old folk m y si ste r an d h er hu sb an d I rel i ed fir st of all

, ,
on ou r good f ri en dship exi st i n g al so b e tw een th em an d you ; an d then
F ather Vicar F ath er Gu ardi an an d F ath er M ast er al so Y ou all m u st

,
.
act in pl ace of a l ett e r f rom m e If th e F ath e r Vi c ar an d F ath er .
M aste r could b e pr esent wh en this l etter i s read my parents woul d ,
b e so h appy B u t don t l et anyb ody el se b e present onl y th ese f ou r :

’
.
,
I m ean f ather m other si ster an d b rother in l aw

, , ,
- -
But if on e m ore i s to b e admitted t o h e ar th i s l etter l et it b e

“
Cousin J u ana our n eighb or and give h er from m e m y kin dest greet
, ,
ings Al so t o C ousin Roi g h er hu sb an d ; to Au nt Apol on i a; Boron ada

.
, ,
X u rx a an d all m y oth er r el atives

,
.
My greetings t o e ach one of th e m emb er s of th e Comm uni ty of !
Pe tr a with ou t any ex ception wh atever especi all y to F r ay An toni o

, ,
Vives .
My G reetin gs to Doctor F iol an d h is B rothe r Senor Antonio h is ,
f ath e r an d hi s f am il y .
My v e ry speci al greeti ngs to Amon Raph ael M oragués C ast a and ,
h is wif e To D octor M oragué s h is b roth er an d Senor a M oragu é s

.
, ,
l ikewi se th e sam e t o D octor Serr al t a To S efior Vicari Perell o Senor .

,
Alzamora S enor J u an Nicol au an d to th e Regi dor B artol om é hi s

, ,
b roth e r and th e wh ol e f am il y In sh ort : to all my f riends . .
Pl e ase t ell F athe r Vi c ar th at I thin k th e b ook will b e retu rned to

Seiior Negr a if it h as not yet arrived from M adri d wh en I l eave ; I
,
asked th e F om ari s wh en the y retu rn t o M all orca to b ring it with

, ,
them A sk h im too to prom ote devotion to my Saint Fr anci sco Sol ano
.
, , .
I am encl osing al so a l etter from Medo M axica a neighb or of th e ,
monaste ry It com e s f rom h er son Seb asti an wh o cam e b ack f rom

.
, ,
th e Indi es and h e seem s to m e t o b e in th e b est of he al th

, .
To concl ude : May th e Lord b ring u s all toge th er in etern al gl ory ,

C a l iforn ia M iss io ns D ivid ed
an d, t ing keep Your Reverence for m any m ore ye ars
f or th e im e b e ,
th at is m y pr ayer in this House of th e Hol y Mission in th e city of ,
C adi z Au gust 20 1 7 4 9
, , .
Prof essor P al Ou sen ds to You r R eve rence m an y greetings ; y ou will

b e so kind as to f orw ar d th e sam e f rom b oth of u s t o Seii or
'
, ,
Guill erm Roca an d to h i s f am il y .
You r cordi al f riend in Chri st ,
F r ay J u nipero Serr a ,
a m o st u nw o rthy p ri e st .
C oncordat B etw een th e Fran ciscan s an d

D ominican s Divi ding th e C aliforni a Mi ssion s
April 7 1 7 72 ,
J é
A LTH O U G H D on os de G al ez , th e v vi i t r
s o gen e al of th e K n g of Sp am , r i
t
h ad con en de d h a t t th r i r i
e e w as n o n eed in C al f o n a f or th e D om n can f a s i i ri r ,
tt r r r
t h e l a e secu ed a d ec ee f om th e k ng r i th t i i
a m ss on s s oul d b e ass gn e d h i
t ir r
to h e o de ou r with t r j i r i
p e u d ce to th e F an c scans of th e C oll ege of S an
r
F e n an do I n th e con co da , th e e
. r of t
ch f oll o s t xt whi
th e D om n can s w ,
i i
r t hr
ag ee d t o ake c a ge o f th e m ss on s o f sou i i
e n [ Lo e ] C al f o n a th r lewr i r i whi
r i
th e F an c scan s e e to wr
e a n r t i th
ose i n th e a e a o f a r
i s th e p e sen wh t r t
it t t r i r i
U n ed S a es f om S an D ego to S an F an c sco an d b e on d S ou ce : H e b e y r . r rt
t
Eu gen e B ol on ( E d ) , H is tor ica l M e m o ir s of N e w C al iforn ia by F ray
F ra n c isco Pa lé u , O F M (Be kel e : U n e si r y iv r ty i r i
of C al f o n a P ess r ,
1 23 6 240
,
4
.
Mo st E xcell ent Sir :

F r ay R af ael V e rge r , presen t gu ardi an of th e C oll ege de p rop aganda
fid e of S an F ern an do in M exico an d F r ay J u an Ped ro d e Iri art e ,
mi ni ster ofHol y O rder of Pre achers and comm issary of th e m is

th e
si on whi ch b y or der of h is M aj esty ( God save h im ) b e condu cted
,
to thi s kin gdom for th e Pen i n sul a of C al i forni a In O b edi ence t o th e ,
superi or decree of y ou r E x cell en cy of th e 1 st of Ap ril of th e presen t
ye ar of 1 7 7 2 in which you order th em to divi de b etween th em sel ves

, ,
an d f or th eir r espectiv e m i ssion ari es th e m i ssio n s of th e Pen in sul a

,
of C al if orn i a in accor d ance with th e r oy al decree done at M adri d

,
on A pril 8 1 770 desire to say : th at they h ave com e t o th e con clu

, ,
sion af t er r epeat e d conf er ence s u pon th e sub j ect th at it i s th e e arn est

, ,
will of our sovereign an d C atholi c m onarch th at th e D omin ican f athers

sh all enter th e sai d Peni n sul a of C alif orni a with th e i r commi ssary , ,
32 Th e Sp an ish C o lon ies
th e v ti on ed m aster Fr ay Ju an Pedro de Iri arte sin ce h e so

ab o e- m en ,
comm an de d in h i s r oy al decr ee of Nove mb er 4 1 7 6 8 an d l at el y in , ,
th e one m en tione d of April 8 1 77 0 in which after h avin g or dered , , ,
and comm an ded th e divi si on spoken of h e con cl u des b y repe atin g th e ,
sam e o rde r Thi s h e doe s n otwith st an d i ng th e adv er se report s of His

.
Excell ency th e M arqu i s de Croix predecessor of you r E xcell ency and , ,
of th e vi si t or gen e r al D on J osé de G alvez f or h e thi nk s it not b est

-
, ,
for hi s roy al service th at one O r de r an d m uch l ess one m on astery ,
or c oll ege sh ou l d occupy a pen i n su l a so ext en siv e as th e one un der

,
di scussion .
At th e sam e tim e it is t aken in to con si deration th at thi s one coll ege

h as t o day in it s ch arge not onl y th e entire Pen i nsul a b u t al so all th e
-
.
,
coun try th at h as b een di scov er ed f rom th e port of S an D i ego t o th at
of S an F r anci sco m akin g ab ou t t w o h un d red l eague s of term firm a

,
.
A nd it i s al so b o rn e in m in d th at th i s d i v i si on ou ght t o b e according ,
to th e r oy al d ecree with d i stinct f ronti er s f or e ach O rder an d with

.
, ,
such sep ar at ene ss an d diff e r en ce of fi el d th at th ey sh all n ot en croach
upon each o th e r in or der t o avoi d in thi s w ay d i ssen si on s th at m i ght

,
ari se f rom th e opposit e arr an gem en t It is l i kewi se con sidered th at .
th e m ain b o dy of th e Pen insul a on ac coun t of th e n atu re of it s ,
territory does not perm i t a variety of fi el ds for indeed it h as onl y

, , , ,
on e f ronti er th at O f San Fernando Vell i cat a since th e pl ace c all ed

, ,
S an J u an de DiOs which w as th ou ght to b e su it ab l e for an oth er f ron

,
tier is not ( accordin g to C apt ain D on F ern an do River a y Moncada

, ,
wh o h as ex am in ed it al l repe atedl y ) su ffi ci en t f or even a r an ch in ,
which sever al f ather s O f thi s Coll ege agree We expl ain this to you r .
Excell en cy with all h um il ity so th at you m ay n ot u sel essl y spend tim e

,
an d th e f und s O f th e pi ou s d on at i on s .
In vi ew of al l th e afor esai d an d desi ri ng to f aithful l y carry ou t

,
th e soverei gn will O f our C ath ol ic m on arch we h ave agreed upon th e ,
foll owing di vi si on : Th e D om in i c an f ath er s sh all t ake in their ch arge

th e ol d m i ssi on s wh i ch th i s C oll ege h as in C al iforn i a and th e ab ove
m en tioned f rontier of S an Fe rn ando Velli cat a extending th eir new ,
conv er sion s in thi s d irecti on u ntil th e y re ach th e confin es O f th e mi s
sion of S an D i ego on th e h arb or of th at n am e ; an d pl acing th eir l ast ,
mi ssion on th e arroyo of S an J u an B au ti st a th i s mi ssi on sh all ter ,
minate five l eague s f arth er on at a point wh i ch proj ects f rom th e ,
Sierr a M adre an d en ds b efore reaching th e b each O nce arriv ed th ere .

,
th ey can tu rn to th e east sl i ghtl y to th e n orth east an d in thi s way

, ,
they ought to com e out at th e he ad of th e Gulf of C al iforni a an d th e

Colorado River foll owing afterwards th e di rection pointed out to them
,
C al iforn ia M issions D ivide d 3
by your Excellency in th e roy al council A nd if in th e coun try b etween

.
th e C ol or ado an d S an D iego a suit ab l e road to th e n orth or north east

sh oul d appe ar , they can al so t ake it withou t prej u dice to th e other
O rder It i s agreed th at th e f ath er s of th e Coll ege of S an Fe rn an do
.
sh all r et ain th e m i ssi on s th at th e y now h av e f rom th e port of San

,
D iego foll owin g th e ro ad whi ch th ey h ave O pened to M onterey th e

, ,
p ort of S an F r an ci sco an d
,
f arth e r on .
In thi s way m ost Excell ent Sir it will b e arr anged so th at th e

, , _
l ong coast of Sou th e rn C al if orn i a and th e term firm a th at foll ow s it

sh all n ot b e in ch arge of on e O rder al one which appear s t o b e th e
,
pri ncipal purpose of our sov ereign an d at th e sam e tim e th at th e

,
two O r der s O f D omini can an d F r an c i scan f ath er s sh all h ave in it

th eir separ ate sph ere s We do n ot h old it im prope r th at th e Coll ege
.
of S an Fe rn ando sh all r esi gn th e se m i ssi on s f or b y no oth e r w ay can

,
th e princip al end of hi s M aj esty b e ful fill ed F or thi s re ason th e f ather

.
guardi an gives th em up h O ping th at with th e Vl gO I O l l S m easu res whi ch

'
you r Excell ency h as t aken th e new conversion s from th e port of San

,
D iego to M onterey m ay succeed an d th at you will al so t ake c are

,
th at a su fli cient nu mb er of cattl e an d sheep for a st art sh all b e sent

to e ach of th e new m i ssion s as I [ F ath e r Ve rger] b eg y ou r Ex cell ency
,
in th e m em ori al which I presented on O ctob er 2 6 1 77 1 , .
Since thi s con qu est i s of such great im port an ce an d con sequence as

hi s M aj esty st ates in th e roy al decree cited h e will not l if t his pow er
,
ful h and with ou t b ringin g it to a perfect concl u sion even in case ,
( which God forb id ) th at som e m isfortun e h as h appen ed in th e po rt

of S an D iego , or in one of th e o th er m i ssi on s For th e reason s.
expressed they hum b l y b eg y ou r E x cell ency to give you r approb ation
to th e agr eem ent an d th at you wil l at th e same time o r der th at it b e

,
dul y pu t in to eff ect givin g to e ach one a certifi ed copy with th e

, ,
deci sion of you r Excell ency b y which th ey will b e f avored

, .
Mexi co April 7 1 77 2
, , .
Fr ay R af ael Verger ,
Gu ardi an ,
F r ay Ju an Pedro de Iri arte ,
Vicar General -
.
J unipero S erra M akes Hi s Fin al Report on th e

Mission of San C arl os de Monterey, July 1 , 1 78 4
WE PREVIO U SL Y m et Ju ipero S erra as a you ng m an of th i rty six on th e
n -
eve of h i s d ep art re f or t h e N w W orl d in A u u st

u 1 7 49 ( N o
e I n th e
g , .
d ocu m ent that f oll ow w e fi nd h im i gn i g h i s fi al m i ssi on ary report I n

s s n n .
t h e thi rty five year s th at h ad i terven e d th i s i n trep i d m i ssi on ary h ad tr avel ed

-
n
th ou san d s of m il e o f oot f oun d d i e of C al if orn i a s twe ty one m is

s n , e n n
’
n -
si o s n n d b r ou ght h u n dre d s of p ag n I n d i an s i nt o t h e C ath ol i c Chu rch Th i s

, a a .
report o S an C arl os de M onterey is o e of th e b e t f ctu l surveys w e

n n s a a
po ses of h i s eff orts i ll u str t i ng s i t d oe

s s ,t h e nu m b er o f I nd i an s w h o
a a s,
were m de C hri sti n with a descriptio of th e reli gi ou s practi ce f th e

a a s n s o
n eophyt es th e d i l y l i f e
, l i ve d b y th e f ri r s n d I di a s at th e m i s i ons
a as a a n n s ,
a n d th e h ar d sh ip s en d r d f rom t h e el em e t s a d f r om enem i es
u e Ei ght n n .
weeks aft r th e d ocu m ent w i g ed th gr t m i sio ary worn out b y h is

e as s n e ea s n ,
u nr m i tti g
e n d exh
n st i ve l ab or in b eh lf o f th e I n d i an s o f M ex i co an d
a au a
of Lower a d U pp er C al i f or i
n d i ed o A gu st 2 8 1 7 8 4 at h is b el ove d
n a, n u , ,
S an C arl o d e M onterey where h i rem ai s l ie b ri d b e eath th e san etu ry

s s n u e n a
floor of th e m i si on ch rch Sou rce : M nu script i th e possession of th e

s u . a n
A c dem y o f A m eri a F r a ci ca H i tory

“
a c n n s n s .
H ail J esu s M ary J oseph ! , ,
O n th e m o st sol emn fe ast of th e H ol y Spirit Pentecost Sund ay , ,
June 3 1 7 7 0 thi s m ission of San C arl os de M onterey w as founded

, ,
to th e joy of th e sea and l an d expedition s I n a sh ort tim e th e rejoic .
ing w as sh ared b y th e ent i re kingdom an d e agerl y cel eb r ated in

b oth Spain s .
O n th at day af ter im pl oring th e assi st ance of th e H ol y Spirit th e

, ,
sacred st an dard of th e cr oss w as bl essed r ai sed an d adored b y al l , ,

.
Th e ground was b l essed an al t ar set up and a sort of ch apel f orm ed

, ,
with n av al flags Th e hol y sacri fice of th e M ass w as sung a serm on

.
,
w as preache d an d at th e en d th e Te D e um w as in ton ed With th ese

, , ,
.
( cerem on ies ) possession was dul y t aken of M onterey for ( ou r ) h ol y

,
Church and th e crown of Spain A l egal document cove ring all w as .
dr awn up an d wil l b e found wh ere it b el ongs A ll thi s occu rred on th e .
b each at th e l an ding pl ace of th e said port th e sam e spot on which ,
one hu ndred sixty seven y e ar s b efore as it i s written th e expediti on

-
, ,
of D on Seb asti a n Vi zcaino h ad cel eb r at e d M ass

1
.
Th e f oll owi ng d ay after ch oosing th e m ost lik el y spot on th at pl ain

, ,
1 D on Seb as t i an i i
V z ca n o ( 1 55 0 ?— 1 6 1 5 ) and hi s expl or ng i party entered
Mont erey B ay on D ecem b er 1 6 1 602 , .

M ass r t
r a tempor ary arb or For f ou r m onths onl y on e
cel eb a ed u n de .
f ath er st ayed h ere with th e per sonnel doing th e b u ilding Th e o th er .
pri est with th e two m i ssi on aries d estin ed for th e f utur e San Lu i s
[ O b i spo] M i ssion rem ai ned at th e presidio until Chri stm as Eve th at
sam e y ear Af ter previou sl y transferrin g everythin g b el onging to th e
.
mi ssion we l eft th e pre sidio on f oot and arrived h e re with an e scort

,
of e i ght m en : f ou r sol di er s one m ul et eer an d three serv ant s [wh o

, ,
h ad b een] sail or s Wh en we receiv ed ou r sh are of th e stock af ter th e

.
,
divi sion th ere w ere gre at and sm all eighteen h e ad O f c attl e ; n am el y

, ,
n in e cow s on e b ull
, tw o h eifer s an d six sm all cal ve s Th at i s all th e
, ,
.
c attl e of th at which th e m i ssion h as an d all which th e m i ssi on h as
spen t I will write further on ab out th e rest

. .
Th e eight rem aining d ay s of th e year were spent in fiest as and in

pu tting thin gs in order .
1 772
This m i ssion b apti sm s
twenty three In th e l ast h alf of
num b e ed r
’
s -
.
th e p ast y e ar w e added onl y three an d in th e wh ol e of thi s y e ar onl y

,
e i ght b ec ause th e scarcity of pr ovi si on s whi ch h ad b een severe du rin g

,
th e two p receding thi s y e ar b ecam e ev en m or e criti ca f or n o b oat

,
l
re ached [Monterey ] Neith er of th e two which cam e were ab l e to
.
proceed h ere an d ported at S an D i ego .
W e passed th e tim e erecting arou nd [ th e b u il dings] a stockade of

stou t, cl o sel y set p al ings with r av el in s in th e co rn er s of th e squ are
, .
We al so fin i sh ed th e b u il dings added som e [new ones] and st arted , ,
a gar den t o h elp with it s v e ge t abl e s NO sowin g at all w as d on e in .
thi s whol e year .
B efore defin itel y e st abli sh i ng [ th e mi ssi on ] h e re th e fir st concern ,
was to h ave m en f amil i ar with f arm ing see an d st at e wh eth er it w oul d

b e easy or diffi cul t t o t ake w ater f rom th e rive r for irrigating th e se
l an ds All agreed th at it w oul d b e [ easy] Now wh en we tri ed to c arry
. .
it out they all reversed them sel ves an d decl ared it impossib le Thi s
, .
w as th e ch ief if not th e onl y reason why th ere w as a del ay ab ou t

, ,
th e sowing for which we l onged Fin all y in th e n ext y e ar an d th ere .

, ,
aft er we dete rmin ed t o dry f arm whi ch w as b oth wi se an d f ruitful

, ,
as sh all b e seen from th e h arv est s of th e foll owing y e ar s .
Thi s year we got new s of th e arriv al of b oth v essel s at San D iego ,
at a time wh en scarcity h ad b r ou ght th e greatest di stress to th e presidi o
and th e two mi ssions thi s one an d S an A nt oni o , which h ad b een ,
foun ded one year earl ier F ath er Presi dent F r ay J unipero Serr a deci ded
.
to accompan y Comm an der D on Pe dr o P ages on th e trip to San

4
4
D
on Ped P g roomm d t t M t
a es, c y w l t G
an anf C li f
a i on ere , as a er overnor o a orn a .
M ission San Carlos de M on terey 37
Diego in o rder to use his in fluence al so in procu ring aid for th e

rel igiou s an d missions .
He l eft thi s m i ssion f or

th at trip on St B arthol om ew s day
‘ ’
.
,
Augu st 24 th e first anni ver sary of th e first M ass at this site as w as

, ,
st at e d ab ove O n h is w ay h e f ou n de d Sept emb er 1 M i ssion S an Lu i s

.
, ,
O b i spo in th e sam e pl ace wh e re it i s t od ay under su ch circum st an ces

, ,
of w an t of th e n ecessary suppl i e s th at it sh oul d h ave b een con si dered
r ashness h ad it not b een j u stified b y ch arity and trust in God wh o in ,
f act did not ab an don th e agen t s of su ch a h ol y enterpri se as He h ad

,
p r o m i se d ev e ry on e : H e wh o tr u st s in H im sh all
“
n ot b e co nf oun de d .
When th e comm ander and th e f ather presi dent arrived at S an D iego ,
they sent b y l and wh at sm all aid th e fewness of mul es permitted

and it w as deci de d th at one of th e b oat s w oul d r et u rn t o S an B l as ,
whil e th e other would attempt to go on to Monterey In f act it .

,
reached there at th e end of th e sam e year .
Th e f ath e r presi den t con si derin g th at th e st ate of th i ngs dem an ded

,
b etter provi si on f or th e m ain ten ance and adv ancem en t of th ese new
e st ab l i shm en t s sacrifi ced him self t o th e advi ce of th e rel igi ou s pre sent
, ,
to go to M exi co t o seek aid f rom Hi s E xcell ency th e n ew Vi ceroy 5

.
,
He sent f rom th e re a rel i giou s wh o w oul d t ake hi s pl ace here an d , ,
gave h im strict or der s to trust in th e Lord and proceed with th e work

of God in things b oth spiritu al an d tempor al etc Th e f ath e r [presi , .
dent] emb arked in th e mi ddl e of O ctob er an d th e oth er c am e up to

t ake hi s pl ace Th e vessel arrived at th e end of th e year with th e
.
regul ar provi sions .
1 773
Inthis year there were one hundred thirty fou r b apti sm s wh ich
,
-
,
with th e thi rty one preceding total one hundred sixty five Twenty six
- -
.
-
m arri ages of new Chri sti an s were cel eb r ate d With th e tw o th at th ey .
h ad b efore th ese m ade twenty ei ght n eoph yt e f am il ies b el onging t o

,
-
thi s m i ssi on .
T ow ar ds th e en d of l ast y e ar three peeks and on e qu art of wh e at ,
h ad b een sowed with gre at diffi cu l ty an d on groun d onl y h alf cul ti

vate d b ecau se as y et th ere w as n o w ay t o pl ow D espite th e en tire
, .
ab sence of irrigation th ey h arv ested five b u sh el s f ou r

peeks and three , ,
qu arts of good wheat From h alf a qu art of b arl ey th ey gathered three

.
,
peeks and f rom two pecks of In di an corn f ou r an d one h alf b ush el s

- 6
, , .
A t i M i B li y U Vi f N w Sp i
’
D5 on n on o w ar a
y f m
ucare rsrI a as cero o e a n ro
S pt mb
e e 1 77 1 t h i d th i
er , M i C i ty
, o A p i l 9 1 7 79
s ea n ex co on r , .
Th
6 igi l e orth Sp i h t m
na f u ses
g lm d d q
e til l f wh i h
an s er s: an e a, a u , an ua r o, or c
there i st E gl i h q i l t E h Sp i h m
no ex ac n h w v
s w e u v a en . ac an s easure , o e er , as
v l th l g th th E gl i h m
se er a es ar giv
er h an e n s e asu re en ere .
38 Th e Span ish C o lon ies
Hor se b e an s, c hi ck pe as, an d b e an s, a l ittl e of e ach were al so sowed ,
b ut all [thi s] was l os t Suc

. w as th e h fir st sowing an d h arvest of
thi s m i ssion .
In this whol e ye ar no b oat at all cam e even though His Excell ency
, , ,
th e Vi ceroy h ad or dere d on e t o set out f rom S an B l as w i th th e u su al

,
p r o vi si on s whi
,
l e b e tt e r arr an gem en t s w e r e b ei n g m ade Thi s w as not .
c arri ed out an d sin ce th e nu mb er of r el igiou s w as incre ased b y th ose
wh o h ad com e f rom Lower C alif orn i a af ter th ey h ad tu rn ed th eir m i s

sion s ov e r t o th e Reve rend D omin i can F ath er s th e p riv ation s whi ch ,
they suff ered were m ost severe Even so th e m ini sters of this mi ssion .
,
kept in t act th e ab ove m en ti on ed h arvest in or de r t o sow it all th e

-
f oll ow in g ye ar which th ey di d
,
.
While in this and th e rest O f th e mi ssi on s they were suff e ring su ch

w ant in Mexico provi sions were b eing ordered w i th th e greatest enth u
,
si asm and b eing sen t to S an Bl as f or th e prosperity of th ese n ew
est ab l i shm en t s B y D ecemb er th e F ather Presi den t F r ay Juni pero

.
, , ,
w as again in S an B l as for h i s retu rn trip in th e n ew f ri gate S an tiago , ,
which w as l oaded with every good thing as no other b oat th at ever

cam e t o thi s l an d b efore or sin ce .
1 7 74
ri te S antiago sail ed from S an Bl as J anu ary 2 5 1 7 7 4 and
Th e f ga , , , , , ,
h vi
a ng f a o v rab l e stern winds f or several day s it arrived at th e port ,
of S an D i ego M arch 1 3 or in l ess th an a m on th and a h alf These

, , .
circum st an ce s could h av e b rou ght th e b oat to M ont e rey b ut it w as ,
b ette r thi s w ay f or thi s pl ace was thu s succored en rou te as w as th e

,
exped i ti on of D on Ju an de A nza which h ad j u st arrived hungry 7

, ,
and in great need at S an G ab riel M i ssion .
Th e f ath er presi den t di semb arked an d m ade th e re st of th e trip

b y l an d so th at h e coul d see th e m i ssion s and h is rel igi ou s b rethren
, .
Th e f rigate an d hi s rev eren ce arriv ed at M onter ey at al most th e sam e

time to th e great consol ation of th e entire l and for then th e f am ine , ,
priv ati on s and short ages wer e ended I n f act th ey h av e n ot r eturn ed

, .
,
sin ce .
It would not b e out of pl ace to specif y th e provi sions whi ch out ,
O f pu re ch arity an d with ou t ch arge His E xcell ency th e Vi ceroy sent , , ,
on thi s occasi on f or th ese m i ssion s : corn b ean s fl ou r h am s cl othin g , , , ,
for th e Indi ans b eads etc b u t sufli ce it to say th at [ th e m i ssions]

, ,
.
,
were ab undan tl y suppli ed and equipped to b egi n and to continue th eir

7
Don J uan B au t it
s a de A nz a ( 1 73 5 b o n i n Sono a, l ed several ex r r
peditions f ro m M exi co i
to C alif orn a and w as l ater G overnor of New M ex co i .
M ission San C arlos de M on terey 39
spi ritu al and temporal l ab or s as they did with great success . Th anks
b e to God!
Inthi s mi ssion th ey h ad one hundred two b apti sm s wh ich added ,
to th e preceding m ade a t ot al of two hu ndred sixty sev en Th ere w ere -

.
six m arri age s f or a t ot al of thirty f ou r Work on th e l and consi sted -

.
in sowing th e ab ove m entioned wh e at h arve st F rom it with ou t irriga

-
.
,
tion one hu ndred twenty five b ushel s were gathered thi s year F rom
,
-
.
three short peeks of b arl ey twenty b u sh el s were reape d ; from six ,
peeks of b e an s five b ush el s sev en peeks; f rom eight peeks of corn

, , ,
One hundre d fif ty b u sh el s three peeks ; an d f rom one peek of h orse

,
b ean s one b u sh el ; t ot al three hun dred on e b u sh el s

,
.
Thi s y e ar w e b egan t o profit b y th e h elp of th e six se rv an t s gr anted

to u s b y H is E xcell en cy th e Vi ce roy W e got som e c apabl e f arm h an ds
-
.
,
from th e b oat an d oxen w ere b roken ; h ence m ore l and w as prepared

, ,
for th e y e ar
1 77 5
Th e b ap sm s ti thi s ye ar were one hundred one which added to th e ,
r i
p eced ng m ade a t ot al of three h un dred six ty e i ght Th e m arri ages -
.
w r thirty
e e five , -
whi ch al so added to th e preceding m ade a tot al of
six ty n ine f am ili es
-
.
Th e gr ain h arvest thi s y e ar re ach ed a t ot al of seven h un dre d nin e

b ush el s six and one half peeks F rom one b u sh el of b arl ey one
,
-
.
,
hun dred seven b u shel s, ten peeks an d one qu art were gathere d an d ,
m e asu red ; f rom one b u sh el of fine wh eat sixty three b ush el s twenty ,
-
,
and one h alf peeks ; f r om six b u sh el s of [ ordin ary ] wh e at three h un

-
,
dred fif ty three b u sh el s f ou r an d on e—h alf peek s; from ten peeks of

-
,
corn af ter v e ry sev ere d am age

, one hu n dred f ou rt een b ush el s; an d
,
th e r est w as gar den veget ab l es : b e ans l en til s h or se b e an s chi ck , , ,
peas and a few peas Th e entire h arvest cam e with ou t any irrigation
, . .
Du ring thi s wh ol e y ear l ike l ast thi s m i ssion m ain t ain ed seven
, ,
rel igi ous and quite a f ew [Lower] C alif orni a Indi an s destined for
fu tu re m i ssions Th ou gh th e k ing h ad assigned a doub l e r ation for
.
each r el i gi ou s du rin g a five y ear peri od to d at e thi s m i ssion h as n ot

, ,
received this r ation for even one day nor for any religiou s Th ough , .
I suppose th e gentl em en wh o h ave adm inistered th e royal property

will h ave notified their superiors of th e merit of thi s saving in their
account s n ev erth el ess it i s b u t f ai r th at we al so s e ak u
, , p p th at th eir
honors m ay b e incre ased ! They al so h ave other m erit s in thi s lin e .
Now th at th e mi ssi on s are on th eir f eet we c an give th anks t o th e

gentl em en !
40 Th e Sp an ish C olo n ies
At th e hi s year
end of t th e destruction of S an D iego Mission took
pl ace, a tragedy in whi ch we all h r
s a ed .
8
Bl essed b e God !
1 77 6
T here were seventy one b aptism s durin g thi s year whi ch added
-
,
t o th e pre ceding m ade f ou r hu ndre d thirty ni ne Ch ri sti an s Th e m ar -

.
ri ages w e re tw en ty two an d with th e prece ding th ey m ade nin ety

-
.
In th i s w ay Chri sti an ity w as gr adu all y progr essing in proporti on to

,
th e mean s av ail ab l e in th e f oll owing y e ar s 1 7 77 7 8 7 9 an d 80 , , , , .
At th e end of this l ast [year] we reached six hundred thirty eight -
b apti sm s and one hundred sixty tw o m arri ages -

.
Du ring all thi s tim e we f ail ed to get w at er for irrigation even ,
though we took extrem e steps O n thi s account th e h arvests were .

,
diverse sin ce th ey depended on th e rain Th ere were two year s in .
which we h ad scarcel y h arvested four hundred b ushel s of all gr ai ns ,
f rom which w e h ad t o t ake th e seed whi ch w as t o b e sown in th e
f oll owi ng year Thi s l ef t ve ry l ittl e for so m any peopl e and in one
.
year we h ad recour se to Mi ssion San Lu is [ O bisp] to whi ch thi s

[m ission] pai d one hundred thirty pesos in cash .
I n th e oth er y ear s th e h arve st w as sufli cient b ecause even th ough

th e In di an corn w as n ever ab und ant sin ce it w as sowed too l ate ,
f or th e r ain s it s pl ace w as t ak en b y b arl ey of whi ch we regul arl y

'
gath ered f rom two hundred to fou r hun dred and m ore b ush el s .
In th e earl i er y ear s O f th i s peri od thi s m i ssion h ad to tr an sport an d ,
suppl y [ gr ain] as b e st it cou l d for th e f ath er s wh o f oun ded th e mi s

,
sion of ou r f ath e r St F r an ci s in th e year 1 7 7 6

, .
, .
In th e mi ddl e of thi s ye ar th e f ath er presi dent emb arked for th e

,
restoration of San Diego M ission an d th e reest abli shment of San

Ju an C api str ano B oth w ere set up successful l y b ecau se of th e f avor
.
abl e provi sion s m ade b y th e Kn ight C omm ander His Excell ency ,
Viceroy B ucarel i m ay h e b e with God .
Th e foll owing ye ar Mi ssion S an t a Cl ar a was founded an d its

, ,
f ath er m ini ster s too quitted S an C arl os wh ere they h ad resided for
, ,
m ore th an two y ears Thi s mi ssion did well whil e consumin g th e

.
ab und an t suppl ies whi ch th e f ath er presi den t h ad b rought f or it
f rom Mexico B ut th ey served th e purpose f or wh ich th ey cam e whi ch

.
was th e propagation of our C ath ol ic f aith .
Meanwhil e noting th e little secu rity an d th e l ack of protecti on

,
afforded b y th e dwell i ngs and oth er b uil dings no m atte r h ow mu ch

.
these were pl astered with mu d we started to m ake b uil dings of adob es ,
8 S an D i ego w as des t roy ed b y fire b y th e I nd i ans i n No v mb e er, 1 77 5 .

M ission San Carlos de M on terey 41
and g r adu a ll y th o se w er e e r ect ed whi ch are n ow in u se an d which
are l i st ed at th e end of thi s report .
In 1 77 8 th e f ath er presi dent m ade anoth er v oy age to S an D iego t o

,
adm ini st er confirm ati on th ere and on h is r etu rn trip at th e r est of

, ,
th e m i ssion s Th e apost oli c f acul ty to confirm h ad com e to him thi s

.
year on th e same b oat .
He st arted th e voy age on St B arth ol omew s d ay Au gu st 2 4 and

’
.
, ,
h e r eturned b y l and after h e h ad accom pl i sh ed h is t ask Decem b er 23

, , ,
th e sam e year D u ring thi s and oth e r sim il ar trips thi s m i ssion h ad
.
,
al w ay s h ad at l east two r el igi ous .
Th e year aft er th e destruction of S an D i ego thi s m i ssi on al so was ,
m en aced with sever al rum or s t h at a sim il ar m i sfortu ne w as b eing

r
p pe a r e d f o r it b y th e p a g an s k nown as S anj ones O l d an d pow e rf ul ,
en em i es of th e n atives of thi s t errit ory O n one occ asion th e indica .
tion s appeared so certain th at on h is own in iti ative th e serge ant wh o ,
comm anded th e presi d io in th e ab sence of th e capt ai n at S an D iego ,
cam e with qu ite a force an d b egged us rel i gi ous to sl eep in one pl ace
so th at we coul d b e m ore e asil y protect ed Th ey l ocke d th e seven of .
u s in th e adob e b l acksm ith sh op; th e safe st pl ace an d th e re p acked , ,
together we spent th e ni ght while th e sol diers passed it in th e saddle

, ,
p a tr oll in g th e vi ci n ity b u t n o e n em y s h,
ow e d u p n or di d any l ater ,
e vidence appe ar t o prov e th at an y su ch d an ge r h ad exi st ed Th ose .
wh o were th en pai nted to u s as such en em ie s are alm ost all Chri sti an s
today So we pass on to th e year
.
,
1 78 1
Th e i f rom th e preceding h arvest th at were u sed in th e
suppl es ,
b eginnin g of th i s year we re suffi ci ent an d th e pl an tin g of b arl ey wh eat

, , ,
and som e garden v eget ab l es p rom i sed a h arv e st in accord ance with
th e am ou nt of w ate r Neve rth el ess the h ope [per si sted] of b ringing

.
,
w ater with all th e possib il ities of irrigation especi al l y for th e corn ,
which for l ack of w ater was val uel ess as a crop Father J uan Crespi .
,
9
now deceased decided to try to get water He real ized through his
, .
su rv ey s th at at l east for irri gating th e l and so f ar cul tiv ated h e coul d ,
get w ater f rom a point cl oser th an th e one h e h ad u n til th en con

sidere d Th e en terpri se w as st arted with such confidence of succe ss
.
th at corn was sown where it w as th ought it could b e irrigated .
When there were b ut a few days left [of F ather Crespi s work] ’
th e f am ous st ew ard of S an Lu i s O b i spo c am e to our h ou se off ering

9J n Cr pi O F M ( 1 72 1
.
ua es , h d b n. . td t f S
.
; h w a ee a s u en o erra s
’
e as
a f v it
a or f th f e o d f th m i i n
e d h d
ou n er o td i t t t h im t
e ss o s an a ac e as ass s an o a
M t rey nd C m l
on e a ar e .
42 The Sp an ish C olon ies
to t ake th e sam e
j ob at th i s
m i ssion He st art ed M ay 1 , at a sal ary -
of tw o hun dred pesos in Cash , etc H e saw an d approved th e w ork .
that ( th e: tw o f ath er s w ere doing tow ar d extr acting w ater an d, aft er

-
t ti
s a ng th at within three days we woul d see th e corn irrigated h e
“
went ou t o ne m orning an d with ou t sayin g anythi ng to u s h e t ook th e ,
peopl e f rom th e w ork and set them to di gging another di tch a few
y ards further up th e river cl aim ing th at wh at h ad b een done pre
,
vi ou sl y w as v al uel ess an d with th at th e corn sown w as lo st and h e

, ,
spen t sev en m on th s and u sed all th e w orkm en in th e n ew ditch .
Not a gr ain of corn w as gath ered an d th ey got a l ittl e over f ou r

hundred b u shel s of b arley B ecau se of th e foll y of this m an a great
.
,
part of th e wh e at w as l ost in th e fi el ds Less th an f ou r h un dred b ushel s .
were ob t ained when to b e con serv ati ve we shoul d h ave expected

,
m ore th an five hundred But finall y th e w ater w as extr acted th at sam e

.
year in th e month of D ecemb er From then on th e mi ssion h as h ad .
i rrigation Th anks b e to God!

.
Thi s y e ar th ere were onl y twenty fou r b apti sm s and sev en teen m ar
-
riages W e sowed in a proper m anner f or th e

.
Year 1 7 8 2
Tow ards th e end of th e past ye ar thi rty — on e b u sh el s of b arl ey were
,
sown and fif ty three of wh e at

-
Th e b arl ey w as pl an ted wh ere th e
.
w ater coul d not reach it and as th e drou ght w as great it was l ost ,
.
Thi s h ad n ever h appened b efore in th e case of thi s gr ain W e gath er ed .
onl y on e hu n dr ed sev en b u shel s .
Th e whe at wh i ch was irrigated did w ell b u t l ess w as h arvested th an

in th e prece ding y e ar f or th e sam e re ason an d th ere w ere l arge
stre tch e s of sown l an d wh ere [ th e m aj or dom o] di d n ot att emp t to
g ath e r a si n gl e h e ad Th e r e w as
. a t ask th at th ey w ere com pl etin g in
l ess th an an h ou r an d to m ake it sh orter th ey gath ered onl y th e t all

, ,
e ar s and e v en so it t ook th em a l ong tim e A gr eat m an y of th e pe opl e .
got sick an d th e [ stew ard] aske d pe rm i ssi on to bet ake him self to
M issi on S an Lui s O b ispo b ecau se th ey h ad sent to tell him th at h e
,
w as neede d th e re Leaving th e wh eat in th e fi elds an d th e peopl e

.
down h e departed and never retu rned .
Th e h arv ested wh eat thr eshed ou t at f ou r hun dr e d fifty b ush el s .
Th ere w ere twen ty seven b ush el s of garden veget ab l es and one hundred
-
sixty of Indi an co rn These are th e re sul t s of th e fir st y ear of irri ga

.
tion and su ch an intell igent stew ard

In thin gs spi ri tu al it w as b etter W e h ad one hundred an d one b ap
.
ti sm s and twen ty thr ee m arri age s Th e peopl e gr aduall y improved in

-
.
44 Th e Span ish C olon ies
can not e ceed x

hundred h ead b etween goats and sheep and from
two ,
she aring th e f ew th at we h ave w e get nothin g w orthwhi l e .
Th e con dition th en of th e Mi ssion in things spirit ual i s th at up to

, ,
thi s d ay in thi s Mi ssion :

B apti sm s
Confirm ations
An d i
s n ce those of th e o ther mi ssions
b el ong in som e w ay to thi s it is noted
in passing th at th eir numb er i s
M arri ages in this m i ssron 25 9
ri al s
Bu 35 6
Th e numb er of Chri sti an f am il i es l ivin g at th e mi ssion an d e ating

j ointl y as well as widowers sin gl e m en an d chil dren of b oth sexes
, , , ,
i s evi den t f rom th e encl osed cen sus l i st s an d so i s omitted h ere .
Th ey pr ay twice d ail y with th e p riest in th e chu rch More th an .
on e hun dred tw enty of th em conf ess in Sp ani sh an d m any wh o h ave
di ed u sed to do it as w ell Th e oth er s conf ess as b est th ey can Th ey

. .
work at all kinds of m ission l ab or such as f arm h ands herdsmen , , ,
cowb oy s sh eph er ds m ilk ers digge r s garden er s c arpent er s f arm er s

, , , , , , ,
irrigators reapers b l acksmith s sacrist an s and they do everything el se

, , , ,
th at comes al ong for their corpor al and spiritu al welf are .
Th e work of cl earing th e fiel ds once, som etimes twi ce or even ,
three times a year i s consider ab l e b ecause th e l an d is very fertil e

, .
When we cl ear new l an d great h ardshi p is requ ired Al together there .
i s sufli cient l and cl eared for sowing m ore th an one hundred b ush e ls
of wh eat an d it i s sowe d in th at gr ain b arl ey v ege t ab l es an d co rn
, , , , .
Eve ry y ear we cl e ar a l ittl e m ore .
To th e seven m onth s work required to t ake w ater from th e r iv er

’
for irrigation as mentioned ab ove w e must add th e l ab or of b ringin g

, ,
it to th e l agoon near th e m i ssion residence In some year s thi s l agoon .

,
u se d to b e dry Now it i s al w ay s full m akin g it a gre at conveni ence

.
,
and a del i ght to th e mi ssion Som e sal m on h ave b een pl aced in th e

.
pool an d so we h ave it h an dy .
Th e tim b er pal i sade w as in ade qu ate to protect th e seed gr ai n

b ecau se th ey steal th e pal ing for firew ood So we dug a circul ar .
trench m any thou san ds of varas l ong Thi s was a two ye ars l ab or 10
.
’
an d with al n othing suff ice d t o p rev en t l osses eve ry ye ar .
Some of th e l an d which we cl eared for f arming was not onl y

covered with l ong tough gr asses and thi cket s b u t al so with great trees ,
will ows alders and so forth and it h as b een hard work as we have
, , , ,
1 °
Th Sp i h
e w
an s q iv l t t b t
var a f t
as e u a en o a ou ee .
M ission San C arlos de M on terey 45
alr ead y no ed , t b ut we hope th at it will pay off at aprofit We al so .
h ave a i
s zab l e w all ed garden [ which produ ces] ab un dan t v eget ab l es
an d some f ruit .
UI LD INGS M ISSIO N B
In th e first few year s we worked h ard and w ell on th e chu rch an d

th e rest of th e b u il din gs [They were m ade] of pal i ng with fl at e arth en
.
roofs to Immmi ze fire d anger b ut no m atter wh at we did they al w ay s ,
l eaked l ike a sieve and b etween th at an d th e humi dity ev eryt hin g

would rot So we decided to b uil d of adob e and thus today all b uil d
.
ings are [ of th at m ateri al ] They are as foll ows :

A n adob e chu rch forty b y ei ght v ar as with a th atch ed roof
, , .
Likewise th e three room residence of th e three priests O ne [ room

,
-
.
is] l arge with an al cove for a b ed Th e fl oor i s pl ain e arth and th e

,
.
roof th atched .
A l so a gr an ary ab ou t tw enty v ar as l ong with sever al sm all com

,
partm ent s a porch and a th atched roof

, , .
Likewise another gran ary ab ou t thirty var as l ong with its porch
,
and f ou r w ooden b arre d w in dow s Th e fl oor i s pl ain e arth and th e .
roof th atched .
Al so another adob e house thirty var as l ong divided for th e present

, , ,
into onl y three sections : one serves as a storeroom another at th e ,
opposite en d is used as a dorm ito ry f or th e girl s ; th e cent er secti on
i s a l arge room with two b arred window s an d door s It i s white w ash ed .

-
and cl ean and i s u sed as a guest ch amb er for th e ships ofli cers and
’
for some other occasion s It i s going to b e divi ded in to two room s

.
for which we al ready h ave th e two door s with t h eir hi nges .
Likewise another adob e b uil din g with an e arthen roof and with its
,
own sh ed and key It hou ses th e forge where th e b l acksmith works

. .
It h as a porch an d window .
Al so next to thi s b u il ding i s an oth er which w e call th e carpenter

,
shop . It h as a room with a separate door an d key for safegu arding

th e tool s It h as two wi n dow s with b ar s and a door
. .
Likewise another b uilding next to th e ones j ust m entioned wh ere

,
th e w om en grin d [gr ain] m ake ch eese and wh ere diff erent tool s
, ,
are kept .
Al so anoth e r b u il ding l arger th an th e preceding ones wh ere f or

, , ,
th e pre sen t th e f amil y of th e M exi can b l acksmith l ives .
Likewise fou r adob e b uil dings a l ittl e f urther on which are [ a

, ,
p l ace f or] five c art s th e w ood sh ed kitch en

, and a h en h ouse , , .
Al so there is a serviceab le adob e corr al with secti ons for sheep

,
an d t
goa s and ne xt to thi s a separ ate pen for pigs Th e rest of th e .
cor r al s f or o h rses an d cattl e with th eir co rrespondin g st ud an d b ull

,
t
s all s, ar e al l m ade of p al ing an d f rom tim e to time give us quite a
b it of repair troub le .
TH E ANIMALS
num b e r today
C attle l arge and small
,
Sh eep an d goat s ab ou t th e same num b er

,
Riding and dr af t mul es

Tam e an d b roken h orse s
F our h erds of m ares with th eir colt s
Al so with th em two young mul es ,
from th e time we h ad a j ack

O ne ol d ass th at m ay b e with f oal
'
Pigs
ACCO UNTS
Regarding th e r em ain der of th e st atu s of th e m i ssion [we note]
“
th at when th e vessel s arrive from Mexico wi th th e suppli es w e know

whether we h ave credits or deb its f rom our sti pends Thi s ye ar th e .
[b oat s] h ave not yet re ach ed he re so we do not h ave thi s inf orm ation ,
.
W e know of no l ocal deb t s b ut there m ay b e som e hi dden or

un expe ct e d deb t like th o se we h av e h ad in th e p ast
‘
Th e m i ssi on pai d Lieu ten an t O rtega ei ghteen peso s for a ten t

11
from th e Ki n g s stores whi ch w as given th e f athe r pre si den t for u se

’
,
when h e w as at S an Bu en aventu ra M ission and whil e h e assisted at ,
th e f ou n dat i on of th e n ew presi dio of S an t a B arb ar a H e did not .
think such a d eb t existed until they cam e to coll ect it .
Not l ong ago thi s m i ssion paid fif teen pesos as a don ation f or th e
w ar m or e th an a y e ar af ter th e confl ict en ded
,
as a r esul t of mis ,
1 2
inf orm ation given th e comm andancy gener al to th e eff ect th at th e

f ath er pre si dent h ad ex cl u ded f rom th e count som e In di an s wh o h ad
run aw ay f rom th e m i ssion af ter th e l i st s h ad b een compl ete d Thi s .
w as n ot true f or wh en w e m ade th e l i st s every one of th em h ad b een

,
apo st at es fo r at l e ast tw o y e ar s an d som e f or m ore th an three He .
mention ed th em onl y as an incentive so th at th ey m ight retu rn th em

[to th e m i ssi on] f or me .
1 1 J é i
Fr anc sco O rte ga ( d 1 79 8 ) w as a M ex ie an-b orn so l d er wh o rose
os . i
to th e r ank o f b revet capt a n in th e Span sh co l o n al f orces i i i .
1 2 Th
i i
e prel m n ary art cl es of pe ace b e ween Grea i Br ta n and Sp a n we e t t i i i r
i
s gned on J
anuary 20 , 1 7 8 3 .
M issio n Sa n Carlos d e M on terey 47
W e did n ot e en v
think ab out mentioning those wh o ran away nor ,
th ose wh o di ed after th e l i sts w er e m ade n or did w e di scoun t th em

, , ,
b ut j ust th e same we p aid th e fif teen pe sos an d th e [ ent i re] don ation

amounted to ove r one hun dred p esos th e sum th ey fin all y asked for , .
At th e b eginning of th e year when th e governor showed m e these

[ directions for] reports inven tories an d censu s li st s of th e mi ssion s
, , ,
[ th at were] to b e sen t t o th e comm an dancy gener al I told hi m th at ,
I would care for it gl adly sin ce th e reverend f ather guardi an of m y

,
h ol y coll ege h ad given m e th e sam e order

13
.
But th at it h ad to b e on con diti on th at th e pape r s an d l etter s

, ,
for th ose d ocum ent s w oul d b e post free f or I h ad rece ived a l ette r ,
from th e comm an der gener al of m uch l ess b ul k th an any O f th ese

report s an d it b ore th e not ation : el even real es Wh at woul d so m any .
paper s co st ?
He answered me th at yes [ th ey wer e po st fr ee] and in f act th e , ,
en si gn al w ay s u rged m e to accept [ su ch ] l etter s saying ev en in writing , ,
th at th e fi gures in question h ad reference to other account s and th at

I woul d not h av e to pay it .
With th at assu rance I went ahe ad cert ain th at th e envel ope which
,
c am e f rom S an G ab riel en titl e d : R eport s Inventories an d C en su s

“
, ,
List of S an G ab riel Mi ssion [was free even though] there w as a ”
not ation tw enty re al es which I h av e kept b y acci den t D e spit e th i s

, , .
,
a f ew d ay s ago w e receive d a b ill f rom th e qu art erm ast e r f or tw enty
five pesos two r e al es fo r [post age on] l etter s sent to th e m i ssi on Th ey

-
, .
were th e creditors and they coll ected All we need now is som e other .
arb itr ary deb t un kn own to u s .
Wh at we get in th e annu al di strib utions purch ased in M exico with

ou r stipends i s known al re ady A f t e r u sin g en ou gh for ou r cl othin g
.
,
chocol ate wine and can dle s for M ass and som e m in or O b j ects fo r
, , ,
th e chu rch th e r e st goe s f or th e Indi an s especi all y f or cl othi ng to

, ,
cov er th em So f ar as w e c an see nothi ng m ore need b e sai d on

.
,
thi s point .
If anythi ng el se sh ould b e m ade known ab out th e adm ini str ati on

and st at e of th e m i ssi on it can b e asked of u s specificall y and with
,
assu r an ce th at w e will hi de n othing f or th anks to th e goodn e ss of ,
God w e do not fe ar th e l ight and since wh at h as b een sai d so f ar, ,
is true w e th e min i ster s of th e mi ssion sign it J ul y 1 1 7 8 4

, , , .
F r ay J uni pero Serr a — F r ay M athi as An ton i o de S ant a C ath al in a

Noriega [ rub rica] .
1 3
Th C l l ge f Sa Ferna d i M xi
e o e o n C ity h ad be
n f mall y e t bl i h d
o n e co en or s a s e
THE FRENC H COLONI ES
I nstruction s for th e F ath ers of O ur S ociety

Wh o Sh all b e S ent to th e Hurons b y J ean
”
,
de B réb euf S J , . .
, 1 6 37
O NE t r pl nd t p ri d i th h i t ry f Fr h C th ol i i m
of t h e m os es e en e o s n e s o o en c a c s
occu rre d in t h v nt nth nt ry nd no fi ner p g in th t hi t ry h v

e se e ee ce u , a a es a s o a e
b en writt n th n th
e e which d cri b th h roic s cr ifi es m d b y th
a o se es e e e a c a e e
F r n h R é ll t
e c J its nd oth er m i i ry pri t in thei r ff ort to
co e s, esu , a ss on a es s e s
w in th e I n di f F r n ce North A m ri c l ni C thol i c f i th
’
an s o a t th s e an co o es o e a a .
Th t eff ort b g n i wh t i tod y C n d

a e a n b ut ti m went
a s it w a a a a, as e on as
e xtend d to re so th d w t th t em b r c d l rge ecti ns f th e

e a as u an es a a e a s o o
pr n t U n i te d St t
ese A m n g th l d r a es f th. Je it w o n i ntr pi d e ea e s o e su s as a e
N rmo J n d Breb n i ( 1 59 34 6 49 ) wh
an , ea e tered po h i xtr rdi ry
e o en u n s e ao na
m i i n ry
ss o ar r in 1 6 2 5 t th e ge of th irty two d wh per i ted m i d
ca ee a a -
,
an o s s a
a l m o t i re d i b l
s nc ff r i ng n d p riv t i n
e su nt i l h
e w c pt r d a t rt r d a o u e as a u e , o u e ,
an d pu t to d th in 1 6 49 b y ea r vi ng b nd f Ir quoi i r i d o St a o a o o s n a a n .
I gn t i s n d S t Lo i M i i n
a u a . r G rgi B y B éb f h d w rk d
u s ss o s n ea eo an a . r eu a o e
with th H r In di f
e u on v r l y r nd h an s ld th or l i ght hi
se e a ea s a e cou u s en en s
co frere as t
n sh ow th y h l d
o d ct th m l ve e m ong th
s ou v ges Th e con u e se s a e sa a .
f ll owi n g c ou nt w
o a c wri tt n i 1 6 37 nd f r h dowed th e l i f of lf
as e n a o es a e se
d n i al th t w i ted th e m i i n ri
e a a a It w i n orp r t d i to th rel tion
ss o a es . as c o a e n e a
f r 1 6 37 b y P l l e J n S J St J n d B éb e f w
o au eu e, o i d b y P pe
. . . ea e r u as can n ze o
Pi us X I in 1 9 3 0 l g wi th v n f h i f llow Je ui t m rtyr of N rth

, a on se e o s e s a s o
A m eri of wh m th r
ca , m t th i r d e th s with i n th
o ee re of th pr nt
e e a e a a e e se
D i ce o f Alb y N w Y rk S rce : R b n G l d Thw i t

se o an , e ( E d ) Th
o . ou eu e o a es ,
e
Jes u it R l ti e a d A lli d D
o ns a n m t ( C l v l d B rr w B rother C o
e ocu en s e e an : u o s s .
,
X I I , 1 1 7— 1 23 .
Th e F a thers
rethren whom God sh all call to th e Hol y Mission
and B
of th e Hurons
ou ght to ex erci se c areful foresi ght in regar d to all th e
h ardships annoy ances an d peril s th at must b e encountered in m akin g

, ,
this j ou rney in order to b e prepared b etim es for all em ergencies

,
th at m ay ari se .
Y ou mu st h ave sin cere aff ection for th e S av age s l ooking u pon ,
them as r ansom ed b y th e b lood of th e son O f God and as our ,
b re thren with wh om we are to pass th e rest of our l iv es .
To e oncil iate th e S av age s you mu st b e c areful neve r to m ake th em ,
wait for you in emb arking .

50 Th e F rench C ol on ies
Y ou m us t provide you rself with a tin der b ox or with a b u rnin g

mi rror or with b oth t o f urni sh th em fire in th e daytim e to l ight
, ,
their pipes an d in th e eveni ng when they h ave to encamp ; these l ittl e

,
services win th eir h eart s .
Y ou sh ould try to e at th eir sagam it e or sal m agun di in th e w ay th ey

prep are it al th ough it m ay b e dirty h alf cooked and very t astel e ss
-
.
, , ,
A s to th e oth er num erous thin gs whi ch m ay b e unpl easan t th ey m u st ,
b e en du red f or th e l ov e of God with ou t sayin g anythin g or appe arin g

,
to noti ce th em .
It i s well at first to take everything th ey off er al though you m ay ,
n ot b e ab l e to e at it all ; f or wh en on e b ecomes som ewh at accust om ed

,
to it th e r e i s n ot t oo much
,
.
Y ou m u st try and e at at d ayb reak unl ess you can t ak e you r m eal
with you in th e canoe ; for th e d ay is very long if you h ave to pass it ,
with ou t e ating Th e B arb ari an s e at onl y at Sunri se an d Sun set when

.
,
they are on their j ou rn ey s .
Y ou m u st b e prom pt in em b arking an d di semb arking; an d tuck up

you r gown s so th at they will not get wet an d so th at you will not ,
carry eith er w at er or san d int o th e c an oe To b e properl y d re sse d y ou .

,
m u st h ave you r feet an d l egs b are ; whil e crossing th e r api ds you can ,
wear your shoes and in th e l ong port ages even your l eggings
, , , .
Y ou m ust so con du ct y ou r self as n ot to b e at all troub l esom e to

e ven one of th e se B arb ari an s .
It is not well to ask m any questions nor shoul d you yield to you r ,
de sire to l e arn th e l angu age and t o m ake ob serv ations on th e w ay ;

this m ay b e carried too f ar Y ou m ust rel ieve th ose in you r can oe of
.
this annoy an ce e speci all y as you cann ot profit mu ch b y it du ring th e

,
work Sil ence i s a good equipment at such a tim e

. .
Y ou mu st b e ar with th eir imperfectiOn s with ou t sayin g a w ord yes , ,
e v en with ou t seem in g to n oti ce th em Even if it b e n ecessary t o .
critici se anything it mu st b e done m odestl y and with w ord s and sign s

, ,
wh i ch evince l ove and not aversion In short you must try to b e .

, ,
an d t o appe ar al w ay s ch ee rful
,
.
E ach one sh ould b e provi de d with h al f a gross of awl s two or ,
three dozen l ittl e knives call ed j amb ette s ( pocket kn ives) a hundred
,
-
,
fi shh ooks with som e b e ads of pl ain an d col ored gl ass with whi ch t o
, ,
b uy fi sh or oth er articl es wh en th e trib es m eet e ach othe r so as to ,
f e ast th e S av age s; an d it woul d b e well to say t o th em in th e b egin

n i ng Here is som ething with wh i ch to b uy fish E ach one wil l try
“ ”
.
, ,
at th e p ort ages to carry som e l ittl e thin g according to hi s strength ;

, ,
however l ittl e one c arrie s it greatly pl e ases th e S av ages if it b e only

, ,
a kettl e .
52 Th e F rench C o lon ies
How Fath er Jogu es was Taken b y th e

Hir o quois and Wh at He Suff ered on hi s Fir st
,
”
Entrance into Th eir Coun try b y Jerome ,
Lal em ant S I 1 647 , . .

,
A M O N G th e m os f am ou s of t
Je ui t m i i n ri e in col oni l ti m w a th e s ss o a s a es s
. J
St I saac ogu es ( 1 6 0 7 I n h is ear h f or In d ian co vert J ogu es s c n s
b ecam e one of th e fir t whit m e to penetrate inl n d f r s S ul t Ste

s e n a as a a a .
ri
Ma e on Lake Supe o ri r wh r in O ctob r 1 64 1 h e a d Charl Raymb lt
e e e , , n es au ,
. r h
. v
S I , p eac e d to th e sa ages U pon h i ret rn to th e we t af ter a vi i t t o
. s u s s
J
Queb ec, ogu es w as cap u ed t r b y th e M oh wks in A u gu t 1 6 42 nd f or a s , , a
ov r a y
e r h e w s forced t end re lm t s p rh m n t rt r t th i r
ea a o u a os u e u a o u es a e
village f O s non n r th e pre ent A uri vill e N w Y rk Thro gh th e

o s ern e ea s es , e o . u
i nt rventi n f th e D t h h w fi lly r l ed nd t k n t o N w A m ter

e o o u c e as na e eas a a e e s
d m n d th
a ab m e th e fir t C ath ol i c prie t t o vi si t th e f ture New Y rk
us eca s s u o
C i ty A f ter om m nths in h is n tive F r nce th e m i ionary ret rned to

. s e o a a ss u
th e New W orl d i n th pr i n g o f 1 644 I n spi te f w rni n gs ab o t th e d n

e s . o a u a
g r d e t o th e restive t te f th e we tern trib es h e u n dert o k th r

'
e s u s a o s , o an o e
m i i on ry j rn y w stw rd i n th
ss a ou e t m n of 1 6 4 6 H w c p t re d b y
e a e au u . e as a u
th Ir oq
e i and on m r t k n t O e no wh r fter f rth r r l
uo s ce o e a e o ss rn e n e e a u e c ue
ti h w p t t d th n O t b er 1 8 1 6 46 O ne of h i onfr r Jerom
es e as u o ea o c o , . s c e es, e
L l m nt i n c rp r t d th e f oll owi n g v ivi d d cr i pt ion of J og s ff r i ng

’
a e a , o o a e es ues u e s
an d m rtyr d m in tha t whi h h e forw rd d to th e Je it s p ri or in

o e accou n c a e su u e
1 6 47 S o r . R b n G l d Thw i te s ( Ed ) Th J
u ce : eu e oi t R l ti d A ll i d a , e es u e a o ns a n e
D ocum t ( C l v l d : B rr w Broth r C o
en e e an uXXXI 1 7—1 1 9
o s e s .
, , .
ther I saac J ogues h ad sprung from a wo rthy f am ily of th e City

Fa
of O rl e an s Af te r h avin g given som e evi den ces of hi s virt ue in ou r
.
Society h e w as sent to New F r ance in th e year 1 6 3 6 I n th e sa

,
me , .
year h e went up to th e Hu ron s where h e sojou m ed until th e thi r

, ,
teenth of J u ne in th e ye ar 1 6 42 wh en h e w as sent to K eb ec [ Q ueb ec] ,
u pon th e aff air s of th at i mport an t an d ar du ou s M i ssion .
From th at tim e un til hi s death th ere occu rred m any very remarkabl e
‘
things of which one cannot with ou t guil t deprive th e publ i c

, , , .
Th e Rev er end F ath er M iersom e L al em ant [ sic] at th at tim e Superior

’
,
of th e M ission am ong th e Hurons sent for him and pr oposed ,
to h im th e j ou rn ey to K eb ec a f ri ghtful one on ac count of th e , ,
difli cul ty of th e road s and very d angerous b ecau se of th e amb uscades

,
of th e H iroqu oi s wh o m assacred eve ry year a consi der ab l e numb er

, , ,
of th e S av ages all ied to th e F r en ch Let us h ear him speak upon thi s .
sub j ect an d upon th e re sul t of h is j ou rn ey Authority h aving m ade “

.
me a sim pl e propositi on and not a comm an d to go down to Keb ec I , , ,
off ered my sel f with all my h e art So th ere we were on th e way .

,
Fa th er J ogues and th e Hiroq uois 53
and in th e danger s were ob l iged to disemb ark forty

all at once . We
tim es and forty tim es to carry ou r b oats and all our b aggage amid
,
th e cu rr ents and w aterf all s th at on e encounter s on thi s j ou rn ey of

ab ou t thr ee h undred l e agues At l ast thirty five day s af ter our .
,
-
departu re fr om th e Hur ons we arrived much fatigu ed at Three Riv er s; , , ,
thence we went down to K eb ec O ur aff air s b eing fini sh ed in .
fif teen days we sol emnl y O b served th e feast of St Ignace; and th e

,
.
next d ay th e fir st of A ugust in th e sam e ye ar 1 6 42 w e l ef t Three

, ,
River s in order to go up again to th e co

,
u ntry wh ence w e cam e Th e .
first day was f avorab l e to us; th e second caused us to f all into th e

hands of th e Hiroquoi s W e were forty per son s di strib ut ed in sever al
. .
,
can oes; th e one whi ch kept th e v anguard h aving di scovered on th e ,
b anks of th e gr eat riv er some tr acks of m en r ecentl y im pri nted on th e ,
san d an d cl ay gav e u s w arning A l an din g w as m ade ; som e say th at

, .
these are footprints of th e enem y others are sure th at they are tho se of ,
Al gonquin s our all ies In this dispu te Eust ach e A h atsistari

, . ex ,
cl aim ed : B e th ey fri end s or enem i e s it m atter s n ot ; I n otice b y th eir

‘
,
tracks th at they are not in greater numb er th an we ; l et u s adv an ce and

f ear nothi ng W e h ad not yet m ade a h alf l eague wh en th e en emy
’ 1
-
.
, ,
con ce al ed am ong th e gr ass an d b rushw ood ri se s with a gre at ou tc ry , ,
di sch arging at ou r canoes a voll ey of b all s Th e noi se of th eir arqu eb u ses .
so gre atl y f ri ghten ed a p art of our Hu ron s th at th ey ab an don ed th e ir
canoes and weapo n s in o r der to escape b y flight into th e depth of th e
woods . W e were fou r F rench one of wh om b eing in th e re ar , , ,
escaped with th e Hu ron s wh o ab an don ed h im b efo re approaching th e ,
enem y E ight or t en b oth Chri sti an s and C ate chum en s j oi ned u s

.
, ,
they oppose a cour ageou s front to th e enem y B ut h avin g per .

,
ceived th at anoth er b an d of f orty H iroqu oi s wh o w er e in am b u sh ,
on th e oth er si de of th e riv er was com ing to attack th em th ey l ost ,
cou r age ; insom u ch th at th ose wh o w e re l e ast ent an gl ed fl ed

.
A .
F renchm an n am ed Ren é Goupil wh ose death is preci ous b efore G od ,
was surrounded and captur ed along with som e of th e most ,
cou r ageou s Hu rons I was watchi ng thi s di saster say s th e F ather

.
,
”
,
f rom a pl ace v ery favor abl e for conceal ing m e from th e sight of th e
“
enem y b ut thi s th ou ght coul d n ever enter m y mind Coul d I

‘
.
,
indeed I said to myself ab andon our French and l eave those good
,
’
,
‘
Neophyte s an d th ose poor C at ech um ens withou t givin g th em th e help ,
which th e Church of m y God h as entrusted to m e? Fl ight seem ed ’
horrib le to me It must b e I said in my heart th at my b ody su ffer

.
‘
,
’
,
‘
1
Th l d Fr
e oh li m ti d m y t im
e nc i theue ,F h d m t
en o ne an es n e se renc ocu en s,
w asth qi l t f b t
e e u va e n m il o a ou es .
54 Th e Fre nch C olon ies
th e fir e of ea rth in order to del iver th ese poor soul s fr om th e fl ames

,
O f Hell ; it must die a tr an sien t death in orde r to procur e f or th em ,
an eter n al l if e My conclu sion b ein g reached with ou t gr eat opposition

’
.
from my f eel i ngs I c all th e one of th e H iroqu oi s wh o h ad rem ained

,
.
to guard th e pri soner s H e adv an ces an d h aving se ized m e pu ts

.
, ,
m e in th e numb er of th ose wh om th e w orld c all s m i ser ab l e F inall y .

,
they b rought th at worthy Christian Captain n am ed Eu stache wh o , ,
h aving perceived me excl aim ed Ah my F ather I h ad sworn and, ,

‘
, ,
protested to you th at I would l ive or die with you Th e sight of him

’
.
p i e rc in g m y h ea rt I d o n ot r em em b e
,
r th e w or d s th at I sai d t o hi m .
Another Frenchm an n amed Gu ill aume Couture seeing that th e

, ,
Huron s were givin g w ay escaped l ike them in to th e gre at forests; and

, ,
as h e was agil e h e was soon ou t of th e enem y s gr asp B ut r emor se

’
.
, ,
h avin g seized him b ecau se h e h ad f orsaken h is F ather an d hi s comrade ,
h e stops qu ite sh ort del ib er ating aside with him self wh eth er h e shoul d
,
go on or retr ace hi s steps Th e dre ad of b eing regarded as perfidi ou s .
m akes him face ab out ; h e encount er s five stout Hiroqu oi s O ne of th ese .
aim s at him b u t hi s arqu eb u s h avin g m i ssed fire th e F renchm an did

, , ,
not m i ss hi m h e l aid him stone de ad on th e spot ; his shot b ein g

, ,
-
,
fired th e oth er fou r Hiroqu ois fell upon him with a r age of Lion s Or
, ,
rather of D em on s Having str ipped h im b are as th e h and they b rui sed

.
,
him with h e avy bl ow s of cl ub s In sh ort th ey pi erced one of h is .

, .
h ands with a j avel in and l ed him ti ed an d b ound in th i s sad plight

, , ,
to th e pl ace wh ere th ey we re H avin g r ecogni ze d h im I e scaped f rom m y

.
,
gu ards an d f all upon hi s n eck Th e H iroquois seein g u s in th ese .

,
ende arm ent s at fir st rem aine d qui t e b ewil der e d l ookin g at u s with ou t
, ,
sayin g a w or d ; th en all at once im agining perh aps that I was

, , , ,
appl au d in g th at y oun g m an b ec au se h e h ad kill ed one of the i r C apt ain s ,
they fell upon m e with a m ad fury they b el ab ored m e with thru sts ,
and w i th b l ow s f rom sti cks an d w ar cl ub s flin ging m e t o th e gr oun d -

, ,
h alf dead Wh en I b egan to b reath e again those wh o h ad not struck m e

.
, ,
appro achin g vi ol entl y t ore out m y finger n ail s ; an d th en b itin g one

,
-
,
afte r anoth er th e en d s o f m y two forefin gers d estitu te of th e ir n ai l s

, , ,
cau sed m e th e sh arpest p ain grinding an d cru shin g th em as if b e

tween two stones even to th e extent of causi ng spli nter s or little b ones
,
to pro tru de Th ey tre at ed th e good Rene Goupil in th e sam e way

.
,
withou t doing at th at time any h arm to th e Hu rons

, , .
A s I saw th em engro ssed in ex am i ning an d di strib u ti ng our spoil s

“
,
I sou ght al so for m y sh are I vi sit all th e captives; I b aptize those wh o

.
were not yet b aptized ; I encou r age those poor wretche s to suff er with
const ancy ,
assu ri ng th em th at th eir rew ar d wou ld f ar exce ed th e
Fa th er J ogu es an d th e H iroq uo is 55
se ev rity of their torm ents I ascert ained on thi s round of vi sits th at

.
,
we were twenty two captive s with ou t countin g thr ee Hur on s kill ed

-
,
on th e spot . So th ere w e were on th e w ay to b e l ed in to a ,
coun try trul y f ore i gn O ur Lor d f av or ed u s with h i s Cr oss It i s tru e

. .
th at during th e thirteen day s th at we spent on th at j ourney I suff ered

, ,
in th e b ody torm ents almo st un endu r ab l e and in th e soul mort al , , ,
angui sh ; hunger th e fi ercel y b u rn ing h e at th e thre at s an d h atred of

, ,
those Leopards th e pain of our wounds

,
which for not b eing dressed , , ,
b ecam e pu trid even to th e ext en t of b r eeding w orm s c au se d u s in , ,
truth m uch distress B ut all these things seem ed l ight to m e in com

, .
p a ri so n with a n in w ar d sad n e ss whi ch I f e l t at t h e si ght of ou r e arl i est
and m ost ar den t Chri sti an s of th e Hur on s I h ad th ou ght th at th ey .
were t o b e th e pill ar s of th at ri sing Chu rch an d I saw th em b ecom e th e ,
victim s of death Th e w ays closed for a long tim e to th e sal vation

.
of so m an y peopl es wh o peri sh ev e ry d ay f or w an t of b eing succore d

, ,
m ade me die ev ery hour in th e depth of m y soul , .
E i ght d ay s af ter our departur e fr om th e sh or es of th e great river

“
of th e sain t L awr en ce w e m et two h u n dred H iroqu oi s wh o were

, ,
com ing in pu r su it of th e Fr ench an d of th e S av ages our all ies At

, ,
.
thi s encounter we were ob l i ged to su st ain a new shock It i s a b elief .
am ong tho se B arb ari ans th at those wh o go to w ar are t h e m or e i ortn
n ate in proporti on as th ey are cruel tow ar d th eir en em i es ; I assu r e y ou
that they made u s thorou ghl y feel th e force of th at wr etched b el ief .
“
A ccord ingl y having perceived u s they fir st thanked th e Sun for
, ,
h aving caused u s to f all in to th e h ands of th eir Fell ow countrym en -

.
Th at done th ey set up a st age on a hill ; th en entering th e woods

, , ,
they seek sticks or thorns according to their f ancy B eing thus armed
, .
,
they form in l ine a hu ndr ed on one si de

, and a hu ndr ed on th e ,
o th er — , an d m ake u s p ass all n aked al on g th at w ay of f u ry an d

, ,
an gui sh .I h ad not accompli shed th e h alf of this course when I ,
fell to th e earth u nder th e w ei ght of th at h ail an d of th ose redoub l e d

_
b l ows . See ing th en th at I h ad not f all en b y accident and th at I

, , ,
did n ot ri se again f or b ein g too n ear death th ey en ter ed upon a cruel ,
compassi on ; th e ir r age was not y et gl u tte d and th ey wi sh ed t o conduct ,
me ali ve in to th eir coun try I woul d b e too tedious if I were to

.
set down i n writing all th e rigor of m y su ff erings .
“
I h ad al w ay s thought indeed th at th e d ay on which th e whol e
, ,
Church rej oices in th e glory of th e b lessed Virgin h er gloriou s and

triumph ant A ssumption — woul d b e for u s a day of p ain We .
arrived on th e eve of th at sacr ed d ay at a littl e river d i st an t f rom th e ,
first vill age of th e Hiroqu ois ab ou t a qu arter of a l eague We found .

56 Th e Fre nch C olon ies
on it s b ank s, on b oth ide s

youth arm ed with sticks
s , m any m en and ,
which they l et loose upon us with th eir accu stomed rage .
“
After they h ad gl utted th ei r cruel ty they led u s in triumph into ,
th at first vill age ; all th e youth were outside th e gates arr anged in a ,
l in e ,
arm ed with sti cks and som e with ir on r od s whi ch they e asil y ,
secure on accoun t of their vi cini ty t o th e D utch

,
We we re fol l owing .
on e anoth er at an e qu al d i st ance ; an d that our executioner s m ight ,
h ave m ore l eisu re to b eat u s at their case some Hiroquois thru st them ,
sel ve s int o ou r r anks in ord er to pr ev en t u s from runn in g an d f rom
av oi ding an y b l ow s Such w as ou r en tr ance in to B ab yl on

. .
E ven ing h avi ng com e th ey m ade us descend in order to b e t aken

“
, ,
into th e cab in s as th e sport O f th e ch ildren They gave us for food a .
very l i ttl e Indi an corn sim pl y b oil ed in w ater ; then they m ade u s lie
,
down on pi eces O f b ark b in ding us b y th e arm s an d th e f eet to fou r

,
st akes f ast en ed in th e gr ou nd in th e sh ape of St A ndrew s Cross

’
. .
O h my God wh at ni ght s! To r em ain al w ay s in an extrem el y con

, ,
str aine d position ; t o b e un ab l e to stir or to tu rn u n der th e att ack of ,
countl e ss v erm in which assail ed u s on all si de s ; to b e b u rdened with
wou nds som e recent and other s all putrid; not to have su stenance
,
f or th e h alf of on e s l i fe ; in truth th ese t orm ent s are gre at b ut God

’
, ,
i s infinite At Sunr i se they l ed u s b ack upon our scaff ol d wh er e we

.
,
spen t thre e d ay s and three n i ght s in th e su ff erin gs that I h ave j ust
d escrib ed .
Th e three day s h avin g expired th ey p ar aded u s into two oth er

“
,
vill ages where we m ake our entr ance as into th e first

, th ese vill ages
are sev er al l eagues d i st ant from on e an oth er Th e sentence decr eed
’
in th e C oun cil i s in tim ated to me ; th e foll owin g night i s to b e ( as th ey

say ) th e end of my torm ent s an d of m y l if e My sou l i s well pl eased
'
with these words b ut not yet was m y God, h e will ed to pr ol ong ,

-
my m artyrdom Th ose B arb ari an s r econ si dered th e m atter ex cl aim ing ,
th at l if e ought to b e spared to th e French men or r ather their death , ,
postponed Th ey th ou ght t o fin d m ore m oder ation in ou r fort s on

.
,
accou nt of u s .
When these poor captives h ad recovered a li ttl e of their strengt h ,
th e principal men of th e country t al ked of con du cti ng th em b ack

to Three River s in o rder to r estore th em to th e F rench
, B ut as .
,
their captors coul d not agr ee th e F ather and h is companions endur ed , ,
m ore th an ev er th e p angs of de ath Th ose B arb ari ans are accustom ed

, .
to give pri soner s wh om th ey do n ot choose to pu t to death to th e

, ,
fam il ies wh o h av e l ost som e of th eir r el atives in war Th ese pri soner s .
Fa th er J ogues a nd th e Hiroq u o is 57
take th e pl ace of th e deceased an d are incorporated in to th at f amily

, ,
which al one h as th e right to kill them or l et them l ive b ut when

they re t ain som e pub lic prisoner l ike th e Father without giving hi m
, ,
to any individual thi s poor m an i s every day withi n two fin gerl ength s
,
of de ath .
Th e young F renchm an wh o w as th e F ath er s com pani on w as ac

’
cu stom ed to car ess th e l ittl e chil dr en and to t each th em t o m ake th e

,
si gn of th e Cross A n old m an h aving seen him m ake thi s sacred si gn

.
,
upon th e for eh ead of h is gr an d son said to a neph ew of hi s:

“
Go
an d kill th at dog th at act will cau se some h arm to my grandson .
Father J ognes wi shed to forewam an d strengthen h is poor com

pani on He l e ads h im t o a grove near th e vi ll age an d expl ain s to him
.
,
th e danger s in which t h ey stood Wh il e th ey were returning

.
th e neph ew of th at ol d m an an d anoth er S av age arm ed with h atch et s

, ,
an d w atching for an opport u nity go to m e et th em H aving appr oach ed

, .
th em one of th ese m en say s to th e F ath er M arch forw ard and at “ ”

, , ,
th e sam e tim e h e b r eaks th e h ead of po or R ene Goupil wh o on f all ing , ,
an d expirin g pr on ounce d th e Hol y Name of Je su s Give m e a

'
.
,
mom en t s tim e th e F ath er said to th em supposin g th at th ey would

’ ”
, ,
accor d h im th e sam e f avor as to h is com p ani on they “ ”

Get up .
,
reply ; th ou wil t not die this tim e .
Th at y oun g m an or th at b l essed m artyr b ein g th u s sl ain th e F ath er

, , ,
returns to h is cab in; his people apply the ir hands to h is b reast in ,
or der to f eel wh eth e r f e ar did not agit at e h i s h e art H avin g f ou nd it .
steady th ey said to h im :
,
Do n ot again l eav e th e vill age unl ess thou ,
art accompa i ed b y som e on e of u s ; th ey int end to b e at th e e t o death ;

n
l ook out for thy self .
They gav e th e ir poor F ath er to som e f am il i es to serv e th em as a ,
meni al in th eir hunt s; h e f oll ow s th em at th e approach of Winter an d

m akes thi rty l eagues with th em servm g th em thr ou gh two m onth s
, ,
as a sl av e A ll h is cl oth es sh el t ere d him no m or e th an w ould a shirt

.
and sorry pair of dr awer s; his stockings and his sh oes m ade l ike tenn i s
sl ipper s and of a l eath er j ust as thin w ith ou t any sol e s

, , in a w ord , ,
h e w as all in r ags A s th ey did not accoun t him fit for hunting

.
.
,
they gave h im a w om an s occupation ’

th at is to cu t and b ring th e
, ,
wood to keep up th e cab in fire Th e ch ase b eginning to furn ish sup

.
pl ies h e coul d to som e extent repair h is strength

, m eat not b eing ,
stin t ed t o him ; b ut wh en h e saw th at th ey w ere off ering to th e D em on
of th e ch ase all th at th ey t ook h e t old th em pl ainl y th at h e woul d

,
n ev er eat of fl esh sacrifi ced t o th e d evil He ther ef or e cont ent ed him self
.
with a l ittl e very thin sagam ite that is to say with a l ittle in dian m eal
,
b oil ed in water ; and ev en then h e h ad it b u t sel dom b ecau se gorged , ,
with m eat th ey despised their dry cornm eal

,
.
F rom th e m onth of August to th e en d O f M arch th e F ath er w as ,
ev ery day in th e pain s and te rr or s of d eath A l esser cour age h ad .
died a hundred tim es f rom appreh en sion It is easier t o die all at once
,
.
than to die a hun dred tim es Toward th e end of April a S avage .

,
C aptain from th e country of th e Sokokuois appe ared in th e l an d of

th e Hiroquoi s l aden with pr esen t s wh i ch h e c am e to off er f or th e
, ,
r an som and del iverance of a Frenchm an n am ed O ndesson thu s ,
th e Hur on s and th e Hiroqu o i s n am ed F ath er J o gue s Thi s em b assy .
gave som e cr edit to th e F ath er ; and caused h im t o b e r egar ded for a

sh ort ti m e with m ore com passi on at e eyes; b u t those B arb ar i an s h aving ,
accept ed th e gif t s neve rthel e ss di d not set him at l ib e rty

, viol ati ng ,
th e l aw of n ation s and th e l aw accepte d among all th ese trib es

,
.
Ab out th at time some H iroquo is C apt ai n s go in g t o vi sit som e

,
sm all n ation s which are as it w er e trib ut ary to them in order to

, , ,
get som e pr esent s that m an wh o h ad th e F ather in cu stody b eing

, ,
of th e p arty l ed h im in h is tr ain ; hi s desi gn w as to di spl ay th e tri umph s

,
of th e Hiroqu oi s over ev en th e n ation s which are i n E ur ope Th e .
Fath er s f ati gu es in th at j ou rn ey of m ore th an e ighty l e agu e s were ful ly

’
soothed an d r ew ar ded b y th e sal v ation of his B en ef act or .
Upon th e retu rn from thi s j ou rney th ey comm an d th e F athe r to go ,
and accompany som e fi sherm en wh o conduct ed h im 7 or 8 l eagues ,
b el ow a Du tch settl em en t Whil e h e w as engaged in th at ex e rci se h e

.
,
learned from th e l ips O f som e Hiroqu oi s wh o c am e to th at qu art er

th at they were aw aiting him in th e vill age t o b u rn hi m This news w as .
th e occasion of h is del iver an ce Th e Dutch h aving giv en him th e

.
O pportunity t o e nt e r a shi p th e H iroqu oi s com pl ain ed of it ;

, he
was with dr awn th ence an d con du cted to th e h ou se of th e C apt ain wh o ,
gave h im in cu stody to an ol d m an until th ey shoul d h ave appeased ,
those B arb ari an s Now whi l e th ey were aw ait i ng th e O pportunity

.
,
to sen d h im b ack to Eu r ope h e r em ain ed six weeks u n der th e guard

,
of th at ol d m an wh o was v ery mi serl y and l odged hi m in an ol d

, ,
garret [ Here foll ow s a description of J ogu es s j ou rney to and

’
.
st ay at New Am st erd am ]
Fin all y th e Governor of th e country send ing a b ark of one hun dr ed

, ,
tons to Holl and sent th e F ather b ack at th e b eginning of th e m onth

,
of Nov emb er [ and] on th e fifth of J an aury in th e year 1 6 44 in ,
th e morn in g h e w as knockin g at th e door of ou r C ol l ege at Renn e s

, .
He m ade no l ong soj ourn i n Fr ance ; th e Spring o f th e ye ar 1 6 44 ,

60 Th e F ren ch C o lon ies
Suc h
word for word what
i s, , th e D u c t h have wr itten conce n ng r i th e
de ath of F ath er I saac J ogues .
’
France s Represent atives Take Form al P osses
si on of t h e Western C ou ntry, J un e 4, 1 6 7 1
IN TH E l a e se en een h t v t t
rival ry of th e Europe n cen u t ry th e col on al i a
wr rw
p o e s h ad g o n m o e p r ronou nced in North A m rica a it h d el s wh ere e s a e .
A s a con se q nce Fr nc d i ded to ti ghten its h ol d upon th e we tern

ue a e ec s
re ch es of it s empi re nd in J ne 1 6 7 1 n el b or t cerem ony w s held

a , a u , , a a a e a
a t S l t Ste M ari e wh i ch i gn l i ed th e new pol i cy of th e F rench govern

au . s a z
m ent Th e cer m ony w

. l i kewi e i nten d ed t i m pre
e th e ti v p e p l
as s o ss na e o es
wi th th power and m aj ty f K i ng Lo i s X IV C l de D b l on S J
e es o u . au a , .
( 1618 th e uper i or f th J e u i t m i i n s w s of o r e w re of o e s ss o s, a , c u s , a a
th i gnifi nce of al l thi and in th e report whi h h e b mit ted f o th t

e s ca s, c su r a
ye r h e g ve a d
a ripti n of th e h r whi ch th e f mou s m i si n ry Cl de
a esc o s a e a s o a , au
All S J ( 1 620
ouez , . h ad in th e S au l t S t
. M ri e cerem ony with e e . a x
tr t f r m h i n fr r pe h t th In di n on th t o c i o It ff ord
ac s o s co e e s s
’
ec o e a s a c as n . a s
a n i n t re t i ng ex m pl e am n g oth er th i n gs of th e un i te d a t i
e s a , of C h r h o , c on u c
a n d S t t in t ha e F re h c l on i e s of th e
e v nte nth c ntury S rc R b en
nc o se e e e . ou e: eu
G l d Th w i t
o ( Ed ) Th J
a it R l t i
es d A lli d D
,
m n t ( C l ev
e esu e a o ns a n e oc u e s e
l n d Bu rrow Brother C o
a : s LV 1 0 5—1 1 5 s .
, , .
It is resent pu rpose to describ e this ceremony in det ail

not ou r p ,
b ut m er el y t o touch on m atter s r el ating to Chri sti anity and th e welfare

of our M i ssions which are going t o b e m or e fl ouri shin g th an ev er aft er
,
what occu rr ed to their advantage on this occasion .
When M onsieu r Talon our Intend ant retu rn ed from Portugal and , , ,
aft er hi s shipwr eck h e was comm anded b y th e K in g to r etu rn to thi s

,
cou ntry ; an d at th e sam e tim e receiv ed h i s M aj e sty s o r der s to ex ert

’
him sel f strenu ou sl y for th e est ab l ishm ent of Chr istianity here b y aiding ,
our M i ssion s and to cau se th e n am e and th e sov erei gnty of ou r

,
invincib le Monarch to b e acknowledged b y even th e l east known and

th e m Ost rem ote Nati on s Th ese comm an d s r einf orced b y th e designs .
,
of th e M in i st er wh o i s ever equ all y al ert to extend God s glory and

’
, ,
to prom ote th at of h i s K i ng in ev ery l and — w ere ob eye d as speedil y ,
as possib l e Monsi eur Talon h ad n o soon er l anded th at h e con sider ed

.
mean s for insu ring th e su ccess of th ese pl an s — ch oosing to th at end ,
S ieur de S aint Lu sson wh om h e comm i ssi oned to t ake posse ssion in , ,
hi s pl ace an d in h is M aj esty s n am e of th e territori es l ying b etween th e

’
,
East and th e We st f rom Montreal as far as th e Sou th sea covering

, ,
th e u tm ost extent an d r ange possib l e .

F ra n ce an d th e Western C o u n try 61
F or this pu rpose after wintering on th e L ake of th e Hu rons

, ,
Monsieu r de saint Lu sson repaired to sainte M arie du Saul t earl y in

M ay of thi s year sixteen hundr ed an d seventy one F ir st h e summ oned
,
.
,
th e su rr ounding trib es li ving withi n a r adius of a h undred l eagues and ,
ev en m or e ; and th ey r esponded thr ou gh th e ir A mb assador s to th e ,
numb er of f ou rteen Nati on s A fter m aking all necessary prep ar ation s for
.
th e successfu l i ssu e of th e wh ol e undert aking to th e honor of Fr ance ,
h e b egan on J une f ou rth of th e same y ear with th e m ost sol emn

, ,
cerem ony ev er ob serv ed in th ese r egi ons .
For wh en all h ad assemb l ed in a great pub l i c council an d a hei ght

, ,
h ad b een ch osen well adapt ed to h is pu rpose ov er l ooki ng as it , ,
did th e Vill age of th e peopl e of th e S aul t

,
h e caused th e Cross t o
,
-
b e pl ant ed there and th en th e K ing s st an dar d to b e r ai sed with al l

’
, ,
th e pom p th at h e coul d devi se .
Th e Cr oss was pub l i cl y b l essed with all th e cer em oni es of th e

,
Chu rch b y th e Superior of the se Mi ssion s; an d th en when it h ad

, ,
b een r aised from th e grou nd for th e pu rpose of pl anting it th e Vex illa ,
w as su ng M any F r enchm en th ere presen t at th e tim e j oin ed in thi s

.
hymn to th e wonder and del ight of th e assemb l ed Savages; whil e th e

,
whole company w as fill ed with a comm on joy at th e sight of thi s

gl oriou s st andar d of J ESU S CHRIST which seemed to h ave b een
raised so high onl y to rul e over th e heart s of all these poor peoples .
Th en th e French E scu tch eon fix ed t o a Cedar pol e was al so erected

, , ,
ab ov e th e Cro ss whil e th e Exaudiat w as sung and prayer for his

, ,
Maj esty s Sacr ed per son w as off ered in th at far aw ay corner of th e

’
-
worl d After thi s Monsieur de saint Lusson ob se rvin g all th e form s

.
, ,
cu st om ary on such occasions t ook po ssessi on of th ose r egions wh il e

, ,
th e air re sou nded wi th r epe ate d sh ou t s of Long l ive th e Ki ng!

“ ”
an d
with th e di sch arge of m usketry to th e d el ight an d aston i shm ent of

,
all tho se peopl es wh o h ad ne v er seen anything of th e k ind

, .
Aft er this confused uproar of voices and mu skets h ad ceased perfect ,
sil ence w as im posed upon th e wh ol e assemb l age ; and F ath e r C l au de
All ou ez b egan to Eulogize th e Ki ng in order to m ake all those Nations

,
under st an d wh at sort of a m an h e w as wh o se st an d ard th ey b eh el d ,
and t o who se sov er ei gnty th ey w ere th at d ay sub mitting B ein g well .
versed in their tongue an d in their w ays h e w as so su ccessful in ,
adapting him self t o their com pr eh ension as to giv e th em su ch an opin ion
of our in compar ab l e M on arch s gr e atness th at th ey h ave n o w or ds

’
with whi ch to express their thoughts upon th e sub j ect .
“
Here is an excell ent m atter b rought to your attention my b rothers , ,
said h e to th em a gr eat and import ant m att er whi ch i s th e cause

“
, ,
62 Th e F ren ch C o lon ies
of thi s council C ast you r eyes upon th e C ross raised so high ab ove
.
your heads; there it was that J ESUS CHR IST th e Son of God m aking , ,
him self m an for th e l ove of m en w as pleased to b e f astened and to die, ,
in atonem ent to h is E tern al F ather for our sins He i s th e m aster of .
ou r l iv es of H eav e n of E arth an d of H ell O f h im I h ave al w ay s

“
, , , .
spoken to you and hi s n am e an d w ord I h ave b orn e into all th ese

,
countri e s B u t l ook l i kewi se at th at oth er post to whi ch are affix ed

.
,
th e arm or i al b e arin gs of th e gre at C apt ain of F r ance wh om we c all

Kin g He l iv es b eyond th e se a; h e is th e C apt ai n of th e gr eat est
.
C apt ain s and h as not h is e qu al in th e worl d A ll th e C apt ains you

, .
h ave ever seen ,or of whom you h ave ever he ard are m ere chil dren ,
“
com par ed with h im He i s l i ke a gr e at tr ee an d th ey onl y l ike li ttl e

.
, ,
pl an t s th at w e tre ad un der f oot in w alki n g Y ou kn ow ab out O nn ontio .

,
that famou s C apt ain of Qu eb ec Y ou know and feel th at h e is th e terror

.
of th e Iroqu o i s an d th at h is v ery n am e m akes th em trem b l e n ow th at

, ,
h e h as l aid w ast e th eir country an d set fir e to th eir Vill ages B eyond .
th e se a th er e are t en th ousand O nn ontios l i ke h im wh o are onl y th e ,
Sol diers of th at Gre at C apt ain ou r Gre at K ing of wh om I am , ,
speaking Wh en h e says I am goin g to war all ob ey h im ; and those

-
‘ ’
.
, ,
ten th ou san d C apt ain s r ai se C om p anies of a h un d red sol di e r s e ach ,
b oth on se a and on l and Som e emb ark in ships one or two h undred in
.
,
numb er like th ose you h av e seen at Queb ec Y ou r C anoe s h ol d onl y

, .
four or five m en or at th e v ery m ost t en or twel v e O u r ship s in

, , .
F r an ce h old f ou r or five hu n dred and even as m any as a th ousan d ,

.
O th er m en m ake w ar b y l an d b ut in such v ast num b er s th at if dr awn

, ,
up in doub l e fil e they w oul d ext end f arth er th an fr om h er e t o M i ssi s

,
saqu enk al th ou gh th e d i st ance ex ceed s tw

, en ty l e agues When h e .
att ack s h e i s m or e t errib l e th an th e thun der ; t h e e arth tr em b l es th e

, ,
air an d th e sea are set on fire b y th e di sch arge of h is C annon ; while
h e h as b een seen am id h is squ adrons al l cover ed with th e b l ood of h is ,
foes of wh om h e h as sl ain so m an y with hi s swor d th at h e does not

,
cou nt their scal ps b u t th e riv er s of b l ood which h e set s fl owin g So

, .
m any pri sone r s of w ar doe s h e l e ad aw ay th at h e m akes n o accou nt

of th em l etting th em go ab ou t whith er th ey wil l t o sh ow th at h e doe s
, ,
n ot fe ar th em No one now d are s m ake war upon h im all n ation s

.
,
b eyond th e sea h avi ng m ost sub m i ssivel y su ed for peace Fr om al l .
p art s of t h e w o rl d peopl e go to l i sten to h is w ords an d to adm i re him ,
and h e al one d eci de s al l th e aff air s of th e worl d Wh at shall I say -

.
of h is w eal th ? Y ou cou n t y ou r sel v es rich wh en y ou h av e t e n or tw el v e
sacks of corn som e h atch et s gl ass b e ads kettl e s or o ther thin s of

, , g , ,
th at sort He h as town s of h is own m ore in numb e r th an you h ave

.
,
C a th ar ine Tegahkou ita 63
eo
p pel th ese countries five hundr ed leagues around ; while In
in all ,
each town th ere are w areh ou ses cont ai ni ng enou gh h atch et s t o cu t
d own all your for est s kettl es to cook al l you r m oose and gl ass b eads
, ,
to fill all y ou r cab in s His h ouse i s l on ger th an from h ere to th e h e ad

.
of th e S au lt — th at i s m ore th an h alf a l e a ue
”
and high er th an
“
, g , ,
th e t all e st of y ou r tree s; an d it con t ai n s m ore f am il i es th an th e l argest

of your vill ages can h ol d
”
.
Th e F ath e r add ed m uch m ore of thi s sort whi ch w as received with ,
wonder b y those peopl e wh o w ere all astoni shed to he ar th at there ,
was any m an on earth so great ri ch and powerful , ,

.
F oll owing thi s speech M on sieu r de S aint Lu sson took th e wo rd , ,
and st ated to th em in m arti al and el o qu en t l an gu age th e r e ason s for
which h e h ad sum moned them an d especi al l y th at h e w as sen t t o ,
t ake possession of th at region receive th em u nder th e protection of th e ,
gre at K ing wh ose P an egyri c th ey h ad j u st h e ar d ; an d to form th en ce

forth b ut on e l an d of th eir t erri tori e s an d ou r s Th e wh ol e ce rem ony .
was cl osed with a fin e b onfir e which w as l i ghted tow ard ev en i n g an d , ,
ar ound which th e Te D eum w as su ng to th an k God on b eh alf of th o se ,
poor peopl es th at th ey were n ow th e sub j ect s of so great an d pow erful

,
a Monar ch .
Th e C onversion an d Hol y D eath of C ath arine

Tegahkou it a 1 6 7 6— 1 6 8 0 ,
TH E tren o s ff ort put f rth b y th m

s u u e i to w i n t h
s I di t
o e rssron ar e s e n an s o
Chr i sti n i ty m ore f re q ntl y th an n t m t wi th f i l r

a ueO i ll y h ow o e a u e . ccas on a ,
e ver they enc nter d o l s of r r vi rt

,
ou nd ef n w thi m r
s u a e ue, a o no e as s o e
tr e than C th r in e T g hk o ita ( 1 6 5 6
u a a t h e M h wk m i den w h
e a u o a a , o
w as r ceiv d into th e Ch r h b y J q s de L m b rvill S I ( 1 64 1

e e u c ac ue a e e, . .
in 1 6 7 6 t t h e M h wk vi ll ge n e r pr s nt d y F o d
, a o a N w Y ork C th a a e e -
a n a, e . a a
ri n p t h l t y r t L Pr i ri d l a M d l eine Chri ti n In di n
e s en er as ea s a a a e e a e , a s a a
vill g in C n d
a e d di d a h ly d th th r i 1 6 8 0 H
a a , an ee h b a o ea e e n . er c au s as een
i ntrod c d at R m for b tifi ti Th f ll owi ng b i gr ph i l k tch f

u e o e ea ca on . e o o a ca s e o
C th ri
a a w ne writt n b y a Fr n h J s i t who w rk w fir t p b l i h d
as e e c e u se o as s u s e
in 1 7 44 H g thered th f t f r m
. e a n t l ef t b y som e f hi
e on f r r
ac s o accou s o s c e es,
J q e d L mb rvi lle Cl d C h h tie

ac u s e a e n d P i rre C h l
. wh au e au c e re , a e o e n ec , o
e i th er k n w h p r e ll y wr er t m p r ri S r J h G ilm y
e so n a or e e co n e o a es . ou ce : o n ar
Sh ea ( Ed ) P i rr F e i X v i r Ch rl v ix S J
, e e Hi t y
ran o s d G l a e a e o ,
. .
,
s or an e n e ra
D esc rip t i f N w F
on ( N w Y rk J h G il m y Sh
o e ra n c e IV e o : o n ar e a, ,
2 8 3—2 9 6 .
New Fr ance h as h ad h er apos tl es andiven h er m artyr s, and h as g

h r h saints
th e c u c in al l c on dition s and I do n ot h esi t at e t o say th at
,
they would h ave done h onor to t h e pri m itive ages of Chri sti an ity .
64 Th e F re nch C ol on ies
Several I h ave m ade known so hi story per

f ar as th e cou se of r thi s
mitted m e Th e l ives of som e h av e b een pub l i sh ed ; b ut God, wh o
.
ex al ted h is gl o ry du rin g their lif e tim e b y th e gre at thin gs wh ich b e

-
eff ect ed throu gh th em ; b y th e l u str e wh ich the ir sanctity h as d iff u sed
v r thi s vast contin ent ; b y th e cour age with which h e inspired them
o e
to fou nd with untold to il a new C h ri stiandom ami d th e most fearful

b arb ari sm and to cem en t it with th e ir b l ood ch ose none of th ese to
, ,
di spl ay on th eir tomb s all th e ri ch es of h i s power and mercy ; bu t

,
conf erred thi s h onor on a youn g neophyt e al most unknown t o th e ,
whol e country durin g h er lif e For m ore th an sixty years sh e h as b een

.
regarded as th e Protectress of C anada and it h as b een impossib l e t o ,
oppose a kind of cul t us pub l icl y r en der ed to h er .
Thi s h ol y virgin so cel eb r ated un der th e n am e of C ath arin e

,
Tegah kouit a was b orn in 1 6 5 6 at G an d ah ouh agué [F ond a New

, , ,
York] a town in th e Moh awk canton of a h e athen Iroqu ois f ather

, ,
an d a Chri sti an Al gonqu in m oth er Sh e l ost h er m oth er at th e age .
of f ou r an d w as still qu it e y oung wh en h er f ath er di e d l e avin g h er

, ,
to th e car e of on e of h er au nt s an d u n de r th e control of an u ncl e wh o

,
h ad th e chi ef au th ority in h is vil l age Th e smallpox whi ch sh e h ad .
in h er inf ancy h aving we akened h er sight sh e w as l ong com pell ed ,
as it w er e t o rem ain in th e co rn er of a cab in h er eye s b ein g un ab l e t o ,
st and th e l ight an d thi s r etir em ent w as th e fir st sour ce of h er h appi

,
n ess Wh at sh e did at fir st fr om necessity sh e contin u ed to do from

.
,
choi ce th er eb y av oid i ng wh at ever could cau se h er to l ose th at m or al

,
pu rity so h ard to pr eserve am id i dol atrou s and th en very di ssol ute

‘
youth .
A s soon as sh e saw h er self of age to act sh e took on h erself all ,
th e t o il of th e h ou seh old ; and thi s shiel de d h er f rom two danger s ,
f at al to m ost Indi an girl s; I m ean priv ate conver sation s and idl eness , .
Her r el atives h owever wi sh ed h er to u se th e decor ations comm on to

young persons of h er sex and al though sh e yielded from simpl e com
,
p l i an ce with th e ir wi sh e s an d with all possibl e repugnance it was a

, ,
m atter of much scrupl e to h er wh en f avored b y th e l ight of f aith, , ,
sh e l e arne d h ow d angerou s it i s to seek to pl e ase m en .
Th e fir st knowl edge th at sh e acqu ired of Chri sti anity w as imparted ,
b y som e m i ssion ari es sent to th e Iroquoi s after M de Tr acy s expedi

’
.
tion O n their way they passed through th e town where sh e lived

.
1
and w ere r ece iv ed at h er c ab in Sh e was appo inted to take car e of

.
1 Th e French Com m ander, A l exandre de Prou l l e , M ar u s de Tracy ( 1 60 3 vi qi

i i
h ad cl ear e d th e w ay f o r th e m ss o nar es b y a wes ern m l ary expedi t on i t i it i
aga nsi t ti
th e h o s le I ro u o s in 1 66 6 q i .
C ath a rine Tegah kou ita 65
th em and waited on them in a m ann er that surprised them Sh e h ad

,
.
herself on b ehol ding them b een moved b y an impul se that excited

, ,
sentim ent s in h er h eart r egar ded sub sequ entl y b y h er as th e fir st sparks

,
of th e h eavenl y fire b y which sh e was in th e sequel so compl etel y

,
infl amed Th e fervor and r ecoll ection of th ose r el igious in th eir devo
.
tions inspired h er with th e desire of praying with them and sh e

, ,
inform ed them of it They un der stood much m or e th an sh e expressed ;

.
they instructed h er in th e Ch ristian truth as far as th e short stay ,
which they m ade in th at town perm itted them and l eft h er with a ,
regret th at on h er side was heartil y reciprocated Some time af ter .

,
a m arri age was proposed to h er ; as sh e show ed str ong oppositi on h er ,
rel atives di d not press it ; b ut they soon retu rned to th e ch arge and ,
to save them sel ves th e troubl e of overcoming h er resi st ance th ey , ,
without m entioning it to h er b etroth ed h er to a young m an wh o at

, ,
once w en t t o h er cab in an d sat down b e si de h er To r atif y th e m ar .
ri age it onl y re qu ired th at sh e sh ould r em ain n ear th e husb and sel ect e d
,
for h er such b e ing th e way of th ese trib es; b ut sh e ab ruptl y l eft th e

,
cab in an d protest ed th at sh e w ould not r etu rn till h e with drew Thi s

,
.
conduct drew on h er m uch ill treatment which sh e endu red with ,
un al ter ab l e patience Sh e was m or e sensib l e to th e reproach m ade

.
that sh e h ad no aff ection for h er kindred th at sh e h ated h er trib e , ,
an d gav e all h er att achm en t to th at to which h er m oth er b el onged .
Nothing however could overcome h er repugnance for th e st at e of

l if e in wh ich th ey sought to invol v e h er .
Meanwhil e F ather J am es de L amb e rvill e arrived at Gand ah ouh agué ,
with orders to found a m ission th ere Tegah kouita then fel t h er form er
.
d esir es t o b ecome a Chr i sti an r eviv e; b ut sh e was still for some time
W ithou t m en tion in g it e ither from r espect to h er uncl e wh o did n ot
, ,
rel ish our rel igion or from simpl e tim idity At l ast an opportunity
, .
c am e f or av owin g h er conviction an d sh e w as not w antin g A woun d

, .
in th e foot whi ch sh e h ad receive d kept h er in th e c ab in whil e , ,
all th e o th er women w er e b u sy h arv esting th e I nd i an corn Fath er .
de L amb ervill e compell ed to su spend h is pub l ic instructions whi ch

, ,
no one w ould att en d took thi s tim e t o vi sit th e cab in s and in struct
, ,
those whom age or infirm ity det ained there O ne day h e en tered th at
'
where Tegahkouita was .
Unab l e to dissemb l e th e joy which this vi sit cau sed h er sh e did ,
not h esit at e to open h er mind t o th e m i ssi on ary in th e pre sence of
two or thr ee wom en wh o wer e in company with h e r on h er design

, ,
of emb r acing Chr i sti an ity Sh e added th at sh e woul d h ave gr eat

.
ob st acl es to over com e b u t th at n othi ng appall ed h er Th e ener y with

, g .
66 Th e F re nch C olon ies
which sh e spoke th e cou rage sh e di spl ayed a ce rt ai n m odest yet

, ,
resolute air that l ighted up h er countenance at once told th e mis

, , .
sionary th at h is n ew pr osel yt e woul d n ot b e an or d in ary Chri sti an .
He accordi n gl y carefull y t au ght h er m any th in gs which h e di d n ot ,
e xpl ai n to all pr eparin g for b apti sm God doub tl e ss inf uses in to h eart s
.
,
of whi ch h e h as e speci all y rese rve d possessi on a sort of pu rel y ,
spiritu al sympathy form ing ev en in thi s lif e th e sacr ed b ond whi ch

,
will uni te them hereafter in th e ab ode of gl ory F ather de L amb ervill e .

,
whom I knew well was one of th e most holy m i ssionaries of New

,
F r ance wh ere h e di ed at S aul t Sain t Lou i s spent with toil an d

, , ,
austerity an d if I m ay u se th e expression in th e arm s of Charity

, , ,
.
He often decl ared th at in h is fir st inte rview with Tegahkoui ta h e ,
thought h e coul d di scern th at God h ad gr eat design s as to th at virgin ;

yet h e woul d not exerci se any h aste in Conferring b apti sm on h er ,
an d h e adopt e d in h er case al l th e precau ti on s th at expe ri ence h as
coun sell e d as nece ssary to m ak e su re of th e Indi an s b efore admini s

, ,
tering th e sacram ent of regeneration .
Th e wh ol e winter was spent in th ese tri al s and on h er side th e ,
young catechu men employed thi s preciou s time in r endering herself

worthy of a gr ace whose importance sh e fully comprehended B efore
, .
gr an tin g it to adu l ts th e m i ssi on ari es took gr eat pains to in qu ire pri

,
vat el y int o th eir con duct an d m or ali ty F ath er de L amb ervill e asked .
al l wh o kn ew Tegah kou it a and was gr eatl y su rpri sed to fin d th at

,
there w as not one even am ong those wh o h ad given h er m ost to

,
suff er b u t sounded h er pr ai se s Thi s w as all th e m ore gl ori ou s f or

,
.
h er as Indi an s are m uch giv en t o sl ander and natu r all y inclin ed to

, ,
put an evil i nterpret ati on on th e m ost inn ocen t acti on s Th e mi s .
sion ary accord ingl y n o l onger h esit at ed t o gr an t h er wh at sh e sol i cited
with su ch e arnestness Sh e w as b apti zed on E aster Sunday 1 6 7 6 and

.
, ,
rece ived th e nam e of C ath arine .
Th e gr ace of th e sacr am en t r eceiv ed in to a h eart which h er upri ght

n e ss an d innocen ce h ad so w ell prep are d pro duced won drous eff ect s , .
Wh atever idea th e m issionary h ad already conceived of th e young

Iroquoi s m aiden h e w as astoni shed to fin d in h er immedi ately after
, ,
b apti sm n ot a neophyt e n eedin g to b e confirm ed in th e f aith b u t a

, ,
soul fill e d with th e m ost p reci ou s gift s of h e aven an d wh om h e t oo ,
would h ave to gu ide in th e m ost subl im e spiritual ways In th e outset .
h er virtu e excited th e adm ir at i on of those even wh o were l e ast incl in ed

to im it ate h er an d tho se on wh om sh e depende d l eft h er fr ee to foll ow
, ,
every impul se of h er ze al b u t this did not l ast l ong Th e inn ocence

, .
of h er l ife th e pr ecau tion s which she took to avoid all th at coul d in

,
68 Th e F rench C olon ies
l ook for ylum where h er innocence and rel igion woul d b e

an as ,
sh i el ded f rom d an ger La Pr airie de l a M agdel eine where sever al

.
,
Iroquoi s Christi ans b egan to settle seemed to h er well adapted and , ,
sh e fel t an ar den t desire to r em ove thith er ; b ut thi s w as not e asil y done .
H er uncl e b eh el d with great di spl easure th e depopul ati on of hi s

can ton , an d h e decl are d hi m self th e av ow ed enemy of all wh o con
trib uted to it It was therefore apparently impossib l e to ob tain hi s

.
consen t and it was not easy for C ath arin e t o l eave hi m withou t it
, .
But God wh o h ad destine d h er to b e th e ex ampl e and orn am en t of

,
this transpl anted Ch ri sti an colony f acili t ated wh at h ad at first seemed ,
i mpossib le Sh e h ad an adopted sister a neophyt e li ke herself m arried

.
, ,
to a Chri sti an ve ry ze al ou s f or th e conver si on of h i s countrym en Th i s .
m an h ad alr eady t aken up h is ab ode at La Pr airie de l a M agdel eine ,
and h e w as one of th o se wh o u nder v ariou s pr et ext s traver sed th e ,
Iroqu oi s town s in order to m ake proselyt es He knew th at th e greatest .
favor h e coul d do to C ath arin e woul d b e to t ake h er to his h ome : h e

spoke of th e m atte r to h is wif e wh o confirm ed him in hi s design , ,
and earn estl y e xhorted h im to giv e h er si ster thi s consol ation .
He resol v ed on th e proj ect and to eff ect it m or e surel y h e pre , ,
tended to go hu nting with one of h is frien ds in th e direction of New

York and set out after warn ing Tegahkou ita to hol d herself in
, ,
readiness at a fix ed time Fortunatel y for h er h er uncle was away .

,
thou gh not far distant and h e w as almost at once inform ed of h is

,
ni ece s departu r e Withou t l osing a m om ent h e set ou t in pur su it b ent

’
.
on b ringing h er b ack de ad or al iv e an d on t om ah awking th e fir st wh o ,
resisted him He soon overtook th e two hunters b ut n ot finding h is

.
,
niece with th em b ecau se wh enever th ey h al ted th ey took th e pre

, , ,
c au tion t o conce al h er in th e w ood s h e th ou ght th at h e h ad b een ,
m isinf orm ed ; accordin gl y withou t avowing h is pu rpose h e conver sed

, ,
for a tim e on diff eren t topic s an d l eft th em convinced th at C ath arin e ,
h ad t aken som e other r oute and fol lowed oth er guides .
Th e h ol y virgin rescu ed fr om thi s pe ril gail y pu rsued h er j ou rney

, , ,
and at l ast r each ed th e b ou rn e whi ch h ad b een th e ob j ect of h er
pr ayers Thi s w as in th e m on th of O ctob e r 1 6 77 Her si ste r h ad not

.
, .
yet a cab in to h er self and dwel t with h er husb and in th at of a fervent

,
Christian wom an n amed Anastasia whose sole employm ent it was to ,
p pre a r e per son s of h er ow n sex f or b apti sm A h o stess of th i s ch ar ac .
t er an d such exerci ses wer e gr eatl y to th e t ast e of C ath arine Sh e was .

,
moreover ch arm ed with all th at sh e b eh eld done in th e v ill age nor

, .
,
coul d sh e su ffi ci en tl y adm ire th e om nipotence of gr ace which coul d ,
tran sform wol ves into l am b s nor ch ant th e m ercies of th e Lord to see
, ,
C ath ar ine Tegah kou ita 69
men now dwellin g in th e purity of gospel mor al ity , whose deb auchery
h ad m ore th an once par al yzed h er with horror .
Anim ated b y new fervor at this sight sh e gave her self unreservedl y
,
to God r enoun cing in future th e l east th ought of self and b egan to

, ,
run wi th great st eps in th e car ee r of san ctity Pr ay er s t oil spiritu al .

, ,
conv er sation was h enceforth h er sol e occu pati on ; and aft er th e ex ampl e
,
of S ain t A nth ony sh e m ade it a du ty to im it ate eve ry e difyin g tr ait

,
th at sh e perceived in those wh o composed thi s new chu rch Sh e spent .
at th e f oot of th e al t ar all h er spare tim e ; sh e l iv e d sol el y b y h er own
l ab or and b usied as sh e m ight b e exteriorl y h er h eart was ever in

, ,
con st ant comm u ni on with God .
Sh e h ad not y et m ade h er fir st comm un i on wh en sh e arrived in th e

col ony , and it i s n ot usu al in th ese m i ssi on s t o gr an t thi s f avo r to
neophyt es till aft er l ong tri al s C ath arine w as f earful th at sh e woul d

.
b e sub j ected to this rul e b ut h er virtue f ar m ore th an h er repeated

, ,
e ntre aties soon in duced h er d ir ect or to m ake an ex ception in h er

,
favor ; nor h ad h e any r eason to r epent Th e fr e quen t comm uni ons .

,
which sh e was permitted to receive di d not dim inish in th e l east h er

,
fervor in pr eparing for th em It was enou gh t o see h er in h er most

.
or din ary action s to b e r ou sed to d evotion ; b ut wh en sh e part ook
of th e d ivine m y st eri es it was im possib le to b e ne ar h er and not

, ,
b e fil l ed with th e m o st tender l ove f or G od .
When sh e w as ob li ged to go with a hunting party th e di straction ,
in separab l e from that time der anged in nothing h er interior l if e; sh e

b u il t an or atory within h er h eart whi ch sh e n ever quitted Sh e avoided .
comp any as m uch a s sh e coul d an d wh en sh e could not sh e impart ed

, ,
h er recoll ectedness to oth er s much m ore th an sh e took part in th eir

amu sem ent s Y et th ere was n othing con str ain ed in h er m anner s and
.
,
h er devotion was neith er forb idding nor tr oubl esom e Sh e was ever .
wonderfull y dexterou s in conceal ing h er private pr actices of piety ,
an d h er au st eri ti e s whi ch w e r e great O n e of h er m o st comm on w as

, .
to mi ngl e earth with all sh e at e and very f ew perceive d it

, .
Sh e was seen to advan ce vi sib l y in virtu e Al r eady naught was .
spoken of in th e coun try except h er em in en t san ctity Th e e o l w r

p p e e e .
nev er weary of adm iring th e secr et sprin g of D ivi n e Go odn ess which , ,
from ami d a n ation th e m ost hostil e to th e est ab l i shm ent of Chri s

tianity h ad dr awn f orth a young virgin to m ake h er a pe rf ect m odel
, ,
of all Chri sti an virtu es .
Th ere th en reigned in th e m i ssion of Saul t Saint Lou i s a spirit of

morti fication which w en t to great l ength The se neophyt es h ad j ust .
b een decl ared b y all th e Iroqu ois canton s en em ies of th eir country
, , ,
70 Th e Fr en ch C o lon ies
and they confidently expected that after this outb ur st all wh o fell ,
into th e h ands of their idolatrou s b rethren would b e given over with ,
out m ercy t o th e m ost f earful t orture s H ence th ey th ou ght onl y of

. .
pr eparing f or m artyr dom b y all th e m ean s th at aust erity can su ggest

for ch asti sing th e fl esh M en women and ev en childr en in thi s
.
, , ,
m anner proceede d to excesses which th e mi ssion aries w oul d n ever h av e

'
perm itted h ad th ey b een full y inf o rmed in r egar d to th em .
C ath arine m ore f ull y possessed th e interior spir it than all th e other s ,
w as too th e m ost un sp arin g t o h er self of all Sh e consul ted n au ght .
b u t h er fe rvor an d b eli eved herself in no wi se b oun d to depen d in

,
this on h er director as form erly b eli eving th at this general concert

,
of th e wh ol e vill age c ould not b e un known to hi m an d th at hi s ,
sil ence in r egar d to it was a con sent Sh e w as accor d ingl y soon r educe d
.
t o a st ate of l an guor an d suffe ri ng f rom which sh e n eve r recovered .
Som e tim e after sh e pai d a vi sit t o M on tr eal wh ere th e si ght of th e ,
Hospi t al Nuns whom sh e h ad never even h eard m entioned increased

, ,
h er desire to con secr ate h erself to G od b y th e vow of ch asti ty ; sh e

renewed h er entr eaties to h er conf essor wh o j udged it his duty no ,
l on ger t o withh ol d hi s consen t Sh e accordi ngl y took th e l on g desired

.
vow w i th a joy th at seem e d t o r eviv e all h er str ength

, and sh e was ,
th e fir st of h er trib e wh o took upon h er self su ch an e ngagem ent

wi th heaven .
Th e h eavenl y spou se of ch aste soul s was not sl ow in givin g h er

m anifest proofs th at h e h ad accepted h er sacrifice and in treating h er ,
as His w ell b el ove d spou se Sh e on h er si de ex erted h er self to cor

-
.
, ,
respond to His caresses and th e internal comm uni cations with wh ich
He f avored h er b y perfect fidel ity and u nr eserved l ov e B ut h er
, .
strength coul d not l ong su st ain it s ar dor and th e fl esh soon gav e way,
b en e ath th e eff orts of th e spirit Sh e f ell in to a dangerous di se ase

_
.
,
which l eft h er onl y a l in gering existence sub j ect to const ant pain I n .
this state sh e united her self more and m ore to Jesus Chri st b y
m ed it ating on His death and suff erings an d th e frequent r eception ,
of th e sacr am ent s Sh e coul d n o l on ger en du re h um an conver sati on ;

.
Anastasi a and Teresa were th e onl y two per sons with whom sh e
retained any ki nd of intim acy b ecause they spoke to h er onl y of God
, .
Sh e fel t well onl y at th e foot of th e al t ar b u ri ed in profoun d con ,
templ ation and sh eddin g torr ent s of t ear s wh ose in exh austib l e f oun
, ,
t ain w as His l ove and th e wound it h ad infli cted on h er heart sh e ,
of ten so f orgot th e w an t s of h e r b o dy as not ev en t o f eel th e cold

, ,
with which h er whole fram e was b enumb ed Sh e al ways came from .
th i s contempl ation wi th renewed l ove of suff e ring and it is u nconceiv ,

Ca th arine Tegah kou ita 71
ab l e ingeni ous h er min d was in inventing means to crucify

[ sic] h ow
h er flesh Som et im es sh e walked b ar efooted on th e ice an d snow till
.
,
sh e l o st all f eel in g Som etim es sh e strewed h er couch with th orn s

. .
Sh e roll e d for three d ay s in su ccessi on on b r anch e s of th orn s whi ch ,
pierced deepl y into h er fl esh cau sing in e xpl i cab l e pain Anoth er t im e
,
.
sh e b urn ed h er fee t as i s don e to pri soner s

, wishing thus to give ,
hersel f th e st amp and m ark of a sl ave of Chri st ; b ut wh at attest s f ar

b etter th e sol idity of h er virt u e i s th e un al ter ab l e gentl en ess pati en ce
, , ,
(
joy even m anif ested b y h er in th e suff e rin gs whi ch sh e experienced

,
toward th e close of l if e .
Sh e was at l ast att acked b y a m al ady whi ch was at once deem ed ,
mort al ; and th at at a tim e wh en th e l ab or s in th e fiel d so engaged

al l
,
that sh e could scarcel y expect care from any one Sh e rem ained .
al on e whol e d ay s with a pl att e r of Indi an corn an d a li ttl e w ater ,
b eside h er b ed D el ight ed t o b ehol d h er self th us for saken of men sh e

.
,
commune d con st an tl y with h er G od an d f ound th e d ay s onl y too ,
short O n Tu esday in Hol y W eek

. 1 678 sh e gr ew wo r se an d
,
received Hol y Vi aticum Th e m ission ary wi shed al so to adm ini ster

.
Extrem e Unction at once b ut sh e assu red him th at it coul d b e deferre d

,
till next day Sh e spent all th e en su ing night in a l oving coll oquy
.
with h er divine Savi our and with His Hol y M other whom sh e h ad
, ,
al w ay s singul arl y honored r egardin g her self as a spou se of Christ

, ,
and as att ach ed to th e r etin ue of th e Q u een of Vir gin s .
O n Wednesd ay morning sh e r eceiv ed th e sacr ed an ointing and ,
ab ou t thr ee o cl ock in th e afternoon sh e e xpir ed aft er a gen tl e agon y

’
of h alf an hour retain ing h er complete consciou sness and sound

,
j u dgment till h er l ast sigh H er counten ance extrem el y attenu ated

.
,
b y au st erity and b y h er l ast ill ness su ddenl y ch anged as soon as sh e ,
ceased to li ve It w as seen assuming a rosy tint th at sh e h ad never

.
h ad ; nor were h er featur es th e same Nothin g coul d b e m ore b e au tif ul .

,
!
b ut with th at b e au ty whi ch l ove of virtu e in spires Th e peopl e w ere .
n ever w eary gazin g on h er an d e ach r etir e d his h eart full of th e

, ,
desire to b ecom e a saint A s a di stinction h er b ody w as pl aced in a

.
coflin and h er tom b soon b ecam e cel eb r at ed b y th e concou r se of th e

, .
f aithf ul wh o flocked fr om all part s of C an ada and b y th e m ir acl es

, ,
wrou ght there .

72 Th e F rench C ol on ies
Th e French Ré col l ets in th e Illin ois C ountry,

1 6 80
E VERY rel i giou rder th t eng ged in m i i n ry activiti in coloni l

s o a a ss o a es a
N orth A m eri c h ad it toll of m rtyr a F r m th stim e when Juan d a s . o e e
Pad i ll a, th e protom rtyr of th e U i t d St te w m ur dere d c 1 5 42
a n e a s, as .
b y th e Pl i n In d i n s of th e S thwe t th e o s of St F r n ci s o ti n d to
a s a ou s , s n . a c n ue
give th i r l i ves in pu r u i t of th ei r h i gh i de l of c nverti g th e s v g

e s A a o n a a es . s
f ri nd of th rem ark b l e expl r r Ren e Rob ert C
e s e a li r S i eur d L S ll o e ,
-
ave e , e a a e
( 1 643 th F r n h F r ci c n eor R é c ll t
e pl ay d a prom i nent rol e
c an s a s, o e s, e
in h i f ar fl ung exped iti o
s -
in th e M i i i pp i V l l y Th w e find tw o of
ns ss ss a e . us
th e e fri r Zén b e M mb ré ( 1 645—1 6 8 9 ) nd G bri el de l a Ri b ourd ( d

s a s, o e a a e .
c rying on th ir m i i n ry l b or in 1 6 80 t F ort C rev o r n r

ar e ss o a a s a ec eu ea
pre ent d y Peor i

s Ill i oi
a An tb r k of w b etw en th e Iroquoi nd
a, n s ou ea ar e s a
-
.
t he I ll i noi com p l l d th s Fren ch t o ab e d n th e r

e n d th
e d ripti on an o a ea, a e esc
whi ch Mem b ré wrot of th i r exp ri n e com b in d an xpl n tion of wh y

e e e e c s e e a a
th e m i i o ri h d m d
ss na f ew
es v rt with to ching ount f th e
a a e so co n e s a u acc o
m u r d r of h ie n f rer wh i h to k pl ce in S pt mb r 1 6 80 t a point
s co e c o a e e e , , a
a l o g th e I ll i n i Riv r
n m di t o s w t f th pr t t wn f S nec
e so e s an ce es o e e sen o o e a,
Il l in oi s M m b ré h i m elf m t a v i ol nt d th i J n ry 1 6 8 9
. e s l ong with
e e ea n a ua , , a
h is f ll w rel i gi
e o M xi m L C l r q wh n th y were mur der d b y
ou s, a e e c , e e e
K arank w I n d i ns t F rt St L i
a a a r M t gord B y T x where
a o . ou s n ea a a a a , e as,
th ey h d c om p ni d L S lle n h i f t l xp d iti on f 1 6 8 4 So rc
a a c a e a a o s a a e e o . u e
John Gilm ary Sh Di y d E p l ati n f th M i i ipp i

ea sc o v e r an x or o o e ss ss
V ll y ( New York : J S Redfi l d

a e pp 1 5 2— 1 53
. 1 5.7 — 1 59 e , .
,
.
Me anwhil e from th e flight and desertion of

,
our m en ab ou t th e
m iddl e of M arch to th e m onth of Sept emb er ther G ab riel and ,
Fa
I devoted oursel ves const antl y to th e m ission A n Ill in ois named .
A sapi st a with wh om th e sieur de l a Sall e h ad contr acted friendship

, ,
adopte d F ath er G ab ri el as h is son so th at th at good f ath er f oun d in ,
his cab in a sub sistence in th e Indi an f ashion A s wine f ail ed u s for .
th e cel eb r ati on of th e divin e my steri es we fou nd m e ans to ward th e , ,
cl ose of Au gust t o get wil d grapes whi ch b egan t o ripen an d we

, ,
m ade v ery good wine which served u s to say m ass till th e second
d i saster whi ch h appened a few day s after Th e cl u ster of these grapes
, .
are o f prod igi ous size a v ery agr eeab l e t ast e and h ave seeds l arger
, ,
th an th ose of Europe .
With regard to conversions I can not rel y on any D uring th e , .
whol e time F ather Gab riel unravel ed th eir l anguage a littl e and I ,
can say th at I spoke so as t o m ake m y self un der stood b y th e Indi an s
on al l th at I wi sh ed ; b u t th ere i s in th ese sav ages su ch an al i enation
from th e f aith so b ru t al and n arrow a m in d su ch corrupt and ant i

, ,
Th e Ré co lle ts in I llino is 73
c hristi an m oral s th at gre at tim e woul d b e needed to hope for any

,
fru it It i s h owever tru e th at I found m any of qu ite docil e ch ar acter

.
, ,
.
W e b aptized some dying chil dren an d two or three dying per sons ,
wh o m anif ested proper d i sposition s A s th ese peopl e are entir el y .
m ateri al in th eir ideas th ey woul d h av e sub m itted to b aptism h ad we , ,
l i ked b u t with ou t any knowl edge of th e sacr am ent W e found two

,
.
wh o h ad j oin ed u s and promi sed to f oll ow u s e ve rywh ere ; w e ,
b el ieved th at th ey woul d keep th e ir word an d th at b y thi s m eans ,
we wou l d in sure th e ir b apti sm s; b u t I afterwar d f el t great scrupl es

when I l earned that an Indian n amed Ch assagonach é wh o h ad b een ,
b aptized h ad d i ed in th e h ands of th e m edi cine m en ab andoned t o

,
-
,
their superstition s an d consequ entl y doub l y a child of hell,

.
During th e summ er we foll owed ou r In di ans in th eir camps and , ,
to th e ch ase I al so m ade a voy age to th e My ami s to l earn som ethin g

.
of th eir d i spositions; then ce I w en t to vi sit oth er vill ages of th e Illi no i s
all h ow ev er with no gr e at su ccess find ing onl y cause for ch agrin at

, , ,
th e depl or ab l e st ate and b l indness of th e se n ations It i s su ch th at .
I can not express it full y [ Sho rtl y thereaf ter w ar b roke b etween .
th e Iroqu oi s and th e Ili noi s and th e F rench h ad to flee] Th e rev eren d .
f ath er G ab riel th e sieu r de Tonty , th e f ew F rench wh o w er e with ,

1
us and m y self b egan our m ar ch o n th e 1 8 th of Sept em b er

, , without ,
provi sions food or anyt hi ng in a wr etch ed b ark canoe which b reaking

, , , ,
th e n ext d ay compell ed us to l and ab ou t noon t o r epair it Fath er

, .
Gab riel seeing th e pl ace of our l and ing fit for w alk ing in th e pr air ies
and hill s with l ittl e gr ov es as if pl an t ed b y h and r etir ed th er e t o say , ,
his b r eviary whil e we were working at th e canoe all th e rest of th e

day W e were f ull eight l eagues from th e vill age ascend ing th e riv er
. .
Toward ev enin g I went to l ook for th e f ath er seein g th at h e did n ot

ret urn; all our party did th e same ; we fired repeatedl y to d irect hi m , ,
b ut in v ain ; an d as we h ad reason to fear th e Iroqu oi s du ri ng th e

ni ght we crossed to th e oth er si de of th e river and lit u
, p fir es whi ch
were al so u seless Th e next morning at dayb reak we returned to th e
.
,
same side wher e we wer e th e d ay b efor e an d r em ain ed till no on , ,
m akin g all possib l e search W e entered th e w ood wh ere we f oun d .

,
sev er al fr esh tr ail s as well as i n th e pr airi e on th e b an k of th e riv er

, .
W e foll ow ed them one b y one with ou t di scovering anyt hing except ,
that M de Tou ty h ad gr ound to b el ieve and fear that some hostil e

.
parties w ere in am b ush to cut u s all off for seeing u s t ake fli ght th e , ,
i
Henr de Tonty ( 1 6 5 0
1
t i
F rench expl orer , e s ab l sh e d A rkansas Post
t
at th e m ou h of th e A rk ansas R i i t
ver i n 1 68 6 , th e e ar l e s Fren ch settl em en in t
th e l ower Mi ssissippi V all ey .
74 Th e F ren ch C olon ies
v
sa ages h ad im agin ed th at w e decl ared for th e Ili nois I insi sted on .
st ayin g to w ai t for po sitiv e ti dings; b u t th e si eu r de T onty f orce d m e

'
-
to emb a rk three o cl ock m ai nt aining th at th e f ather h ad b een

at
’
,
kill ed b y th e enem y or el se h ad walked on al on g th e b ank so th at

, ,
f oll owin g it con st antl y w e sh oul d at l ast inf al l ib l y m eet h im W e got

, .
,
however no tidings of h im and th e more we advanced th e more

, , ,
this affl iction unm anned u s and we supported th is remn an t of a

,
l angui shing life b y th e pot atoes and garl ick an d other r oots th at we , ,
f ound b y scr apin g th e ground with ou r fin ger s .
We af terw ar d l earned th at we should h ave expected him usel essl y ,
as h e h ad b een kill ed soon af ter l and ing Th e K ikapou s a l ittl e n ation .

,
you m ay ob serve on th e w est qu ite n ear th e Winneb agoes h ad sent

, ,
som e of the ir you th in w ar p arti e s again st th e Iro qu oi s b ut l e arning

-
,
th at th e l atter were att acking th e Ilinois th e war party came aft er ,

-
them Three b r aves wh o form ed a kind of adv anced guard h aving m et

.
th e good fath er al on e al thou gh th ey kn ew th at h e w as n ot an Ir oqu oi s

, ,
kill ed h im for all th at cast hi s b ody into a h ol e an d carried off even

, ,
h is b r evi ary, and diu rn al whi ch soon af ter cam e t o th e h an ds of a

,
J esu it father They carried off th e scalp of this hol y m an and vaun ted
.
,
o f it in their vill age as an Iroqu oi s scal p Thus d ied thi s m an of God .
b y th e h and s of som e m ad youth s W e can say of h i s b ody wh at th e

.
Scripture rem arks of th ose whom th e san gu inary Herod M m ol ated

t o hi s f u ry Non er at qui sepeliret Su rel y h e deserved a b etter f ate
“ ”
.
, ,
if in deed we can d esire a h appi er on e b efor e God th an to die in

, , ,
th e exerci se of th e apo stoli c fun ction s by th e h an ds of n ation s to ,
whom we are sent b y God H e h ad not b een m erel y a r el igiou s of

.
com m on and or di n ary virtu e ; it i s w ell kn own th at h e h ad in C an ad a ,
from 1 6 7 0 m aint ain ed th e same sanctity of l if e whi ch h e h ad sh own

,
in Fr an ce as superior inferior and m aster of n ovi ces He h ad for a

, , .
l ong tim e in tr an sport s of fervo r ackn owl edged to m e th e profoun d

gri ef which h e f el t at th e u tter b l indne ss of th e se peopl e an d th at h e ,
l onged to b e an an ath em a for th eir sal v ati on Hi s d eath I doub t not .

, ,
h as b een precious b efor e God and will one day h ave it s eff ect in th e
,
vocation of these peopl e to th e faith when it shall pl ease th e A hn igh ty ,
to u se h is gre at m ercy .
som e and l ab oriou s t these num erous Nations and it mu st

am ongs ,
b e granted th at tis n ecessary t o spend m an y Year s an d u ndergo a

’
,
gre at de al of p ain s t o civil i ze Peopl e so extremel y stupi d an d b arb arou s .
A nd th erefore one woul d n ot ventu re withou t m u ch caution to

, ,
adm in i ster th e S acr am ent s t o adul t Per son s wh o pret end th em sel v es ,
Converts; for we see th at after so m any Year s of M i ssion there h as ,

.
b een b u t l ittl e progress m ade th ough no pains h av e b een w an tin g on

,
th e M i ssi on ary s h ands

’
.
So th at Ch ri sti ani ty i s n ot like to gai n m u ch ground am on g th e

Sav ages till th e C ol on ies are str engt h ened b y a gr e at Num b er of
,
Inh ab itants Arti sans and Workm en and then th e Treaty b etwixt th e
, ,
B arb ari an s an d u s sh ould b e f reer and exten ded to all E u op eans: , r
Bu t chi efly it sh oul d b e en de avour d to fix th e B arb ari an s to a certain

’
d well ing Pl ace and introduce our C ustom s and L aw s am ongst th em

, ,
furth er d b y th e A ssi st an ce of ze al ous Peopl e in E urop e Coll eges

’
,
m ight b e fou nded t o b r eed up th e you ng Sav age s in th e Chr i sti an

F aith wh i ch m ight in tim e contrib u te very much to th e Conver sion
,
of th e i r C ou ntry m en Thi s i s a v e ry pr oper M eth od with out doub t

-
.
,
to str engthen th e Tempor al an d Spiritu al In ter est s of th e Col oni es;

b u t th e gen er al ity of M ankind are b en t upon Gain an d Tr affi ck and ,
are l ittl e con cern d to procu re God s B l e ssin g u pon th em

’ ’
an d en ,
deavour th e adv an cem ent of h is Gl ory .
God i s often pl eas d to prove his Chil dr en and amongst em those

’ ’
,
that empl oy them selves in savin g Soul s b y those m eans th at m ost

.
,
afli ict them b ut D anger s L ab or s Suff erings an d even D eath it self

, , , ,
would b e welcom e to them provided in sacrifi cing them sel ves for ,
th e S al v ation of th e ir B rethren G od would aff ord th em th e Con ,
sol ation to see th e ir Undert aki n gs Crown d with su ccess t o hi s Gl ory

’
,
and th e Conv er si on of I nfid el s .
It is impossib le for u s to look upon so great a Num b er of People

as thi s r el ation m entions and consider th e l ittl e pr ogr ess Rel igi on
,
h as m ade am ong th e S av ages of th e se v ast C ountri es b ut we mu st ,
needs adm ire th e in scr u t ab l e D ecrees of G od an d cry out with th e ,
Apostl e O th e D ep th of th e R ich es of th e Wisdom and K nowledge

,
of God! a gr e at Numb e r of l e arne d secul ar P ri e st s an d ze al ou s ,
Rel igiou s men of our O rder h ave carried th e Light of th e Gospel ,
into all Parts of th e Earth and l ab our d hard in th e Lord s Vin eyard
,
’ ’
.
B ut God woul d h ave u s know th at th e Conver sion of Soul s i s th e Work

,
of hi s G r ace th e b l e ssed M om en t s of whi ch are not yet c om e

, .
Th ese mi ser ab l e d ark Cre atu re s l i sten to all we say concerning our
Mysteries j ust as if twer e a Song; they are n atur all y very viti ou s
’
, ,
Lou is Hennep in 77
an d it
add c e d t o som e Supe s r ti tions th at signifie
thing; there Cu s no
tom s are savage b rut al , an d b arb arou s; th ey wil l

su ff e r th em sel v es t o
b e b aptized ten tim es a D ay for a Gl ass of B r andy or a Pipe of ,
Tob acco an d off er th eir Chil dren t o b e b aptiz d but with ou t any
’
, ,
Rel igiou s M otive Th ose th at one t akes th e pain s to in struct for a

.
,
Winte r together as I my self t aught som e of them whil e I dwel t at

,
Fort Fron te nac give no b ett er sign of Edification th an oth er s in

, ,
ou r Arti cl e s of F aith : so wr apt up are th ey in In sen sib il ity to wh at ,
concern s Rel i gion which occasion d t errib l e Ch ecks of C onsci ence in

’
ou r Rel i gi ous in th e b eginnin g of th eir M i ssion am ong th e Peopl e

,
of C anada; th ey saw th at th e f ew Per son s of y e ar s of D i scr eti on th at
they h ad instructed and afterwards adm itted to B apti sm soon fell

, ,
again in to th eir o r di n ary indiff er ence fo r S al v ati on an d th at th e ,
Chil dren foll ow d th e u nhappy Ex ampl e of their Parents insomuch

’
,
th at tw as no b ette r th an a pl ain of prof an ation of B apti sm to adminis

’
ter it to th em .
CHAP X III .
Th e B hrb ari ns of North Am erica don t ac kno w ledg any God

’
-
a .
O f th e p re tended S ouls o f t errestria l A nim als .
O ur tient M ission aries Recoll ect s were acquainted with several

an
di ff erent Nations within th e comp ass of 600 l eagues in North A m erica; -
an d I h ave b een am on g m any m ore b ecause I w ent f arth e r th an any ,
of th em h aving m ade a Voy age all al ong th e River of St Lawren ce

, .
,
and M e sch asip i I ob serve d as m y Pr edecessor s th at th e S av ages don t

’
.
, ,
w an t good Sense in which conce rns th e general and particul ar Interest

of th eir Nati on T hey pu r sue th eir Point and t ake ri ght M ethods
.
,
to com e to th e end of th eir design s; b u t t is wh at I am aston i sh ed

’
at th at wh il st th ey are so cl ear si ght ed in the ir comm on Aff air s th ey

, ,
shoul d h av e such extr av agan t n oti on s of th e conce rn s of Rel i i on th e

g ,
M ann er s L aws and M axim s of Lif e

, , .
W e must all of us own th at al most all th e Sav ages in general h ave

,
n o B el i ef of a D e ity an d th at th ey are in cap abl e of th e comm on and

,
ordinary Argum ent s an d Reasonings th at th e r est of M anki n d are
l ed b y upon thi s Sub j ect ; so dark and stupid are th eir Under st andings .
At th e sam e tim e we m ay acknowl edg th at now and then in some ,
of th em w e di scove r som e gl imm erin gs of a conf us d Notion of Go d

’
.
Some will conf ess b ut very cl ou dil y th at th e Sun i s God : O th er s say

, , ,
tis a Geniu s th at rul es in th e Air : Som e again l ook upon th e He aven s

’
as a kind of D ivini ty B ut h ese onl y m ake a sh ew of b el i evin ome

t .
g s
thing th at we can h ardl y guess at : we can t fix t hem to any settl ed ’

P rinciple Th e Nation s Southw ard seem to b el ieve an Un iversal Spirit

.
th at govern s all : they im agin e af ter a f ashion th at there s a Spirit in ,

’
ev ery thing ev en in th ose th at are in an im ate ; an d they addr ess them

,
sel ves to it som etim es an d b eg som eth ing of it ; as we t ook noti ce

,
of one B arb ari an wh o m ade a kin d of S acrifice u pon an O ak at th e

, ,
C ascade of St A n th ony of Padua upon th e River M eschasipi

.
, .
A ll th ese Nati on s don t profess th eir B el ief of a D eity out of any

’
respect to Reli gion : Th ey t al k of it ordin aril y as a thin g th ey were ,
prepossessed with ; or froli cksoml y n ot regardin g any thi n g th ey say ,
them selves any otherwise th an as a kind of a F ab l e Th ey have

, .
no ou tw ar d C erem ony t o sign ify th at th ey wor ship any D eity : Th ere s

’
no Sacrifi ce Priest Templ e n or any oth er Token of Rel i gi on

, , ,
amongst th em .
Th eir Dream s are to th em instead of Pr oph ecy Inspir ation L aw s , , ,
Comm andm ents and Rul es in all th eir Enterprizes in W ar Peace

, , , , ,
Comm erce and Hunting: They regard them as O racl es Th e O pinion

,
.
th ey h ave of the ir Dreams dr aws them in to a kind of necessity to b e

ruled b y them ; for they think tis an Univer sal Spir it that inspires ’
,
them b y D ream s and adviseth them wh at to do : An d th ey carry

,
thi s so f ar th at if their D ream orders them to kil l a Person or

, ,
comm it any oth er wi cked A cti on th ey pr esen tl y ex ecut e it an d m ake , ,
sati sf action for it afte rw ards as we sh all sh ow an on Th e Par ents

, .
dre am for th eir Chil dr en th e C apt ains for th eir Vill age Th ere are
, .
som e am ong th em th at t ake upon th em to interpret Dream s and

, ,
e xpl ain th em aft er th eir own f ancy or i ncl i n ation ; an d if th eir Int er
pretation s don t prove tru e they are n ot l ookt upon as Cheat s ere
’
,
th e m or e for th at .
Som e h ave t aken notice th at wh en they m eet with any C ascade or

,
F al l or W at er s which i s difli cul t to cross an d appr eh end any dan ger

, , ,
they throw a B ever s [sic] skin Tob acco Porcel ain or som e such
’
, , ,
m atter into it b y way of S acrifice to gain th e F av or of th e Spirit ,
th at presides there .
Th ere s no Nation b ut wh at h ave th eir Ju ggl er s whi ch some coun t

’
Sorcer er s: b ut tis not l ikel y th at th ey are un der any Cov en ant or

’
hol d communication with th e D evil At th e sam e time one m ay .

,
ventu re to say th at th e evil Spirit h as a hand in th e Tricks of th ese

,
Juggl er s and m akes u se of th em to amu se these poor People and

, ,
render them m ore incapab l e of r eceiving th e Knowl edge of th e true

God Th ey are v ery fond of these Juggl er s th o th ey cozen th em
.
,
p p
e r etu al l
y.
80 Th e F rench C olon ies
seem wl edge th at there is one fir st Principle that m ade all

to ackno
things; b ut this makes b ut a sl ight Im pression upon their Mind whi ch ,
retur ns again to its ordinary D eadness and form er Insensib il ity ,

.
CHAP . X IV
O f th e great difii cul ty in co n verting th e Savages O f th e.
Pray ers th ey ge t by ro te; an d o f M arty rdom .
Th e great Insensib il ity of th ese B arb ari ans i s caused principall y b y

thei r Carel essness and negl ect to b e thoroughl y instructed Th ey come .
to u s, an d a ttend to wh at we say pu rel y out of Idl eness and n atu ral

, ,
Curiosity to converse with u s as we with them ; or rather they are

,
tempted to f oll ow us b y th e K indn ess and Fl atteries we express tow ards

,
them or b ecause of th e B enefit their Sick receive from u s or out of

, ,
h O pe to gain b y trafli cking with u s ; or l astl y b ecau se we are Euro ,
pean s and they think u s stou ter th an them sel ve s and hope we will
, ,
defend them from th eir Enem ies .
W e teach them Pr ayer s; b ut they repeat them l ike Songs withou t ,
any di stin cti on b y F aith Th ose w e h ave c at echized a l ong tim e

. are ,
very wavering except some few: They r enounce all return into their
, ,
Woods and t ake up their old Superstitions upon th e l east Crotchet

,
th at comes into their Heads .
I don t know whether the ir Predecessors h ad any Knowledge of

’
a G od ; b u t ti s ce rt ain th eir L angu age whi ch i s ve ry n atu r al and

’
,
expr essiv e in ev ery thi ng el se is so b arr en on this Sub j ect th at we

, ,
c an t fin d any expression in it t o si gnify th e D eity or an y one of our

’
my steries not even th e m ost comm on : this gives u s gr eat perpl exity
,
when we woul d convert them .
Another great O b stacl e to their Conversion is thi s : Most of them

h ave sever al Wives; and in th e Northern part s they change them as
of ten as th ey pl e ase : Th ey can t con ceive h ow peopl e can t ie th em
’
sel ve s in d i ssolu b l y to one per son in Marri age See h ow sill y you are .
,
cry the y wh en w e argue with th em ab ou t it My Wif e i s uneasy to

, .
m e I am so to h er; sh e ll agr ee very well with su ch a one wh o i s at

’ ‘
, ,
odds with h is Wife : now why should we f ou r l ead a mi se r abl e Life
all our d ay s?
Another hinderan ce l ies in a Cu stom of their s not to contradict ,
any M an ; they think every one ou ght to b e l eft to his own O pini on ,
without b eing thw art ed : they b el ieve or m ake as if th ey b el ieved all ,
you say to th em ; b ut ti s th eir In sen sib il ity and In diff erence for
’
,
every thing e speci all y M att er s of Rel igi on

, which they never troub l e ,
th em sel ves ab ou t .
Th e M ississipp i Vall ey 81
A merica i s pl ace to go ou t of a d es e to su ff e M a
no dom , ir r rtyr
taki ng th e W r h i v vr
o d in a T eol o g cal Sen se : Th e S a ages n e e pu t any
Christi an to th de a r i i th y v v ry
upon th e sco e of h is Rel g on ; e lea e e e
b ody at l i b erty in B el ief : They l ik e th e ou tw ard C er emon ies of our
Church b ut no m ore These B arb ari an s never m ake W ar b ut for
, .
,
th e Inter est of th e ir Nati on ; th ey don t kill peopl e b u t in parti cu l ar

’
, ,
Quarr el s or when they ar e b ruti sh or dru nk or in revenge or

, , , ,
inf atuated with a Dream or som e extrav agant Vi sion : they are in
,
c ap ab l e of t akin g aw ay any P e r son s Lif e ou t of h atre d t o h is R el i gion

’
.
Th ey are b rutish in al l th eir In cl in at i on s; th ey are n atu r all y Glutton s ,
and kn ow n o oth e r H appi n ess in thi s Li fe b u t th e pl e asu re of e atin g

“
an d drink ing: Th i s i s r em ar kab l e in th eir v ery ey es and their D iver ,
si ons whi ch are al w ay s b e gun an d en ded with f eastin g

, .
Th e Passion of Rev enge which th ey are possessed with i s an other ,
gr eat O b st acl e to Chri sti an ity : Th ey are v ery ten der and aff ection at e
to th eir own Nati on b u t c ru el an d r even geful b eyon d im agin ati on
,
towards their Enem ies: They are natur all y Inconstant Revil er s Scof , ,
fer s and L ascivio

,
u s I n sh ort am ong all th e Vi ces th e y are addicted
.
,
to w e can perceive n o P rin ci pl e of R el i gi on or M or al ity : an d to b e

,
sure thi s mu st n eed s r en der th eir C on v er sion e xtr em el y difli cu l t .
To per su ade th em to any thin g an d d i spose th em to th e F aith

‘
, ,
tis requi sit e to m ake th em f am il i ar with us an d contr act a good

’
,
acqu aint ance with th em ; b u t thi s i s not to b e don e pr esentl y b ecau se ,
first of all th e Col oni es ou ght to b e mul tipl ied and pl anted every ,
where Wh en they h ave passed away a few Weeks with th e Europeans

.
,
they are obli ged to go to W ar Hunting or Fi sh i ng for their Sub si st

, , ,
an d thi s depr av es em e xtr em el y Th ey sh ould b e fix d inticed

’ ’
ence , .
,
to cl e ar th e Grou nd and cul tiv ate it an d w ork at se ve r al Tr ade s as

, , ,
th e Eur ope an s do ; and th en we sh ou l d see em r eform th eir b ar

’
b arou s Cu stom s and b ecom e m or e civiliz d as well toward s on e

’
, ,
anoth er as u s .
2 Th e Queb ec S em in ary Pri est s in th e Mi ssi ssippi

Val l ey, 1 7 00 an d th e In stall ation o f th e First
,
P astor at Mob ile , S epte mb er 2 8 1 7 04 ,
W H EN th e H ol y See erected th e Vi car i ate A p ostol i c of New Fr ance i nto

th e D i ocese of Qu eb ec in 1 6 7 4 i t w as m ade t o em b r ace all th e terr i tor i es
of North Am eri ca then cl aim ed b y th e French crown . C anon call i y speaking ,
therefore , th e Church in th e M i i i ppi Val l ey w as

ss ss unde th e r juri sd i cti on
82 Th e F re n ch C ol on ies
of th e B i shop rem ained s ntil after th e A m ri a R l

of Queb ec an d o u e c n evo u
tion In 1 66 5 Fra c i s de Montm or y d Lav l ( 1 6 2 3

. n o fir t B i h op en c e a s s
o f Q b ec h d affi l i at d h i in f t
ue ,
a m i n ry t o th e Sem i n ry f F or i gn
e s an se a a o e
M i i on s at Par i
ss n d th e m i si on ry p i r i t w
s, a tr g m ng th e gr du t s a s as s on a o a a es
o f th e Q b c i n ti tu ti on I n ti m they
ue e ght tos t r th e we t rn m i i on
. e sou en e s e ss
fi ld nd in M y 1 6 9 8 th y rec iv d th ri t io to do o with th re ult

e a a , , e e e au o za n s , e s
th t at mi i n st tio
a m g th T m
ss o i C h ki s
a n d oth r t i b
ns a on e a aro s, a o a ,
a e r es
a ol ng th M i i ippi f ri ti n d v l p d b tw n th m
e ss ss d th e J e it w h
c o e e o e e ee e an su s o
h d pr vi u l y b n
a e oth s A p rt h w v r f r om th e d iff r
ee on be scen e . a , o e e , e en ces e
tw n th e two gro p ov r th e m i i n to th e I di n — wher in b oth did

ee u s e ss o s n a s e
no a t b l w rk th e ecul ar prie t perform ed v l b le ervi c b y m i i t ri ng

e o s s a ua s e n s e
t th e F r nch i nh b it nt s of th e c tt red w t rn
o e a ttl m t To them w
a s a e es e se e en s . as
t ted th fi rst o i c l ly r t d p ri h in th we t rn
en ru s e c an try when
n a e ec e a s e s e cou n , on
J ly 2 0 1 703 Bi h p Je n B pti te de l Croix d S ai t V l li r ( 1 6 5 3

u , , s o a a s a e n a e
1 72 7 ) p rf orm d th t
e ti n f th C h r h f th e Imm l te C
e a ac pt io or e u c o acu a on ce on
a t F ort Lou i th f rer nn er of th e pr

s, nt e ity f M ob i le Al b m Th
o u e se c o ,
a a a . e
fir t two d m t t h t f ll w
s ocu x rpt fr m l tt r whi h F th r J
en s a o o are e ce s o e e s c a e ean
B gi r ( d
er e m i ry pri t
. ddr d t th B i h p of Q b
a se na es ,
a esse o e s o ue ec
f r m th e T m
o i p t th fir t in l t F b ru ry 1 7 0 0 th
a aro s os ,
d d t d e s a e e a , , e seco n a e
Ju ne 1 4 1 7 0 0 Th , thi rd d m t d crib th f rm l i n t ll tion of

. e ocu en es es e o a s a a
th e fir t p tor b y F th r A nt i n D vi n wi th t h
s as ivi l ffi i l in tt nd
a e o e a o e c o c a s a e
an ce nd tt ting th e ct S urce Edw rd J ph F rtier Th E t b

a a es a . o s: a ose o ,
“
e s a
i Mi i n
”
li h m ent f t h T m
s o T
e ti a f th I ll i i S t t H i
aro s ss o ,
ra nsa c o ns o e no s a e s
t i l S i ty N o 1 3 2 3 6—23 7 ; J hn G ilm ry Sh Hi t y a ea, s or

'
or ca oc e , . o
o f th C th l i C h
e h i th U i t d S t t
a o c ( N ew Y ork : J h G She
u rc n e n e a es o n .
-
a,
1 886) I , 5 4 7— 5 4 8 .
At th e Tam arois Feb ru ary 1 7 0 0 , , .
I rel ated to you r highness our trip to th e Il l inoi s from which pl ace ,
I wrote you all I h ad found out ab ou t th e condition of th e mi ssions

and th at which concer ns th e gov ernm ent of your chu rch Th er e r em ain s .
b ut to inf orm you of th e condition of th e l atter .
I arrived there th e 7 th of thi s month with young Mr de St Cosme . . .
I h ave counted there a hundred cab in s in all or thereab out s of which , ,
nearl y h alf are v acant b ecau se th e great e r p art of th e C ah oki as are
st ill in wi nt er qu art er s twenty or tw enty five l e agu es f r om h er e u p -
th e M i ssi ssippi .
Th e vill age is com posed of T am arois C ah oki as som e M ichi gans , ,
an d Peo ri as The r e are al so som e M issou ri cab in s and sh ortl y th ere

.
, ,
are to come ab ou t thirty five cab in s o f thi s l ast n am e d n ati on wh o -
are w interqu artering som e t en or fif t een l e agues f rom h ere b el ow th e ,
vill age on th e river W e mu st not however count thi s n ation as

, .
, ,
formi ng part of th e vill age and of th e Tam aroi s m ission b ecause it ,
rem ains there onl y a few m onth s to make its Indi an wh eat whil e ,
aw aiting a day to r etur n to it s vill age wh ich i s m or e th an a hundr ed ,

84 Th e F re n ch C o lon ies
of Q ueb ec r t
ri sh chu rch in th e pl ace call ed Fort Lou is de l a
e ec s a pa
Lou i si ane and th e cu re and care of which h e gives to Mr Henry
,
.
Roull eux de l a Vente M i ssion ary Apostol ic of th e diocese of B ay eu x

, ,
I have pl aced th e said priest in actual and corporal possession of said

pari sh church an d of all th e right s th ereto b el on ging af ter ob se rvin g ,
th e accu stom ed and r e qu i site cer em on ies n am el y th e entry in to th e , ,
chu rch th e sprin kl ing of h ol y w ate r th e ki ssing of th e hi gh al t ar

, , ,
th e tou ching of th e m i ssal th e vi sit to th e B l e ssed Sacr amen t of th e

“
al t ar th e ringi ng of th e b ell s which t akin g of possessi on I attest th at

, ,
no on e opposed .
G iven in th e pari sh chu rch of F ort Lou is, th e d ay o f th e m onth

and y e ar afor esai d , in pr e sen ce of J oh n B apti st e d e B ienvill e , Lieu
ten ant of th e King, and Comm an der of th e said fort ; of Peter du

Qu ay de B oisb ri ant m aj or ; Nicol as de l a Sall e , , sc rib e an d ti
ac n g
comm i ssary of th e M ari n e .
Da vi on ,
B ienvill e , B oi sb ri ant , de l a S all e .
Th e G overnm en t s Provi sion for C apu chin

’
Mission aries in French Louisi an a, M ay 1 6 , 1 722

F RA N C E t
im to possession of th e Mi ssi ssipp i Vall ey on th
s ake d its cl a e
Jolliet M rqu ette expedition of 1 6 73 I n th e l ate seventee th ce tu ry th e

-
a . n n
rivalry b etween Spain France and Engl and f or th e western cou ntry grew
, ,
keen er an d after th e eff orts of

, nu m b er of i n d iv i du al F ren ch m en t o settl e
a
th e area h ad f ai l ed th e F ren ch governm e t d eterm i ne d u pon tu rn i g over n n
respon ib il ity for th e task t o a comm erci al com pany A s a consequ ence th e
s .
,
C om pany o f t h e W est ( l ater c l l ed th e C om p ny of t h e I nd i es ) w as f orm d

a a e
i n A u gu t 1 7 1 7 Th e com p a y w as xi ou s to have th e p rti cip ti o of th e “
s , . n an a a n
Chu rch in it s u dertaki n g n d th ere f ore t h e cou ci l o f th e com pany

n a , ,
n
with th e co sent of th e Bi shop of Qu eb ec divi ded th e Provi nce of

n
Lou i si an a i to three eccl e si asti cal d i stri ct s wh i ch we re assi g e d to th e

n n
C arm el i tes th e J esu i ts an d th e C pu ch i n s Th e qu esti on of eccl esi sti c l

, , a . a a
jur i sdi cti on cau ed a great deal of fri ction nd after a b ri ef ti m e th e

s a
C rm el ites wi th drew But th e Capu chi ns rem i ned on in Lou i si ana f rom
a . a
thei r advent i 1 7 2 2 down t o and b eyond th e pu rchase of th e col o y b y

n n
th e U n ite d St tes in 1 8 0 3 F rom th e ou tset these f r i ar s were e t i r l y de

a . n e
pen dent u pon th e governm ent as is evi dent in th e pr ovi si o s m de f or them n a
b y th e cou n ci l of th e com p ny in th e d ocu m e nt whi ch f oll ow I t provi d es

a s .
a f u rth er ex m pl e of th e cl ose u n i on of C h rch an d State wh i ch ob t ai ed in

a u n
Lou i i n al l th rou gh th e col on i al era Sou rce : C l au d e L V ogel

s a a . .
,
Th C p u h i s i F re h L i i a ( 1 722 1 76 6 ) ( W ashi ngton : Th e C ath o

e a c n n nc o u s an -
lic U n iversi ty of A m er i ca Press pp 2 5—2 6

,
. .
C ap uch in M issionaries in Lo u is ian a 85
His Maj esty , h aving gr anted Letters Patent of Au gu st 1 7 1 7 th e ,
col ony of Lou i si an a to th e C om pany of th e W est n ow Com pan y of ,
th e Indi es on con dition th at th e sai d C omp any b u ild ch u r ch e s at its

,
own expen se in th e pl aces wh ere it f o rm s settl em ent s an d m ain t ain
there th e n ecessary numb er of eccl esiastics to work for th e sal vation

of th e inh ab it ant s F r ench ,
Indi an and Negro and h aving accorded
, ,
to th e C om pan y th e ri ght of p atron age an d th e f acul ty t o n am e th e
pastor s and other eccl esi astics as sh all b e su it ab l e to est ab li sh within

th e col ony W e are inf orm ed th at hitherto th e C ompan y h as not
,
t aken th e proper measures to fulfil l th at which in this m atter is th e

i ntention of His M aj e sty ; and it b eing necessary to m ake provisi ons to
this end We have b el ieved th at to estab l ish rel igion sol idly in th e
, ,
col ony an d t o w ork th ere su cce ssful l y f or th e gl o ry of G od We ,
c ann ot m ake a b etter ch oi ce th an th e C apuch in F ath er s of th e
Provi nce of Ch ampagne wh o h ave shown so m uch zeal for th at

,
mi ssion th at W e cannot doub t th at th ey will acqu it th em sel ves m ost

worthfly an d wi ll fu rni sh th e n ecessary numb er of rel igi ou s Wh ere .
fore W e h ave agr eed upon an d h av e accepted F ather B ru n o of

,
L angres Father Chri stopher of Ch aumont F ather Phil ib ert of Vi an der

, ,
and B r oth er E useb iu s of Ch au m ont to e st ab l i sh u nder th e auth ority

,
of th e B i sh op of Q u eb ec a conven t of th eir or der at New O rl e an s ,
situ at ed on th e St L ou i s Rive r [ M i ssi ssippi ] in th e l and of L ou i si an a

.
,
to perf o rm throu gh th e superi o r of th e con ven t th e p asto r al fun ction s

in th e town ; t o send to all th e C ompany s settl em ent s extending f rom
'
’
,
th e m ou th of th e river unto an d com pri sing th e b ank of th e W ab ash
[ O hio] rel i giou s wh o sh all b e dem anded f rom him b y th e Council

,
of th e col ony ; t o condu ct th e re th e divin e se rvice an d to adm in i ste r
th e sacr am ent s in th e capacity of pastor s and accor din g to th e f acul

ties given hi m b y th e B ishop of Q ueb ec ; to h ave j u ri sdiction ove r
th e o th er eccl esi astic s wh o sh al l b e in th e parts est ab l i sh ed al ong th e
river or its afil u ents and in gener al to do through th e superior of
, ,
th e convent all th at h e sh all j u dge necessary for th e good and adv ance
m ent of th e Rom an C athol i c an d Apo stol ic Rel igion and for th e
, ,
sal v ati on of sou l s W e orde r th e comm an der s an d th e director s of

.
th e col ony to in st all th e C apuchin F ath er s as expl ained ab ove to ,
aid and pr otect th em with all th eir power in th e exer ci se of th eir
functions b oth as regar ds th eir rul e an d th eir Apostoli c and p arochi al

mi ni stry W e order th erefore th at th ere b e con structed in New O rl ean s
.
, ,
at th e expense of th e Company a pari sh church of conveni ent size ,
with an adj oining hou se for four rel igiou s in order to put th e ,
Capuchi ns in possession th ere; th at they b e given in th e sam e pl ace

su ffi c en i t ground for a r try y ard an d th at in wh atever

ga den an d poul ,
pl ace of th e col ony th ey m ay b e est ab l i sh ed th e Company sh all fur ,
ni sh them l odging an d all th at sh all b e n ecessary f or divine se rvi ce .
We al so o rder th at for th eir m aintenance th ey b e provi de d b y th e ,
Company with th e necessary cl othing according to the ir Rul e and ,
for th eir sustenance n am el y for each rel igiou s one cask of Bor de au x
, , , .
wine two qu art s of flour one h alf quart of b acon one h alf qu art of
, , ,
b eef one h alf qu art (ancre) of b randy twenty five poun ds of l arge
, ,
-
b eans or l ike quantity of peas an d kidney b eans e ight pounds of

, ,
Holl and or Gruy ere cheese twenty fou r pounds of candl e s one h alf
,
-
,
poun d of pepper twenty pot s of vi negar twenty five poun ds of sal t

-
, ,
an d tw el ve pounds of ol ive oil .
We al so expect th at th ey b e provi ded from th e m agazines of th e

Company with househol d utensil s an d with wh atever tool s m ay b e
necessary f or th eir h ouses on con dition th at all th ey sh all r eceiv e
,
in thi s way from th e Com pan y sh all b e h el d onl y for u se an d th at

‘
they sh all not cul tivate m ore l an d th an is required for th e needs of

their houses in th e colony We finall y enj oin th e D irector s of th e
.
col ony t o keep and sen d ann u all y to th e C omp any a particul ar account
of th at whi ch sh all b e furn i sh ed th e C apuchin F ath er s in whi ch ,
account sh all b e noted th e v al u e of th e fur n itur e in m on ey at th e
r ate of its worth in th e m arket of th e country

_
.
Given at Pari s M ay 1 6 1 7 22 Signe d : J agon de M auh aul t O u gran

, , , , ,
Font ain eu .
Th e B ani sh men t of th e J e sui ts From Lou i sian a

an d th e I l lin oi s C o u n try A cc ording t o Fr anco i s
Philib ert W atrin , S I , S eptemb er 3 1 7 64 . .

,
rr t i i
TH E cu en of op n on in th e cou n es of Eu op e was of en f el tri r t t wi th
r r
eal f o ce inth ir i t
e t ri
d s an A m e can col on es By th e m id e g een h ce n u i .
-
i ht t t ry
i ty
th e S oc e ofJ tt i
e su s h ad a a n e d g e a r t tr th
s en g and
,
nfl u ence i n F an ce , i r
but it q ir wr i
h ad al so ac u ed m any po e fu l en em es am ong th e d sc p l es of i i
i ht t
th e Enl g enm en , th e n ob l i ity
, a v
n d e en so hi h
g ly pl aced a gu e as ean n e fi r J
i q i
Po sson , M ar u se de Pom padour , th e m s ess of Lou s i tr T s enm i XV hi . ity
fi tri h
n all y vr
u m p ed o e J it
th e esu s and th i r
e suppo e s an d in 1 7 6 2 h e e rt r t r
y t ti
b e gan th e s s em a c su pp ess on of r i eth i r i ty
soc e Th e F en ch esu s h ad . r J it
v i i i
b een e angeli z ng th e I l l no s C ou n try v r i
e e s n ce a c u es M a u e e, J q rq tt
h ad introdu ce d C
. hri ti it i i i iV
s an y to th e M ss ss pp all e at th e M ss on of th e y i i
t ti
I m m acu l a e C oncep on whi t ih
ch h e e s ab l s ed am on g th e K ask ask a In d an s i i
at one o f th ir vi
e i i iv r
ll ages on th e Ill no s R e in th e sp n g of 1 6 7 5 M o eo e ri r vr
.
,
88 Th e F re n c h C o lo n ie s
these J esu i t s hitherto thu s styl ed to t ake th at n am e hereaf ter or

, , ,
t o we ar th eir cu stom ary garb o r ders b ein g given t h em to assume

,
th at of secul ar eccl esi astics E xcepting their b ooks and some we arin g
.
app arel which w as all ow e d t o th em all th e ir pr operty real an d

, ,
per son al w as to b e seiz ed an d sol d at aucti on It w as or d ain ed th at

,
.
th e ch apel o rn am ents an d th e sacre d ve ssel s of New O rl ean s sh oul d

b e del iv er ed up t o th e Rever end C apu chin F ath ers; th at th e ch apel
orn a ment s an d sacred ve ssel s of th e J e suits l ivin g in th e coun try
of th e Ill inoi s sh oul d b e del ive re d u p to th e Roy al Pr ocu r ato r f or
th at country an d th at th e ch apel s shoul d then b e demoli shed ; an d

,
th at fin all y th e afore said J esu i ts so cal l ed should retu rn to Fr ance

, , ,
-
, ,
em b ark ing upon th e fir st ship s re ady t o dep art prohib itin g them , ,
m e anwhil e f rom rem ain ing t oge th er A sum of six h un dred l ivres w as
,
.
assign ed to p ay e ach one s p assage an d ano th er of f r an cs

’
, , ,
f or their susten ance and support f or six m on th s Th ey w ere enj oin ed .
to presen t th em sel ves af te r th at te rm

,
t o M on sieur th e duke de ,
Choi seul secretary of St ate in th e departm ent of m arine to ask him

, ,
for th e pen sion s which w oul d b e assi gned fr om th e proceeds of th e

sal e of th eir prope rty .
It i s time to speak of th e execu tion of th e decree ; it w as to b e

c arri ed ou t first at New O rl ean s an d afterward in th e Ill inois ,
cou ntry ,
at a d i st an ce of f our or five hundr ed l eagues Th er e w as in .
th at country as h as b een said ab ove a mi ssion of th e J esui t s est ab

, , ,
li sh ed at f ou r diff erent post s Th ey w ere not forgott en an d a cou rier

.
,
was sent to c arry th e decree of destru ction M eanwhil e it w as execu ted .

,
p r om p tl y a ga in st th o se o f New O rl e an s Th e ir e st abl i sh m en t was .
qu ite near thi s town and proport i oned to th e needs of twel ve mis
,
sionaries ; th ere w as qu it e a l arge gang of sl av es f or cul tiv atin g th e
l and an d for pl yin g oth er tr ades as i s th e cu stom in th e col on ie s; th ere

, ,
were al so various b uildings with herds of c attl e an d suit abl e works;

,
“
Everyt hi ng w as seize d inventori ed and sold at aucti on an d thi s

, , ,
ex ecu ti on l ast ed a l on g tim e ; th ose wh o w ere empl oy ed th ere in took
their m e al s in th e house Th ese were th e higher ofli cers of j ustice

.
,
with th e lesser agents; it is right to suppose th at th e form er kept them

sel ves withi n th e decen t b eh avi or th at b eseeme d th em b ut th e ,
o th er s did n ot consi der them sel ves obl iged to assum e any d i sgu i se .
Th ey foun d themsel v es w ell f easted and th ey w er e su r e th at the ir

empl oym en t w as a l u cr ative on e ; so th ey di d not di ssem bl e th eir
f eelin gs Th e superi or of th e J esuits w as ob l iged to b e presen t at th e

.
gre at fe ast s which w ere given at hi s h ou se durin g th e depre dation ,
an d h e saw th e joy th at was shown ther e Af te r th e sal e of th e r eal .

B an ish m e n t o f th e J es u i ts 89
and per son al property , th ere rem ained th e ch apel , with its o rn am ents
and sacre d v essel s : it w as st at ed in th e decree th at these eff ect s should
b e t aken to th e Rever end C apu chin F ath er s; thi s was done and it ,
was th e l east ob j ectionab l e u se th at coul d b e m ade of th em Aft er .
th at th e ch apel w as r azed to th e groun d ; and th e sepul cher of th e

,
b odies b u ried for thirty year s in this pl ace and in th e neighb oring ,
cemetery rem ained exposed to prof an ation Th e Jesuits wh o came

, .
b ack from Lou isiana to Fr an ce h ave oft en b een asked th e reason

for thi s pr oceed ing; th ey h ave b een tol d wh at aston i shm ent and horr or
was f el t at thi s even t ; it h as b een sai d to th em th at thi s was onl y
to b e expected from open enem i es of th e C ath ol i c r el igion ; th e Jesu it s
coul d onl y an swer these sayings b y sil en ce .
Th e execution of th e decree l acked n othing save to sen d b ack th e ,
condemn ed t o F r ance ; th ose wh o w er e at New O rl ean s did not w ait
to b e notified of th e or der to depart F ath er C ar ette emb arked to cro ss

.
over to S an D omingo ; F ath e r R oy t ook r efuge at Pen sacol a at th e ,
very tim e when th e E ngl i sh entered thi s port to take possession of it ,
and th e Spani ar d s ev acu at e d it b y virtu e of th e tre aty of pe ace ; h e
entered th e sh ip whi ch w as to b e ar th e Governor of th at pl ace t o
Vera Cruz Th e F ather was welcomed there b y th e Spani sh Father s

.
,
of th e coll ege with th e gre at est kin dn e ss ; a l ittl e whil e af te rw ar d h e

,
w as m ade an associ ate in th e pr ovi nce th at th e J esu it s h ave in

Mexico b y F ath er Fr ancoi s Zeb all o s superior of th at provin ce His
, , .
l etter written upon thi s sub j ect expressed m ost gene rou s and m ost
.
Christian sentim en ts and all th e J esuits b an i shed from th e l ands under

,
French dom in ati on w ere i nvited thith e r t o th e sam e refuge .
F ath er Le Prédour w as am ong th e A l ib am on s at a di st an ce of ,
ab ou t two hun dred l e agu e s an d m u ch tim e was n ecessary for tr an s

,
mi tting a Copy of th e decree t o h im Th en af ter h e h ad received it h e

.
, ,
was ob l i ged to aw ait an opportun ity to r each th e f ort of M ob il e an d ,
f rom th at pl abe New O rl e an s; w e h ave recen tl y l earn ed th at h e h as

,
returned to F r ance There were no m ore to send aw ay then b ut

.
, ,
F ath er B au doin supe ri or of all m i ssi on s; b ut h e w as seventy two

,
-
ye ars old an d infirm

,
as one m ay expect of a m an wh o h ad
, p assed
thirty five years in Lou isi an a an d of those thi rty five ye ar s ab out
-
,
-
twenty in th e midst of th e forests with th e Ch aet as; h e h ad no rel a

,
t ives in Fr ance n or was h e accu stom ed to thi s coun try ; as h e w as

,
b orn in C an ada h e w as perm itted to rem ain H e w as assign ed a pen

, .
sion of nin e hundr ed l ivre s wh i ch woul d b e e q u iv al en t in F r an ce t o

,
th e sum of th ree or fou r h un dred f r an cs Mon sieu r B or e an ol d .

,
resident of th e coun try off ered h im an asylum with him self upon hi s
, ,
tt
es a e, and thus proved th e sincerity of th e f riendsh ip which h e h ad
al w ay s sh own tow ar d th e J e suit s .
M eanwh il e th e cou ri er despatch ed to Ill inoi s to b e ar th e decree

arrive d on th e n ight of S eptemb e r 2 3 at fort Ch artre s di st an t six , ,
l eagu es from th e residence of th e J e su it s He del ivered to th e procu r a .
tor of th e king th e comm i ssion whi ch ch arged him to execu te th e

decr ee ; and on th e next d ay ab ou t eight or ni ne o cl ock in th e
’
m orni ng th at ofli cer of j ustice r epair ed t o th e hou se of th e J esu it s

, ,
accomp ani ed b y th e r egi str ar an d th e b aliff of th at j u ri sdi cti on Som e .
d ays a fterw ard h e tri ed to tur n to account th e moder ation th at h e

,
u se d in n ot arrivin g du ring th e night as hi s order s direct ed sai d

“ ”
, ,
h e ; with th at exception th ey ought to h ave b een sati sfied with h i s

,
ex actness He r ead t o F ath er W atrin th e superior th e d ecre e of con

.
, ,
demn ation an d h avin g given hi m a copy of it h e m ade him at once

, , ,
l e ave hi s r oom to put th e se al upon it ; th e sam e thi ng was don e with

th e oth e r mi ssi on aries wh o h appen ed to b e in th e h ou se Th ere .
remained one h all where they could rem ain togeth er a l thou gh with ,
gre at in con ven ience ; b ut th i s f avor w as refu sed th em b ecause th e ,
g u ar d s pl ac ed in cu st od y o f th e pr op e rty se iz ed oppose d thi s ; th ey

were un willi ng th at th e J e suit s shoul d b e abl e to w atch their condu ct
so cl osel y Th e procur ator of th e K ing feared to d ispl ease th ese
.
guardi ans an d woul d not permi t th e J esu it s even to rem ain at th e

,
hou se of one of their conf reres wh o b ein g cur é of th e pl ace h ad

, , ,
hi s priv ate l odgi ng near th e pari sh church ; th ey did not put th e seal
th er eon b ecau se th ey knew th er e was n othing to seize Th e m i s
, .
sion arie s driv en f r om th eir own h ou se f oun d qu art er s as b e st th e y

, ,
could Th e superior
. sixty sev en y ear s ol d
, depart ed on foot to fin d
-
,
a l o dging a l ong l eague aw ay with a conf r ere of hi s a m i ssi on ary t o
th e sav ages; an d th e Fr en ch wh o m et h imon thi s j ou rn ey groan ed to

, , ,
see per secu tion b egin with hi m .
A s soon as th e sav ages l e arned th at h e h ad ar rived am ong them ,
they came to show to h im an d to Father Meu rin h is associ ate th e , ,
sh ar e whi ch th ey took in th e d i str ess of th eir F ather s; t h e n ew s of
their con demn ation h ad al re ady cau sed m any tears to b e shed in th e
vil l age They were asked why they were thus treated especiall y in
.
,
a coun try wh ere so m an y di sor der s h ad b een so l ong all ow ed Th e .
ol d m i ssionary af ter sev er al r epeat ed interrogati ons

, fin all y repl ied : ,
tch ich i ki m angh i

’
A rech i K iecouegan e can ta , I t is b ecause we

s tern ly condem n rh th eir follies . Th ey
th e me an ing of comp e en ded
thi s answer indeed they knew th at th e J esu i ts in wh atever pl ace

, ,
they m ay b e est ab l i shed consider them selve s b ound b y their profes

,
92 Th e F re nch C ol on ies
O rl eans , to b e sold there f or th e b ene fit of i

th e k ng; and th e hapel
c
was to b e r azed b y th e m an to whom th e hou se h ad b een adj udged .
Th e J esu it s were th en perm itted to r eenter th e ir form er h ome th e u se ,
of whi ch was b y a cl au se in serted in th e b ill of sal e r e serv ed t o th em

, ,
u ntil th e ir em b arkation Th ey fou nd it w ell cl eared ; nothin g w as l ef t

.
e xcept th e b edst eads an d th e str aw m attr esses; and in or der to l odge ,
there they were ob l iged to b orrow from their fri ends each a chair
and a l ittl e t ab l e Th ey fou nd their ch apel in a still m or e m el anchol y
.
con di tion ; aft er th e sacred v e ssel s and th e pictures h ad b e en t aken
aw ay th e sh el ves of th e al t ar h ad b een thrown d own ; th e li nings of

,
th e o rn am ent s h ad b een given to negre sses decried f or th eir evil l ive s;

an d a l ar ge cr ucifix which h ad stood ab ove th e alt ar and th e chan
, ,
del iers wer e f oun d pl aced ab ov e a cupb oard in a h ouse whose r eput a
,
tion w as not good To see th e m arks of spoli ation in th e ch apel one

.
,
m ight h av e th ou ght th at it was th e enem ies of th e C ath ol i c rel igion

wh o h ad cau sed it
F in al l y th e day set for th e emb arkation came; it was th e 2 4th of
Novemb er Th e b aggage of th e J esu its did not emb arr ass th e vessel
.
in which th ey h ad t aken th eir passage ; th ey h ad onl y th eir b eds

an d the ir cl oth es i n sm al l qu an titi es with som e provisions which ,
they h ad saved for th e voyage; this food served not onl y for th em ,
b ut for forty ei ght negroes emb arked with th em Th ese sl aves n o

-
.
l onger b el onged to th e Jesu it s h aving b een con fi scated for th e b en efit

,
of th e Kin g But th eir f o rm er m aster s al w ay s preserved th e sam e

.
c ar e in regard to th em an d sh ared quite will in gl y wi th th e se wretch es

,
th e pr ovi sions which th ey h ad saved .
Th e voy age which m ight h ave b een very l ong l ast ed onl y twenty
, ,
seven d ay s b ecause th e weath er was n ot so b ad as it u su all y i s at

,
th at se ason Th e J esuits f ound m ean s to say m ass every Sunday and

.
‘
e ve ry f e ast day -
F in all y at seven or eight l e agues f rom New
.
,
O rl e an s th ey re ach ed th e est ate of M on sieu r de M accarty fo rm er

, ,
l ieu ten an t of th e Kin g in th at city wh o b y hi s kin d a ttentions r ecall ed

,
th e b en evol en ce h e h ad al w ay s sh own at Ill inoi s B ut on .
departing from th at est ate th ey fou nd th em sel ves in gr eat perpl exity
, .
Th ey saw th at th ey wer e ab ou t to enter New O rl ean s and th ey did ,
n ot know wh ere th ey could l odge ; they we re un ab l e to en ter th eir
old house knowing well th at it was sol d and occupi ed b y oth er

,
master s . Meanwhil e th e Rever end Capu chin F ather s hearing of ,
th e arriv al of th e J e su it s h ad com e to th e l an ding pl ace to

,
-
m anifest to th em th eir int ention of rendering th em all th e kind offi ces

th at they could an d dur ing th e six weeks whi ch el a sed b ef ore
p
Ban ish m e n t f th e
o J esu its 93
they emb a r ked there were no m arks of friendshi p whi ch they did
,
not r eceive f r om th ese Rev eren d F ath er s .
However th e Je suits perceived th at their departure was desired

,
.
Th e season was d i sagreeab l e it b eing still th e m onth of J anuary th e

, ,
tim e of rough seas But an entirel y n ew and well b u il t ship presented

.
-
itself ; it was th e La M inerve of B ayonne comm an ded b y Monsieu r

, ,
B al anquet a f am ou s shipowne r in th e l ast w ar and ve ry mu ch

, ,
est eem ed for h is in tegrity

. These re ason s determ in ed th e J esui ts to
.
em b ark u pon thi s ship Th er e w er e two how ev er out of thi s b and of

.
, ,
six wh o parted f rom th em F ath er d e l a M orinie r em emb ering th at

, .
,
h e h ad suff er ed upon th e sea ev ery evil th at can b e fel t ther e al m ost ,
to de ath it self postpon e d hi s departu re un til spring

, an d F ath er
Meurin asked th e Gentl emen of th e Council for perm ission to r eturn

to th e Ill i noi s Thi s w as a b r ave resol u tion af ter th e sal e of all th e
.
,
property of th e J esuit s : h e could not coun t upon any f un d for hi s

sub si st ence , th e Fr ench were u nder n o ob l igation t o hi m and th e ,
sav ages h av e m ore need of receivi ng th an m e an s for givin g His . .
requ est was gr anted and a prom i se was given to him th at a pension
,
of six hundred l ivr e s would b e asked for him at th e cou rt .

96 The E ngl is h C o l on ies
do Give, Gran t , Confirm unto th e afor esaid Caecili us now

and , ,
B aron of B al timore h is Heir s and A ssigns all th at Part of th e

, , ,
Penin sul a or Ch eroson ese l ying in th e Part s of Am erica b etween

, , ,
th e O ce an on th e E ast an d th e B ay of Chesapeake on th e West

,
IV Al so W e do Gr an t
. u nt o th e sai d B aron of B al tim ore
all I sl an ds and I sl ets withi n th e Lim it s af oresaid all an d sin gul ar ,
Isl ands and Islets from th e Eastern Shore of th e aforesaid Region

, ,
towards th e E ast which h ave b een or shall b e formed in th e Sea

, , ,
situ ate within Ten m arin e Le agu e s from th e said Sh or e A nd f ur

th erm ore th e Patron ages and A dvowson s of al l Ch u rches which (with
,
th e incr easing Wor ship and R el i gi on of Chr i st) within th e said r egion
h ereafter sh all h appen to b e b uil t together with Licence and , ,
F acul ty of erecti n g an d foun di ng Ch u rch es Ch apel s an d Pl aces of , ,
Wor shi p in convenient and su itab l e pl aces wi thin th e Premi ses and
, , ,
of c au sin g th e sam e t o b e d edi cated an d con secr ate d accor din g t o
th e E ccl e si astical L aw s of our Kingdom of Engl and with all and , ,
singul ar su ch an d as ampl e Ri ght s

,
Juri sdiction s Privil eges Pre , , ,
rogatives Roy al ties Lib ertie s Imm un ities and r oy al Right s and
, , , , ,
temporal Fr anchi ses wh at soever as well b y Sea as b y L and within , ,
th e Regi on af o r e said t o b e h ad e x er ci sed u sed

, and enj oyed , , , ,
as any B i sh op of D u rh am within th e B i sh opri ck or C ou nty Pal atin e

,
of D urh am in ou r K ingdom of Engl an d ev er h er etofore h ath h ad

, , , ,
held u sed or enj oyed or of Right coul d or ought to h ave hold

, , , ,
u se , or enj oy .
V A nd w e do b y these Pre sent s

. M ake Cre ate an d Constitu te , ,
Him th e n ow B aron of B al tim ore and h is Heir s th e tru e an d ab sol u te

, , ,
Lords and Proprietaries of th e Region aforesaid and of all o ther th e ,
Prem i ses ( ex cept th e b efore excepted ) saving al w ay s th e F aith an d

Al legiance and Sovereign Dom inion due to U s To Hol d of U s
as o f our C astl e of Windsor in our C ou nty o f B erks in f ree and, ,
comm on S occage b y F e al ty onl y for al l Services and not in C apite

, , ,
n or b y K night s Servi ce Yi el din g th er efore un to U s Two Indi an

’
,
Arrows of these Parts to b e del ivered at th e said Castle of Win dsor

, ,
ev ery Ye ar on Tu esday in E ast er W eek : A nd al so th e fifth Part of all

,
Gol d and Silv er O re which sh al l h appen from Tim e to Tim e to b e

, ,
fou nd withi n th e afore sai d Lim it s .
VI Now Th at th e aforesaid Region

.
, m ay b e em inentl y dis
tin gu i sh ed ab ove all oth er Region s o f th at Territo ry K now Y e ,
that W e do Erect and Incorpor ate th e sam e in to a Provin ce ,
and nom in ate th e same M aryl an d b y which Name We wil l th at it ,
sh al l from h enceforth b e cal l ed .

Th e C h a rte r o f M ary lan d 97
VII . A nd We do gr ant unto th e said

ron and now Ba
to hi s Heir s for th e , good and h appy Governm ent
of th e sai d Prov1 nce ,
free full and ab sol ute Power b y th e t enor of th ese Pr esent s to O rdain
, , , , ,
M ake an d Enact L aw s of wh at kind soever accor d ing to the ir sound

, , ,
D i scretion s wh eth er r el ating to th e Pub li c State of th e said Provin ce

, ,
or th e priv at e Util ity of Individu al s of and with th e A dvice A ssent , , ,
and Approb ation of th e F r ee M en of th e sam e Pr ovince or of th e -

,
g r e at er P art o f th em or o f th e ir D e l egat e s o r D epu ti

,
es wh om W e ,
will sh all b e call ed togeth er for th e fr am ing of L aws wh en and as ,
oft en as Need sh all r equ ir e b y th e afore sai d now B ar on of B al tim or e ,
an d in th e F orm whi ch sh all seem b est t o him and dul y to
ex ecut e th e sam e upon all Per son s f or th e Tim e b ein g within th e , ,
af or esaid Provin ce an d th e Lim it s th er eof or un der h i s o r th eir Gov

, ,
ernm ent an d P owe r b y th e Impositi on of F ines Im pri sonm en t , ,
and oth er Pun i sh m en t wh at soev er ; e v en if it b e n ecessary an d th e ,
Qu al ity of th e O ff ence requ ir e it b y Priv ation of M emb er or Lif e , ,
So nev erth el ess th at th e L aw s afor esai d b e con sonant to Reason and

, ,
b e n ot repugnant or contr ary b ut ( so f ar as conv en ientl y m ay b e ) , .
agr ee ab l e t o th e L aw s St atu tes Cu stom s and Ri ght s of th i s O ur

, ,
Kin gdom of Engl an d .
XVII Moreover W e will appoin t and ordain and b y these

.
, , , ,
Presents for U s our Heir s and Successor s do gr an t un to th e afor e

, , ,
said n ow B ar on of B al tim or e h is Heir s and A ssigns from Tim e to , ,
T ime for ever sh all h av e an d enj oy th e Taxes an d Sub si dies payab l e

, , , ,
or ari sin g within th e Port s Harb ors and other Creeks and Pl aces , ,
af or e said for W ar es b ou ght and sold

, and Thin gs th er e to b e l aden , ,
or unl aden to b e r eason ab l y assessed b y th em and th e Peopl e th er e

, ,
as af or esaid on em er gen t O ccasi on ; to wh om We gr ant Power b y

,
these Presents for U s our He ir s and Successors to assess and impose

, , ,
th e said Taxes and Sub sidi es th er e upon j u st C ause and in du e ,
Proportion .
XVIII An d Fu rtherm ore

. We do give unto th e af ore
sai d now B aron of B al tim ore full and ab sol u te Licence Power , ,
an d Au th ority th at h e assign al ien gr ant demi se or enf eoff , , , ,
so m an y su ch an d proporti on ate P art s and P arcel s of th e Pr emi se s

, , ,
t o any Per son or Pe r son s will ing to pu rch ase th e sam e as th ey sh all ,
think conveni ent to h ave and to hold ,in Fee simpl e or F ee t ail or ,
-
,
for Term of Lif e Liv es of Year s; to h ol d of th e afor esaid now

, ,
B aron of B al tim or e by su ch Se rvi ces Cu stom s and Ren t s ,
of Thi s K ind as to th e sam e now B ar on of B al t imor e

, sh all seem
fit and agree ab le and not imm edi atel y of U s , .

98 Th e E ngl ish C o lon ies
X IX We . al so do gr an t Li cence to th e sam e B aron of

B al timor e to er ect any P arcel s of L an d within th e Province afore
sai d int o M an or s an d in every of th o se M an or s to h av e an d to h old
'
, , ,
a Cou rt B aron an d all Th i ngs whi ch to a C ou rt B aron do b el ong

-
,
-
Baron B al tim ore s In struction s to Hi s C ol oni sts

’
Novemb er 1 3, 1 6 3 3
r ti
TH E secon d B a on B al m o e, C ec l u s C al e t ( 1 6 0 6 r ii vr
w as con
t r
c ili atory b y n a u e an d a m an of
g ea as u en ess and ac r ty tw ty
O nl t t en t t .
v wh
se en h y
en h e l aun c e d h i s col on , h e w as m a u e en ou g r i th t
t o eal z e t r a h
th e en tir r j t i ht q i y wr
e p o ec m g u ckl be it q rr i
ecke d if h i s col on s s f ell t o ua el l n g
vrr i i
o e e l g on H e , th r r
. ti i tr ti
e e f o e , cou n sel e d h i s d epu es i n a set of n s uc on s
wr itt y r
en a f ew d a s b ef o e th e pa rty i i t th t
sa l ed t o see t o a i
th e C ath ol cs
r ti r
p ac ced p u den ce an d f oreb earan ce o a d t w r th i r r t t t
e i t
P o es an assoc a e s a
ri j rity
n u m e cal m a o j t r i i
on th e sub ec of i ri t
el g on T h e sam e sp hi
l ay b e n d
.
i tr ti hv y h r t
h is n s uc on to a e onl C u ch o f En gl an d m en sen as am b assado s r
vr r ir i i i i i r
o f peace t o th e G o e n o o f V g n a and t o W ll am C l a b o n e , t h e m an wh o
ri ri y r vi t
_
w as so soon to b ng g e f u pon th e col o n o f M a yl and It i s e den , t oo .

,
ti r t ti t t
in B al m o e s w ay of s a ng h a h i s
’
fi r t i t ti
s i
n en on i n f ou n d n g th e c ol o ny
vr i “
w as t o con e t th e I n d an s to C hri ti ity
s an
”
th t
an d a h r
“
a c u ch or a ch apel
,
”
sh ou l d i i t y it t v i i ti
mm ed a el b e b u l , h u s a o d n g any m en o n of a p a cul a rti r
i ti r ri t r r i i ti
d e nom n a on T h e p op e o s eal sm an d pol cal sen se can l ke se b e
.
’
i wi
see n in h i s d em an d th t a it t t
th e col on s s at o nce ake an oa h o f all eg ance i
hr r yt
to C a l es I S ou ce : C l a on C o l m an H al l
. Narra ti ve s of E arly
— Yr hr ri r
M ary la nd, 1 6 3 3 1 6 8 4 ( New o k : C a l e s S c b n e s Son s, ’
pp 1 6 , .
i
1 8 —2 1 ; n ow n cl u d e d in O r ig ina l N arra tives of Ear ly A m er ica n H is tory ,
copyr i ght B r N bl I
a n es N w Y rk
o e, nc .
, e o .
1 . Lopp requires h is sai d Governor and Commi ssioners

Inpri : Hi s
th in th eir voy age to M ary L an d th ey b e ve ry careful] t o prese rve
t
unity and peace am on gst all th e passenger s on Shi pp b o ar d and th at -

,
they suff er no scandal nor off ence to b e given to any of th e Prote stant s ,
whereb y any j ust compl ain t m ay h eereafter b e m ade b y th em in , ,
Virginea or in Engl and and that for that end they cause all Act s
, ,
of R om an e C ath olique R el i gi on t o b e done as priv atel y as m ay b e ,
and th at th ey instru ct all th e Rom ane C athol iqu es t o b e sil en t upon
all occ asions of di scou r se conce rn ing m att e r s of Rel igi on ; an d th at
th e said Governor an d Comm i ssi oner s tre ate th e Prote stan ts W “ as
m uch mi ldness an d f avor as J u stice will perm it A nd thi s t o b e ob served .
at L and as w ell as at Se a
4 Th at b y th e fir st oportunity aft er th eyr arrivall in Mary L and

.
.
1 00 Th e E ngl ish C olon ies
and thi rdl y b y th e good of such of his Countreym en as are willi ng

t o adventu re th eir fo rtun e s and th em sel ve s in it b y en de avo rin g all
“
h e cann t o assi st th em th at th ey m ay re ape th e fruites of t h eir

, ,
ch arge s and l ab or s accor ding to th e h opefulness of t e thing

h W “ as ,
much freedom e com fort and incouragem ent as th ey cann d esire .
A nd th at at thi s tim e th ey t ake occasion to min i ste r an o ath of

All ege ance to h is m a unto all and every one upon th e pl ace after
“ e
,
h aving first pub likely in th e presence of th e peopl e t aken it them

sel ves ; l e ttin g th em know th at h i s Lopp gav e p articul ar directions to
h ave it one of th e first things th at were done to testif y to th e worl d ,
th at none shoul d enj oy th e b enefitt of h is m a gratiou s Grant unto t ’es
his L pp of th at pl ace b ut su ch as sh oul d give a pub l iqu e assu r ance

o
,
of th eir fi del ity an d all e geance to h i s m a

‘ t e
.
9 Th at wh er e th ey in tend ed t o settl e th e Pl an t aci on th ey fir st m ake

.
choice of a fitt pl ace an d a com peten t q

, u antity of groun d f or a fort
w in w or n e ere u n t o it a conv en i ent h ou se an d a chu rch or a

th ch
,
ch appel adj acen t m ay b e b u il t f or th e seate of h i s L pp or his G ov er

o
,
nor or oth er C omm i ssion er s f or th e tim e b eing in hi s ab sence b oth ,
w ell
hi s L would h ave them t ake care shoul d in th e first pl ace b e
0 DP
erected in som e pr opo rti on at l e ast as m u ch as is nece ssary f or th e

, ,
present u se th ough n ot so compl ete in every part as in fine afte rw ards

.
they m ay b e and to send h is L pp a Pl att of it and of th e scitu ation

o
,
b y th e next oportunity if it b e done b y th at tim e if n ot or b ut part of

, ,
it nevertheless to send a Pl att of wh at they intend to do in it Th at .
they likewise m ake ch oice of a fitt pl ace n eere unto it to seate a

towne .
Th e English Jesuits E stab lish th e Mission of

M aryl an d M arch April 1 6 34
—
, ,
IN M AN Ywy t i ifi t th i i i
a s th e m os s gn can C a ol c m ss on i n col on al A m e ca i ri
w as th t i
a rt thr
n au gu a ed b y i h J it
ee En gl s t r
e su s i n sou h e n M a y l an d in r
rh th r r w h it
M a c , 1 6 34 Th ese m en , F a e s A n d e W e ( 1 5 7 9— 1 6 5 6 ) and o n
.
J h
th r th r h rv
Al am ( 1 5 8 9 — 1 64 0 ) an d B o e T om as G e ase ( 1 5 9 0 e e th e wr
i r r i i t r ri th t
p one e s o f a el g ou s e n e p se r
a w as t o en du e t of en u n de se e e r vr
r ti
pe secu on y ri ti
b e on d th e A m e can Re vol u on F omr th i r e o g nal e ad . ri i h
q rt r
u a e s at St M a ry i t th r r
’
s C y r
e e sp an g an u nb oken su cce ss on of p e s s
. i ri t
r wh
f om r
ose n u m b e fir t i h
th e s t tt
b s op of th e U ni e d S a es w as ul m a el y ti t
h i h J it
c osen Th e E n gl s
. th ir
e su s b e gan ri
e rt i
A m e can u n de ak n g u n de con d r i
ti v ry
on s e r t r h
diff e en f om t ose o fth i r eih r h
Span s an d F enc con f e es F om rr r .
th e ev ry t t th y w r ti r
ou se e e e en v i t
el y d e o d of any r
em po al ass s an ce f om it r
vr t
th e go e nm en an d wr r h i r iv i
e e com pell e d to e a n t e l el h ood f om th e l and r
Th e J esu its in M ary land 101
in th e sam e m anne as th e l ay gen lemen ad en u e s; r e ep ese n e d a t v t r r th y r r t
C h urch whi h vi
ch h ad b een r t
ea l y p e secu e d in th e m o h e cou n an d ch t r try whi
wit i tw ty y r w
h n en ea s whi
ould f eel th e p of pen al l eg sl a on in t h e col on y ; i ti
an d th y w r
e rt
e e pa y whi
of a col on ch w as com p osed of m e n o f m ed ix
r i i i hy
el g ous b el ef s T e w ir
h ad to. t th r r
al k c cum spe c l y , e ef o e , l e s ei m is t th r
r ti i ti r
sionary ze al b e th e cause of c ea n g d ffi cu l es f or th e l o d p op e o r ri t r wi th
rt t t vr t wi
th e P o es an go e n m en in Engl an d Th e f ollo n g d ocu m en w as en . t writt
r w hit
b y An d e W r r i ty t
e , S I , f om S t M a y s C
’
ri l a e in A p l , 1 6 3 4, to M utius
. . .
it hi r J it ri v
V ell esc , Gene al of th e esu s, an d desc b ed th e oy age an d th e s fir t
t ry r ry
m on h in M a l an d Sou ce : E A D al mpl e . N arra tive of a Voy age. .
to M ary la n d by F a th er A ndr ew Wh i te S J A n A cco un t of th e C o lo ny of , .
t h e Lo r d B aro n of Bal tim or e E x trac ts f r o m D ifiere n t Lette rs of M issio n arie s ,

.
fro m th e Year 1 6 35 to th e Y ear 1 6 7 7 ( B al m o e : M a l an d H s o cal ti r ry i t ri

i ty
S oc e , pp 1 0 —43 . .
O n th e 22nd th of Novemb er in th e ye ar 1 6 33 b ein g

of th e m on , ,
St C ecil i a s d ay we set sail f rom C ow es in th e I sl e of Wi ght with

’
.
, , ,
a gentl e east w ind b l owing A n d aft er com m itting th e prin cipal part s .
,
of th e shi p to th e prote cti on of God especi all y an d of Hi s m ost H ol y ,
Moth er an d St Ign atius an d all th e gu ar di an angel s of M aryl an d

,
. .
, ,
we sail ed on a l ittl e way b etween th e two shor es an d th e wind f ail in g ,
u s we stopped opposit e Y arm ou th C astl e whi ch i s near th e sou th ern

, ,
end of th e sam e I sl and ( I sl e of Wight) Here we w er e r ece ived with

, .
a cheerful salu te of artill ery Y et w e w ere n ot with ou t apprehen sion ; .
f or th e sail or s were mu rm u ring am ong th em sel ve s sayin g th at th ey ,
were expecting a m essenger with letters from London and from thi s ,
it seem ed that they were contriving to del ay us B ut God b rought .
their pl an s to conf usion For th at ve ry night a f avor able b ut stron g

.
,
wind arose ; and a French cutte r which h ad pu t into th e sam e harb or

, ,
with us b eing forced to set sail cam e near runnin g into our pinnace
, , .
Th e l atter th e refore to avo id b ein g run down h avi ng cut aw ay an d

, , ,
l ost an anchor set sail with ou t del ay ; and sin ce it was dangerou s to
,
d rif t ab ou t in th at pl ace m ade h aste to get f arth er out to sea A nd , .
so th at we mi ght n ot l ose sight of our pinn ace we determin ed to ,
foll ow Thus th e de sign s of th e sail or s wh o w ere pl ottin g agai nst us

.
, ,
were frustrated Thi s happened on th e 2 3d of Novemb er St Clement s

.
, .
’
d ay wh o b ecau se h e h ad b een tied to an anchor and thr own in to th e

, , .
sea ob t ain ed th e crown of m artyr dom A nd sh owed th e inh ab it ant s

“
, .
of th e earth h ow t o decl are th e w on de rful thin gs of God

, .
Now on Sun day th e 24th and Mond ay th e 2 5 th of Novemb er , ,
we h ad f air sail ing all th e tim e until even in g B ut presen tl y th e win d .

,
gettin g roun d to th e north such a t errib l e storm arose th at th e m er , ,
ch an t ship I spoke of f rom Lon don b ein g d riv en b ack on h er cou r se , ,

1 02 Th e Engl ish C o lo n ies
retu rned to Engl an d, an d reached

h arb or much resorted to am ong a ,
th e Pau moni an s Those . on b oar d

our pinnace al so since sh e was a ,
vessel of onl y 4 0 tons b egan to l ose confidence in h er strength

, ,
and sail i n g ne ar th ey w arn e d u s th at if they appr eh en de d sh ipwreck

, , ,
they would notify u s b y hanging out l ights from th e m ast head We -

.
m e anwh i l e sail ed on in our strong sh ip of f ou r hun dred t on s a
b etter coul d not b e b uil t of wood and iron We h ad a v ery skilf ul .
capt ain and so h e w as giv en h i s choi ce wh ether h e woul d r eturn t o

, ,
Engl an d or keep on stru ggl ing with th e winds: if h e yi elded to the se

, ,
th e Iri sh shore cl o se b y aw aited u s whi ch i s n oted for its hi dden , .
rocks and f re quent shipwrecks Neverthel ess h is b old spirit an d h is.

,
desir e to t est th e strengt h of th e new ship which h e then m anaged ,
for th e fir st tim e pr ev ail ed with th e capt ain He r esol ved to try th e

, .
sea al thou gh h e conf e sse d th at it was th e m or e danger us on accou nt

,
o ,
of b eing so n arro w .
A nd th e danger was near at h and ; for th e winds in cr easin g and ,
th e se a growing m ore b oi ster ou s; w e coul d see th e pinnace in th e

di st ance sh owin g two l ight s at h er m asth e ad Th en in dee d we th ou ght
,
.
it w as all over with h er and th at sh e h ad b een swall owed up in th e

,
deep W hirl pool s; for in a m om en t sh e h ad passed out of sight an d ,
no new s of h er r each e d u s f or six m onth s afte rw ard s A ccor din gl y w e .
were all of u s cert ain th e pinn ace h ad b een lo st ; yet God h ad b etter
things in store for us for th e f act w as th at finding herself no m atch
, ,
for th e viol en ce of th e w aves sh e h ad avoided th e Virgini an ocean

, ,
with which we wer e already contending b y returning to Engl and to , ,
th e Scill y I sl e s A n d m akin g a f resh st art f rom th en ce

. sh e ov e r
took u s at a l arge h arb o r in th e An till e s A n d thu s God wh o

.
.
,
over sees th e sm al l e st things gu ided pr ot ect ed and to ok car e of th e

, , ,
l ittl e v essel .
So Tu esday Wednesday and Thur sday passed with v ari ab l e wind s

, , ,
an d we m ade sm all progress O n F ri d ay a sou th east win d prev ail in g

.
, ,
an d driving b efor e it thi ck and d ar k cl ou ds so fi erce a t em pest b roke ,
forth tow ards evening th at it seem ed every m inu te as if w e must b e

,
sw all owed up b y th e w av es Nor was th e w eath er m or e prom i sing on

.
th e n ext day whi ch w as th e festiv al of A ndr ew th e Apostl e

, .
At thi s j un ctu re th e m inds of th e b rave st am ong us b oth passengers ,
and sail or s w ere stru ck with te rror ; f or th ey ackn owl edged th at th ey

,
h ad seen oth er ships wrecked in a l ess sever e sto rm ; b ut now th i s ,
hu rricane c alled forth th e prayers an d vow s of th e C atholics in honor

of th e B l essed Virgin M ary an d H er Imm acul ate C oncepti on of Saint ,
Ignatius th e Patron Saint of M aryl and Saint Mich ael and all th e
, , ,
1 04 Th e Engl ish C o lon ies
en et ring th e Ch esapeak B ay we tu rned our cou rse to th e north to ,
reach th e Potomeack River Th e Ch esopeacke B ay ten l eagues (3 0 .

,
Ital ian mil es) wide i s fou r five and six f ath om s deep and
, , , ,
ab oun d s in fi sh wh en th e season i s f avor ab l e ; y ou will scarcel y fin d

“
a m ore b eau tif ul b ody of w ater Y et it yi eld s th e p alm to th e Potom eack .
River which w e n am ed af ter St G regory

,
. .
Having now arrived at th e wished for country we all otted n am es -

,
accor din g t o circu m st an ces A n d indeed th e Prom ontory whi ch is .

,
toward th e south we consecrated with th e nam e St Gregory (now

, .
Sm ith Po int) n am ing th e north ern one (now Poin t Lookou t) St

,
.
Mich ael s in honor of al l th e angel s Never h ave I b ehel d a l arger

’
,
.
or m ore b e au tiful river J u st at th e m outh of th e river we

.
,
ob serv ed th e n atives in arm s Th at night fir es b l azed thr ough th e .

,
whol e country and since they h ad never seen su ch a l arge ship

, ,
m essengers w ere sent in all directions wh o repo rted th at a Canoe , ,
li ke an i sl and h ad com e with as m any m en as th er e wer e tr ees in th e

woods We went on however to Herons I sl ands so cal led from th e
.
, ,
’
,
immense numb er of these b irds Th e fir st isl an d w e cam e to [w e .

,
c all e d] St C l em ent s I sl an d an d as it h as a sl opin g shore th ere i s n o

’
.
, ,
w ay of getting to it except b y w ading He re th e women wh o h ad .

,
l eft th e ship to do th e w ashing upset th e b oat and came ne ar b eing

, ,
dr owned l osing al so a l arge part of my l inen cl oth es n o sm all l oss

, ,
in th ese part s .
O n th e day of th e A nnunciation of th e M ost H oly Virgin M ary

in th e year 1 6 34 we cel eb r ated th e m ass for th e fir st tim e on thi s
, ,
isl and This h ad never b een done b efore in this part of th e world
. .
After we h ad compl et ed th e sacrifice we took upon our shoul ders a ,
gr eat cross which we h ad h ewn out of a tree and adv ancin g i n

, ,
or der t o th e appoin t ed pl ace with th e assist ance of th e Governor ,
an d hi s associ at es and th e oth er C athol i cs w e er ect ed a tr ophy t o ,
Chri st th e Saviour humb l y reciting on our b ended knees th e Lit anies

, , ,
of th e S acred Cross with gre at em o ti on , .
Now when th e Governor h ad u nder stood th at m an y Princes were

sub j ect t o th e Empe r or of th e Pascat aw aye h e dete rm ined t o vi sit ,
h im in or der th at after expl aining th e reason of our voy age an d

, , ,
gaining h i s good will h e m ight secure an easi er access to th e oth er s

, .
A nd wh en h e h ad l earned th at th e Sav ages h ad fl ed in l an d h e ,
went on to a city which t akes its n am e f rom th e river b ein g al so ,
c all ed Potom e ack Her e th e y oung Ki ng s un cl e n am ed A rch ih u w as

’
.
h is guardi an and t ook h i s pl ace in th e kingdom ; a sob er an d di screet

,
m an He willingl y l istened to F ath er ( J ohn) Al th am (A ltam th at i s

.
, ,
Th e J esu its in M ary la nd 1 05
O l iver) wh o h ad b een sel ected to accompany th e Gov ernor , (for h e

(th e Governor) kept m e still with th e ship s cargo ) A nd when th e
’
.
Fa th er expl ained as f ar as h e coul d through th e interpreter Henry

, ,
Fl eet th e e rr or s of th e h e ath en h e woul d ev ery l ittl e whil e , ,
acknowl edge h is own : and wh en h e was inf orm ed th at we h ad com e
thi ther not to m ake war b ut out of good will towards them in
, , ,
or der to impart civil i zed i n struction to h is ign o r an t r ace and sh ow ,
them th e way to heaven and at th e sam e time with th e intention of

,
comm uni c ating to th em th e adv ant age s of di st an t countri es h e gav e ,
u s to un de rstand that h e was pleased with our com ing Th e interpreter .
was one of th e Protest ant s of Virgini a A nd so as th e F ath er coul d .

,
not stop for f urth er d i scou r se at th e tim e h e pr om i sed th at h e wou ld ,
retu rn b efore vei y l ong Th at is j u st wh at I wi sh said A rchi h u

.
“
, ,
we will eat at th e same t ab l e ; my foll ower s too sh al l go to hun t for

“
you and we will h av e all things in com m on

”
.
,
Go ing ab ou t nine l eagues (th at i s ab ou t 27 m i l es) from St Cl em ent .

,
we sail ed into th e m ou th of a river on th e north si de of th e Potomac , ,
which we nam ed aft er St George This river (or r ather arm of th e

. .
, ,
sea ) l ike th e Th am es r u n s f rom sou th to n orth ab ou t tw enty m il es

, ,
b efore y ou com e t o f resh w ate r At it s m ou th are two h arb or s capab l e

.
,
of con t ainin g three hu n dr ed ships of th e l argest size W e con secr at e d .
one of the se to St Geor ge : th e oth er which i s mor e inl and to th e

.
, ,
B l essed Virgin Mary .
Th e l eft si de of th e river was th e ab ode of King Yaocom ico

(Y aocomi co ) W e l anded on th e right side and go ing in ab out a -
,
mil e from th e sh or e we l aid out th e pl an of a city nami ng it af ter

, ,
St M ary A nd in order to avoi d e ve ry appear ance of i nj u sti ce and

. .
, ,
aff or d no opportu n ity f or hostil ity we b ought from th e K ing thirty ,
m il es of th at l and del iv ering in ex ch ange axes h atch et s r akes and

, , , , ,
sev er al y ar ds of cl oth Thi s d i strict i s al r eady n am ed A ugusta Carolin a

. .
Th e S usq ueh anoes a tri b e inu red to w ar th e b itterest enem ies of

, ,
King Yaocom ico m aking repeated inro ads r av age h is wh ol e te rri

, ,
tory and h ave driven th e in h ab itant s from their apprehen sion of

, ,
d anger to seek h omes el sewh ere Thi s i s th e re ason why we so e asily

, .
secur ed a p art of h i s k ingdom : God b y thi s m eans o en in

p g a way for
Hi s own E verl asting Law and Light Th ey m ove away every day fir st .
,
one p arty an d th en anoth e r an d l e ave u s th eir h ou ses l an ds an d

, ,
cul tiv ated fi eld s Su rel y thi s is l i ke a mir acl e th at b arb arous m en
.
a , ,
few d ay s b efore arr ayed in arm s agai nst us sh ould so will ingl y sur ,
render them sel ves to u s like l amb s and del iver up to u s them selves ,
and th eir property Th e fin ger of God is m thi s an d H e pu rposes

.
,
1 06 Th e E ngl ish C ol on ies
some gr eat b enefit to thi s nation Some few however

.
, , ar e wed
all o
to d well among u s u ntil next ye ar B ut then th e l an d

is to
. b e l eft
entir el y to us .
Th ey l ive in hou ses b u il t in an ob l ong ov al sh ape Their , .
kings an d chi ef m en h ave p riv ate ap ar tmen t s as it we re of , ,
their own and b eds m ade b y driving four posts in to th e ground and
, , ,
arr angi n g pol e s ab ove th em h orizont all y O ne of th e se cab in s h as .
fall en to me and my associ ates in whi ch we are accomm odated well

,
enou gh for th e tim e u ntil larger dwell in gs are provi ded Y ou would
, .
call thi s th e fir st ch apel of M aryl an d thou gh it i s fitted up m u ch m ore ,
decen tl y th an when th e Indi an s l ived in it At th e n ext voy age if .

,
God f avor s our un dert aking our hou se sh all not b e destitute of those
,
thi ngs which are found u seful in others

, .
Th e r ace are of a fr ank and ch eerfu l di sposition and under stand ,
any m atter co rrectl y when it i s st ated to th em : they h ave a keen sens e
of t aste an d sm ell an d in si ght too th ey su rp ass th e European s Th ey

, , .
l ive for th e m ost part on a kin d of paste which th ey call Pone and
, , , ,
O m ini b oth of which are m ade of In di an corn ; and som etim e s th ey

,
add fish or wh at th ey h av e procu red b y hun tin g and f owl ing They
, .
are especi all y careful to ref r ai n f rom wine an d w arm d rinks an d are ,
not e asil y per suaded to t aste th em ex cept some wh om th e Engl i sh

,
h ave corrupted with their own vices With respect to ch astity I con .
,
fess th at I h ave not yet ob se rved in m an or wom an any act whi ch, ,
even savored of l e vity yet th ey are d ail y with u s an d am on g us an d

, ,
take pleasure in our society They run to u s of their own accord

.
,
with a cheerful expression on their faces and off er u s what they h ave ,
taken in hunting or fishing som etim es al so they b ring us food an d ,
oy ster s b oil e d or r oasted an d thi s th ey do when invited in a ,
few words of th eir own l anguage whi ch we h ave hith erto contrived ,
to l earn b y me an s of sign s Th ey m ar ry sever al wives yet th ey keep

.
,
inviol ate their conj u gal f aith Th e women present a sob er and modest
.
appear ance .
Th ey cheri sh generous feel in gs tow ards all and m ake a return for ,
whatever kindn ess you m ay h ave shown them Th ey resolve upon .
nothi ng r ashl y or whil e infl u enced b y a su dden impul se of th e m ind

, ,
b ut th ey act del ib er atel y th erefore wh en anythi ng of im port ance is

, ,
p pr o ose d a t a n y tim e th e y,thin k it ov e r f o r a whil e in sil ence ; th en
they speak b riefly for or against it : they are very tenacious of their
pu rpose Surel y th ese men if th ey are once imb ued with Chri sti an
.
,
p r ecep t s, ( a n d th e r e seem s to b e nothing to oppose thi s ex cept o ur ,
ignorance of th e l anguage spoken in these parts ) will b ecom e em inent ,

108 Th e E ngl ish C o l on ies
Ther e i s an infinite
r of b irds of variou s colors such as eagl es
numb e , ,
cr an e s sw ans geese p artridges and ducks F rom th ese f act s it is

, , , .
,
inf erred th at th e country is not withou t su ch things as contrib ute to ,
th e prosperity or pl easur e of those wh o inh ab it it , .
28 .
Th e S tate of C ath olicism in M aryl and 1 6 38 ,
IN TH E first years of their m i ssion in th e colony of Maryl and th e Jesu its

were hampered from carryin g out their desire to convert th e Indi ans by
th e hosti l e acts of n ei ghb or i g tri b es an d o f t h e Pu r i tan from Vi rgi ni a th e
n s ,
reluctance of th e col oni al ofli cial s t o run th e ri sk of losing th ei r priests ,
an d th e ne ce ssi ty of e stab l i h i n g them sel ves on th e l an d as the i r ol e sou rce

s s
of i n com e B ut the i r rel i gi ou s m i n i strat i on s to th e col on i st s b ore f ru i tf u l

.
results as c n b e seen from th e foll owing accou nt em b odi ed in th e A

a l n n ua
Let te for 1 6 3 8 wh i ch reveal s a h eal thy state of rel i gi on am ong th e M ary

r
l an d C athol i cs progress in converti ng som e Protest ants a d com f ort

, ,
n
aff ord ed t o a nu m b er of C ath ol i cs am on g th e i n d entu re d serv ts of Vi r an
gi i a A t th e t i me th e l etter was wr i tten there were three Jes i t pri ests i

n . u n
M aryl an d : A ndrew Wh ite Joh n Al th am and Thom as Copl ey If th e ori gi al

, , . n
l ett er carri ed th e m e of th e author i t w s el i m i ated b y th e J esu i t e di tor

na a n
in En gl and b ef ore i t w as sen t on t o th e Jesu i t head qu arters in Rom e Sou rce : .
E A D al rympl e
. . N r ti of V y age t M yl a d b y F th
ar a ve a o o ar n a er
A ndr e w Wh ite S J A n A ccoun t of th e C o lo ny of th e Lord Baro n of B al ti

, .
m ore Ex trac ts from D ifie ren t Le tters of M ission aries from th e Year 1 6 3 5
. ,
to t h e Year 1 6 77 ( B al ti m ore : M aryl an d H i stori cal S oci ety pp ,

.
54—62 .
Four Fath er s gav e their attention to this M ission with one assistant ,
in temporal aff air s; in deed after endu rin g severe toil s for
‘
and h e , ,
th e space of five y e ar s with th e gre at est patien ce hum ili ty and ar dent
, , ,
l ove ch an ced to b e sei zed b y th e d i sease pr ev ail ing at th e tim e and

, ,
happil y exchanged this wretched lif e for an immort al one .

1
He was al so sh ortl y foll owed b y one of th e F ath er s wh o w as youn g ,

2
indeed b ut on accoun t of hi s rem ar kab l e qu ali ties of mind evidentl y

, ,
of gr eat prom i se He h ad scar cel y spen t two m onth s in thi s m i ssion

. .
,
when to th e great grief of all of u s h e was carried off b y th e

, ,
comm on sickness prev ail ing in th e C ol ony f rom which n o on e of , ,
th e thr ee r em ain i ng pri est s h as e scaped unh arm ed ; yet we h av e not

ce ase d to l ab or t o th e b e st of our ab ili ty am ong th e n eighb o rin g
,
peopl e .
1 t
Bro h er Th om as G ervase ( 1 59 0 wh o h ad com e ou t wi th th e or igi nal
co l on s s it .
2 Joh n K now les ( 1 60 7

C ath ol icism in M ary land 1 09
A nd th ough th e rul ers

Col ony h ave not yet all owed u s to
of th e
dwell am ong th e sav ages
b oth on accou nt of th e prev ail ing sickness
, ,
and al so b ecause of th e hostil e d i sposition which th e b arb ari an s

,
evince tow ar ds th e E ngli sh they h aving sl ain a man from this ,
Col ony wh o w as st aying am ong them for th e sake of trading and

, ,
h aving al so entered into a conspiracy against our whol e nation; yet

we h ope th at on e of u s will shortl y secu re a st ati on am ong th e
b arb ari ans M eanwhil e w e devote ou r sel v es m or e zeal ou sl y to th e
.
,
Engl i sh ; and sin ce th er e are Pr otest ant s as well as C athol i cs in th e

Col ony we h ave l ab ored for b oth and God h as b lessed ou r l ab ors
, ,
.
For am ong th e Protest an t s ne arl y all wh o h ave come f rom Eng

, ,
l an d in thi s year 1 63 8 and m any oth er s h ave b een converted to

, , ,
th e f aith togeth er with f ou r serv ant s whom we pu rch ased in Virgi ni a

, , ,
(an other Col ony of our K ingdom) for necessary services and five
. , ,
m ech anics wh om w e h ired for a m onth and h ave in th e m ean tim e

, ,
won to God Not l ong afterw ards one of th ese aft er b ein g dul y pre
.
, ,
p ar ed f or d e ath b y r eceivin g th,e sac r am en t s d epart ed thi s l ife A nd , .
am on g these per son s h ardl y anythin g el se w orth m en tion in g h as
occu rr ed .
B esi des th ese on e of u s goin g out of th e C ol ony f ou nd two

, , ,
Fr enchm en one of wh om h ad b een with out th e sacr am ent s of th e

,
C atholi c Churc h for three entire years; th e other wh o was al ready near ,
death h aving spen t fifteen wh ol e y ear s among Her etics h ad l iv ed j ust

, ,
as they do Th e F ath er aided th e f o rmer with th e sacr am ents an d

.
confir m ed him in th e C ath ol i c f aith as m uch as h e coul d Th e l att er .
h e restor ed to th e C athol ic Chur ch and admin i st ering all th e sacr a , ,
m ents prepared hi m f or dying h appil y

, .
A s for th e C ath ol ics th e attendan ce on th e sacr ament s h ere i s so

,
l arge th at it i s n ot gr eater am ong th e Eu rope ans in proportion t o

, ,
th e nu mb e r of C athol i cs Th e m ore i gnor ant h ave b een catechi sed

.
,
and C atech eti cal L ectu r es h av e b een d el ivered for th e m or e adv anced
ev ery Sunday ; b ut on F east d ay s sermon s h av e b een r ar el y negl ected

, .
Th e sick and th e dying wh o h av e b een very numerous th i s y ear

, ,
and wh o dwel t f ar apart we h av e assi sted in ev ery way so th at not

, ,
even a singl e one h as d i ed with ou t th e sacr am ent s W e h av e b u ri ed .
very many and b aptized v arious persons A nd al though th ere are

, .
,
not w an ting fr equ en t occasion s of di ssen si on y et n one of any impor ,
t ance h as ari sen here in th e l ast ni ne m onth s which we h ave not .
imm edi atel y all ayed By th e b l essin g of God we h ave thi s con sol ation
.
, ,
th at no vices spring up among th e new C atholics al though settl e ,
ments of this kind are not u su all y suppl ied f rom th e b est cl ass of m en .
W e b ought off in Virgini a

C athol ics wh o h ad sold themsel ves
, two ,
into b ondage nor was th e money ill spent for b oth showed them selves
,
-
,
g oo d Ch r i sti an s : one ind eed sur passes th e ord in ary stan d ar d

, , Som e .
other s h av e perf orm ed th e sam e d uty of Ch arity

. b uyi ng th ence ,
C athol ic servants wh o are very num erou s in th at coun try For every
,
.
year very m any sell them selves thither in to b ondage and l iving
, ,
among m en of th e wor st ex ampl e an d b e in g destitu te of all spirit ual , ,
ai d,
they gener all y m ake shipwreck of their soul s .
In th e case of one we adore th e rem arkab l e provi den ce an d m ercy

,
of God which b rought a m an encompassed in th e worl d with very

,
m any d iffi cul ti es and now at l ength l iving in Virgini a almost con
, ,
tinuall y with ou t any aid to h i s soul t o un dert ake th ese exerci ses , ,
not l ong b efor e hi s de ath Thi s design a severe sickness prevented

.
,
which h e b ore with th e greatest patience with a min d gener all y fix ed ,
on God ; and at l ength h aving pr operl y r eceived all th e sacr ament s in
th e mo st pe acef ul m ann er b eyon d wh at i s usu al r ender s b ack to th e

, ,
Creator th e b re ath of th e l ife th at rem ain ed which h ad b een so full ,
of trou b l es an d di squietu des .
Virginia s A ct Against C ath olics

’
an d Priests ,
March 1 6 42 ,
F RO M th e f ou n da on of ti
Vi r i i y tr
g n a as a col on a s ong os l o a d h ti i ty t w r
th i vi t h
C a ol cs h ad b een e den W en th e fir t r . ti
s B a on of B al m o e s ed e e r vi it th r
t r w i h vi w
in O c ob e , 1 6 2 9 , t a e i to fi nd n g a pl ace f or h is co el g on s s to r i i it
tt r t
se l e, h e w as at once con f on e d b y a d e m an dt t h a h e ake th e oa
-
of t th
r yr
sup em ac ii i h
ecogn z n g th e k n g as rh
ead of th e C h u c By 1 640 m a e s . tt r
ri ti
h ad b ecom e c i th i
cal aga n f or th e C a ol cs in En gl an d an d in th e ea s y r
v ri t w r
1 6 4 1 —1 6 42 el e e n p es s t h i i t ti
e e pu t t o dea h T s s u a on w as e ec ed in. rfl t
Vir i i wi t tt
gn a i h ri y
h a acks u pon th e n e g b o n g col on of M a l an d , an d th e ry
passage of an act b y th e Vir i i y rh
g n a assem b l in M a c , 1 6 42 , h ch sou g w i ht
y r r i r
to seal off th e col on f om aff o d ng e fu ge to th ose w h o m g sec e l be i ht r t y
t i x ti th
C a h ol cs b y e ac ng th e oa r y w
of su p em ac , as ell as f om gi i ng an y r v
ty
s a rt r
o r c om f o ri t r i i
t o efu gee p es s S ou ce : W ll am W al le Hen n g
. r i
Th e S ta tu tes a t La rg e; B e ing a C o llec tio n of a ll th e La ws of Virg in ia
( ih
R c m on d : S am uel P l easan s, J r ,
I , 2t6 8 —2 6 9
. .
Whereas it was en acted at an A ssemb l y in J anu ary 1 64 1 that ,
accor din g t o a st at u te m ade in th e thir d ye ar of th e reigne of our
sove re i gn Lord K in g J am es of b lessed m em ory th at no popish

.
,
recusant s shoul d at any time hereafter exercize th e pl ace or pl ace s

12 Th e E ngl ish C ol on ies
asticall pson ord ayned b y ye au th oriti e of th e pope sh all henceforth

com e w in o
th f
u sd i c i on ; j ri t if any p son s h all give an y cau se of
su spi sion th at h e is one of suc h societie , h e sh al b e b rou ght b efore

som e of th e t f ree h im self e of such suspitio h e
m agists, if h e cann o ,
sh alb e comi tte d or b ou nd on t o th e n ext Cou rt of A ssi st ant s t o b e ,
tried proceeded with b y b ani sh or otherwi se as th e Cou rt sh all

“
,
see c au se if any su ch pson so b an i sh ed sh alb e t aken th e 2 d tim e

,
w in thi s j u ri sdiction h e sh all vppon l awfull tri all

th
,con vi ction be ,
put to de ath ; pvided thi s l aw sh all n ot ext en d to any such J esu i t as

sh al b e cast Vppon o sh ore s b y sh ippwrack o r oth er accydent
r
so as ,
h e contynew n o l on ger then h e m ay h au e opptunitie of passage f or

hi s departure n or to any such as sh all com e in com pan y w
, any
th
m essenger sent hith e r vppon pub li ck occasions or any m arch an t or ,
m aster of any shipp b el onging to any pl ace n ot in enmitie w“ th e !
st ate of Engl an d o r o sel ves so as th ey d ep art agayn e

w '
th e sam e ,
i ll
m essenger m arch an t or m b eh aue th em sel ue s in off enciu ely duringe

, ,
r
,
their ab ode here .
M aryl an d s A ct of Religiou s Tol eration

’
April 2 1 1 649 ,
A M O N G th e f am ous d ocu m en s of A m e can el g ou s l b e i rty

M a l an d s ry t ri r i i ’
i ri ti t“ ”
b l l of A p l , 1 6 49 , en l e d A n A ct C on ce n ng Rel g on , dese es a p m e rv ri r i i i
pl ace e env th ough
, it i t rri
w as n ot n cl u d e d am on g th e d ocu m en s ca e d on th e
r ri
F ee d om T a n i n 1 9 4 7 F om th e er v ry i i y
b eg nn n g of th e col on C ec l u s
. ii
C al ve rt th e secon d B aro o f B lti m or e ( 1 60 6
, an d h i s l i eu ten
n tsa an
h d m i nt i ne d rel i gi ou s f reed om f or l l th e i nhab i tants thu s th e assem bly s

’
a a a a
acti on o f 1 6 4 9 in n o w ay con sti t te d a ew p ol i cy f or M aryl a d B ut w i th u n n .
th e cu rren t ru nni n g strongly in f avor of Cr om well in En gl and th e Pur i tan s ,
wh o h ad f ou nd a ref u ge i M aryl an d f r m oppressi on in V i rgi ni a n d el

-
n o a se
wh re grew b ol der in att cks u pon th eir C athol i c eighb ors B lti m ore
e a n . a
sou ght th er ef ore to i n su r e r el igi ou s peace b y a specifi c en actm e t Th e f act

, ,
n .
th at h e acted f rom m oti ves of expedi en cy as well as f rom person al convic ,
ti on h o l d ot b e perm itted to deprive th e lord propri etor and h is assem bl y

, s u n
o f cr d it f or a rem arkab l y b r oad gra t of rel i gi ou s tol er at i on f or th e m id

“
e n
seven teenth ce tury ; n or sh ou ld i t b e f orgotten th at th e Pr otesta ts in th e

n n
a ss m b l y j o i ne d wi th th e i r C ath ol i c coll eagues t o p ass t h e m easu re S o rce

e . u
W i ll i am H a d Brow e n A hi e f M yl d P
n di g d A t rc v s o ar an . ro ce e n s an c s
of M a ry la n d p te m b e r 1 66 4
A sse m b ly —S e
o f th e G e n era l J a n uary ,
( B al m o ti r e: M aryl an d H i stori cal Soc iety , I , 244—247 .
ff orasm u ch as in a wel l vr
go e n ed an d X pian Comon Weath m atter s
conce n ng r i Rel g oni i and th e h on or or G od ou g ht in th e first pl ace t o .
M ary lan d s A ct f To le ra t io n 1 13
’
o
b ee t aken into serious consideraton and ende avou red to b ee settl ed .
B e it th erefore or dered and en acted Th at wh at soev er pson or

”
p s o n s wit h in thi s P r o vi nc e sh al l fr om h enceforth b l asph em e
God or deny ou r S avi ou r J e su s Chri st to b ee th e sonn e of Go d ,
or sh al l d eny th e hol y Trin ity th e ff ath er son n e an d h ol y Gh ost or

“
th e Godh e ad of any of th e sai d Thr ee pson s of th e Trini ty or th e

Unity of th e Godh ead sh al b e pu ni sh ed with de ath and confi scaton
(
or forf eitur e of all h is or h er l an ds an d goo d s to th e L or d Propri et ary
and his h eire s A n d b ee it al so E n acted b y th e Authority and

'
with th e advi se and assent aforesaid Th at wh ato sever pson or psons .

-
.
sh all f rom h encefo rth u se or u tte r any reproach full w ord s o r Speech es
'
-
conce rn ing th e bl esse d Virgin M ary th e M oth e r of ou r S avi ou r or
th e h ol y A postl es or E v angel i st s or an y of th em sh all in such case

for th e fir st off ence forfe it to th e Lor d Propri etary an d his b eir es
th e su m e of ffive pound Sterl ing or th e v al u e th er eof t o b e Leveyed
'
onth e goods and ch att ell s of ev e ry su ch pson soe off end ing A nd .
b e it al so furth er En acted b y th e sam e auth ority th at whatsoever .
p s o n or p so n s sh a ll f r om h encefo rth uppon an y occasi on of O ff en ce
or oth e rwi se in a reproachful mann e r or W ay decl are call or den oni
min ate any pson or psons wh at soev er inh ab iting within thi s
Province an h erit ick Sci sm atick I dol at or pu rit an
, , Independ ant , , ,
Prespiterian popi sh prest J esuite J esu i ted p api st Lu th e r an C al ven ist

'
, , , , ,
An abaptist B rowni st Anti nom i an B arrow i st Roun dhe ad Sepatist

, , , , , ,
or any oth e r n am e or t e rm e in a r eproach fu l] m anne r r el ating to
matter of Rel igion sh all for ev ery such O ff ence forfe it and l oose som e
or tenn e shill ings st erl ing or th e v al u e ther eof to b ee l evey ed on
th e goods an d ch attel s of eve ry such O ff en der A nd wh e reas .
th e inf orceing of th e con sci en ce in m atter s of R el igi on h ath f re

-
qu entl y f all en out to b e of dangerous Consequ ence in th ose comm on

we al th es wh ere it h ath b een pr act i sed A n d for th e m ore qui ett an d ,
pe ace abl e governm en t of thi s Province an d th e b etter to p serve

‘
,
‘
mutuall Love and am ity am ongst th e Inh ab it ant s th er eof B e it Th ere

“
fore enacted ( ex cept as in thi s p sent A ct i s b efor e D e cl ared a n d

'
sett forth) th at n oe person or p son s wh at soev er within thi s Pr ovince ,
or th e I sl and s P ort s H arb or s Creekes or h aven s th e reu nt o b el ongin g

, , , ,
p r of e ssi n g t o b e l e iv e in J esu s Chri st sh all f rom h encef orth b ee any

,
wales troub led Mol ested or di scounten an ced for or in re spect of h is

,
or h er rel i gion nor in th e fr ee exerc i se th er eof within thi s Pr ovince
or th e I sl an ds th er eu nt o b el onging n or any w ay com pell e d t o th e

“
b el eife or exe rcise of any oth er Reli gi on again st hi s or h er con sent ,
soe as they b e not unfaithful ] t o th e Lo r d Propri et ary or m ol est or ,

1 14 Th e E ngl ish C o lon ies
con sp ire
i t th e civill Govem emt e st ablished or to b ee establ ished
aga ns
'
in this Province u nder him or h is h eires A nd th at all eve ry pson .
or pson s th at sh all presu m e C on tr ary to thi s A ct an d th e true in ten t
and m e aning the reof directl y or indirectl y eithe r in pe rson or est ate
wil lfully to wrong distur b e troubl e or m ol est any person whatsoever

within thi s Province professing to b eleive in J esus Christ for or in
respect of hi s or h er rel igion or th e fr ee exercise th ereof within this
Province other th an i s provided for in thi s A ct th at such pson or psoa s
soe off endin g sh alb e compell ed to pay trebb l e dam ages to th e party
, _
soe wronged or m ol este d an d for ev ery su ch off ence sh all al so fo rfeit

,
2 0 sterl ing in m oney or th e v al ue th erof

8
O r if th e pti e soe .
off endi ng as aforesai d sh all r efuse or b ee un abl e to recompen se th e
party so wronged or to sati sfy such ff yn e or f orfeit ure then such

, ,
O ff ender sh alb e severl y pun ish ed b y pub l ick whippin g impri sonm t
du ri ng th e pl easure of th e Lord Propri et ary or h is Lieu eten at or
:
ch eife Gove rnor of thi s Province for th e tym e b eing with ou t b ail e
or m ain eprise .
Disfranchi sem ent of C ath olics in M aryl and ,
O ctob er 20 1 6 54 ,
y i i i r
F O R ears W ll am C l a b o n e ( c . 1 5 8 7—c
a l eade
'
r
o f t h e Pur an
. it
t
ir i i
el em en in V g n a , h as b een f eu d n g th e C al e i with v rt r i
eg m e in M a l an d ry
vr
o e i t
th e po ssess on of K e n I sl an d an d o e m a e s Th e th r tt r
c or vi t y
o f C om .r
w th r r
e ll , v i r
e ef o e ga e C l a b o n e an d h i s f oll o e s a p e e
, wr r t xt
f or an al l out -
t whi h th y
assau l in c e succee de d i n o e o v rthr wi
n g th e go e nm en of G o e n o vr t vr r
i i t
W ll am S one ( c 1 6 03- c 1 6 6 0 ) a n d m pos ng e own u l e up on M a y
. . i i th i r r r
i r r
l and C l a b o n e was, of cou se , b e l an C a ol c an d one of th e
. itt r y ti th i -
s fir t
thi whi h
n gs c t r
h e did was t o pu t h ou gh th e assem b l an act d sf an c s ng y i r hi i
t i h t r ti r ti
C a h ol cs T u s th e ol e a on p ac ced s nce 1 6 34 , and m ade th e sub ec
. i j t
i i ti ih r
of spec al l e g sl a on i n 1 6 49 , w as ab ol s e d S ou ce : W l l am H an d B o n e . i i rw
A rc h i ves of M ary lan d P roc e ed ings and A c ts of th e G e nera l A sse m
.
b ly of M ary la nd J a n uary ,
— S e te m b e r 1 6 6 4
p ( B al m o e : M a l an d ti r ry
i t ri
H s o cal Soc e , i ty I , 3 40— 3 4 1 .
It is En acted and Decl are d in th e Name of h is Highness th e Lord

.
Protector with th e Con sent and b y th e Autho rity of th e present Gen

cr all A ssembl y Th at none wh o prof ess an d Ex erci se th e Popi sh Rel igi on
Comm onl y known b y th e Name of th e Rom an C ath olick Rel igion can
b e protected in thi s Province b y th e L awes of Engl and f orm erl y
Est ab li sh ed an d yet unrepe al ed b ut are to b e restr ain ed from th e
b efor e their faces: their b ooks, fu rn itur e,

wh atever was in th e and
hou se fell a prey to th e robb ers With almost th e entire l oss of their
,
.
property private and dom e sti c together with gr eat peril of lif e they
, , ,
were secretl y carried into Virgini a; and in th e greatest w ant of neces

saries sc arcel y
,
an d with d iffi cul ty
, do they su st ain l if e Th ey l ive in , .
a m ean b u t l ow an d depressed not much u nl ike a ci ste rn

, or even
, ,
a tom b in which th at gre at defen de r of th e f aith St Ath an asius l ay

, , .
,
con ceal e d f or m any y e ar s To th eir oth er m i se ri es thi s inconv eni en ce

.
was added th at wh at ever comf ort or ai d thi s ye ar under n ame of

, ,
stipen d f rom pi ou s m en in Engl and w as destin ed f or th em

,
h ad b een , ,
l ost th e ship b eing in tercepted in which it was carri ed Bu t nothing

, .
aff ect s th em m ore th an th at th er e i s not a suppl y of W i ne whi ch is ,
su flicient t o pe rform th e sacred m y steri e s of th e al t ar Th ey h ave no

‘
. .
se rv ant eith er f or dom e stic use

,
or f or directin g th eir w ay through
,
unkn ow n and suspect e d pl aces or ev en to row an d steer th e b oat

, ,
if at any tim e th ere i s need O ften over spaciou s an d v ast rivers.

, ,
one of them al one and un accom panied

, p asse s and rep asse s l ong ,
di st ances with no other pil ot directing h is cou r se th an D ivin e Provi

,
dence By and b y th e enem y m ay b e gon e and th ey m ay retu rn to

.
M aryl an d ; th e thi ngs which th ey h ave al ready suff ered from th eir
p pe o l e an d,
th e d i sad v ant ages whi ch still thre aten are not m uch m ore
toler ab l e .
New Y ork s Grant of Religiou s Tol eration

’
Octob er 3 1 1 6 83 ,
O N TW O i
in Am e can col on al
occas on s ri
s o y Ca ol cs i hi t r
el d th e offi ce o f th i h
vr r
go e n o of a col on y t i t
I n b o h n s ances el g ou s ole a on was g an te d to
. r i i t r ti r
al l Chri ti s an s W e hv a e al ead
. r y
see n h ow t h e ea ly C al e s m ade p o s on r v rt r vi i
t r ti ry
f or su ch ol e a on in M a l an d T h e secon d case w as in New . o k u n de Yr r
h
C ol onel T om as D ongan ( 1 6 34 i t vr r
app o n ed go e n o in 1 6 8 2 b y th e
D uke of Y r t r J
o k , t h e fu u e hi
am es II th i
m self a C a ol c Th e n ew go e no
, . vr r
sum m on ed th e fi r t r r t t iv
s ep e se n a y
e assemb l hi t r
in th e s o y of t h e col on in y
t r
O c ob e , r , th t
1 6 8 3 and spon so ed th e passage b y ya b od of th e C a e of h rt r
i rti
L b e es and P r iv i r r t r i i r
l eges D ongan s b oad g an of el g ous f eed om endu ed
.
’
r
in New Y r ti
o k un l 1 6 8 8w J t thr
h en am es II l os h is on e, th e go e no w as vr r
r J
e cal l e d , an d i r i vr t i r hi
acob Le sl e s u su rp n g go e nm en
’
d sf anc se d th e C ath o
i r ti
l es Sou ce : H u gh H as n gs ( Su pe
. rvi r so ) Ecc lesiastica l R e cords of th e ,
y J
S ta te of Ne w Yo rk ( A l b an : am es B L on y I I , 8 6 4—8 65 .
, .
th at no person or persons whi ch profess f aith in God b y ,
Jesus Christ sh all at any tim e b e any way s m ole sted pun ished dis
, , , ,
Toleration in Ne w York 1 17
quieted or called in question for any diff erence in opinion or matter

,
o f r el i giou s concem m ent wh o do not actu all y d i stu rb th e civill pe ace

,
of th e Province b ut th at all an d eve ry su ch pe r son or per son s m ay

, ,
from tim e to tim e and at all tim es f reel y h ave and full y enj oy h is
,
or th eir j udgem ent s or consci ences in m att er s of rel igi on through out
‘
all th e Province th ey b eh aving th em sel ve s pe ace abl y and qui etl y and
,
not u sin g th i s l ib erty t o Li centiousnesse nor to th e civill inj u ry or
outward d i sturb ance of oth er s
Pr ovi ded al w ay s th at thi s l ib erty or anyt hin g conteyn ed ther ei n

, ,
to th e contr ary sh all nev er b e constru ed or impr oved t o m ake v oi d

,
th e settlement of any publ i c M ini ster on Long I sl and wheth er such ,
settl em ent b e b y tw o thirds of th e v oices in an y Town e thereon ,
which sh all alw ay s in clu de th e m in or part ; or b y sub scriptions of

perticul er inh ab it ants in said towne s; Pr ovi ded th ey are th e two ,
thirds thereof : Bu tt th att all such agreem ents coven ant s and sub ,
scription s th att are th ere al r e ady m ade an d h ad or th att h ere af ter ,
sh all b e e in thi s mann er con sent ed to agr eed and sub scrib ed sh all ,
att all time and t im es h er eaft er b ee fir m an d stab l e : ,
A n d in con firm ati on h ereof it is en acted b y th e Gove rnor C ouncell

, ,
an d Represen t ativ es : Th at al l such sum s of m on ey so agreed on ,
consen t ed to or sub scrib ed as afor esai d

, for m aint enance of said ,
pub l ic m ini ster s b y th e two thir ds of any town e on Long Isl and
, ,
sh all al w ay s in cl u de th e mi nor p art wh o sh all b ee re gul at ed th er eb y : ,
and al so such sub s cripti on s and agreem ent s as are b eforem enconed ,
are an d sh all b e al w ay s ratifyed perform ed and pay ed an d if an y , ,
towne of said Isl and in th eir pub li c capacity of agreement with any
,
such m in i st er or any pert icul er per son s b y th eir priv at e sub scriptions ,
afore said sh all m ake defaul t d eny or withdr aw fr om su ch paym en t s

, , ,
so cov enant ed t o agr eed upon and sub scrib ed th att in su ch case
, , ,
upon compl ai nt of any Coll ect or appoint ed and chosen b y two thir d s
of such t own e upon Long I sl and un to any J ustice of th at Coun ty , ,
upon hi s h e aring th e sam e h e i s h ereb y au th orize d empow e re d an d

, , ,
required to issue out his w arr an t unto th e const ab l e or hi s deputy

or an y oth er per son appoin t ed for th e coll ection of said r at es or
agr eem ent to l evy upon th e good s an d ch attell s of th e said del in qu en t

,
or d ef au l ter all su ch sum s of m one y so coven an t e d and agree d to b e

,
pai d b y d i stresse with costs and ch ar ges withou t an y furth er su it in

, , ,
l aw any l awe cu stom or u sage to th e contr ary in any wi se notwith

, ,
st andin g; provi ded al w ay s th e sai d sum or sum e s b e un de r fo rty

,
shillings otherwi se to b e r ecov ered as th e l aw dir ect s

, .
A nd wh er eas all th e respective Christi an Churches now in pr actice

within th e City
New York and th e oth er pl aces of this Province
of , ,
do appear to b e privil eged [sic] Chu rche s an d h ave b een soe est ab ,
li sh ed and confirm ed b y th e f o rm er au th ority of thi s Government ;

B ee it hereb y enacted b y th i s pr esent Gener all A ssemb l y , an d b y th e
Authority thereof Th at all th e said respective Chri stian Chur ches b e
,
hereb y confirmed therein and th att they and every of them shall from
,
henceforth forever b e held an d reputed as privileged Chu rches

, , ,
and enj oy al l th eir f orm er f reedom s of th eir r el igi on in D ivine W or
ship and Chu rch D i scipli ne ; and th att all f o rm er contr act s m ade and
agr eed on f or th e m ain ten an ces of th e sever al m ini ste rs of th e sai d
Churches shall stand and continue in ful l f orce and vertue and th att
, ,
al l Contr act s for th e fut ure t o b e m ade sh all b e of th e sam e power ;

,
and all per son s th at are unwill ing to pe rfo rm th e ir p art of th e said
con tr act sh all b e constr ain ed th ereunto b y a w arr an t f rom any Justice
of th e Pe ace ; Pr ovided it b e un der f orty shil lin gs or oth erwi se as , ,
th e l aw d ir ect s; Pr ovi ded al so Th at all oth er Chri stian Chur ches th at

sh all hereaf ter com e and settl e with in thi s Pr ovince sh all h ave th e ,
sam e privil eges .
A n A ct Again st J esuit s and Popish Priest s in

M assach u setts Ju ne 1 7 1 7 00 , ,
TH E T e a r ty of R s y wi t
ck in S ep em b e , 1 6 9 7 , b ou g r ht ttr t
n o se l em en of th e
r iv r
al cl aim s of En gl an d an d F an ce in N o rth ri t rv
A m e ca, an d in th e in e a l
wh r w i t r
i ch l ed up t o Engl and s ene al of w ar aga n s F ance in M ay , 1 7 0 2 , the
’
r rwr r
b o de a fa e b e tw wr t i r i t
een t h e two p o e s ook an n c eas n g oll i n l ives an d
r rty
p op e . ihr t r
In 1 69 7 R c a d C oo e , th e Ea l of Bell om ont ( 1 6 3 6 a son
t ri ihr t
of th e no o ou s R c a d C oo e wh o h ad comm itt
e d so m an y tr i t
ou ages aga n s
th i ti r r w
th e C a ol c popul a on of Ir el and u n de C om ell , w as appo n ed G o e noi t vr r
of New Yr h tt
o k , M assac u se s, an d N ew H am ps h ir
e B ell om ont was him self
.
fi r y ti
e cel an -C a th i
ol c, an d th e wi r
de sp ead b el efi th t th i i i ri
a C a ol c m ss on a es
w r t rri
e e s i i tt
n g u p th e Ind ans t o a ack th e Engl s ih m ade it y t r
an e as m a te
f or h im to put r ou g th h ti ri t w
an -p es l a s i n b o th h tt
M assac use s an d New o k Y r
w i thin a f ew m ont s
’
h ti tt r
m e Th e M assach u se s l aw of 1 700 w as b oade in
. r
i ti
appl ca on th t t
an h a of 1 647 and it s e m s tr wr r vr r
e e m o e se e e S ou ce : Th e .
A c ts a n d R eso l ves, P u b l ic a nd P ri va te of th e Pr ovin ce of th e M assach us e tts

,
t
Bay ( B os on : W gh ri t
Po e , tt r
I , 42 3—4 24 .
Whereas divers J esuit s priests and popi sh m issionaries have of

,
l ate com e and for som e tim e h ave h ad th eir resi den ce s in th e rem ote
,
p art s of thi s pr o vince an d o th er hi

, s m aj e sty s t errit
“
ori es ne ar adj a
’
cent wh o b y th eir sub til e in sinu ati on s indu stri ousl y l ab ou r to deb auch
, ,
[ Sec t . 5] T h at it sh all v ry j ustice and m ay b e l awful t o and for e e
of th e pe ace to cause any per son or per sons suspect ed of b e ing a
J esu i t seminary priest or of th e Rom ish clergy to b e apprehended

, , ,
an d conv ent ed b efor e him self or som e oth er or h is m aj esti e s j ustices;

’
and if su ch per son do not give sati sf acto ry account of h im selfe h e ,
sh all b e commi tted to pri son in or der to a try al Al so it sh all and . .
m ay b e l awf ul to and for any per son or per son s to appreh end without
a w arr ant an y J esu it sem in ary priest or other of th e Romi sh cl er gy
, ,
as afor esaid and to convent h im b efor e th e governour or any two of

,
th e council to b e ex am in ed an d impri sone d in order to a try al unl ess

, ,
h e give a sati sf actory accompt of h im self e A n d as it will b e e steem ed .
and accepted as a good se rvi ce done f or th e k ing b y th e person wh o
sh all seize an d appreh end an y J esu i t prie st m i ssi on ary or Romi sh , , ,
eccl esi astic as afore sai d so th e gove rnour with th e advice an d con sen t , ,
of th e coun cil
.
m ay su itab l y r ew ard h im as they sh all think fit ; pro
,
vid ed this act sh all not extend or b e construed to extend to any of

,
th e Rom i sh cl ergy whi ch sh all h appen t o b e sh ipwrackt or thr ou gh ,
oth e r adv er sity sh all b e cast on sh ore or driven int o thi s provin ce , ,
so as h e continue or ab i de no l onger within th e sam e th an un til h e
m ay h av e opportu nity of passage f or h is departure ; so al so as su ch

p e r so n i mm e di at el y u pon h is arriv al sh all forthwith att end th e gover
nou r if near to th e pl ace of h is residence or oth erwi se on one or

, ,
m ore of th e council or next j u stice s of th e pe ace and acquaint th em ,
with hi s circum st ances an d ob se rve th e directions whi ch they sh all ,
give h im du ring hi s st ay in th e province

,
.
Th e C om ing of th e Acadian s to Massach u sett s ,
Nov em b er l 75 5— Au gu st 1 75 6 , ,
r t numb r f C thol i to come to colonial Am rica wer th

TH E l a ges e o a cs e e e
con erv t i vel y e ti m t d 6 000 A

s a di w h o were exi led b y th e Br i ti h t o
s a e ca an s s
th th i rt n col ni
e in 1 7 55—1 7 5 6 Th
ee o im ple people w re c ugh t in th e
es . ese s e a
w ar b etween F r n ce nd En gl n d f or th e m tery of N rth A m er i c

a a a d a as o a, n
th e er b wi l der d b y th
e e o tr ry dvi ce of th i r pr ie t
e oncer ni n g th e
e c n a a e s s c
o th of all egi an
a dem n ded f th em b y thei r Bri ti h
ce on q eror s Th i r
a o s c u . e
ci rcu m t nce wer extremely piti f l d it i sm ll wond r th t om e of

s a s e u , an s a e a s
them r esp n d d to t h pi ri t of r i t
o e e e cour aged b y t h e A bb é J e n
e s es s an c n a
Lo i Le Lo tr
u s t B eau ej r nd th A b b é H enri D di n t A nn pol i
u e a s ou a e au a a s
R y l nd Piz iq id Y t t h
o a a u th or f u rece t schol rly and ymp th ti c
. e e a o a n a s a e
accou nt of the i r xile h t ted I d ed one m ay y with c nfiden e

e as s a : n e ,
sa o c
th t h d th A c di n d term i dly f ll w d th ex mpl and wi e coun el

a a e a a s e ne o o e e a e s s
o f ch w rthy
su n d venerabl e pr i e t
o m g them a F th er D e e cl v s
a s s a on s a s n a e
Th e A cad ians in -
M assach use tts 12 1
( Desencl aves) an d
Ch auvr eux , a h e r t r th
an th e ex o a on s to d espe a e h rt ti rt
r tr
measu es of Le Lou e an d h is pup l D au d n , m sfo u nes ou l d n e e i i i a e rt w vrhv
h
b een eaped upon em
”
( La en ce H en th wr ry i
G b son , Th e G rea t War for th e
Emp ire Th e Years of D efea t, 1 75 4—1 75 7 [New
. o k, p Yr
As .
q
a con se u en ce of th ir r e e fu sal to enou n ce e r
l oy al y t o F rance , th ire t th y
wr e e se ze d ,tr
i rt
an spo e d , an d l an de d al on g t h e A m e can coas s h e e, b yri t w r
r e ason o fth i r i i i ti
e r e l g on p o l y cal s m p a h e s, an d th e
,
t i
ou bl e h e y occas on e d tr t i ,
t r iv
h ey ece ed a gen e all r y h ti r os le ecep on B e ti tw
een No em b e , 1 7 5 5 , an d .v r
t vr i
A ugus , 1 7 5 6 , o e 300 0 A cad an s e e l an de d in M assac use s M an of wr h tt y .
th e se ,it tr w r t r t
i s ue e e la e sen , sou , b u t as l a e as 1 7 6 3 th
e e t
e e s ll th r w r ti
vr
o e xi
1 000 of th e e l es inth t a col on T e y h i r t ri
b es f en d in M assach u se s
. tt
h t hi
w as T om as H u c n son ( 1 7 1 1 a m em b e of t h e p o n c al c ou r
nc l r vi i i
tr vr r
an d l a e go e n o t hi
I t w as H u c n son wh o . ro e th e s gen e al w ts o fir t r hi t ry
of th e col o ny fi v
an d i n th e ,
n al ol u m e , n sh e d in 1 7 7 8 , b e fi i
n cl u de d th e i
w v i vi i t r
f ol l o ing d p c u e of th e A cad an s f a e i n M assac u se s Sou ce : i t ’
h tt r .
h t hi
T om as Hu c n son Th e H is to ry of th e C olo ny a n d Pro vin ce of M assa
,
c h use t ts Bay -
it wr
ed ed b y La, en ce S h a w
M a o ( C am b d ge : H a a d U n i y ri rv r
v r i ty r
e s P ess, I II , 2 8 — 3 1 .
Th e F r ench fort s j ou r B ay Vert and th e river St John

at B e au Se , ,
.
,
in Nov a Scoti a h ad b een recov er ed Th e st ate of th at province w as

, .
,
notwith st an din g deem e d v ery in secu r e ; m an y th ou sand F rench in h ab it

,
ant s stil l continu e d in it Th ey h ad b een adm i tted b y l i eu ten an t

.
govem or A rm strong af ter th at province w as r educed in th e rei gn

,
of Q A rm . to such a so rt of o ath as t o con si der th em sel ves r ath er

, ,
in a neu tr al st ate b etween Engl and and F r ance th an in sub j ection

“
to eith er and fr om th ence th ey took th e n am e of F r ench n eu tr al s

,
.
Being all Rom an cath olicks and gr eat b i got s and r et ain in g th e F rench ,
l an gu age th ey we re b ette r aff ected to th e F ren ch th an to th e Engl i sh

,
.
In civil m atte r s th ey h ad b een m ore indul ged b y th e Engl i sh th an

,
they would h ave b een b y th e French b eing in a m anner free from ,
t axes; and a great part of them were so sen sib le of it th at they ,
wished to avoid taking part on one side or th e oth er But th e Indians .

,
wh o w ere engaged on th e part of th e F r en ch h ad con st an t in tercourse ,
with th em th eir hou ses b ein g scatter ed and wh er e th er e wer e any

, ,
numb er toge th er to f o rm a vill age open t o b oth F r ench and Indi an s ,
from C anad a with ou t any sort of def ence A n d it w as th e gen er al

, .
opini on th at if an attem pt sh ou l d b e m ade b y th e F r ench t o r ecover

, ,
th e provin ce of Nov a Scoti a th e wh ol e b o dy of th e A cadi an s som e , ,
from incl ination oth er s from com pul sion wou ld j oin in th e attempt
, , .
Th e comm ander in chief of h is m aj esty s ships th en at H al ifax as

’
- -
, ,
well as th e g overnor of th e province supposed th at th e principle of ,
self preserv ation woul d j u stify th e rem ov al of th ese A c adi an s ; an d it

-
was determ in ed t o t ake th em b y su rpri se and tr ansport th em all men , , ,

women and chil dren to th e Engl ish col onies A few day s b efore th e
, ,
.
det e rmin ati on w as ex ecu ted not i ce was given t o th e governors of th e

,
sev er al col onies to pr epar e for th eir r eception Th e greatest part b y .
f ar were accordingl y se i zed b y th e king s troops which h ad rem ai ned

’
in th e province and h urried on b oard sm all vessel s prepared to

,
receive them with such part of their househol d goods as there w as

,
room for ; th e rem ainder with their stock of cattl e th e contents of

, ,
their b arn s the ir farm utensils and all other moveab l es b eing l eft
, , ,
b eh ind and n ever recovered nor any sati sfaction m ade for them
, ,
.
In sever al in st ances th e hu sb an d s wh o h appen ed to b e at a di st an ce

,
from h om e we re put on b oard vessel s bound to one of th e Engli sh

,
col on ies an d th eir wive s an d ch ildren on b o ard oth er vessel s b ound

, ,
to oth e r col oni e s r emote f rom th e fir st O ne of th e m ost sen sib l e of .
them describ ing h is case said it was th e h ardest which h ad h ap

, , ,
“
p e n e d si nce our S avi ou r w as u p on e arth .
Ab out a thousand of them arrived in B oston j u st in th e b eginning ,
of wint er crowded al m ost to d eath No provi sion was m ade in case

,
.
,
governm ent sh oul d refuse to t ake them unde r it s c are A s it h ap .
pened th e assemb l y was sitting wh en th ey arrived ; b ut several d ay s

,
were spent withou t any determ ination and som e aged and infirm per ,
sons in d anger of peri sh ing w ere receive d on sh ore in h ou ses provi ded
, ,
for th em b y private in dividual s At l ength th e assemb l y passed a .

,
resolve th at they should all b e perm itt ed to l and and th at they should
, ,
b e sen t to such town s as a comm ittee appoint ed for th at purpose shoul d

think fit ; and a l aw of th e province was passed to autho rize j ustice s ,
of th e pe ace ov er seer s of th e poo r &c

, to em ploy th em in l ab ou r , .
, ,
b ind them out to service and in gener al provi de for th eir support
, , , ,
in l ike m ann er as if th ey h ad b een indi gen t i nh ab it ant s of th e province .
F avou r w as shewn to m any elderl y peopl e amon g th em and to ,
o ther s wh o h ad b een in circum st ances su perio r to th e r est and th ey ,
were all owed support with ou t b eing held to l ab our Many of them .
went throu gh great hardships b ut in gener al they were treated with ,
humanity They fared th e b etter b ecau se the towns where they were
.
,
sent , were to b e re imb ur sed out of th e province treasury and th e ,
assemb l y w as m ade to b el ieve th e provin ce woul d b e r eim b u r sed b

y
th e crown ; b u t thi s expect ati on f ail ed It w as propo sed to them to .
settl e upon som e of th e un app ropri at e l an d s of th e

province and ,
to b ecom e B riti sh su b j e ct s b u t th ey refused They h ad a strong per

, .
su asion th at th e French king would n ev er m ake pe ace with En l and

, g ,
unl e ss they w ere re stored to th e ir est ate s A gentl em an wh o w as mu ch .
aff ected with the ir suff erings prepared a r epresentati on proper for
1
,
1
Thi was H t h i
s him lf u c nson se .
ci tizen s Th u s th ey were d i spersed thr ough th e worl d until they were in a

.
,
m ann er exti ct th e f ew wh i ch rem ai ne d b ein g m ixed wi th oth er sub j ects in

n ,
d iffer t parts of t h F r ch d om i i o s
en e en n n .
Bi sh op Ch all on er on Eccl e si astical J uri sdi ction

in th e Briti sh C ol onies, S eptem b er 1 4, 1 7 56
hr t
FRO M 1 6 3 1 to 1 6 8 5 t e e w as n o C a h ol c b sh op in Engl an d F acul es i i ti.
f or th e fir t i i ri
s m ss on a e s wh o cam e t o M a ry t r r
l an d w ere secure d , h e efo e,.
r
f om th e esu J it r
G en e al b y a spec al pi riv i r t
l ege g an ed b y G ego r ry X III in
1 5 7 9 In th e e
. v ry y r th t
ea a th e H ol y i t
Se e app o n ed f ou r vi r t i
ca s apos ol c
r vr i t i
t o ul e o e th e Engl sh C a h ol cs, 1 6 8 8 , J t
am es 11 l o s h is t r
h one and a
y t ti r ti
s s em a c pe secu on of t h e C u ch b egan h r whi h t
c l as ed f or alm os a t
t ry th ir t rvt i t r i tt t w
_
c en u In. ese c cu m s ances agg a a e d b y n e m en ars, i nf re
q t
u en i ti
com m u n ca on o e vri it t t
mm ense d s ances, an d th e con s an f eu ds b e
tw een th e secu l a r an d r r r
egu l a cl e gy i n Engl an d it is sm all won d ert t ha
q ti i t i j r i i ti vr i
th e u es on of eccl es as cal u sd c on o e th e col on al C a ol cs s ou l d at th i h
ti v tr i r t i
m es h a e b ecom e confu sed A f e 1 6 8 8 th e V ca A pos ol c of t h e Lon don
.
i tri t
D s c w as th e offi c al to i wh i ti ti
om appl ca on f or f acul es w as n om i all y
th yt vr hv
m ade , al ough th e s s em seem s n e e t o a e b ecom e egu l a zed in a r ri
ti t ry
sa sf ac o way O n e of . th ose wh o tri r t y h v
ed epea e dl to i
a e a b sh op ap
i t i hv ih
po n e d~ f or th e col on es, or to a e th e B s op of Queb ec adm n s e con i itr
t i r
fi rm at ion to h em was R ch a d C h al l on er ( 1 69 1
, rv
wh o se ed as co
j t r
ad u o ih j i tr r
to ol d B s op B en am n Pe e in London f om 1 7 4 1 to 1 7 5 8 , an d as
vi r t i r tt r t t
ca ap os ol c f om th e l a e da e to h i s d ea h i n 1 7 8 1 Bu t no ,
thing cam e o f
.
rt
C h allon er s eff o s, and hi s dea
’
th t r
som e m on h s b ef o e th e Ba tl e oft Y ro k
tw r t i r hr
o n p om p ed h is b og ap e t o say th ta
“
j r i i ti vr
h is u sd c on o e h is A m e can ri
ri t r i
p es s an d p eopl e em a ned th e onl yr t
em n an of au th rit
o h
y in th e an ds of
i
an En gl sh m an th ta w as s llti r i ri
ecogn se d i n A m e ca
”
(p In th e f oll o
. w
tr t r ri t r t r
ing l e t e of Se p em b e 1 4 , 1 7 56 , to Dr Ch s oph e S ono , agen t of th e
.
i ry rv
Engl sh cl e g at Rom e , C h all oner e ealed th e l ack of cl a y ab ou eccl esi r it t
a stical j r i i ti
u sd c on ti ih
m en on ed th e nee d f or a b s op in A m e ca, an d re
,
ri
t i r ry i i t
fl ected som e h n g of th e secu l a cl e g s b as aga n s th e esu s i n th e
’
J it
ri i i r wi rt
A m e can m ss on s S ou ce : E d n H B u on , Th e Life an d Tim es of B i sh op
. .
C h a l lo n er ( 1 6 9 1 — 1 7 8 1 ) ( New Yr r
o k : Lon gm an s, G een an d C o
II , 1 2 5 —1 2 7 .
A s to th e t t of religion in our Ame rican settl ement s; th e b est

s a e
accou nt I can give is:
1 Th ere are no mi ssioner s in any of our col oni es upon th e con

.
ti nent exceptin g M aril an d and Pen sil v an i a; i n which th e ex erci se of

,
th e C ath ol ic rel i gi on i s in som e measu re tol er ated [Then f oll ow s .
a p ar agr aph on th e m i ssi ons in th e West I ndi es ]
3 All ou r sett l em ents in Am erica h ave b een deem ed sub j ect in

.
spiritu al s to th e eccl esi astical Su perior s h ere and this h as b een tim e ,
R easons fo r Not Wan t in g a B is h op 1 25
ou t of mind , v
I b el ieve from th e time of th e Archpriest s I know
e en , ,
.
not th e origi n of thi s n or h av e ev e r m et with th e o ri gin al gr ant,

I .
suppose they wer e l o oked upon as appu rt en ances or appen d ix e s of
th e Engl i sh M i ssi on A n d afte r th e divi si on of thi s ki ngdom i nto

.
,
fou r di stricts th e j uri sdiction over th e C ath oli cks in th ose settl ement s
,
h as foll ow ed th e Lon don di stri ct ( as th ey are all repu t ed b y th e

Engl i sh as part of th e L on don di ocese ) ; I suppose b ecau se L on don
is th e capital of th e B riti sh Empire; and from h ence are th e most .
fr equent opportun iti es of a pr oper corr espon den ce with all th ose settl e
m ent s Wh eth er th e Hol y See h as O r dered anything in thi s regard
.
,
I cann ot l earn But all th e missioners in th ose settl em ent s do now

.
,
and h av e tim e ou t of m ind appl ied to th e Vi car A post ol ic h er e f or

, ,
their f acul ties which is true of th e p adri al so [th e J esuit s] in M aril and
,
an d Penn sil vani a; at l e ast f r om th e tim e of th e B rev e of Inn ocen t X II .
in 1 6 9 6 onl y th at th ey u sed r ath er to ask for approb ation b ut now

, ,
al so for f acul ties .
4 Som e h ave wi sh ed con si de ring th e num b er of th e f aithfu l e spe

.
, ,
ci all y in tho se two provi n ces d estitu t e of th e sacr am ent of confirm a ,
tion and lying at so great a dist ance from u s th at a b ishop or vicar

, ,
apost oli c sh ould b e appoint e d f or th em Bu t h ow f ar thi s m ay b e .
j u dged pr acticab l e b y our superiors I know not : especi all y as per

h aps it m ay n ot b e reli shed b y th ose wh o h ave engrossed th at b est ,
part of th e m i ssi on to th em sel ves and wh o m ay n ot with ou t sh ow , ,
of pr ob ab il ity ob j ect th at a n ov el ty of thi s kin d m ight giv e offen ce

,
to th e gove rn ing p art th ere ; wh o h ave b een a l ittl e h ar d upon th em

of l at e y e ar s .
Th e Mi ssion ari es Reason s for No t

’
Wanting a
Bish op April 22 1 77 3 , ,
L
ENG A ND S vi tory over Fr nce in th S even Y
’
c W r b ro gh t m r a e ear s
’
a u o e
Am er ic n po se si on u n d r th e Br i t i h fl g
a s s d th a s d r w d m e s a an u s c u se e ne e e
phasi s on th e need f or a b i hop Th e C ongreg ti on of Pr p g nd Fid

“
s . a o a a a e
w s war of th e sit ti on b ut kn owi ng th e h ti l i ty f th Br i ti h g v rn

'
'
a a e ua , os o e s o e
m ent towar d th e Ch rch t h R m n offi ci l w r n c rt i n h ow t o pr

u , d e o a a s e e u e a o cee .
W h en r q e ted b y Prop g nd f or h i vi w B i hop C h ll o r h d r pl i d

e u s a a a s e s, s a ne a e e
on A u g t 2 1 76 3us f ll ow :
, as o s
I t is t o b e d e r d that provi i on ho ld b e m ade f r o m ny th

“
si e d s s u o s a ou san
C th ol i c
a e f ou n d i n M ryl n d an d P enn yl va i
s as ar th at th ey m y a a s n a, a
receive th e S cram nt f Confirm ti on of th e b enefit of whi h th y a

a e o a , c e re
utterl y d epri ved Now that Canada a d Fl ori da are b rou gh t

. nder th e n u
E ngl i h sw y th e Holy A postol i c See coul d easil y eff ect thi s a Bi shop or
s a , ,
a Vi c r A p ostol i c b e ing e stabl i sh e d at Queb ec or el sewh ere wi th th e con

a ,
sen t of ou r C ourt b y del egat i g j ur i sd i cti on to him th rou ghou t all th e

,
n
oth er E gl ish col oni es and i sl an ds of A m eri ca Thi s woul d b e f ar f rom

n .
d i spl e si ng to u s an d woul d redou n d greatl y to th e advantage of th ose

a
col on i e s h s XI I [ J ann ary

”
( A m e i ca C th l ic H ist i al R s r n a o or c e earc e , ,
44
B u t C h all on er tter got l o t furth er del ay en u d nd in 1 7 7 1 P op
’
s le s , s s e , a r a
g d gg t d t o J o ph O l i vi er B ri a d ( 1 7 1 5 B i hop of Queb ec n
-
an a su es e se s ,
th t h u dertake th e re pon ib il ity Bri nd in t rn sked Bern rd W ll

a e n s s . a , u , a a e ,
a J it m i i n ry in C n d to i qu ire of his conf reres ab out th e prospects

esu ss o a a a a, n
f r
o b i hop in th e A m ri c n c l on i
a s In th e b ence of John B pti t e a o es . a s a s
D id i h S J th n on th e P nnsyl van i a mi sion s W ell s l etter w as n wered

’
er c , . .
, e e s , a s
b y F erd i n n d F arm er S J ( 1 720

a wh o um m r iz d con dit i n s am on g
, . . s a e o
th e C ath l i c nd gave reason why h

o s a though t it woul d b e unwi e to s nd s e s e
a b i h p I t w as a v i ew wh i ch th e Jes i ts
s o . on t i n ed t o hol d nt il th e l ate u c u u
1 78 0 s wh n the ir spi i on o f opp osi t i on f rom th e A m er i c n gov rn m en t

’
e su c s a e ,
and of wh t a b i hop m i gh t m e n to th e i r prope rty intere t s were fin all y

a s a s ,
d i i p t d S rc
ss a e Am i
. C th l i H i t i l R
ou e: h XX I ( J ly er ca n a o c s o r ca esearc es, u ,
1 9 04 ) 1 1 8 —1 2 0 .
P hil adelphi a , 22nd April , 1 77 3 .
Re verend Chri st Fa ther in ,
P C (Pax Chr i sti) . .
Your Reverence s m ost welcome l etter dated F eb ru ary 1 5 was ’

, ,
deliver ed to m e on th e 1 7 th of April In th e ab sence of Rev F ath er . .
Diderick I open ed it accord ing to d irection s given in th e addr ess Th e ,

.
ab ove m ent i oned F ath er h ad b e en in one of th e Penn syl v an i a M i ssion s , ,
a hundr ed or m ore m il e s d i st an t from Phil adelph i a; h aving in a priv ate ,

_
di scu ssion with a n on C ath ol ic m an m ade use of some r ath er h ar sh

'
-
,
and in sul ting wo r ds h e cam e n i gh b ein g kill ed a m usket h avi n g b een, ,
twice disch arged b y night on hi s dwell ing or chapel Wh erefore h e .
was ob l iged t o rem ove to th e M i ssi on s in th e Provin ce of M aryl and I .
sh all i n du e tim e send h im y ou r Rev er ence s l ett er Your Rev er ence

’
.
, ,
d esir es to kn ow th e st ate of our M i ssions I sh all describ e th em b ri efly . .
In onl y two of th e seve ral Engl i sh Provi nces o r Col onies i s th e

C athol ic Reli gion tolerated n amel y in M aryl an d and Pennsyl vania; ,
in th e l atter in vi rtue of a Royal Ch arte r given to th e founder of

th e Col ony ; in th e former mor e fr om anci ent possession th an owing ,
to any ri ght I n Penn syl v an i a b y v i rtue of a Roy al deed all rel i gi on s

.
, ,
are tol er ated not th at each on e i s f ree to pu b l icl y pe rf orm th e rites

,
of h is r el i gion b ut in thi s sen se th at h e m ay accompl i sh them in

,
priv ate and th at h e may b e in no wi se com pell ed b y anyon e to sh are

,
in any ex erci se wh atsoever of anoth er Rel igi on th an h is own .

128 Th e E ngl ish C ol on ies
l i shin g in these Provinces a Protest ant B i shop of th e Angli can Com

mun ion so m an y ob st acl es were f ound due especi all y to th e ch ar acter
, ,
o f th e Am eri cans (of wh om m ost of th e e arl y col oni st s were d i ssi dent s
'
f rom th e Angl i can s n ot to m en tion such as l eft our own faith) th at

,
n othin g h as as yet b een eff ect ed H ar dl y I c an pe r su ade my self th at

.
th e Right Re veren d ( B i sh op) mi ght su cce ed in ob taining from th e

‘
G ove rnor of C an ad a or f rom th e K ing th e f acul ty of ex ercising hi s ,
p o w er b ey on d th e li m it s o f th e P r ovin ce s b el on gin g form er l y to th e

C an adi an governm ent and l at el y ceded b y treaty to th e English
, .
F rom Europe we h ave receiv ed no l etters for sever al month s past ,
so th at we are i gnor an t as to wh at m ay b e th e st at e of our soci ety .
However from wh at we l earned l ast year from O urs and al so from

, ,
wh at th e newspapers announce we j u stl y inf er th at our interests in

,
Rome a re not succeed ing f avou rab l y thou gh th at doth su cceed f avour ,
ab l y whi ch soever it pl easeth D ivine Provi den ce to or dain .
You r Reverence will excuse m e for not h aving written thi s m ore
neatl y as in thi s c ity
, e speci all y at th e presen t time
, we are very ,
b usy with th e v ari ou s l ab o r s of our m ini stry I urgentl y recomm en d .
m yself in all hol y in tentions .
O f You r Reverence ,
Th e m ost h umbl e serv an t in Ch ri st ,
FE RD INAND FARM ER S I , . .
P S — M y Reveren d coll eagu e F ath er Rob ert Mollineux [ sic] most

. .
, ,
co r di al l y gr eet s y ou r R ev eren ce Sh oul d it pl e ase y e t o send m e oth er

.
l etters th ey m ay b e addressed as foll ows

,
T o M r F erdin an d F arm er .
,
Walnu t Street ,
Ph il adelphi a .
Ch arl e s C arroll s D efen se His Rel igiou s

’
of
B eliefs, 1 7 7 3
I N TH E tr ri i
f or A m e can n depend ence th e C ath ol cs o ned
s u ggle t i j i wi h
th i r
e w
f ell o cou n try
m en h ou ese wit t r rv
e A m o ng e th i r
n um b e no o ne pl a e d
. r y
r r i t
a m o e p om n e n an d on o ab l e ol e h r r t hr rr
h an C a les C a oll of C a oll on
‘
rr t
( 1 7 37 i r
s gne r ti
of t h e D ecl a a on of I nd epe ndence , w h o f om th e r
ti tr i ti ti r ti r t
m e h e en e e d po l cs in 1 7 7 3 un l h i s e em e n in 1 8 0 0 lle d a nu mb e fi r
i rt t t t
of m po an s a e an d f e de al offi ces T h e occas onr ch b oughi whi
. r
h im to t
i ti r r r
pu b l c n o ce w as th e appea an ce on F e b u a y 4 , 1 7 7 3 , o f th e s of a fir t
ri tt r wh
se es o f l e e s ih
en h e pu bl s e d in th e M a ry la n d Ga zette o e th e penv r
name of
“
i r t i ti r r
F s C zen C a rol l h ad b een oused b y D an el D ul any s ( A h
. i “ ’
C h arl es C arroll 1 29
tillon ttem pt to d f nd th e rb i tr ry tion of G vernor Rob ert Eden in

’
a e e a a ac o
pr rogu i ng th M ryl d m bly n d r ffirm i ng b y procl m ti on offi rs

’
o e a an -
asse a ea a a ce
f ee d tipend f r th e clergy f th e e t b l i shed chu rch W i th th e d vel op

s an s s o o s a . e
m nt of th e deb at th e rg m nt b r d n d and in th e d C rr ll ff ect iv

’
e e a u e oa e e e n a o s e e
pol em i c ot onl y v n q i h d D l n y b t hel pe d t

s n a wing th e M ryl d
u s e u a u o s a an
el ect i n o f M y
o 1 77 3 i f vor of th e p tr i ot p rty wh o h d ppo d th
a , , n a a a a o se e
roy l govern or In th e c rse of th e ex hang D l ny

a .
ght to d i red i t
ou c e u a sou sc
C rroll b y n att ck on h is rel i gi n Th i s ppe l to pr j d i ce ng r d th e

a a a o . a a e u a e e
C th ol i c st tesm an an d h
a a tru ck b k in d fe f h i p l iti c l nd r l i gi ou
e s ac e n se o s o a a e s
b el i f Th excerpts f rom h is l ett rs of M y 1 6 n d J ly 1 1 7 73 wh i ch

e s . e e a a u , ,
f oll ow i l l tr te C arroll m ethod f m eeti g th e in i ti g i t hi

’
us a s o n s nu a on s a a ns s
rel i gi o s f ith So r : K ate M n R wland Th Lif f C h l C ll

u a . u ce aso o , e e o a r es arro
o f C a rro ll to n 1 7 3 7 —1 8 3 2
, , Wi th H is C orresp o nde nce a nd P u bl ic P ap ers
Yr
( New o k : G P Pu tnam . .
’
s S on s , I , 2 8 4—28 5 , 3 1 6 , 35 9 .
Mary land Gaze tte M ay , 6 , 1 77 3 .
Invindication of h is conduct Antill on h as not endeavoured to ,
convin ce th e m inds of h is r eader s b y th e for ce of r eason b ut

"
i n th e ,
favo uri te m e th od o f illib eral ca l um ny , vi rul en t a b us e and sh am e l ess
asseverati on to a ffect th eir p assions

”
h as tt
a em p ed t to render his
t
an agon s i t ridicul ous contemptib l e and odiou s; h e h as descended to
,
th e l owest j ests on th e per son of th e Citi zen h as expr essed th e u tm ost ,
contempt of hi s under st anding an d a stron g suspici on of his p oli ti cal ,
a nd re ligio us p rin cip les Wh at connection Antill on h ave th e l atter

.
, ,
with th e Procl am ation? Attempts to rouse popul ar pr ej ud ices and ,
to tu rn th e l au gh again st an adver sary di scover th e w e akness of a ,
cau se or th e inab il iti e s of th e advocate

, wh o empl oy s ridicul e , ,
in ste ad of argum ent

“ ”
Th e Ci tizen s p atri o tism is en ti rely feigned ;
’
.
hi s reasons mu st not b e considered or li stened to b ec au se his , ,
re ligious p rincip l es are n ot to b e trust ed Y et if we are to credit .
An till on th e Citizen is so l ittl e att ached to th ese principl es Th at

, ,
h e is m ost devoutly wish ing for th e even t

_
whi ch is to f ree h im from ,
”
their sh ackl es Wh at my specul ative notions on religion m ay b e this

.
,
is neith er th e pl ace nor time t o decl are ; my pol itical principl es ou ght
onl y t o b e question ed on th e pr esent occasi on ; su r el y th ey are con
sti tutional an d h av e m et I h ope with th e appr ob ation of m y country

, , ,
m en ; if so A ntill on s asper sions will give m e no uneasin ess He asks

’
.
,
wh o i s thi s Citi zen ? A m an A ntil l on of an in dependent fortun e , , ,
one deepl y in ter est ed in th e pro spe rity of h is country : a f ri en d to
l ib erty a settl ed enem y to l awl ess prerogative

, .
I comprehend full y Antill on your thr eats thrown out against , ,
cert ain rel igi oni st s ; t o sh ew th e greatn ess of y our so ul and y ou r u tter ,
detest ati on of m al ice I sh all give th e pub l ic a transl ati on of you r

,
Latin t
sen ence ;timent is trul y nob le an d reflects th e highest
th e sen ,
l ustre on its au thor or adopt er ; E os tam en lae dere non exop tem us ,
q ui n os laedere non ex op tan t w e woul d not wi sh to hurt th ose wh o

,
do not wi sh to hu rt us; in oth er words I cannot wreak my resent

“
,
m ent on th e C itizen withou t invol ving all of his r eli gi on in one

,
comm on ru in with him ; th ey h av e not off ended m e it is true b ut , ,
it is b etter th at ninety nin e j u st shoul d suff er th an one guil ty m an

-
,
esc ape a th orough p aced pol itic i an neve r sticks at th e m ean s of
accompl i sh ing hi s end s; why shoul d I wh o h ave so j u st a cl aim ,
to th e ch ar acter ? Th ese Antill on are th e sentim ent s and threats

”
, , ,
couched u nde r y ou r L atin phr ase which y o u even we re ash amed to ,
avo w in pl ain E ngl i sh .
I b id .
, Jul y 1 , 1 77 3 .
Citizen di d not deliver h is sentim ent only b ut likewi se th e

Th e
sentim ent of other s We C athol i cs wh o think w e were h ar dl y treated
.
,
on occasion we still rem emb e r th e treatment th ou gh ou r resen tm ent

,
hath entirel y sub sided It is not in th e least surprising that a man

.
incapab l e of forming an ex al ted sentim ent shoul d not readil y com ,
preh en d th e force and b e auty of on e To wh at purpose w as th e .
threat thrown out of enforcing th e pen al st atutes b y procl am ation?

Why am I told th at my conduct is very inconsistent with th e situation
of one wh o owes ev en th e to leratio n h e enj oy s to th e f avour of
,
governm ent ? If b y in stilli ng prej udices in to th e Gove rnor and b y

”
,
ev ery m e an and wi cked artifi ce y ou c an r ou se th e popul ar r esen tm ent
again st cert ain rel igi oni st s and thu s b rin g on a per secution of th em
, ,
it will then b e known whether th e tol er ation I enjoy b e due to th e ,
f avou r of governm ent or n ot .
40 .
Th e Q ueb ec A ct Grant s Religio u s Freedom to
th e C ath ol ics of C anada, June 22 , 1 7 7 4
ri r ri r t
BY TH E sp ng of 1 77 4 th e an g y emp e of th e A m e can col on s s m ade it
vi t vr t t t
it e den to th e go e nm en in Lond on h a som e
s
thi ng sh ou ld b e done to
i r y t i j t rw
n su e th e l o al y of i t s C an ad an sub ec s to th e c o n Th e esu l w as . r t
th e Queb ec A ct b ywhi r h
ch F en c r t r
l aw was es o e d in th e col ony , its b oun d
r i w r iv
a es r
e e g en a b oad e xt i w t
en s on to t h e rth
e s and no , an d th e C a oli c th
rh r t r t t r
Ch u c w as gu a an e ed its f eed om Al l h ese f ea u es of th e b ll. ere re i w
t i t r ih r
se n ed b y t h e C an ad an s sou h e n ne g b o s, an d non e to a g ea
’
deg ee r t r
th an th e pr i vi tt r th i r i i
l e ged s a u s acco ded to th e C a ol c el g on The ac s pro
’
. t
i r th i t i t
vis on f or th e F ench Ca ol cs to ake a s m pl e oa h of all eg ance to th e i
1 32 Th e E ngl ish Col onies
in h Cou rt of Record as His M aj esty sh all appoint wh o are hereb y

su c ,
au thori zed to admini st er th e sam e ; vi del ice t [ Th en foll ow s th e form .
of an o ath of sim pl e all egi an ce t o th e kin g with a promi se to r epo rt
all treason ab l e con spir aci e s to th e au tho riti es ]
An d b e it f ur th er en acted b y th e Authority aforesaid Th at all His ,
M aj esty s Canadian Sub j ects withi n th e Province of Queb ec th e

’
, ,
rel igiou s O rders and Communities onl y excepted m ay al so hold and ,
enj oy th eir Pr operty an d Possession s t ogeth er with all Cu st om s an d ,
Usages rel ative thereto and all their other Civil Right s ,
Provi ded al so Th at n o O r din ance touchin g Reli gi on or b y whi ch

, ,
any Pu ni shm en t m ay b e i nflict e d gr eat er th an F ine or Impri sonm ent
for Thr ee Month s sh all b e of any For ce or Eff ect until th e same
, ,
sh all h av e receiv ed His M aj esty s A pprob ati on

’
.
J oh n Adam s I m pressions of C ath olic S ervice

’
a ,
O ctob er 9 1 7 74 ,
M O ST of t r i i ri h
th e f ou n d ng f a h e s of th e Repub l c h ad b een nou s ed on a
d ep pr j
e ie th i h r h
u d ce aga ns th e C a i t wh t v r t r
ol c C u c , an d a e e ol e an ce som e of
them l ter di pl yed spr g from b el ief in th e nece ity of rel i giou t l ra
a s a an a ss s o e
tion as p b l i p l i cy f r all r ther th n f rom

a u c o ny softe i g of th eir
o a a a n n
att i tu d e tow r d C th l i i m D ri n g t h e
a a i ns of th e Contin nt l C ongres
o c s . u sess o e a s
J hn A d m ( 1 7 3 5
o a s d el g te f rom M assa h tt t t i me f nd a e a c u se s, a s ou
h i offi i l d ti
s c a very d ll He nl ivened one day therefore b y vi iti ng
u es u . e , , s
om f Phi l d lphi s h rches wi th G eorge W sh in gt n Th e l etter wh i h

’
s e o a e a c u a o . c
h e wrote t o h i wi f e A b i g il on O ctob er 9 1 7 7 4 cont i n d

s vivi d im
a , , a e a
pre i n of h i re cti n f t r a vi i t to St M ry C h r h d r i ng an f ter

’
ss o s a o s a e s . a s u c u a
no n o rvi e S o rce : C h rles Fr nci s A d m s

se c . u F m il i L tt
a f a a a ar e ers o
J h o n Ad m d H i Wif A b ig il D i g th R
a s an s l ti n ( New Y rk
e a , ur n e e vo u o o
H rdu d H o ght n
an u pp 4 5—4 6o ,
. .
I wearied to death with th e l ife I lead Th e b u siness of th e

am .
Congress is tediou s b eyond expression .
Thi s day I w en t to Dr All i son s m eeting in th e forenoon an d

’
.
,
heard th e D r ; a good discourse upon th e Lord s supper

. Thi s
’
.
is a Presb yteri an m eeting I conf ess I am not f ond of Pre sb yt e ri an .
meetings in thi s town A nd I must conf ess th at th e Epi scopal

.
Church is qu ite as agreeable to my t aste as th e Presb yt eri an They .
are b oth sl aves to th e dom in ation of th e p riesth oo d I l ike th e Con .
g g
re ati on al w ay b est n ext t o th at Indepen den t , .
Thi s afternoon l ed b y cu ri osity an d good compan y I stroll ed aw ay

, ,
Continen tal Congress a nd th e Que b ec A ct 1 33
to mother h r h or rather grandmother chur ch I mean th e Rom ish

c u c ,
.
chapel I heard a good short moral essay upon th e duty of parents

.
,
to their children fou nded in j u stice an d ch arity to t ake c are of th eir

, ,
interests temporal and spiritual This afternoon s entertainment was to

,
.
’
me m ost awf ul an d aff ectin g; th e poo r wretches finge ring their b eads ,
ch an tin g L atin n ot a w ord of wh ich th ey un der stood ; th e ir p at er

,
noster s and ave M arias; th eir hol y w at er ; th eir cr o ssin g th em sel v es
perpetu all y ; th eir b owing to th e n am e of J esus wh enever th ey h ear it ; ,
their b owings kneel ings and genuflections b efore th e al tar Th e dress

,
.
of th e pri est w as ri ch whit e l ace Hi s pul pit was v el v et and gol d Th e

. .
al t ar pi ece w as v ery ri ch
-
l ittl e im ages and crucifixes ab ou t ; wax
,
candl es l ight ed up B ut h ow sh all I d escrib e th e pictur e of our Savi our

.
in a fr ame of m arb l e over th e al t ar at full l ength upon th e cross , ,
in th e agonies and th e b l ood dro

, pping and stream ing from h is wound s !
Th e m u si c consi sting of an organ and a cho ir of singer s went all th e
, ,
aft ernoon except serm on tim e an d th e assem bl y ch an t e d m

, ost sweetl y
and exqui sitel y .
Here is everyt hing which can l ay hold of th e eye ear and im agina , ,
tion everything which can ch arm and b ewitch th e simpl e and igno
rant I wonder h ow Lu th er ever b roke th e spell Adieu
. . .
Reaction s of th e C ontinen t al C on gress t o th e

Q b ec ct S epte b er 1 7 O ctob er 26 1 774
A m — '
ue , ,
r ri r
A S TH E b eak of th e A m e can col on es f om G ea B a n g e r t ri t i r w
i cl o se r
t ti t tr i
th e del ega es to th e C on nen al C on gr ess de e m ned u pon m o e en e ge c r r ti
r t r v ti
m easu es O n Sep emb e 9 , 1 7 7 4 , a con en on in Suff ol k C ou n y , M assa
. t
t
ch u sett s, h ad adop ed a set o f r ti whi h
e sol u on s c ri
su mm a z e d th e p nc palri i
i ri v
col on al g e an ces aga n s i t
th e m o h e t r cou n try h
T ese so— cal l e d Suff ol k
.
v wr i
Resol e s e e m m e d a eli t y t
sen i hi
to Ph l adelp a an d on Sep emb e t r
1 7 th e
r r i t ti t r
m o e ad cal d el ega es in th e C on n en al C ong ess su cceede d in a ng h em h vi t
t
adop e d b y th t
a b od y t r r i
O n O c ob e 2 1 th e con g ess ssu e d an ad d ess to
. r
th e B ri t i h
s people w ih w y tr
h c was f oll o ed five d a s l a e b y an add e ss to th e r
r i
F en ch C anad an s and a pe titi r
on to Ki n g G eo ge III All th
e se d ocu m en s t .
x tt t
e cep i
h a t o th e C an ad an s rfl t
e e c e d th e r t t t
e sen m en f el at B a n s r it i
’
r t r th i h h
g an of f eedom t o th e C a ol c C urc in C an ad a b y th e Qu eb ec A ct
whi hc r vi J
h ad b ecom e l aw on th e p e ou s un e 2 2 In f ac , t th t
a r
m e asu e w as
.
j i r ri v
u dge d on e o f th e ch ef sou ces of g e an ce aga n s t h e B
“
i t r i ti h r w
s c o n It .
sh oul d hr y hv
a dl r ri ti t r
a e su p se d th e C on n en al C on g ess t o fi n d hat t th i r
e
i it
appe al t o th e C an ad an s f or ass s an ce h ad f al len on deaf ea s r f or th e ,
r h th i
F en c C a ol c l eade s kne r wth e tr i i t ri
ue op n ons of m os A m e can s ab out
t i r i ith v
h e r el gious f a , e en if th y w r
e wr
e e n ot a a e at th e ti
m e of th e s ki ng tr i
con tr di cti n in entim nt b etween th e ddr

a o s n t t o th m e n O ct b e r 2 6 a ess se e o o
a n d th t d i ra ted to th e Briti h p opl fi d ys b f r Th e foll owin g

ec s e e ve a e o e .
ex erp t f r m th e d oc m
c s o t rel te to th e C th ol i c Chur h S ur e W orth
u en s a a c . o c :
ingt on Ch cey F or d
au n J l f t h C ti t l C g 1 774 o u rna s o e on n en a on ress,
1 7 89 ( W sh i gto a G ver m e t Pri ti g O ffi e

n n: o n n n n c ,
Suff olk County Resolutions Adopted b y th e Continental Congress ,
Septemb er 1 7 1 7 74 : ,
1 0 Th at th e l ate act of parl i am en t for est ab l i shi ng th e Rom an

“
C athol ic rel igion and th e French l aws in th at extensive coun try now ,
call ed C an ad a i s d angerou s in an extrem e degree t o th e Protest an t

,
rel igion and to th e civil rights and l ib erties of all Am erica; and ,
therefore as men and Protestan t Christians we are indispensabl y

, ,
ob l i ge d to t ake all proper m e asures f or our secu rity ( I b id I 34 . .

, ,
Address to th e People of Great B ritain O ctob er 2 1 1 7 74 : , ,
K now th en Th at we con si der ou r sel ves and do insi st th at we are

, , ,
and ought t o b e as f ree as ou r f ell ow sub j ect s in B rit ain

,
and th at -
,
no pow er on e arth h as a right to t ake ou r property f rom us with ou t
our consent .
Th at we think th e Legisl atu re of Great B rit ai n i s not au thorized -
b y th e con stitution to est ab l i sh a reli gion f r aught with san guin ary and ,
impious tenets or to erect an arb itrary form of governm ent in any

, , ,
qu arter of th e gl ob e .
A nd b y an oth er A ct th e dom in ion of C an ada i s to b e so exten ded ,
modell ed and gov erned as th at b y b eing d i sunited from us detached

, , ,
from ou r in ter est s b y civil as well as rel igi ou s prej u di ces th at b y their
, ,
numb er s dail y sw ell ing with C ath ol ic em igr an t s f rom Eur ope and ,
b y th eir devotionto Admin i str ation so friendl y to th eir rel igion th ey , ,
mi ght b ecom e formi dab l e to u s and on occasion b e fit instrum ent s , ,
in th e h ands of power to r edu ce th e ancient fr ee Prote st ant Col oni es

,
to th e sam e st ate of sl ave ry with th em sel ves Thi s w as evi dentl y th e .
ob j ect of th e A ct : A nd in thi s view b eing extr emel y d angerous ,
to our l i b erty and qui et we cann ot fo rb e ar compl ainin g of it as ho stil e

, ,
to B riti sh America Nor can we suppress our astoni shm ent th at

.
,
a B riti sh Parl i am ent shoul d ev er con sen t to est ab l i sh in th at country
a r el igion th at h as del u ged y our i sl and in b l ood and di sper sed im piety , ,
b igotry per secu tion mu r der and reb el l i on through every part of th e
, ,
worl d ( I bid I 8 2—8 3 ;

. .
, ,
Address to th e Inh ab it ants of th e Province of Queb ec O ctob er 2 6 , ,
1 7 74 :
We , th e D el ega es of th e t Colonies h av1 ng acco rdingl y assembl ed
jected tt r and est ab li shing an ab solute government and th e

to th e l a e ,
Rom an C ath oli ck rel igion throu gh ou t th ose v ast region s th at b order ,
on th e w esterl y and n orth erl y b ou n dari es of th e fr ee prot est an t Engl i sh
settl em ent s; and th e fif th for th e b ett er pr ovidi ng su it ab l e qu art ers for
ofli cers an d soldi er s in hi s m aj e sty s se rvi ce in North Ameri ca

’
.
( I bid 1 1 1 5 .
, ,
G eorge Washi ngton B ans Gu y Fawkes Day in

th e Arm y Novemb er 5 1 77 5 , ,
TH E A m e ri can v ti
rved to di ip te t ome extent th e prej di
Re ol u on se ss a o s u ces
whi h h d O p r ted o strongly ag in t C th l ic al l th r gh t h c l ni al

c a e a s a s a o s ou e o o
p r i d A m ong th m ny i n di gni t i
e o . e wh i ch th ey h d h ad t ff r w to
a es a o su e as
witne in m o t of th e princip l towns on Novemb er 5 of e ch year

ss s a a a
com m em r at i n of th f tef l attem pt

o o f G y F awkes t o bl ow
e a u p th o u u e
hou e of p rl i m nt at L nd n i 1 6 0 5 A t th e l i l cel b r ti on on
s s a a e o o n . es co on a e a s e
of t h e prin ci p l attr cti on w t h e b urn i g of th pop e in efii gy W hi n g

‘
a a s as n e . as
t n n e of dec ncy p t top to thi s practi ce am ng th e tr p u d r

o
’
s se s e u a s o oo s n e
h i c mm nd at th e i ege of B o t n H i gener l rd r w re wri tt n wh il e

s o a s s o . s a o e s e e
th e C m m nd er in C h i f w s ti ll
o a m i gly confi de t th t th e ff rt to
e a s see n n a e o
b ri ng th e F r n h C th l i c of C n d i on th e si de of th e r v l ti ng col ni
e c a o s a a a n e o o es
wo ld c d nd h e u d th t s h i m in m otive f or i s i ng th rder
u suc ee , a se a a s a s u e o .
S ur : John C F it p atri ck
o ce . Th W iting
z f G g W h i gt e r s o e or e as n on
( W a hi ngt
s o n : U n i t ed S tat G ov e rn m e n t P r in ti n g O ffi
es e I V 6 4 —6 5 c , ,
.
GENERAL O RDERS
Head Q u arters C amb ri dge Novemb er 5 1 775 , , ,
.
A s th e Comm an de r in Chi ef h as b een apprize d of a desi gn f orm d

’
for th e ob serv an ce of th at ri dicul ou s and chil di sh custom of b u rn ing

th e E fli gy of th e pope — He cann ot h elp expre ssin g h is su rpri se th at
there shoul d b e O ffi cers and Sol diers in this arm y so voi d of comm on
sense as n ot t o see th e impr opri e ty of su ch a step at thi s J unctu re ;
,
at a Tim e wh en w e are solli citing and h av e re all y ob t ain d th e f ri en d

’
, ,
shi p an d al l i ance of th e peopl e of C an ad a wh om w e ou ght to con si der ,
as B rethren em b arked in th e sam e C au se Th e def ence of th e gen er al .
Lib erty of Am erica: At su ch a j uncture and in such Circum stan ces , ,
to b e in sul ting th e ir R eli gion i s so m on strou s as not to b e suff ered , ,
or excused ; indeed i n st ead of off erin g th e m ost r emot e insu l t it is ,
ou r du ty t o addr ess pub l ic th ank s t o th ese our B r ethr en, as to th em
we are so m uch indeb ted for every l ate h appy Success over th e
comm on Enemy in C an ad a
Th e D awn o f Rel igious
,
F ree do m 1 37
Th e D awn of Rel igiou s Freedom for Am erican

C ath olics, 1 77 6 1 7 9 1
—
TH E app oach r ri c n i n dep d

of Am e b r gh t t th e C th l i
a in en en ce ou o a o cs a
nu m b r f th e n ew t t
e o q i k rel i f fr m th l w th t h d p l i d th m
s a es u c e o e a s a a en a ze e
thro gh m t of th l ni l p ri d B t th ti
u os e co o f th i n d iv i d l t te
a e o . u e ac on o e ua s a s
d iff ered v ry wi d el y i th i r p ct
e n d in mn th s l g l d i b i l iti
es e , a so e c ase s e e a sa es
l ted w ll into th e i ete th

as e t ry Vi rgi i l d th w y b y it d p
n n en cen u . n a e e a s a o
ti n of a b ill of ri ght n J e 1 2 1 77 6 whi h em b di ed th e pri ipl f

o t s o un , ,
'
c o nc e o
r l igi us f re d m n d P n ylv ni
e o e o , d M ryl
a d f ll w d
en it b f r th
s a a an a an o o e su e o e e
e n d of th t y r I n th e c n tit ti n of N w Y rk d M a h ett h w
a ea . o s u o s e o an ssac us s, o
e ev r th e ol d prej di ce g i t C th l i l i g r d i rt i l
, u s a a ns M a o cs n e e n ce a n c au ses . ean
while th e g n r l gov rnm t h d gr d t th e A rti l f C f d r ti

e e a e en a a ee o c es o on e e a on
on Nove m b r 1 5 1 7 77 e d th y w t i t f r
, ,
M r h 1 1 78 1 O
an e en n o o c e on a c ,
. n ce
th e C on ti t ti n w s u d pt d o S pt m b r 1 7 1 7 8 7
as a o n d ite fir t t on e e e , , a s s en
a m en dm ent w r p t i t eff e t on D
s e e um b r 1 5 1 7 9 1 i t p i t d th w y
n o c ece e , o n e e a
for s im il r ti on in tho e state whi h h d hith rt with h l d f l l r l i gi

a ac s s c a e o e u e ou s
l i b erty f r m ll th ir i ti n
o a Th f l l wi g
e rpt f r m th e t t
c ze s . e o o n exce s o s a e con
s titu ti n w r
o shosen to ill tr t th v ri d ti n t k n b y v r l of
e e c us a e e a e ac o a e se e a
th e m r im p rt t t t wh re C th l i wer ith r m t m r
o e o an s a es e a o cs e e e os nu e ou s or
w r d ti ned to b ec m
e e es Th e e f ll w d b y th
o e so rti l i th tw
. s ar e o o e ose a c es n e o
f d r l i n trum e t
e e a s f g v r m ent wh i ch p rt i n d i
n s o y w y t r l i gi
o e n e a e n an a o e on .
S r : Fr
ou ce i Newt n Th orp
an c s Th F d o l d St t C t it ti
e e e e ra an a e o ns u o ns
( W hi ngt n : G v rnm t Pr i t i g O ffi
as o o e en n n ce ,
PENNS YLVANIA : D ecl a r at i on of Right s adop e d t Septemb er 28,

1 77 6 .
II
h at all m en h ave a natur al and u n al ien ab l e right to worship
. T
Almi ghty God according to th e dict ates of their own con sciences an d
un der st an ding : A n d th at n o m an ou ght or of r i ght c an b e com
p ell e d t o att e n d any r el i g i o us w o r sh i p or e r ec t or su ppo rt any ,
pl ace of w o r shi p or m a i n t a in any m i

,
n i stry co n tr a ry t o or again st , , ,
hi s own f ree will an d consent : Nor c an any m an wh o acknowl edges ,
th e b ein g of a God b e j u stl y deprive d or ab ri dged of any civil

,
rights as a citizen on accoun t of hi s rel igi ou s sentim ent s or pecul i ar

,
m ode of rel igious w or ship : A n d th at no au th ority c an or ou ght t o -
b e vested in or assum e d b y an y power wh atev er th at sh all in any

, ,
case in terf er e with or in an y m ann er cont r ou l ,

th e ri ght of con -
,
science in th e f ree ex e rci se of reli giou s w or ship ( I bi d V . .

, ,
MARYLA ND : D ecl ar ation of Right s adopted Novem b er 1 1 , 1 77 6 .
XXX III Th at as it is th e duty of every m an to worsh ip God

.
,
in such m anner as h e thin k s m o st accept ab l e to him ; all per son s ,

1 38 Th e E ngl ish Co lon ies
p r of e ssi n g th e Chri sti an r el i gi on a re e qu all y en tit

,
l ed t o p r o t ecti o n
in their rel igi ous l ib erty ; wherefore no per son ough t b y any l aw
to b e mol ested in his per son or e st at e on account of hi s r el igiou s
persu asion or profession or f or bi s reli gious practi ce ; unl ess under

, i
,
col our of rel i gion any m an sh all di sturb th e go od or der peace or

, ,
safety of th e St ate or sh all inf rin ge th e l aw s of m or ali ty or inj ure

, ,
oth er s , in th eir natu ral civil or rel igi ous right s; nor ought any
, ,
person to b e compell ed to fre qu ent or m ain t ai n or contrib ute unl ess , ,
on contract , to m aint ain an y particul ar pl ace of wor shi p or any ,
p a rti cu l a r m in i stry ; ye t th e L e gi sl at ur e m ay in th e ir d i scr e ti o n l a

,y ,
a gener al an d e qu al t ax for th e support of th e Chri sti an reli gion ;

,
l eavin g to e ach indivi du al th e power of appointing th e paym ent

ove r of th e m oney coll ected f rom him
, to th e support of a , ny par
ticul ar pl ace of wor ship or min i ster or for th e b enefit of th e poor ,
of hi s own denomi n ation or of th e poor in gener al of any particul ar

,
county : b ut th e chu rch e s ch apel s ,gl eb es an d all oth e r property

, ,
now b el onging t o th e chu rch of E ngl an d ou ght to rem ain to th e ,
chu rch of Engl an d for ever And all act s of A ssem b l y l atel y p assed
.
, ,
for coll ecting m onie s for b u il din g or repairin g particul ar churches

or ch apel s of case sh all con tinue in f orce an d b e executed unl e ss
, , ,
th e Legi sl ature sh all b y act super sede or repe al th e same : b ut

, ,
no coun ty cou rt sh all assess any quan tity of tob acco or sum of ,
money h ereaft er on th e appl ication of any vestrymen or chu rch

, ,
wardens; and every encumb ent of th e church of Engl and wh o h ath ,
rem ained in hi s pari sh and performed h is duty sh all b e entitl ed

, ,
to r eceive th e provi sion an d support est ab l i sh ed b y th e act entitled ,
A n act for th e support of th e cl ergy of th e church of Engl an d

“
,
in thi s Province , till th e Novemb er court of thi s present ye ar to ,
b e h el d for th e county in whi ch hi s pari sh sh all lie or partl y li e , ,
or f or su ch time as h e h ath rem ain ed in hi s pari sh an d performed ,
hi s duty ( I b id III 1 6 8 9
.
,
NEW YO RK : Constitution adopted April 20 1 77 7 , .
XX XVIII And whereas we are requi red b y th e b enevol ent

.
,
p rin cipl es of r ati on al li b erty n ot onl y to expel civil tyr anny b ut

, ,
al so to guard agai nst th at spiritu al oppr ession and intol er ance
wherewith th e b igotry and am b ition of weak and wicked priests

and princes h av e scour ged m ankind thi s conven ti on do th furth er , ,
in th e name and b y th e auth ority of th e good peopl e of th is St ate ,
ordain determ ine and decl ar e th at th e fr ee ex er ci se and enj oym ent

, , ,
p r es e rv a tio n of th e ir go v e rn m en t th e p p
e o l e o
,
f thi s co mm o n w e al th
have a right to invest their l egisl ature with power to au thoriz e and
require th e several town s parishes precinct s and other b odies pol itic
, , ,
or rel i gious soci eties to m ake suit ab l e provi si on

,
at th eir own ,
expense for th e institution of th e pub l i c wor sh ip of GO D and

, ,
for th e support an d m ainten an ce of pub li c Protest an t teach er s of

p i e ty ,
r eli gi on a n d m
, o r a li ty i n all c,
ases wh er e su ch p rovi sion
sh all n ot b e m ade v ol un t aril y .
A n d th e peopl e of thi s comm onweal th h ave al so a right to and ,
do in vest th eir l egi sl atur e with au th or i ty to enj oin upon all th e

,
sub j ect s an attend ance upon th e in struct i on s of th e pub l i c t e acher s .
afor esaid at st at ed tim es an d se ason s if ther e b e an y on wh ose

, ,
instruction s they c an con scienti ou sl y an d convenientl y atten d

A nd all m on ey s paid b y th e sub j ect to th e support of pu
.
b lic
worship an d of th e publ ic te achers aforesai d Sh all if h e require
, , ,
it b e uniforml y appli ed to th e support of th e pub l ic teacher or

,
te acher s of hi s own rel igiou s sect or denom in ation provi ded there ,
b e any on whose in structi on s h e attend s; oth erwi se it m ay b e pai d

tow ards th e support of th e t eacher or teachers of th e pari sh or precinct
in wh ich th e said m oney s are r ai sed ( I bid III 1 8 89 .
,
ARTICLES O F CO NFEDERA TIO N : A greed to b y Congress Novem

b er 1 5 1 7 77 ; r atifie d an d in f o rce M arch 1 1 7 8 1
, , .
I I I Th e said St ates h er eb y sever all y ent er in to a firm l eague of

.
f rien dship with e ach oth er for th eir comm on def ence th e secu rity
, , ,
of th eir l ib erti es and th e ir m u tu al an d gen er al w elfar e

, b ind ing ,
them selves to assist each other agai nst all force off ered to or att ack
, ,
m ade upon th em or any of th em on accoun t of rel igi on sovereignty

, , , ,
tr ade or any other pretence whatever ( I b id I

, .
, ,
CO NSTITUTIO N : A dopted Septemb er 1 7 1 7 8 7 ; government in ,
au gurated April 30 1 7 8 9 ; fir st ten am en dm ents in eff ect Decem

,
b er 1 5 , 1 79 1 .
VI . rel igiou s Test sh all ever b e requi red as a Qu ali fication to

No
any O fli ce of pub l ic T ru st un de r th e United St at es ( I b id I .
, ,
I ( A mendm ents ) C ongress sh all m ake no l aw respecting an e st ab

.
lishm ent of rel igion or prohib iting th e f ree ex ercise th ereof ( I b id

, . .
,
I,
F a th er G ib aul t a nd th e A m e r ica n C a use 141
F ath er Gib aul t L en ds A ssi st an ce t o th e

Am eri can C au se 1 778— 1 7 80 ,
O NE t of th em i n ry pri e t of Q b c to rve i th I ll inoi

of th e l as e s a s s ue e se n e s
C ou n try w Pi rr G ib l t ( 1 7 37— 1 8 04 ) w h b ga h i m i i ry c r r
as e e au o e n s ss on a a ee
th re in 1 7 6 8 A ft r th
e tb r k f th A m ri
. e Revol t i o a gr p f
e ou ea o e e can u n ou o
Virgini m i l iti l d b y G eorg R g r Cl rk ( 1 7 5 2—1 8 1 8 ) determ i n d p

a a e e o e s a e u on
ca pt r i ng th B ri ti h f ort i th e r
u e Th y rpri ed nd t ok K k ki
s s n a ea . e su s a o as as a
on J l y 4 1 77 8 wh re F th r G i b lt w th en t tion d W n b y Cl rk ’
u , , e a e au as s a e . o a s
f ri n dly tre tm e t of th e Fr n h C thol i c s ttl rs th pri t v l nt r d t

e a n e c a e e , e es o u ee e o
help when h le rned th A m ri n i nt n ded t dv c on Vi

e a e Th e ca s e o a an e n cen n es . e
l e der of th e l ittl p rty w

a Je n B pti t L ff t th vill g d t r t
e a as a a s e a on ,
e a e oc o a
K k ki a sin
as as i t w G ib a l t wi h to k ep in th b kgr d Th
,
ce as u
’
s s e e ac ou n . e
e ff rt w s enti r l y suc
o a f l and Vi e ne an d th e n ei ghb or i n g I d i
cess u n cen s n an
trib e d l red f or th A m eri can F thi cti on G ib l t won th pr i of

s ec a e s . or s a au e a se
G v rn r P tri ck H n ry f Vi rgi i
o e o a nd re ol ti n f th k fr m th
e o n a a a s u o o an s o e
l gi l t re in 1 7 8 0 B t t h i
e s a u p r i or B i h p B r i an d f Queb e c wh o w s
. u o s su e ,
s o o , a
intent upon ke pi ng h i fl o k l oy l t th Briti h f ll wi ng th ir g n r

e s c a o e s o o e e e ou s
tr tm nt of th C hu r ch in th Q b ec A t G ib a lt s tion w ythi g ’
ea e e e ue c ,
u ac as an n
b t pl
u ing nd th e Bri ti h th oriti th m l ve reg rd d h im as tr itor
eas , a s au es e se s a e a a .
S n si ng th ir r tions fr m t h t t G ib l t k pt h i h d a hi dd n “
e e eac o e ou se ,
au e s an s e as
possi bl e an d h l t r d i d th t h h d d n m r at Vi n c nne th n t
e a e en e a e a o e o e e s a o
Th fi r t f th tw l tter th t f ll w give L ff nt t ’
cou n el pe cs a e . e s o e o e s a o o s a o s a ccou n
of th e ep i od while th e e d how G ib l t warmth t w rd th A m eri

s e, s con s s au
’
s o a e
c n c u se a
a w ll r v al i g om thing of th e c nf d it tion of th
a s e as e e n s e o u se s ua e
Chur ch on th e I ll i i fr ti er d ri ng th w S r Cl rno s W lw rth

on u e ar . ou ce : a enc e a o
Al vord K k ki R d [ 778 —1 79 0 ( Spr i n gfield : Ill i

as as a i S t te e co r s, no s a
H i tori c l Lib r ry
s a pp 5 0 —5 1a 518 519 ,
.
,
— .
To Col onel George R oger Cl ark present ,

.
I c ann ot b ut approve th at which M Gib aul t said in th e contents .
of h is j ou rn al [ Even ] if h e did om it som e hi storical t ruth s whi ch

.
m ight h ave b een worthy of n arr ation th at which h e said i s th e pur e ,
truth All th at h e h as b egged m e to add an d which h e will tell to you

.
,
and h as asked m e to b e pr esen t ( and whi ch h e for got) i s th at in all
th e civil aff airs n ot onl y with th e F ren ch b u t with th e sav age s h e

, ,
meddl ed with no thin g b ecau se h e w as not or dered to do so and it was

'
opposed t o hi s v oc ati on ; an d th at I al on e h ad th e directi on of th e
aff air h e him self h avin g confin ed him self tow ards b oth Fr en ch and
,
Indi an s sol el y t o exh o rt ati on t en ding tow ar ds pe ace an d uni on an d

to th e prev ention of b l oo dsh ed ; an d so sir for th e t em por al aff air s , ,
with whi ch I am wh oll y entrusted I hope to h ave all th e sati sfaction ,
possib l e for I acted in all things with an irreproach ab l e integrity

, .
My zeal my sincerity persu ade me th at you will h ave sir th e

an d , ,
kindn ess to accept th e good wi sh es whi ch I h ave th e honor to m ake

.
to you an d to b el ieve me with a m o st respectf ul regard

, , ,
Your very humb l e and very ob edient servant ,
Laff ont .
K askaski a Au gust 7 th 1 77 8
, .
Mr G R Cl ark
. . .
,
Sir ,
We have
b een gr eatl y di sappointed in not h aving th e pl easure of
seeing y ou in ou r vill age Th e joy w as gener al wh en we knew th at you
.
were so near u s Th e kin dness and b enefits you showed u s during your
.
t y here gave u s th e prom i se of th e sam e when you shoul d return

s a .
I was not one of those wh o de sir ed you with th e l east ardor Y ou .
know my he art ; an d if th e pu b l ic aff air s of m y mi ni stry did n ot

,
demand my presence I sh ould h av e giv en myself th e pl easure and

,
honor of m aking you a visit in you r new est ab l i shm ent ; b ut I hope
that it is onl y a postponem ent and that another opportunity will fin d
m e l ess occupied W e are very poor and de stitu te of all thin gs W e
. .
are impati entl y expecting th e vill age b oat s W e fear th e sav ages and .
th e evilly di spo sed peopl e wh o are u r gi ng th em to kill us In a word .
we are trul y in a sad situ ation In spite of thi s we are of good .
cou r age and are so goo d Am eric ans th at w e are r e ady to defend ou r
sel v es to th e de ath against any wh o att ack u s I pr ay you to accept .
my respect s and to empl oy m e in any w ay l n m y power for you r

servi ce I alw ay s have true pleasure in b eing u seful to you and in
.
call ing my sel f with all po ssib l e consi de r ati on
You r very humb l e and ob edient servant ,
P Gib aul t Pri est .

, .
K askaski a M ay 1 0 1 7 8 0 , , .
J oh n C arroll I s Appointe d S uperior of th e

Am erican Mi ssion s Ju ne 9 1 7 84 , ,
T HE recogn ition of A meri c n in d pendence b y Great Br it in in th e pro a e a
vi i nal tr aty f Novemb r 30 1 7 8 2 onfronted th e Holy S e wi th a

s o e o e , , c e
difli l t an d u preced nt d situ t i on O b vi o sl y th e j ur i d i cti n of th e

cu n e e a . u s o
Vi c r A po tol i c of th e Londo D i tri t over A m eri c n C thol i c could no

a s n s c a a s
l onger b ex rci d ed m e sub ti tut w l d have to b e f ou nd But n

e se an so s e ou . a
over a repub l i with

se s trong traditi on of hostil ity toward th e Church
c a s ,
wherei n th e pri st them elve were known to oppo e th e appointment of

e s
“
s s s a
b i shop did n ot off er

, pr om i i ng prospect f or d i r ct negoti ati ons In hi s
a s e .
1 44 Th e E n gl is h C o lo n ies
with th e titl e and ch ar acter of b ishop with th e care of those states

, ,
that h e m ay attend to ordi n ation an d other epi scopal functi on s But .

,
to accompl i sh thi s d esi gn it i s of gr e at i m port an ce th at we shou l d b e

,
m ade acqu ainted with th e st ate of th e orthodox reli gion in th ose thir
teen states Th erefore we request you to forward to u s as soon as
.
,
possib l e a corr ect r eport statin g carefull y th e num b er of C ath ol i cs

, ,
in each st ate ; wh at i s th e ir con d it i on th eir pi ety an d wh at ab u ses

,
exi st ; al so h ow m any mi ssi o n ary priest s l ab o r n ow in thi s v in ey ar d of
th e L ord ; wh at are th eir qu al i fi c ation s th e i r ze al th eir m od e of sup

, ,
port For though th e Sacred Congr egati on wi sh not to m eddle with

.
tempor al th i ngs it i s im port ant f or th e e st abl i shm ent of l ab orer s th at

, ,
we Shou l d know wh at are th e eccl esi astical r evenues if any there ,
are , an d it i s b el i ev e d th ere are som e In th e m e antim e for fear th e

.
want of m i ssion aries Should deprive th e C athol ics of Spiritual assist

ance i s h as b een r e sol v e d to i nvit e h i th er t w o y ou th s f rom th e st at es
,
of M aryl an d an d Penn syl v an i a to edu cat e th em at th e e xpen se of

,
th e S acre d C ongr egati on in th e Urb an C oll ege ; th ey w i ll af terw ar ds

,
On return in g to th e ir cou ntry b e sub stitutes in th e m i ssi on W e l eav e

, .
to you r sol icitu de th e care of sel ect in g an d sen din g th em Y ou will .
m ake cho i ce of those wh o h av e mor e prom i sing t al en ts an d a good

con st i tu ti on wh o are n ot l ess th an tw el v e n or m or e th an fi f t een ye ar s
, ,
of age ; wh o b y their pr ofici en cy in th e sanctuary m ay gi ve gr e at h o e s

p
of th em sel ve s Y ou m ay ad dr ess th em t o th e ex cell en t archb i sh op of
.
Sel euci a Apostol i c Nunci o at Pari s wh o i s inf o rm ed of th ei r comi ng

, , .
If th e y oung m en sel ected are un ab l e to defr ay th e expen ses of th e

voyage th e Sacred Congregat i on wil l provi de for them : we even wish
,
to b e inf orm e d b y you f r an kl y an d accu r atel y of th e n ece ssary _
travel ing expenses to serve as a rule for th e fu tur e Su ch are th e

, .
things I h ad to sign ify to you ; and whil st I am confident you will

d i sch ar ge th e ofii ce com m itted to you with all ze al sol i citud e an d
‘
fi del ity and m ore th an an swer th e h i gh opinion we h ave formed of

,
you I pr ay God th at h e m ay gr an t you all peace an d h appin ess

, .
L C ard Antonelli . .
,
Prefect .
Steph en B orgi a ,
Secre t ary .
J o h n C a rro l l , D efe n d e r o f t h e F a ith 1 45
C arr oll Answers an Att ack U pon th e C ath olic

Faith , 1 7 8 4
t
O NE of th e m os u npl easan du es c ti whi h J h
o n C a ol l , ts su pe orr fir t
of ri r
ri t i r r
th e A m e can C a h ol cs h ad t o p e f o m in th e ea o f h i s a, y r
pp o n m en w as i t t
wr tt
to ans e an a ack m ade up on t h e C a ol c f a h b y an a os a e th i it
p p es t t ri t .
Ch a l es H r Wh rt
a on ry
( 1 7 4 8 1 83 3 ) w as a M a l an d b o n ex e su t l ke
. r J i i -
C ar ol l r hi v y r
m sel f wh o h ad ser ed f or som e e a s as c apl a n to t h e C a ol cs h i th i
r t tr rt r it t t
in W o ces er, En gl an d A f e h is e u n to th e U n e d S a es h e h ad pu b l s ed
. ih
at P hi hi ry r
l ad elp a 1 11 t h e e a l su mm e of 1 7 84 A Le tter to th e Ro m a n C a th o
wi
l ics of th e C i ty of W orces ter Th e f oll o n g e ce p s f om C a oll s epl x r t r rr r y
'
’
.
i i t
n d ca e som e n g of h is m e thi th
od as w e ll as th e m e th
od u sed b y W h a o n rt
rt j ti
in h is eff o s to u s fy hi s ac on C a ol l w as a ti rr
a m ad m e wr
of t h e
. el
“
ir r r i
i
g on s ol e a on t r ti c whi h t i r it
was h en b ecom ng a e al y i n th e U n ed S a es an d it tt
i r t i ti
h e w as p a n ed at th e p ospec of d srup n g th e p esen h a m on b e ee n r t r y tw
ri i r tr i i
A m e can s of d ff e en el g ou s b el ief s b y en gag ng in el g ou s con o e s i r i i tr v r y .
ri t
Th e p es s of h a day t t wr t
e e accu s om e d t o ch a ges aga n s r
th e C u c , i t h rh
r t r r
b u t b y eason of th e n a u e an d sou ce o f W ar on s pu b l ca on h e f el h t i ti t y t ’
it coul d n ot b e gno e d , an d ey i r th w r
e e a g ee d a r th t rr
C a ol l w as th e m an -
to an sw er
.
it . r
S ou ce : A n A dd ress to th e R om a n C a th o l ics of th e U n i te d .
th i ry
S ta tes of A m erica By a C a ol c C l e g m an [ o n C a ol l ] ( A n n apol s :
. Jh rr i
r
F e de ck G een,ri pp r 5 9 —60
, 1 1 3—
1 15 . .
I will y th at I w as su rpri sed when I read th e first passage

n ot d en ,
cit ed b y th e Ch apl ain ; it appe ar e d so oppo site to th e prin cipl e s whi ch
St Chry sost om h ad l aid down i n sev er al p art s of hi s w orks It w as

. .
a m ortifying cir cu m st an ce th at I coul d n ot conv en i entl y h av e r ecou r se

,
to th at h ol y doctor s writin gs nor m in u tel y e x am i ne th e passage

’
,
ob j e ct e d t ogether wi th its context I procu red a frien d to ex amin e

, .
th e e dition of Ch rysostom s works b el onging to th e pub l i c l ib r ary at

’
Ann apol i s; h e h as carefull y and repeatedl y read th e 4 9 th homil y on

St M atth ew ; an d not one syll ab l e of th e Ch apl ain s citati on i s to b e
’
.
found in it Af ter receiving thi s n otice I w as for som e tim e doub tful
.
, ,
whether it m ight not b e owing to a difference in th e edi tions I coul d .
not per su ade m y self th at h e wh o so sol em nl y call s h e av en to witn ess

, ,
for th e im parti al ity and in tegrity of h is in qu iry woul d pub l i cl y expose ,
h im self to a w ell gr ou n ded im pu t at i on of unp ardon ab l e n egl i gen ce in

-
,
a m att er of such seriou s con ce rn B ut I h av e n ow th e f ull e st evi dence .

,
that th e passage for whi ch Chrysostom on Matth ew h om 49 is

, , .
,
qu oted is not taken from that father It is extracted from a work of

, .
no cr ed it supposed to b e writt en in th e 6 th centu ry

, en titl e d Th e , ,
u nfin ish ed work on M at th ew B u t h ad it ever b een f ai rl y qu ot ed .
from him th e Ch apl ain w oul d not h ave h ad so much cau se for triumph
,
ash e im agines For th e passage, h e adduces, carries with

. it equ al con
dem n ation of th e protest an t and cath ol ic rul e of f aith .
I h ave now gone through a t ask painful in every point of vi ew , ,
in whi ch I coul d consider it To write f or th e pub l i c eye on any

.
,
occ asion wh atev er i s ne ith er agr eeab l e to my feel ings m y l eisu re

, , ,
or opportuni ti es ; th at it i s l i kewi se di spropo rtioned to m y ab ili ti e s ,
my r eader s I doub t [ not ] will soon d iscover But if redu ced to

, ,
.
th e n ecessity of pub l i shing I w oul d wi sh th at my du ty l ed me to

,
any speci es of composition r ath er th an th at o f r eli giou s controv er sy

,
.
M ankind h ave conceived su ch a contempt for it th at an auth or c annot ,
entert ain a hope of enj oyin g those gr atification s wh ich in tr eating ,
other su b j e ct s m ay su pport h is spirit s an d enl iv en h is i m agin ation .
Mu ch l ess could I h ave a prospect of these incitement s in th e prosecu

tion of my present un dertaking I coul d not forget in th e b eginning .
, ,
p gr o r e ss
, an d co n cl us i on o f it th at th e h ab it s of thi
,
n k ing th e p j
re u ,
d ices perh aps even th e passion s of m any of my reader s would b e

, ,
set agai nst all th e argument s I coul d off er ; an d th at th e w eak esses

, n ,
th e e rror s th e ab su r ditie s of th e wri ter would b e im puted to th e

,
err or s and ab su rd ity of his r eli gion B ut of all con sider ation s th e .
most painf ul w as th at I h ad to com b at him w i th w

, hom I h ad b een ,
conn ect ed in an intercou r se of fri en dship and m u tu al good o ffi ce s;
an d in connecti on with wh om I h ope d to h ave consumm ate d my
cou r se of ou r com m on m in i stry in th e servi ce of virtu e and r el igi on .
But when I foun d th ese expect ation s di sappoi n ted ; wh en I foun d

that h e not only h ad ab andoned our faith and comm union b ut h ad ,
imputed to us doctrines foreign to our b elief and h aving a n atu ral ,
tendency to emb itter against u s the m i nds of our fellow citizens I -

,
fel t an angu i sh too keen for description and perh aps th e Ch apl ain ,
will experience a simi l ar sen tim ent when h e com es cooll y to reflect ,
on thi s in st an ce of hi s con du ct It did not b ecome th e friend of

.
toleration to m isinform and to sow in m inds so m i sinform ed th e

, ,
se ed s of reli gi ous an imosity .
Under all these di stressful feel ings one consider ation al one rel ieved ,
m e in writing; and th at was th e hope of vind icatin g your r el igion to

,
you r own sel ves at l east and preserving th e ste adf astness of your
,
faith B ut even thi s prospect sh oul d not h av e i ndu ced m e to engage

.
in th e contr over sy if I coul d fear th at it would d istu rb th e h armony

,
now su b si sting am ongst all chri sti an s in thi s country so b l e ssed with ,
c ivil and r el i gious l ib erty ; which if we h av e th e wi sd om and t em er

p
to preserve Am erica m ay com e to exhib it a proof to th e world th at
'
, ,
gener al an d equal tol er ation b y giving a f ree circul ation to f air

,
Th ere are in M aryl an d ab ou t C athol ics; of these there are

ab ou t fr eem en adul t s or ov er twel ve ye ars of age ; chil dr en
,
u nde r th at a g e a b o u t,
a n d ab ov e th a t n um b e r of sl av es o f all
ages of Af ri can o ri gin call e d negr oes Th ere are in Penn syl v an i a ab ou t
, .
very few of whom are negroes and th e Cathol ics are l ess ,
scattered an d l ive ne arer to each oth e r Th ere are not m o re th an 2 0 0 .
in Vir gini a wh o are vi sited four or five tim es a year b y a prie st M an y .
other C ath ol ics are sai d t o b e sc att e red in th at an d oth er St ates wh o ,
are u tt erl y depriv ed of all rel i giou s min i stry In th e St ate of New York .
I hear th at there are at l east (Would th at som e Spiritu al

succo r coul d b e aff o rded them ! ) They h ave r ecen tl y at th eir own ,
expen se , sen t f or a Fr anci scan F ath er from Ir el and an d h e i s said ,
to h ave th e b est t estimon i al s as to h i s l e arn ing an d l if e ; h e h ad

arriv ed a l ittl e b ef ore I r e c e iv ed th e l ett er s in whi ch f acul ti es w ere
transm itted to m e communicab le to my fellow priests I was for a

,
-
.
time in doub t whether I coul d properly approve this priest for th e

adm ini str ation of th e sacr am en t s I h ave now h owever decided
.
, , ,
especi all y as th e f e ast of E ast er i s so n ear to con si der h im as on e ,
of my f ell ow pri est s an d to gr ant h im f acul t i es and I trust th at m y

-
, ,
deci sion will meet you r approb ation A s t o th e C atholi cs wh o are .
in th e t erritory b ordering on th e riv er call ed M issi ssippi and in all

that region which foll owin g that river extends to th e Atl antic O cean ,
and f rom it ext end s to th e l im it s of C ar ol ina Vir gini a and Penn syl ,
vani a , this tract of country cont ain s I hear m an y C atholi cs f or , , ,
merl y C anadi an s wh o speak Fr ench and I fear th at th ey are destitu te

, ,
of prie st s B efore I received y ou r Em inence s l etters there went to

’
.
them a priest Gem an b y b irth b ut wh o came l ast from Fr ance ;

, ,
h e professes to b el ong to th e C arm el ite o rder : h e w as fu rni sh ed

with no suffi cient testim oni al s th at h e was sent b y his l awful superior .
Wh at h e is doing and wh at is th e condi tion of th e Chu rch in those

part s I expect soon to l earn Th e j uri sdi ction of th e B i shop of Queb ec
, .
formerl y extended to some part of th at region ; b ut I do not know

whether h e wishes to exercise any authority there now th at all these ,
p art s are sub j ec t s t o th e U n ited States .
2 O n th e Condition Pi ety an d Defects etc of C ath ol ics

.
, , , .
, .
In M aryl and a few of th e leading m ore weal thy famil i es still profess
th e C ath ol ic f aith in troduce d at th e ve ry f ou ndation of th e r o vin ce
p
b y th eir an cestors Th e greater part of th em are pl anter s an d in
.
Penn syl v an i a al m ost all are f arm er s except th e merch ants an d me ,

.
ch anics l ivin g in Phil adelphi a A s for piety th ey are for th e most art
.
p ,
suffi ci entl y assi duous in th e ex e rci ses of rel igion an d in f requ entin
g
Cath ol ic ism in th e Un ited S ta tes , 1 78 5 1 49
th e r
sac am en s, t they l ack that fervor whi ch fr equ ent appeal s
b ut ,
t o th e sentiment of pie ty u su all y produ ce as m an y con gr egation s ,
he ar th e word of God onl y once a m onth and som etimes onl y once ,
in two month s W e are r educed to thi s b y w ant of pri est s b y t h e

.
,
di st an ce of congregation s f rom each oth er an d b y difli cul ty of tr avell i ng .
Thi s refer s to C atholi cs b orn h ere for th e conditi on of th e C athol i cs

. ,
wh o in great numb er s are flowing in h ere from diff e rent countri es of

Europe i s very diff erent For wh il e th er e are f ew of our native
, .
C atholics wh o do not approach th e sacr am ent s of Pen ance and th e

'
Hol y Eucharist at l east once a year especi all y in E aster time you
, , ,
c an scarcel y find any am ong th e n ew com er s wh o di sch ar ge thi s du ty
of rel igion and th er e i s re ason t o f ear th at th e e x am pl e will b e

,
very perniciou s especiall y in comm ercial town s Th e ab uses th at h ave .
gr own am ong C ath ol ics are chiefly th o se whi ch r esul t with un avoid ,
ab l e in t ercou r se with non C ath ol i cs an d th e ex am pl e s th en se de riv ed

-
,
n am el y m ore f ree int ercou r se b etw e en young peopl e of opposite sex es
th an is compatib le with chastity in mind and b ody ; too gr eat fondness

for dances an d sim il ar amusem ents; and an incr edi b l e eagern ess ,
especi all y in girl s f or re ading l ove stori es whi ch are b rought over
,
in gr eat quantiti es from Eur ope Th en among oth er thin gs a gener al

.
,
l ack of c are in instructing th eir chil dren an d especi all y th e negro

sl av e s in their rel i gi on as th ese peopl e are kept con st an tl y at work
, ,
so th at th ey r arel y he ar any in struc ti on s f rom th e pri est unl ess th ey ,
can spen d a sh ort time with one ; an d m ost of them are con sequ entl y
very du ll in f aith and depraved in m oral s It can scarcel y b e b el ieved .
h ow m uch troubl e and care th ey give th e pastor s of soul s .
3 O n th e num b er of priest s th eir qu alifi c ati on s ch ar acter an d m e an s

.
, ,
of suppo rt .
Th ere are n ineteen pri e st s in M aryl an d and five in Penn syl v ani a .
O f th ese two are m ore th an seventy ye ar s old an d three oth er s ve ry ,
near th at age : an d th ey are consequentl y al most e n tirel y unfit t o
u nder go th e h ar d ships with out which thi s Vineyard of th e Lo rd

,
cann ot b e cul tiv ated O f th e rem ainin g p ri est s som e are in v e ry b ad

.
heal th and there is one recently approved b y m e for a few m onth s

,
onl y , th at in th e extr eme want of priests I m ay give h im a trial :

for som e things were reported of hi m which m ade m e aver se t o ,
empl oyin g him I will w atch him carefull y an d if anythin g occu rs

.
,
un worthy pri estl y gr avity I will r eca ll th e f acul ties gr ant ed wh atever ,
inconvenience this m ay b ring to m any C athol ics : for I am convinced

th at th e Catholic faith will suff er l ess h arm if for a short time there ,
is no priest at a pl ace th an if li ving as we do among fell ow citiz ens

,
-
1 50 Th e Engl ish C olon ies
of ano ther rel igion , we admi t to th e di sc harge

r m ini stry
of th e sac ed ,
I do not say b ad priests b ut incau tious and imprudent priests All

,
.
th e oth er cl e rgym en l e ad a lif e f ull of l ab ou r as e ach one attends ,
con gr egations f ar ap art an d h as t o b e ri din g con st an tl y and with

,
g r e at f ati g ue es
, p eci all y to si ck ca ll s Pri e st s are
. m a int ain ed chi efly
f rom th e proceeds of th e est ate s; el sewh ere b y th e l ib eral ity of th e
Cathol ics There is properly no eccl esi astical property here: for th e
.
p pr o e rty b y whi ch th e p ri e st s are su ppo rt e d i s h eld in th e,

n am e s of
individual s and tran sferred b y will to devisees Thi s course was ren
‘
.
dered necessary wh en th e C ath ol ic rel igi on w as cr amped h ere b y

l aws an d no r em edy h as yet b een foun d for thi s difli cul ty al th ou gh
, ,
we m ade an earn est eff ort l ast y ear .
Th ere is a coll ege in Phil adel phi a and it i s proposed to e st ab l i sh

,
two in Maryl and in which C athol ics can b e adm itted as well as
, , .
oth er s as presi dent s professor s an d pupil s W e h ope th at som e e du

, , .
cated th er e will emb r ace th e eccl esi asti cal st at e W e think accor din gl y .
of est ab l i sh in g a Sem in ary in whi ch th ey can b e tr ain ed to th e lif e

,
and l e arnin g su it ed to th at st ate .
Joh n C arr oll .
M ar ch 1 1 785
, .
Lay Tru steei sm in New Y ork J anuary 25 1 78 6 ,
t ri
TH E m os se ou s tr ou b l e th ta r t
conf on e d th e C a h ol c C u ch in th e t i h r
it tt tr v ti r r
U n ed S a es af e th e Re olu on a ose f om th e ab u se of l ay u s ee sm tr t i .
r t i t wr i
Th e oo cau se s of th e d ffi cu l y e e : an m pe f ec kno l e dge , on th e pa r t w rt
of b o th r y
cl e g ity
an d l a , o f th e can on l aw p e a n n g t o th e rt i i
ol d n g an d h i
i i tr ti h r r rty
adm n s a on of c u ch p ope r
; sm all g ou ps of l a m en m b u ed h th e y i wi t
h ead y wi n e of th ir w y
e ne l r i i r
won el g ou s f ee d om , an d th e e ampl e of t e x h ir
rt t t i r
P o es an n e gh b o s wh o h ad th e d om n an i o ce i n u l ng t v i
e con r i th i r
gregation s; w ywa ri t
ar d p e s s wh o f or sel s fih r
eason s ab e e d th e l ay m en s
’
tt
amb i ti vr r ti
on s to go e n th e con g ega on s ; an d a m ou n n g an agon sm am on g ti t i
th i v ryi ti r
C a ol cs of a n g n a on al b ackg ou n d s Al l th e p nc pal el em en s e e . ri i t wr
r t tr h rh
p e sen at St Pe e s C u c , N ew
.
’
Y r it
o k C y , in th e 1 7 8 0 s, plus th e
’
r tr ti r J r
f us a on suff e e d b y oh n C a r ol l as eccl es as cal supe o du e to h i s i ti ri r
i it ti
l m e d f acul es to deal with it ti
s u a on s of s k nd
’
thi i
St Pe e s got i ts . tr
.
t rt wi
s a ri r hi hr
th an I sh -b o n C apuc n , C a l e s W el an , wh o a h
e d i n 1 78 4 , rriv
b utwi th r th r ri
th e appea an ce of an o e I sh C apuc i n , An dre Nu gen , in 1 78 5 , h w t
q rr r r ti
ua el s a ose an d th e con g ega on w as soon d ded b e een a ivi
ng f ac tw w rri
ti with
ons th etr t fi y ti
u s ees n al l cas ng Wh el an ou t an d go n g o e t o Nu gen i vr t
tt r r h r
as th e b e e p eac e rr
C a ol l was appeal ed t o an d in h is epl y t o th e
. r
tr t
u s ees h e cogen l ty set f orth hi i
th e c ef ssues n ol ed Th e u gl y aff a r i v v . i
v t yr t
e en u al l i
esul e d i n sch sm and it w as onl y with
th e com ng of F a e i th r
i of th e coll ection then m ade Th e fir st part of th is intell igence

s on .
Shocked m e ve ry m uch b oth b ecau se it reflected on my v er acity
which in this instance I will steadil y assert and b ecause I considered

th e m atter s th en agr eed on as right in po in t of j usti ce as th e r enewal
of con fi den ce an d fou ndation of futur e uni on Th e next poin t of intell i .
gence w as still more im port ant If ever th e principl es then l ai d down

.
Shoul d b ecom e predom in ant th e u ni ty and cath ol icity of our Ch ur ch

,
woul d b e at an end ; and it would b e f ormed into di stinct and inde

p en d en t so c i eti e s n ea
,r l y in th e sam e m ann e r a s th e con gregati o n al
Pr esb yt eri an s of our n eighb oring New Engl an d St ates A zeal ous .
cl e rgym an perf orm in g h i s du ty cou r ageousl y an d with ou t respect of
per sons would b e al w ay s l i ab l e to b e th e victim of h is earnest

ende av or s to stop th e progre ss of vice and evil ex am pl e and oth er s ,
more compl ying with th e passion s of some principal per sons of th e .
congr egation woul d b e sub stitu ted in his r oom ; and if th e eccl esi astical
superior h as no con tr ol in these inst ances I will r efer to you r own ,
j u dgm ent what th e consequ ences m ay b e Th e great source of mi s .
conc epti on in thi s m atte r i s th at an i de a appear s to b e t aken b oth
b y you an d Mr Wh el an th at th e ofli ciating cl ergym an at New York

.
is a pari sh pri est wh ereas th ere i s yet no such ofli ce in th e United

,
St ates Th e hi er archy of our Am eri can Chu rch not b ein g yet con
.
stitu t ed n o pari she s are form ed

, and th e cl ergy comin g to th e
,
assi st ance of th e f aithf ul are b ut v olunt ary l ab orer s in th e vin ey ar d

,
of Chri st not vested with or din ary j u ri sdi cti on ann ex ed to their
,
ofli ce b u t r eceivin g it as del e gated an d extr a hi er archi cal comm i ssion

, .
Wh ereve r pari she s are e st abli shed no doub t a proper regard ( and ,
such as i s su it ab l e to our gove rnm ent s ) wi ll b e h ad to right s

of th e congr egation in th e m ode o f el ection and r epresent ation ; and
.
even n ow I sh all ever p ay t o the ir wi sh es ev ery def er ence con si stent
with th e general welf are of rel igi on : of which I hope to give you proof
“
in th e sequel of thi s l etter Th e third articl e of m y inf o rm ati on w as

.
parti cu l arl y mortif yin g; for I could not b u t f ear th at a step so ,
viol ent at such a tim e and pl ace and prob ab ly in th e presence of

, ,
o th er r el igi on i st s woul d b r eed d i su n ion am ong y our sel v es an d m ake
a v ery d i sadv ant ageou s im pr ession to th e pr ej u di ce of th e Cath ol ic

,
cau se so soon af te r th e fir st i n troducti on of pub l ic wor shi in t o

, p
you r city .
I now retu rn to th e contents of you r l etters an d ob serve th at after

-
,
st atin g som e cen su r ab l e inst ances of M r Wh el an s condu ct you desir e

’
.
,
m e t o remove hi m and im pl y a desire th at M r Nugent as b ein g

, .
,
Lay Trust ee ism in Ne w Y ork 1 53
very t
accep ab l e, m ay succeed t o hi s o ffi ce . I can assu e r you , Gen l e t
men , th at I h ave a very advant ageou s O pi nion of Mr Nugent s ’
.
ab il iti es, and h e sh ewe d m e v e ry good t e stim on i al s of h is ze al an d
virtue I repeatedl y told h im as I did to m any of yourselves th at

.
, ,
no thin g b ut m y own w ant of su ffi ci en t au th ority prev en ted m e fr om
giving hi m every power requ i sit e for th e ex erci se of hi s m ini stry I .
hoped b efore thi s to h ave th at restriction of my auth ority rem oved ,
b ut as it i s not it r em ains still ou t of m y power to em pl oy h im

,
agreeab l y to y ou r an d m y desir es If I am ev er abl e t o do it I will

.
,
cert ainl y r em emb er m y assur an ce s to hi m Bu t in th e m ean time .
what can I do? C an I revoke Mr Wh el an s f acul ti es and l eave so .

’
,
gre at a congr egation withou t assi st an ce ? C an I d epriv e him wh en ,
ne ith er hi s m or al s hi s orthodoxy or h is assiduity h ave b een im

, ,
p e ach e d? e spec i all y whi l e I am un c ert ain wh e th er h i s r e m ov al be

desir ed b y a m aj or i ty of th e congr egation ? F or I h av e r ece iv ed assu r
an ces ve ry m uch t o th e con tr ary B ut even if a con side r ab l e part
.
are still att ach ed t o h im wou ld th e gre at ob j ect of unanim ity b e

,
ob ta ined b y hi s r em ov al ? Wou ld n ot h is adh er ent s con si de r M r .
Nu gent as com ing in upon th e ru in s of h is pr edecessor and con

se quen tl y w ould th e y n ot keep ali v e th e Spi rit of d i scord? Upon
these consider ations I have taken a resol ution which will I hope , ,
m ee t you r wish es as well as of eve ry p art of th e congregation A s

,
.
soon aS I am at l ib erty to gr an t th em Mr Nugen t sh all h av e pow er s

'
.
,
from m e [to] act as you r j oin t ch apl ain ; f or th e i dea of pari sh p ri est
- -
i s not adm i ssib l e He h as r epeat edl y assured m e h e n ever will accept

.
of an appo in tm en t t o th e excl u si on of hi s b ro th er : in hi s l ette r h e
say s a suffi ci ent m ainten ance of b oth m ay b e ob t ained In th e m e an .
tim e h e h as ful l au thor ity to ann ounce th e Word of God and I ,
promi se my self h e will do it with eff ect especi all y by incl u ding ,
th e gr eat du ty of ch arity an d un animi ty He and M r Wh el an will . .
concu r in recomm en ding thi s ch ar act eri stic vir tu e of Chri sti ani ty by ,
their ex ampl es as well as advice E ducated in th e sam e school of

.
rel igion and connected b y Speci al ties to th e same order they will
, ,
assi st e ach o th er in th e w ork of th e min i stry and ev ery part of th e
congregation will h av e it in th e ir pow er t o appl y t o h im of t h e two ,
in which th ey h ave th e greatest confi dence I m u st not om it t aking .
noti ce of M r Wh el an s address to th e congr egation incl o sed in y ou r

’
.
l ast I gr eatl y di sapprove it and sh all so inf orm h im Wh en I wr ote

.
, .
th e l etter to whi ch h e r efer s I h ad h ear d nothin g fr om New York

,
c once rnin g y ou r uneasin e ss I l am ented th at my h ands b eing still

.
tied I ,
rv t r ivi y t
was p e en ed f om g ng ful l em pl o m en to Mr Nu gent s .
’
zeal ; and I t
m us add , for Mr La Valinere s c ed ,
’ 1
a r it th t wh I
en .
r t v i itr r
decli ned g an i ng h im l e a e to adm n s e th e S ac am en s to th e t
Canadi an r efugees it was for th e sam e r eason b ecause I h ad no
, . ,
power to do it O th e rwi se I h ave such a conviction of hi s m an y

.
qual ities th at I should gl adl y h ave indulged th e wi shes of those good

,
peopl e wh o sol icited [ thi s powe r] an d of thi s I b eg to inf orm him .
[ At th e cl ose?] of you r l ast l etter you m ake som e m ention of

eventu all y h aving r ecour se to l egal m e ans to rid y ou r sel v es of Mr .
Whel an Th e in sinu ation m akes m e very unh appy I cann ot tell wh at

. .
assi st ance th e l aw s m ight giv e y ou ; b ut all ow m e t o say th at you
c an t ake no st ep so f at al to th at r e spect ab il ity in whi ch as a reli giou s

,
Society you wi sh to stand or more prej ud ici al to th e C ath ol ic cause

, .
I mu st therefore entreat you to decl ine a design so perniciou s to all

your prospects; and protesting against measures so extreme I expl icitl y ,
decl are th at no cl ergym an b e h e wh o h e may sh all r eceive any

, , ,
spiritu al powers f rom m e wh o sh all advi se or counten ance so unnece s
sary [th e copy b reaks off at thi s point] .
Th om as Fitzsimon s U rges P enn sylvani a s E arl y

’
Ratification of th e C on stitution S eptemb er 29 , ,
1 7 87
IN THE con en on v ti th t
a t r ti t ti
draf ed th e f ede al Con s u on at P i l adelp a h hi
t
in May-Sep emb e , 1 787 ,r th r w r t i t
e e e e two C a h ol c del ega es : T om as F itz h
yv i i rr ry
Simons of Penns l an a an d D an el C a oll of Ma l an d F zs m on s ( 1 7 4 1it i .
ry r i
1 8 1 1 ) h ad ea l won p om nence as a m emb e of b o r th
th e Penn s l an a yv i
i tr r t ih r rti
l eg sl a u e an d th e con g ess es ab l s ed un de th e A cl es of C onf ede a on , r ti
r
and f om 1 7 8 9 —1 7 9 5 h e se rv
e d as a m em b e r ti
of th e n a on al House of
r t tiv ti v t
Rep esen a es He was ac e in th e deb a es of th e cons u onal con
. ti t ti
h tr ti r
vention in b e alf of a s ong n a on al gove nm en an d, t th r r wh
e ef o e , en th e
ti t ti i r i t r t r t
Cons u on w as l a d b efo e th e l eg sl a u e and a h ea of del a de el oped , y v
it i
F zs m ons vi r t
go ou sl y con ended h a n e t t ith r
e r
t h e ol d cong ess nor th e
tt i t r
s a e l eg sl a u e s h ad any g ri ht ii h t i ht i
t o m ake th e dec s on ; t a r g , sa d
it i
F zs m on s, es ed r t wi th ti t
th e peopl e in an el ec on f or delega es t o a a f n g r ti yi
v ti it i r it r
con en on F z s m on s b el on ge d to th e Fede al s g oup of del ega es f om
. t r
i hi ri tw
Ph l adelp a an d th e comme c al o ns w h o wr i t t
e e n en u pon q i
u ck ratifi ca
1 P i erre t
Hue de l a Val imere ( 1 732—1 8 06 ) French -b orn Su l p c an , wh o h ad
a ii
i ncurred th e d i pl
s i
easu re of b oth B sh op Bri and an d th e Br iti
sh au h o t es in
“
t ri i
C an ada dur n i g th v i t
e Re o l u t on b ec au se of h is flirt ations wi h th e A m er cans i .
He was a ra th r
e ti i
erra c f el l o w wh ose m any w an der ngs see m ed t o b r ng hi m i
itt
l l e peace of m i nd .
1 56 Th e E ngl ish C o l on ies
with Congr ess . h ey

T rly period th at no good purpose
foun d at an ea ,
could b e eff ect e d b y m aking such al t er ati ons as w ere pr ovi ded b y ,
th e fir st articl e s of u ni on Th ey al so saw th at wh at al ter ations were

.
,
n ecessary coul d not b e r atifi ed b y th e l e gi sl atu r es as th e y w ere in ,
com petent to ord ain in g a f orm of governm ent Th ey knew thi s b el onged .
to th e peopl e onl y an d th at th e peopl e onl y w oul d b e adequ ate

,
to carry it into eff ect Wh at h ave Congr ess and th e l egi sl atu r e t o do
.
wi th th e proposed constitution? Nothin g Sir th ey are b ut th e ,
m er e v ehicl es t o conv ey th e inform ati on to th e peopl e Th e conven .
tion Sir never supposed it w as n ecessary to report to Congress much

, , ,
l ess to ab i de th eir determ in ation : th ey th ou ght it decent to m ake th e

compl im ent to th em of sen ding th e r esul t of th e ir d el ib er ati on s
con cl ud ing th e knowl edge of th at wou l d b e m or e ext en siv el y spre ad
through their m ean s not th at I woul d infer there is th e l east doub t

of th e m ost he arty con cu rr ence of th at b ody B u t shou ld they declin e .
, ,
an d th e St at e of Pen n syl v ani a n egl e ct c all i n g a conv en ti on as I sai d ,
b efor e th e au th ority i s w i th th e peopl e and th ey wil l do it th em

, ,
sel ve s : b u t th ere i s a propriety in th e l egi sl atu r e s provi din g th e m o de ,
b y whi ch it m ay b e con du cted in a decent and orderl y m ann er .
Th e m em b er f rom Westm orel an d agrees th at a con vention ought

to t ake pl ace H e goes fur th er an d decl ares th at it mu st and will
.
,
t ake pl ace b u t assi gns no reason why it shoul d not e arly t ake pl ace
, .
He m u st know th at any tim e after th e el ection will b e proper ,
b ecau se at th at tim e th e peopl e b ein g coll ected t ogeth er h ave full

, ,
opportu n ity t o l e arn e ach oth er s sentim ent s on thi s sub j ect Taking
’
.
measu res f or c al ling a convent i on is a very diff erent thing from

decidin g on th e pl an of governm ent Th e sentim en t s of th e peopl e.
,
so f ar as th ey h av e b een coll ect e d h av e b een un anim ousl y f avor ab l e

,
to it s adoption and its e arl y adoption if th eir r epresent ativ es thi nk

, ,
it a good one ; if we set th e ex am ple now there is a great prospect of ,
it s b eing gener all y com e into ; b ut if we del ay ill con sequ ences m ay ,
ari se A nd I sh oul d suppose

. if n o b etter argum ents are off ered for
,
th e del ay th an wh at h as b e en adv an ce d b y th e gen tl em an on th e

o th er side of th e hou se th at we will n ot agr ee to it A S t o th e tim e
, .
f or el ecti on th at h as b een all al ong conceded an d gen tl emen will

, ,
propose such tim e as th ey think proper .

D an ie l C arro ll o f M a ry lan d 1 57
D ani el C arroll Argu es for M aryl an ders to

R atify th e C on stitu tion O ctob er 1 6 1 787 , ,
DA NIEL C A RRO L ( 1 730 L b o e of t h e s A ch b s op ofr th r fir t r ih

ti r rv ti
B al m o e se ed t h e n a on in a n um b e o f m por an offi ces, vi z , as d el e
, r i t t .
t
ga e t o b o th ti t r
t h e C o n ne n al C o n g ess an d th e C on s u on al C on en o n , tit ti v ti
it tt ry t r r
U n ed S a es S en a o f om M a l an d , an d as on e of th e ee comm ss on e s thr i i r
i t
appo n ed b y P es den hi t r i t
rv
W as ng on to su ey th e f ed e al d s c L ke h is r i tri t i .
w th i
f el lo v ti th t r t
C a ol c in th e con en on a d af ed th e C on s u on F zs m on s ti t ti it i ,
yv i rr i t t th t
of Penn s l an a, C a oll w as n en a th e n ew go e n m en s ou l d b e a vr t h
tr h wr iti
s on g on e W h en S am u el C ase
. v ng o e
“
th e pen n am e o f C au on ,
,
”
r ti
w r
cou n sel ed h is f e ll o r
M a yl ande s to del ay ac on C a ol l as A F end t o
“
ti rr
, ri
ti t ti rw r with
th e C ons u on c am e f o r
a d a pe su a s e appe al u g n g a spee d iv ri y
r tifi ti
a r . t
ca on S ou ce : M a ry la n d J o u rna l O c ob e 1 6 1 7 8 7 , r ,
.
To th e Inh ab it ant s of B al tim ore Town :

Y ou h av e b een addr essed in th e l ast Frid ay s Paper b y a writer
’
,
un de r th e si gn at u re of C au tion wh o woul d per su ade y ou th at y ou

,
ou ght to withh ol d you r appr ob ati on at th e tim e from th e F eder al ,
Con stitu tion recomm en ded b y th e Convention .
Thi s writer m ay h ave th e b est intention in th e worl d tow ard th e

PUB LIC W ELFARE an d th e PRO SPERI TY of B al tim ore ;
,
b ut
ev e ry on e m u st per ceiv e th at h e i s an en em y t o th e pr oposed C on
stitu tion and wi sh e s to pr ev en t y ou fr om expr e ssin g y ou r sel v es in it s

,
f avor not onl y A T THIS T IM E b ut at any fu tu re tim e

, , .
Mr C . is sai d t o b e th e auth or of thi s adm on iti on ; b ut th at

thi s is a m al iciou s insinuation aim ed at h is sincerity will appear b y
, ,
con sidering his re cen t promi se on thi s sub j ect sign e d an d pub l i sh e d ,
b y h im sel f in r efer ence with th e r esol u tion of th e C onvention upon

, ,
whi ch th at prom ise is fou nded I sh al l dat e b oth th e resolution and

.
prom i se th at you m ay j u dge for you r sel v es

, .
Th e resol ve of th e Conv ention decl ar es th at th e Constitution sh ou l d ,
b e sub mitted t o a C onvention of D elegates ch osen in e ach St ate b y ,
th e peopl e un der th e r ecomm endation of it s l egi sl atur e f or th eir

, ,
assent and r at ifi cation .
Mr C . b ein g c all ed upon b efore h is el ection t o decl ar e hi m self

, ,
on thi s poin t prom i sed t o th e pe opl e

, th at h e will u se hi s ende avors , ,
if el ect ed to call a Convention

”
.
I would j u st ob serve on thi s resol ve and prom ise: F irst that th e ,
resol ve m ake it an ab solute condition th at th e l egisl atu re recomm end

a Conv en tion TO A SSENT TO AND RATIFY TH E C O NSTI T
U
I
T O N Secon dl . y that r th e p omi se m ade b y Mr C . i s ob l igating
upon him to u se hi s endeav or s to p rocure a Convention FO R THIS
U
P RPO SE .
Anoth er rem ark which occurs on thi s occasion is th at Mr C , .
could not mean th at a Conv enti on ou ght to b e call ed F O R ANY
O THE R P URP O SE th an to assent and r atify th e Constitu ti on ; for

i t is ab surd to suppose h e m eant th e Convention shoul d b e authorized
b y th e l egi sl atur e TO PR O PO SE AMENDM ENTS O R ALTERA .
TIO NS th at b e ing C O NTRARY to th e decl ar ed in tention of th e

,
resolu tion and th e Sense whi ch hi s f riends entert ained of hi s engage

,
m ent at th e time h e ent ered in to it : M r C therefore ( with out .
pr esum ing h im c apab l e of doing th e greatest vi ol ence to hi s prom ise )

str enu ou sl y though indirectl y again st adoptin g th e Constitu tion
, , .
From th e b ri ef view of th e n atur e and inten tion of th e resol ve I ,
think it i s evident th at th e people ought WITH O UT DELAY to ,
si gnif y the ir approb ati on of th e C on stituti on b y a PET ITIO N TO .
TH E LE GISLATURE to thi s end th at th e l egi sl atu re whi ch is

, ,
cal l e d upon b y th e Conv ention and Congr ess to r ecomm end to th e

,
p peo l e t o ch oose D el e gat es t o r atify it m ay h av e th e au th o rity of ,
th is l argest and m ost prom isin g comm ercial and m anuf acturin g Town
in th e St ate to counten an ce so im port an t a recomm endation But .
Caution thinks a petition improper and unn ecessary b ecause says h e

“
Your Del egates will move for and exert them selves to procur e th e
c allin g a C onvention A dmi ttin g your D el egates to move to h ave
”
.
a C onv enti on call e d does it f oll ow th at th ey will add to th e moti on

,
these essen tial words to confi rm and r atify th e Constitution Does it

, .
not r ath er appear fr om th e tenor of thi s writ er s r em ar ks th at your

’
Del egates ou ght to le ave th ese words out of th eir m oti on? But th e
propriety and n ecessity of a petition does not depend on wh at your
Del egates m ay or m ay not do It i s PRO PE R at thi s time b ecause .
th e C on stitu tion m eet s your approb ati on It i s NE CESSARY at thi s .
time b ecau se wanted as an indu cem ent to th e l egisl atu re to call

,
upon th e peopl e to appoin t a C onv en ti on to c arry in to eff ect th e
ob j ect of th e r esol uti on In oth er words as th e recomm end ation for

.
,
a C onv en ti on in v ol ve th e l egi sl atu re in a compl ete appr ob ati on of
th e Con stitu ti on there is th e greatest propriety and necessity for

,
you r tel li ng th e l egi sl ature th at it m eet s your approb ati on .
I am sorry to find b y C au ti on s pub li cation an d insinuations which

,
’
I am tol d are cir cul ated wi th gr eat in du stry that an opposition is

’
, _
opened again st th e C on stitu ti on I did not I c onfess expect to see .

, ,
it adopted without some oppositi on b ut I could not b ring myself to

“
,
1 60 Th e E ngl is h C ol on ies
Th e Foresh adowin g of Tru steei sm i n th e First

Nation al P arish o f th e U ni te d St ates 1 787 ,
t i rt t r
TH E mo s m po an g oup of C a ol cs in th e th i thirt ri i
een o g n al col on e s i “
i r t
as de f om ih
h o se o f E ngl s an d I sh eri xtr ti
ac on wr
e e th e G e m an s w h or
i i r ti r i t th t ry
h ad b egu n m m g a n g in th e e a ly e gh een cen u i
t o Ph l ad el ph a an d i
th e r r tt
u al se l em en s t w t
es of t h e c i ty wh r
e e in ti t y
m e h e h ad d e el ope d v
r tiv fl r i i
el a el y r ti
ou sh n g con g e ga on s In 1 7 4 1 tw o G e m an r J it h
esu s, T e od o e r .
i r i i r r i it
S ch n e de an d W ll am W appel er , c am e f om Eu op e t o m n s er t o h ese t
ii
f am l es, an d wh
en R ob e rt r i r rt
H a d n g S J , epo e d a ce n su s of th e C a h ol cs t i , . .
v i ri v tt
in Penn syl an a in A p l 1 7 5 7 h e ga e th e o al as 1 3 6 5 of wh
om 9 4 9
, ,
w r G rm n M tiv t d b y th r t gr t f r l i gi
e e e a s . o a e l i b rty d by e ece n an o e ou s e an
th ir ti o l i t tim t i 1 7 8 7 gr p f G rm l ym n i Phil
e na na s se n e n s, n a ou o e an a e n a
d lph i d i d d t
e a ecr t h r h f th e f th ir w
e o e ec ti l ity I pit
a c u c or os o e o n na on a . n s e
o f th ppo i ti n
e o f F th r R b rt M ol y
s o o x d F r i B t n wh
a e s o e n eu an an c s e es o , o
w r in h rge f St M ry Ch r h they per i t d d k d J h C r ll

e e c a o . a
’
s u c , s s e an as e o n a ro
for p r m i s i o t pr
e s e d C rr ll g v
n o som wh t r l
oce t t n t ; th
. a o a e a e a e u c an co sen e
l ym n
a e r d l g l i corp rat i n in O t b r 1 7 8 8 ; l t d th ir w
secu e e a n o o c o e , e ec e as e o n
p tor Joh C h rl
as H lb
n G rm
a C p hi ;
es d e N v m b r 22
ro n , a e an a uc n an on o e e ,
1 7 8 9 H l y T r i i ty Ch r h w
, o p n d fo
n rvi c Thi fir t n tion l p ri h
u c as o e e r se es . s s a a a s
in th e U n i t d St t o t i
e d ll th l m t
a es f th
c l t e r wi d p r d
n a ne a e e e en s o e a es ea
b
a u se of tr t i m l ym us ee s ti g i h r h ff ir on th i r w i iti tiv
: a en ac n n c u c a a s e o n n a e,
b tted b y v gr t pr i t w h o h d
a e a an r g rd f l i ti l
es s th rity a no e a or ecc e s as ca au o ,
a pp l t th ea s ivil l w t I n f t H ly Tri i ty Ch r h ltim t ly w t

o e c a , e c . ac , o n u c u a e en
i nto hi m i S pt m b r 1 7 9 6 d th e tr t did t fi n lly yi l d t

sc s n e e e , ,
an u s ee s no a e o
C rr oll th rity nti l J ry 1 8 02 Th d m t whi h f ll w e

’
a s au o u anu a , . e ocu en s c o o ar
th e l ym na ri gi l r q t to C rr ll ( d t d l t in 1 7 8 7 ) nd h i
e
’
s o na e ues a o un a e , a e a s
l tter f N ov m b r 24 1 7 8 7 i wh i h h r f
e o e e d t ,
d e th i r r i ght t ,
n c e e u se o con ce e o
c h o e H l b i pl
o s e f F th r L r
ro n n Gr l wh m h h d d i g t d
ace o a e au e n ce aess o e a es na e
b th i r pr i t S r M rti I J G ri ffin Th Ch r h f th H ly
“
to e e es . ou ce : a n . .
, e u c o e o
Tri ni ty Phi l d l ph i
”
,
R a d ef th A m i a, C th l i H i t i l S i ty
eco r s o e er c a n a o c s or c a oc e
o f P h i lad e lp h ia ,
-
XX I 9— 1 1 .
[l ate in 1 7 8 7 ]
To th e R g i ht
R e e end F a e in God , o n a vr
J h C rroll th r .
ri r
Righ t R e veren d S ir: W e th e sub sc b e s dul y appointed b y a
respect ab l e Ge rm an C athol ic Congregation in an d ab ou t Phil adelphi a
to w ait on y our Right Reve rence with a mem ori al humbl y set f orth ,
Wh ereas b y th e l ate gl ori ou s revol uti on in thi s part of th e gl ob e

Heaven h as b l essed with l ib erty and free and uni nterrupted exercise
of ou r m ost h ol y Rel i gi on an d i s th e m ore full y confirm ed b y th e ,
new F eder al C on stitu ti on and wh er eas th e G erm an C ath ol ic congr e ,
gat ion in an d ab ou t Phi l ad el phi a h as l ar ge l y inc r ease d an d i s d ayl y

more and more incre asing th at th e new ch appel in Four th Street is as , ,
Trustee ism in P h ilade lp h ia 16 1
it is well known too sm all to accomm odate conveni entl y an d hold such
,
g r e at n u m b er o f p p
e o l e o f al l n ati on s at t h e tim e of d ivin e servi ce .
Th erefore y our h umb l e m em ori al i sts w arm wi sh er s to keep up

,
their respective nation and L angu age have th e honor to inform your
,
Ri ght Reverence th at th ey h av e concl u ded an d b y th e d i vine assi st

ance of A llm igh ty God and y ou r R i ght R ev eren ce s gr aci ous approb a
’
tion are fully determ ined to b u il d and erect another new pl ace of
di vine w or ship for th e b e tter conven i ence and accom m od at i on of
Cathol ics of all n ation s particul arl y th e Germ an s un der whose direc
,
tion th e af oresaid new b u il di ng is to b e con structed they h ave al ready ,
b ou ght an d deeded a fine and comm od iou s piece of grou nd situ at ed

on th e com er of Spruce an d S ixth str eet s .
Your humb le m emorial i sts wou ld rather preferred a lot more up

town b ut it coul d not b e h ad at so m oder ate a price as th e aforesai d
,
l ot b ou ght th e d iff er ence of price i s n e ar two thou san d pounds Th ey

,
.
h ave th e pl easure fu rther to acqu ai nt you r Right R everence th at they

al re ady opened a su b scription and with good success th ey fin d gr e at ,
in couragement b y al l denomin at i on s Th e incl osu re i s th e preamb l e of

.
th e su b scription h anded ab ou t which to m eet with your Ri ght Rev er

,
en ce s kin d appr ob ati on i s th eir ar dent wi sh an d san guine h ope

’
.
Your humb le m em orial i st s have m ade several appl ications to th e Rev .
M r M ol yn eu x for h i s concu rr ence b ut h is kin d an sw

. er an d i nj uncti on
w as to appl y pr ay for an d ob t ain y ou r Ri ght Rever ence s l ib er al

'
’
, , ,
appr ob ation whi ch w ou l d su ff i ce an d com pl e at th e whol e .
Therefore y ou r humb l e an d du tif ull m em ori al i st s e arnestl y b eg

your Ri ght Reverence as to deign their un dertaking with your most
ki nd an d gr aci ous appr ob ation an d con cu rrence which will give Life ,
an d S anction to th eir tru e m in ded en de av or for such gr e at f avor th e y

,
will ever pr ay and with th e greater acknowl edgm ent and sub mission
they h ave th e honor to call them sel ves
Right Rever end F ath er in God ,
Your m ost humb le and most dutif ul Chil dren ,
J acob Clin e ,
George Lechl er Sen , .

,
Adam Premir et al
[Novemb er 24 1 7 8 7 ] ,
C arroll to Joseph C auff m an :

S ir: I h ave received a pe titi on or rem on str an ce l ast n i ght sign ed
b y y ou r self M ess O ell ers an d Prem ir and as requ ested direct my
,
’S
,
an sw e r t o you A s th e C ongregati on of thi s pl ace neve r b efore h ad

“
th e nom in ati on o f th e Cl ergym en appointed to serve I now see no

reason why I should depart from a right wh ich h as b een al ways

e x erci sed b y my predecessor s I am governed b y important and
.
weighty consider ations of j u sti ce prudence and gr atit ude so that I

,
cannot m ake my determin ation agre e ab l e to th e wi shes of th e peti
tion ers of th e Gentl em en wh o wro te th e rem on str ance of l ast
night . Thi s congregation h as ever flou ri shed dr awn on itself th e

adm ir ati on of all wh o h ave vi sit ed Phil and I tru st in God it eve r
a
,
will unl ess it b e disturb ed b y an interference th at h as never b een

,
ex erci sed b efore In m y w ay to New York I w as request ed to procure

.
a G erm an Cl ergym an Thi s I prom i sed to do as soo n as in my power

.
,
inf orm ed th e Gentlem en wh o did me th e honour of call in g on me

, ,
that I expected Mr Cresler [Graessl ] to come expressl y for Phil ad

.
a
with which they were mu ch sati sfied I now see no suffi cient r eason
.
for ch anging hi s destin ation .
With great respect I h ave th e honour to b e sir , ,
Y most ob ed Ser
]r t t
,
J C arroll
. .
Be pl e ased to comm un ic ate thi s to M essr s Prem ir. O ell ers .

1 64 Th e Na t iona l Pe riod
i
d spe sed r ou g thr h v ri
a ou s p o nces, are un e d r vi
it with
us b y a oli c C th
i vr
comm un on , m ay b e go e n ed b y e th ir r r t r
p ope pas o s, and d l gen l ii ty
i tr t
n s uc e d b y th i i i v i i
em in th e d sc pl n e of e angel cal l f e and doc ne tri .
F or it ri i th t th y
i s ou r p n c pl e a e r yi ivi
wh o, el n g on th e d ne ass s an ce , it
have r egu l ated their l ives and m anner s agr eeab l y to th e precepts of
Christi an wisdom ou ght so to comm and their own passions as to
,
prom ote b y th e pu r su it o f j u sti ce their own an d th eir n ei ghb or s

’
spir itu al adv ant age ; an d th at th ey wh o h av e r ece ived from th eir
b i shops an d b y ch ecki n g th e in tem per ance of self wi sdom h ave

,
-
,
st eadil y adh er ed to th e h e av enl y d octrin e d el iv er ed b y C hri st to th e
C athol ic Church should not b e carried away b y every wind of doc

,
tri ne b ut groun ded on th e authority of divine revel ation shoul d

, , ,
rej ect th e new and varying doctrines of m en which endanger th e

tranqu ill i ty of governm ent and rest in th e unch angeab le f aith of th e
,
C ath ol i c Church For in th e pre sen t d egen er acy of corr upt m ann er s
.
i nto whi ch hum an n atu re ev er resi sting th e sweet yoke of Christ

, ,
is hu rri ed and in th e pri de o f t al ent s and knowl edge which d i sd ains

,
t o sub m i t th e opini on s an d d re am s of men to th e ev angel i c al tru th

del iver ed b y J esus Chri st support m ust b e given b y th at h eavenl y
,
au th o rity whi ch i s entruste d to th e C ath ol i c Church as t o a st e ady

,
pill ar an d sol id fou nd ation which sh all n ev er f ail ; th at fr om h er voice

an d in struct i on s m ank in d m ay l e arn th e ob j ect s of th e i r f aith an d
th e rul es of th eir conduct not onl y for th e ob t aining of etern al sal v a

,
tion b u t al so for th e regul ation of thi s l if e an d th e m aintaining of

,
con cor d in th e soci ety of thi s earthl y city No w thi s ch arge of t eachin g
.
,
an d ru lin g fir st giv en to th e apostl e s an d e speci all y t o St Peter

, th e .
,
Prince of th e Apostl es on wh om al on e th e Church i s b u il t an d to

, ,
whom our Lord and Redeem er entrusted th e feeding of h is l amb s and

of hi s Sh eep h as b een de rived in du e o rde r of su cce ssion to B i sh o s
, p ,
an d especi al l y t o th e Rom an Pon tiff s su ccessor s of St Pe te r and h eir s

, .
of h is pow er and d i gnity , th at ther eb y it m igh t b e m ade evi den t th at

'
th e gates of h ell c an neve r pr ev ail agai n st th e Chu rch an d th at th e ,
divin e fou nder of it will ever assi st it to th e consum m ation of ages;

so th at n ei th er in th e depr avity of m or al s n or in th e flu ctu ati on of
nov el opin i on s th e epi scopal succe ssi on Sh all ev er f ail or th e b ar k of

,
Peter b e sunk Wh erefore it h avi ng re ach ed our ear s th at in th e

.
,
flourishing comm onweal th of th e Thir teen American States m any faith

ful Chri sti an s united in comm un ion w i th th e ch air of Peter in whi ch ,
th e centre of C athol i c u ni ty i s fixed and gov ern ed in th eir sp iritu al

,
conce rns b y th eir own p ri e st s h aving c ar e of soul s earnestl y de sire

,
that a B ishop may b e appointed over them to exercise th e functions

J oh n C arroll , F irs t B ish op o f B a l tim ore 1 65
of i
ep scop al o rder ; t o f e ed th em m ore l argel y with th e f ood of
sal u t ary doctr ine an d to gu ar d m or e careful ly th at portion of th e

,
C atholic flock .
We will in gl y emb r aced th i s opportun ity which th e gr ace of Al mighty

God h as aff orded u s t o pr ovide those d i stant r egions with th e com
fort an d m ini stry of a C ath ol i c B i sh op A n d th at thi s b e eff ected m ore
,
successfully , an d accor d ing to th e r ul es of th e sacre d canon s We ,
comm i ssi oned our vener ab l e B rethr en th e C ar din al s of th e h ol y R om an
Chu rch directors of th e Congregation de propagan da fide to m an

,
‘
,
’
age thi s b u siness with th e gr eat est car e an d to m ake a r epo rt t o us ,

.
It w as therefore appoin ted b y their decree approved b y u s an d , ,
p u b l i sh e d t h e tw elf th d a y of J u l y o f th e l ast y e ar th at th e priests ,
wh o l awfull y exer ci se th e sacr ed m in i stry and h av e car e of soul s in

th e Un ite d St ates of A me ri c a shoul d b e em pow e re d t o adv i se toge th e r
,
an d t o d eterm ine fir st , in wh at town th e epi scopal see ought to b e

,
erected , an d n ext wh o of th e af ore sai d pri est s appe ared th e m ost

,
worthy and proper to b e prom oted to this im portant ch arge whom ,
We for th e fir st tim e onl y and b y speci al gr ace perm itted th e said

, ,
priests to el ect and to present to th i s apostoli c See In ob e di ence to .
t hi s decr ee th e aforesai d priest s exer ci si ng th e c ar e of sou l s in th e

United St ates of Am erica un anim ously agreed th at a b i shop with
,
or din ary j ur i sd icti on ou ght to b e est ab l i sh ed in th e town of B al tim or e

, ,
b ecause thi s town situ ate in M aryl an d which province th e greater ,
part of th e priest s and of th e f aithf u l inh ab it appear ed th e m ost ,
convenien tl y pl aced for int e rcou r se w i th th e oth er S t at es and b ec ause ,
fr om thi s province C ath ol i c r el i gi on and f aith h ad b een pr opagat ed

in to th e others A nd at th e tim e appointed f or th e el ection they
.
,
b e in g assem bl ed togeth er th e sacrifice of hol y M ass b e ing cel eb r ated

, , ,
an d th e grace an d assi st ance of th e H ol y Gh ost b eing im pl ored th e ,
votes of all present wer e taken and of twenty Six priest s wh o were,
-
assem bl ed tw en ty f ou r gave th eir vo te s f or our b el ove d S on

-
J ohn ,
Carroll whom they j udged th e m ost proper t o support th e b urden of

,
epi scopacy an d sent an au th enti c i n strum ent of th e wh ol e tr an sacti on

,
to th e afor esaid C ongr egation of C ar d in al s Now all thin gs b e ing .
m at eri all y w ei gh ed and con sidered in thi s C ongr egation it w as e asil y ,
agr eed th at th e in ter est s and incr ease of C athol ic r el i i on woul d b e

g
gre atl y prom oted if an epi scopal see wer e erected at B al timore an d ,
th e said J ohn C arr oll wer e appo inted th e B i shop of it We th er efore .

, ,
to wh om thi s opini on h as b een reported b y ou r b el oved son C ar din al

'
Antonelli Prefect of th e said Congregation having noth ing m ore at

, ,
h eart th an to ensure success to wh atev er tends to th e propagati on

1 66 Th e Na t ional Period
of true rel igion and to th e honor and increase of th e Cathol ic Church

, ,
b y th e pl enitude of our apostol ical power and b y th e tenor of th ese ,
presents do est ab l i sh an d erect th e aforesaid town of B al timore

,
into an episcopal see forever for one B ishop to b e chosen b y us ,
in all f ut ure v acancies; an d We th erefore b y th e apostol ical au thority , ,
afore said do all ow gr ant an d pe rmit to th e B i shop of th e sai d city

, ,
an d to hi s successor s in all fu tur e time s to exer ci se epi scopal power ,
and j u ri sdicti on an d ev ery oth er epi scop al fu nction whi ch B i shops

,
constitu ted in oth er pl aces are em power ed to h ol d and enj oy in th e ir
respective churches cities and dioceses b y righ t cu stom or b y other

, , , ,
means b y gener al privil eges gr aces in dul t s and apostol ical d ispensa
, , ,
tions togeth er with all pre em inences honors im munities gr aces and
,
-
, , ,
favor s whi ch oth er C ath edr al Chur ch es b y right or custom or any

, , ,
oth er sort h ave hol d an d enj oy We moreover decree and decl are
, , .
th e sai d Epi scopal see thu s erected t o b e sub j ect or suff r agan to no
Me tropol it an right or j uri sdi ction b ut to b e forever sub j ect imm edi , ,
atel y to u s and to our su ccessor s th e Rom an Pontiff s and t o thi s ,
Apostol ical See And till another opportunity sh all b e presented to

.
us of est ab l ishin g other C ath oli c B i shops in th e United St ates of
America and till other dispositions sh all b e m ade b y th i s apostoli cal

,
See W e decl are b y our apostol ical authority all th e f aithf ul of

, , ,
Christ l iving in C athol ic comm union as well ecclesiasti cs as secul ars

, , ,
and all th e cl ergy and pe opl e d well in g of th e af oresai d United St ates
of America though hitherto they m ay h ave b een sub j ect to other

,
B ishops of oth er dioceses to b e h enceforward sub j ect to th e B ishop,
of B al timore in al l f u tu re tim e s; A n d whe r eas b y speci al gr an t and ,
for thi s fir st time onl y we h ave all owed th e priests exerci sing th e
,
care of soul s in th e Unit ed St at es of Am eri ca to el ect a per son t o ,
b e appoin ted B ishop b y u s and al most all th e ir votes h ave b een given,
to our b el oved Son J ohn C arroll Priest ; W e b ein g oth erwi se certified
,
-
,
of hi s f aith prudence pi ety and zeal for asmuch as b y our man d at e

, , , ,
h e h ath during th e l ate year s directed th e spiritu al governm ent of

soul s do th e refore b y th e pl en itu de of our au th o rity decl are cre ate
, , , ,
appoint and constitut e th e sai d J ohn C arr oll B i shop an d Pastor of ,
th e said Chur ch of B al ti mor e gran ting to h im th e facul ty of r eceivi ng ,
th e rite of con secr ation f rom any C ath oli c b i shop h oldi ng comm un i on
with th e apostoli cal see assisted b y two ecclesi astics vested with, ,
some dignity in case th at two b i sh ops cann ot b e h ad fir st h aving

, ,
taken th e usu al oath according to th e Rom an Pontifical .
A nd we comm i ssion th e said B i sh op el ect to erect a chur ch in

th e sai d city of B al timore in form of a C ath edr al Church inasmuch , ,
1 68 Th e Na t ional Per iod
way . tr y r tw y
A f e som e d el a s cau se d b y l ack of f u n d s G eo ge o n A cad em
t r wi th i i
opene d in S e p em b e , 1 7 9 1 , t rt r t
W l l am G as on of N o h C a ol ina, f u ur e
i t j ti tt r rt fir t t
assoc a e u s ce of t h e s a e s su p em e cou , as th e
’
t wi s s u de n AS ll b e .
t
n o ed , th e academ yw t t r i i
el com e d s u d en s of allith el g ou s f a s Th u s w as .
i ti t ti r w
b e gu n th e n s u on f om th r v
hi ch fir t t i
e e d e el oped th e s C a h ol c coll e ge
it tt r Jh
in th e U n e d S a es S ou ce : o n G il m ary Sh ea, M em or ia l of th e F irst
.
C e n te nary of G eorge tow n C o ll eg e, D C C om p r isin g a H istory

. .
, o f G eorge
to w n U n i vers i ty ( N ew Y r
o k : P F C ol l e , . .
pp 1 2—1 3 ir . .
PR O P O SALS TO E STAB LISH A N ACADEM Y A T

GE O RGE T O WN PA TO WM A CK RIVER MA RYLA ND
, , .
Th e j t of th e proposed Institution is to un ite th e mean s of

ob ec
comm u n i catin g Scien ce with an eff ectu al pr ovi si on for guardin g an d
p r e se rvi n g t h e M or al s o f Y o u th With thi s.Vi ew t h e Se m in ary will ,
b e supe rinten ded b y th ose wh o h aving h ad Experience in simil ar

,
In stitutions know th at an undivi ded Attention m ay b e gi ven to th e

,
Cul tivation of Virtue and l iter ary Improvem ent and that a System ,
of D i scipl in e m ay b e in troduce d an d pre serv ed incomp atibl e with
In dol ence and Inattention in th e Professor or with in corrigib l e h ab its ,
of Imm or al ity in th e Stu dent .
Th e Ben efit of thi s E st ab l i shm en t sh ould b e as gene r al as th e

Attainm ent of its O b j ect is desir ab le It will th erefore receive Pupil s
.
as soon as th ey h av e l earn ed th e fir st E l em en t s of L ett e r s an d will ,
con du ct th em thr ough th e sev er al B r anch e s of C l assi cal L earnin g to
th at St age of Education from which they m ay proceed with A dvan

t age to th e Study of higher Scien ces in th e Un iver sity of thi s or those
of th e n ei ghb orin g St at es Thu s it will b e c al cul at e d f or ev e ry Cl ass
.
of Citi zen s ; as Re ading Wr i tin g Arithm etic

, th e e arl i er B r anch es
, ,
of th e M ath em ati cs , an d th e G r am m ar of ou r n ativ e Tongu e will ,
b e attended to n o l ess th an th e l earned L anguages .
Agreeabl y to th e l ib er al Principal of our Constitution th e Sem inary ,
will b e O pen to Stu dent s of every rel i gi ou s profession They wh o .

, ,
in th i s Respect d iff er fr om th e Superin tendent o f th e A cadem y will ,
b e at Lib erty to fr e qu ent th e pl aces of Wor ship and I nstructi on

"
appoint ed b y th eir Parent s ; b u t with Respect to th e i r m or al C on duct ,
all m ust b e su b j ect to gener al an d uniform D i scipl in e .
I n th e ch oi ce of Situ ation Sal ub rity of Air Conv eni ence of Com

, ,
municat ion and Ch eapness of Living h av e b een prin cipall y consul ted ,
and Geor ge Town off er s th ese un it ed A dv ant ages .
Th e Price of Tuiti on will b e m oder ate ; in th e C our se of a few

C a th o l ics C ongrat u la te Wash in gton 1 79 0 , 1 69
Year s it wil l b e r educed still lower if th e System formed for thi s ,
Sem inary b e eff ectu all y carried into execu tion .
Such a pl an of Education sol i cits and it i s not pr esum ption t o , ,
add dese rves pub l ic E ncou r agem ent Th e foll owin g gentl emen and
,
.
,
oth er s th at m ay b e n am ed h er eaft er Will rece1 ve sub scription s and
inf orm th e sub scrib ers to whom and in wh at proportion paym ent s are
to b e m ade In M aryl and th e Hon Ch arl es C arr oll of C arr oll ton ;
.
,
.
Henry Rozet Notley Youn g Rob ert D arn all George D igges Edmond
, , , ,
Pl owden E sq rs M r J oseph M ill ar d C apt ain J ohn L ancaster M r

’
.
, ,
.
, ,
B aker B rooke Ch an dl er B r en t E sq M r B ern ard O Neil l and M r

’
.
, ,
.
, .
M ar sh am Waring m erch ants; J ohn D arn all and Ign atius Wh eel er
, ,
E sq on th e w est ern sh or e ; and on th e e ast ern

.
,
Rev Mr J oseph , . .
Mosl ey J ohn B l ake F r anci s Hall Ch arl es B l ake Wil l i am M atth ew s

, , , ,
and J ohn Tu itte E sq rs I n P enn syl v ani a Geor ge M e ad and Thom as

’
,
.
,
F itzsimmon s E sq rs Mr J oseph C auff m an Mr M ark Wil cox and

’
.
, , .
,
Mr Thom as Lill y In Virgin i a Col onel F itzger al d and Geor ge B r ent

. .
, ,
E sq r s and at New Y ork D om in i ck Lyn ch E sq

.
’
.
, , ,
Sub scripti on s will al so b e r eceiv ed an d ev ery nece ssary Inf orm ation
given b y th e f oll owing Gentl em en D irect or s of th e Un dert akin g: Th e ,
Rev M essr s J ohn C arr oll J am es P ell entz Rob ert M ol yneu x J ohn
'
. .
, , ,
Ashton and Leon ard Neal e .
Th e C ath oli cs C on grat u l ation s to Pre si den t

’
Washi ngton 1 7 8 9 an d Hi s Repl y, M arch 1 2 , ,
1 790
EA RL Y in h is fir t adm ini strati on Pre i d t W hi ngto receiv d c

s s en as n e on
grat l atory m es ages f r om

u n u m b er of A m er i ca
s r l igi ou s gro p Late i a n e u s . n
1 7 8 9 t h e C thol i cs e t s ch a me ge i g e d b y J ohn C arr ll f o th e l er gy

s n u a ssa S n o r c
an d b y f ou r pr om i n n t l ym en i n th e n am e o f t h e l ai ty
e Th e C th ol i c
a . a s
all u de d t o t h e p rt i ci p ti on of th e i r corel i gi o i sts i

a t h e stru ggl e th t h ad
a n n a
w on n ti o al i d ep en den ce a d th e f l l r i gh t s o f c i ti e sh i p wh i ch i t h d
. a n n n u z n a
w o them i som e st te s to whi ch th ey add ed the i r expec t ti n of th e s m

n n a ,
a o a e
ri gh ts f rom th ose tates th t still withheld th m from C th ol ics W ashi gto

s a e a . n n,
w h o h d b ol i sh ed th e arm y comm em or ti o o f G y F wk e s D ay ou t of
’ ’
a a s a n u a
co si d er at i o
n f or C athol i c se sib i l i ti e h ad kn own t fir sth an d th e p atr i ot i c
n n s, a
role that h d b een pl ayed b y Cath ol i c l i ke Steph e M oyl n ( 1 7 3 7

a s n a
m sterm aster general of th e f orces

u d other In h i rep l y th er ef ore h e ,
an s . s , ,
expre ed th e b el i ef that m anki d b ec m e m or l ib eral all worth y citize s

ss as n a e n
woul d b e adm itted t o equ al treatm e t b y ivi l governm ent d h e pre n c s, an
su m e d th at n on C ath ol i c A m er i c n s wou ld -
ot f orget th e p tr i ot i c p art a n a
wh i ch C th ol ics h ad pl yed in th e Revol tion and in th e establ i shm e t of

a a u n
1 70 Th e Na t iona l P er iod
vernm nt w ll th e i t n wh i h th r vol ti onary c e h ad

th e go e , as e as ass s a ce c e e u au s
receiv d from C thol i Fr nce S ourc W hi gt n P per 3 34 D ivi i n

e a c a . e: as n o a s, , s o
of M n cr i pt
a us Lib rary f Congr
s, o ess .
[un dated ,
la te in 1 7 89 ]
To George Washington
President of th e Un ited St ates of Am eri ca .
Sir,
We have b een l ong impatient to testify ou r joy and u nb ou nded
con fi dence in you r b eing c all ed b y an u n an im ou s vote to th e first , ,
st ation of a cou ntry in whi ch th at u n ani m i ty cou l d not h ave b een

,
-
ob t ain ed without th e previous m erit of un ex ampled services of ,
em in en t wi sdom and unb l em i shed virt ue

, O ur congr atul ations h ave .
n ot re ach e d you sooner b ecau se ou r scattered situ ation preven ted

,
th e com mun icati on an d th e coll ect i on of tho se sen tim ent s

,
whi ch ,
w arm ed every b reast B ut th e del ay h as furni she d u s with th e oppor

.
tuni ty; not m er el y of pr e saging th e h appine ss to b e expected un der

your administration b ut of b earing testimony to that which we
,
experience alr e ady It is your pecul iar t al ent in war and in peace
.
, ,
to aff ord secu rity to those wh o com m it th e ir pr otection in to your,
h ands In war y ou shield them from th e r avages of arm ed h ostih ty :

.
,
in peace you est ab l i sh pub l ic tr an qu ill ity b y th e j u stice and m oder a

tion not less than b y th e vigour of your governm ent By exampl e as
, .
, .
well as b y vigil ance you extend th e influ ence of l aws on th e m ann er s

,
of our fell ow citizen s Y ou encour age r espect for r el igi on and in eul
-
.
,
c at e , b y word s and action s th at prin cipl e on which th e welfare of

, ,
n ation s so m uch depends th at a supe rintending providence governs

,
th e ev ent s of th e world and w atch es ov er th e con du ct of men Your

, .
e x al te d m axim s an d unw e arie d att ention to th e m or al an d phy si cal
im provement of our country have produced already th e happiest

eff ect s Under your adm inistr ation Am erica is ani m ated with zeal
.
,
for th e att ain men t an d en cou ragemen t of u seful lite r atur e Sh e im .
prove s h er agri cul ture exten ds h er comm e rce an d acqu ires with
, ,
fore ign n ations a d i gn ity unkn own to h er b efore F rom th ese h appy
, .
e v ent s in which none can feel a w arm er in ter est th an ou r sel v es we

, ,
de rive additional pl easu re b y recoll ection th at y ou Sir h ave b een , , ,
th e principal instrum en t to eff ect S O r apid a ch ange in our pol itical

sit uation Thi s prospect of n ati on al pr osperity i s peculi arl y pl easing
.
to u s on an oth er accoun t ; b ecau se whi l st ou r cou ntry prese rves h er

freedom and in depen dence we sh all h ave a well founded titl e to cl aim
,
from h er j ustice equal right s of citizenship as th e price of our blood ,

1 72 Th e Na t ional P e r iod
mon degree of em inence in l iter ature , comm erce agricul ture , improve ,
m ent s at h ome , an d respect ab il ity ab road .
A s m ankind b ecom e m or e l ib er al , they will b e m or e apt to all ow ,

th at all those wh o conduct themsel ves as worthy m emb ers of th e
comm unity are equ all y entitl ed t o th e prot ection of civil governm ent .
I h ope ever to see Am e rica am ong th e f orem ost n ations in ex ampl es

of j u stice an d l ib erality A nd I presume th at you r fell ow citizens will
.
-
not fo rget th e p atri otic p art whi ch y ou t ook in th e accom pli shmen t
of their Revol u tion an d th e est ab l i shm en t of th eir gov ernm ent ; or

,
th e import an t assi st an ce whi ch th ey received f rom a n ati on in whi ch

th e Rom an C ath ol i c r el i gion is profe ssed .
I th ank you Gentl emen for you r kind concern for m e Whil e
, , .
my l if e an d my he al th sh all continue in wh atever situ ation I m ay b e

, ,
it sh all b e my con st ant endeavor to j u stif y th e f avor ab le sentim ents

you are pl eased to express of m y conduct An d m ay th e m emb ers of .
you r Society in America anim ated al one b y th e pure spirit of ch ris

,
tianity an d still con du ctin g th em sel ves as th e f aithfu l sub j ect s of

,
our fr e e governm ent enj oy every t empor al an d spiritu al f el icity

, .
(Mar ch 1 2 1 790) , G Washingt on . .
Bi sh op C arrol l s S erm on on T aki ng P ossession

’
of Hi s See , St P et er s Pro C ath e dr al , B al tim ore

’
-
.
,
D ecemb er 1 2 , 1 7 90
T H E co n sec a on of r ti Joh n t rrw rth
C a ol l ook pl ace at Lu l o t C as l e , Engl an d ,
on A u gu st 1 5 , 1 79 0, r r ih hr
an d was pe f o m e d b y B s op C a l e s W al m e sl ey ,
O S B ( 1 7 22
. . . Vi r ca t i t r i ri t
A pos ol c of th e W es e n D st c U pon th e .
ih
n ew b s op s rt r
’
t tt r
e u n to t h e U ni e d S a es in ea l y D ecemb e r t ht
th e ask t a
w it
a a ed hi m w as tr y ri ht i
ul i v ry h
f g en ng, f or , as h e sa d , e e t ing h ad to b e
ri r ti i
a sed f om it s f ou n da on s in a d ocese w ih ri ti
h c comp se d th e en r e cou n y tr .
w iv i
H ow ell h e conce ed th e mm en s ity t ry
o f h i s ask , h ow cl ea l vi i
h e en s one d
r t t h i r tiv ri t
f om t h e ou se th e need f or a sc ool , a sem n a y , n a e p e s s, sp i r it u al
th i
ai d f or t h e C a it t tt r t t
ol c s in d s an an d sca e ed se tl em en s, an d th e d an ge to r
ti y fl
h is n r ti rr r
ock f om doc r n al e o s t
all wr
h ese r r i
e e b ef o e C ar oll s m n d
’
in h isfir t r ri ih
s se m on as an A m e can b s op i ty ir t
H is m anly p e d ec ed h im
.
i y
to pu t hi s confid en ce in G od , an d h ow spl en d dl fi t
h e f ul ll ed h is diffi cul
i i
m ss on th e hi t xt q rt r
s ory of t h e n e ua e t yw
cen ur t
ou ld ellr tr
S ou ce : Pe e .
G u ilday , Th e Life a nd Tim es of J o h n C a rro ll A rch b ish op of B al tim ore, ,
1 735 —1 8 1 5 ( New Yr y
o k : E nc cl ope d a P e ss, i r
I , 3 8 4—3 8 5 .
In this my new station if my l if e

, , be n ot one con tinued instruction
and ex ampl e of virtue to th e peopl e comm itt ed to my ch arge it will ,
B ish op C arro l l F irst S erm on 1 73
’
b ecom e, in th e ight
s of God , a l if e not onl y usel ess, b ut v
e en per
ni ciou s . It is no l onge r enou g h
inoff en sive in
.
f or m e to b e my
conduct and r egul ar in m y m ann er s G od now im poses a severer .
duty upon m e I sh all in cur th e gu il t of vi ol atin g m y pastor al offi ce

.
,
if all my endeavours b e not d irected to b rin g your l ives and all y our
action s t o a conf orm ity with th e l aw s of God ; t o exh o rt to conj u re , ,
to r epr ov e to enter int o all y ou r sentirhents; to f eel all y ou r in firmi

,
ties; to b e all things to all that I m ay gain all to Chri st ; to b e

,
superio r to hum an re spect ; to h av e n othin g in vi ew b u t Go d and
your sal vation ; to sacrifice to these he al th pe ace reput ati on an d , , ,
ev en l if e it sel f ; to h at e sin and y et l o ve th e sinner ; t o r epr e ss th e

,
turb ul ent ; to encou rage th e tim id ; to w atch over th e conduct of even

_
th e m in i ste r s of r el i gi on ; t o b e pat i en t an d m eek ; t o em b r ace all

kin ds of pe r sons; th ese are now my du ties ext en siv e pr essing an d , ,
in dispensab l e duties; these are th e du ties of all m y b rethr en in th e

epi scop acy and su r el y im port ant enou gh t o fill u s with t erro r
, B ut .
there are oth er s still m or e b u r densom e to b e b o rn e b y m e in thi s ,
particul ar porti on of Chri st s chu rch whi ch i s comm itte d to m y

’
ch arge ,
and wh er e ev eryt hin g i s to b e r ai sed as it w er e from its , ,
found ation ; t o est abl i sh eccl esi astic al di sciplin e ; to devi se m e ans for
th e r eli giou s educati on of C ath oli c y ou th th at precious portion of
pastor al sol i citu de ; to provi de an est ab l i shm en t f or tr ainin g up m i ni s
ters for th e sanctu ary and th e services of r el igion th at we m ay no ,
l on ger depen d on f orei gn an d u n cert ain co adj u tor s ; n ot to l eave u n

assi sted any of th e f aithf ul wh o are sc att er ed thr ou gh thi s i mm en se
continent ; t o pr eserv e th eir f aith u nt ain t ed am i d st th e cont agi on of
err or su rrou ndin g th em on all si des ; to pre se rve in th eir h earts a w arm
ch arity an d foreb earance tow ard ev e ry other d enom in ati on of Chri s
tians and at th e sam e tim e to preserve them from that f atal and
,
.
p r ev ail in g ind iff e r en ce which vi ew s all rel i gi on s as e qu all y accept abl e
to God and sal u t ary to men Ah ! wh en I con sider th ese add ition al
.
du ties m y h eart sink s al m ost u nder th e im pression of t err or which

,
com e s u pon it In God al one can I find any con sol ati on He know s b y
. .
Wh at steps I h ave b een conducted to this import ant st ation an d h ow ,
m uch I h ave al w ay s dr eaded it He will not ab an don m e unl ess I .
first draw upon His m al e diction b y my unf aithful ness to my ch arge .
Pr ay dear b rethr en pr ay incessantl y th at I m ay not i ncur so dre adful

, , ,
a pun i shment Al as! th e pun i shm en t woul d f all on y ou as well as on

'
my self ; my unf ai thf uln ess woul d reb ound on you an d deprive you of
som e of th e m ean s of sal v ation .
John C arroll s Prayer for th e Civil Au th orities

’
Novem b er 1 0 1 7 9 1 ,
LESS th
y r trrt r i r r ti ih
an a ea af e e u n n g f om h is con sec a on B s op C a roll as r
ry
sem b l e d th e cl e g r i ti r v r
at h i s e s d en ce i n B al m o e on N o em b e 7 —1 0 1 7 9 1 , ,
h i
f or th e ol d ng of th efir t i y ri h rh
s d ocesan s n o d of th e A m e c an C u c D ur ng . i
h y ih
t ose d a s th e b s op an d h is tw ty enri t r tw t
tw o p es s f am ed ren y f ou d ec ee s
- -
r
r t r r i r tt r i i tr ti
to egu l a e an d en de u n f o m such m a e s as th e adm n s a on of th e
r t i vi
sac am en s d rvin e se
, t
ces, th e c on du c o f th e cl ergy , an d th e su ppo of rt
h rh r ti
t h e c u c es A m on g t h e e gu l a on s f or d
. iv i rvi i t
n e se ces tt w as s a ed a th t
tr
af e y t y th r h
th e gospel in M asses on Su n d a s an d f eas d a s
'
e e s ou l d b e e ad _
r
r y r r ri “ “
r
th e p a e p esc b ed f or all th e ank s of soc e i ty w
an d f or th e elf a e of r
i
th e Repu b l c thi
”
In i v r
s se sson of N o em b e
. t
1 0 th e sy n od ad op e d th e
ti r y r whi h rr
b eau f u l p a e c ivi th riti
C a ol l h ad com p osed f or th e c l au o es an d
whi r v
ch i ti it
e eal e d th e com b n a on of p e y an d p a tri ti whi o sm ch w a s so
r t ri t i
ch a ac e s c of h im w as h i h rity
el l as s ow n g h i s c a
,
f or t h e Wel f a e of r
i ti
al l h i s f el l ow c r r
z e n s, th i r r i i
ega dl ess of e it
el g ou s f a hryr Th e p a e i s s ll . ti
th i h r h
u se d in C a it tt
ol c c u c e s i n t h e U n e d S a es o n occasmn s o f a n a on al ti
hr tr
c a ac e r . tr
S ou ce : Pe e G u ild ay Th e Lif e a n d Tim es of J o h n C a rro ll , ,
Y r
A rc h b ish op o f B a l t im o re 1 73 5 — 1 8 1 5 ( N ew y
o k:
,
i
En c cl ope d a Pre ss ,
II , 4 3 2 .
Wepr ay T h e e O al m i ghty an d et e r n al,

G o d ! Wh o thr ou gh J esu s
Chri st h ast reveal ed Th y gl ory t o all n ation s t o preserve th e works ,
of Th y M er cy th at Th y Church b eing spre ad throu gh th e whol e

, ,
worl d m ay continue with unch anging f aith in th e conf ession of

,
Th y n am e .
We pr ay Thee W h o al one art good and hol y to endow with

,
.
,
heavenly knowl edge sincere ze al and sanctity of l if e ou r chief b ishop

, , , ,
N N th e vi car of O ur Lor d J e su s Chri st in th e gov ernm ent of Hi s

. .
, ,
Chu rch ; our own b ishop N N ( or archb i sh op ) ; all other b i shops , . .

,
prel at es an d pastor s of th e Chu rch ; an d e speci all y th ose wh o are

,
appo in te d t o ex erci se am ongst u s th e f unction s of th e h ol y m ini stry ,
and conduct Th y peopl e in to th e w ay s of sal v ati on .
W e pr ay Thee O God of m igh t wisdom and j ustice ! thr ou gh Wh om

, ,_ ,
au th o rity i s ri ghtl y adm ini st ere d l aw s are en act ed and j u dgm en t , ,
decreed assi st w i th Th y h ol y spirit of coun sel an d f ortitu de th e

,
Pr esi den t of th e Un ited St ates th at h i s adm in i str ation m ay b e con ,
ducted in ri ghte ousn e ss an d b e emin en tl y u seful to Th y peopl e over

"
whom h e presides; b y encour aging du e respect for v i rtu e and rel igion ;
b y a f aithf ul execu t i on of th e l aw s in j u stice and m ercy ; and b y
restraining vice and immoral ity Let th e li ght of Th y divine wisdom .
76 Th e Na t iona l Perio d
an d it t
in pl aces as f ar d s an as I ll n o s an d M c gan T h e s i i
e a s o f th e i hi . fir t y r
n ew sem n a y i r wr x i
e e e ceed n gl y n g on es an d f or a me tryi
e e w as se ou s ti th r ri
i i t
d scu ss on of it s ab an d onm en Bu t th e se en s u den s of 1 7 9 1 h ad n c e ased
. v t t i r
b y 1 8 1 0 to tw t
en y -f ou , an d b y t h e r
m e A c b s op C a ol l d ed in 1 8 1 5 ti rh ih rr i
t i rty ri t
h p es s h ad b een o d a ne d f om r i
s mo h e se m n a r
I n th e f ol lo ng thi t r i ry . wi
tt r rr x r r i
le e C a ol l e p essed t o C a d n al A n on ell P ef ec of P opagan da , a t i r t
, r wh t
i ii
th e com n g o f th e S u l p c ans m e an to h im an d t o h is m po e s ed d ocese t i v ri h i .
r tr
Sou ce : P e e G u il d ay , Th e Lif e a n d Tim es of J oh n C a r ro ll A rc h b ish op of ,
B a l tim o re 1 7 3 5 — 1 8 1 5 ( N e w
, o k : E n c cl oped a P essY r II 47 o~47 l y i r , , .
It is al e ad r y known to th e S acred
Congregation h ow si ngul ar a
b l essin g h as com e to u s fr om th e di sor der s th at thr e aten r el i gion in
Fr an ce since on accou nt of th e sam e h as ari sen th e opportun ity of
,
send ing thith er som e pri e st s f rom th e Sem in ary of St Su l pi ce at P ar is .

,
.
Wh il e I w as in L on don thi s m atter w as seriou sl y con si dered as I

,
have alre ady m ade known to th e Sacred Congregation ; after my

retu rn to m y diocese th e pl an w as full y decided upon and in Jul y
, ,
o f l ast y e ar f ou r pri est s with five cl eri cs stu d en t s of phil osophy and ,
theology re ached thi s port l ed b y th e Vener ab le Nagot form erl y

, , ,
1
Superior of th e Sem in ary of St Sul pice Th e est ab l i shm ent of a

. .
sem in ary i s cert ainl y a n ew an d extr aor din ary spect acl e f or th e
peopl e of thi s country ; th e r em arkab l e piety of th ese priest s i s adm ir
ab l e and th e ir ex am pl e i s a stimul an t an d spur to al l wh o f eel th em

,
sel v es c all e d t o w ork in th e v i n eyar d of th e Lor d Such are th e .
gr eat an d r em ark ab l e eff ect s of God s b ounty B ut wh at i s sti l l m ore

’
.
import ant i s th at owing to th e est abl i shm ent of thi s sem in ary th e
, ,
cl ergy will b e b r ou ght up in th e pu rity of f aith an d in h ol iness of

'
conduct A ll ou r h ope s are fou nded on th e Sem in ary o f B al ti mor e

. .
Since th e arriv al of th e priest s of St Sul pi ce th e c el eb r at i on of th e .

,
offi ces of th e Chu rch and th e d i gn ity of d ivin e wor ship h ave m ade
a gre at i m pr ession so th at th ou gh th e chu rch of B al t i m ore i s h ar dl y

, ,
worthy of th e n am e of cathedral if we con sider it s style and its size , ,
it m ay b e l ooked upon as an epi scopal chu rch in View of th e numb er

of its cl er gy .
1F c i Ch l
r an o s N g t ( 1 7 34 ar es th fi t p i
a o f th S lp i i e rs su er or o e u c ans
i
n th U it d S t t
e nh d b e f th
a e s, m t p mi
a een t m mb o ne f th o e os ro ne n e er s o e
soc ei ty i F nb i g i p i
rance , f th S m i
e n v ce
y f St S lp i
su er or i P i o e e n ar o . u ce n ar s
d m mb f th p i l i l t th tim f h i pp i tm t ’
an a e er o
g e su er or -
e nera s cou n c a e e o s a o n en
t
o B l tim
a ore .
Th e C h urc h in Lo u is ia na , 1 79 5 1 77
Religiou s C on di tion s in Lou isi an a ,
Novem b er 1 1 7 95 ,
TH E first B i hop of Lou i si a a d th e Two Flori da a dioc e whi ch h ad

s an n s, es
b ee n erecte d o A pri l 2 5 1 7 9 3 w as a C u b n —
n b orn pri t Lu i Ign ci o M ri a
, , a es ,
s a a
d e Pe i al ver y C rd en as ( 1 7 49 U p on Pefi l ver s arr i val in N ew

‘
’
r a a
O rl e an s i n Ju l y 1 7 9 5 h e f ou n d rel i gi ou s con d iti on s t a very l ow eb b

, , a .
O n N ovem b er 1 1 7 9 5 th e b i shop m ade a r ep ort t o th e Span i sh govern m en t

, ,
which describ ed not only th e spiritu al ab u ses am ong th e popu l ace b u t which
al o refl ecte d t h e n t i on al i st f eel i n g b etwee
s a t h e F re ch an d Sp n i h col o n n a s
n ist s Peii al ver d i d l l h e cou l d t o r evive rel i gi ou s l i fe du ri g h is six years of

. a n
resi d ce in Lou i si a a b ut wh en h e left i N ovem b er 1 8 0 1 to b ecom e

en n ,
n , ,
A r ch b i shop o f G u tem al h e cou ld po i t t o o ly q al ifi d s ccess f or h i s

a a n n u e u
eff o rt s S u r e : C h arl
. o G y rré H i t y f L i i
c es Th S p i h D m i
a a ,
s or o o u s a na . e an s o
n ati on ( New Y ork R edfi el d pp 3 7 6 37 9

: ,
.
— .
ince m y arrival in this town on th e 1 7 th of July I h ave b een

S , ,
stu dying with th e keen e st att enti on th e ch ar acte r of its inh ab it an t s .

,
in or de r t o re gul ate b y eccl esi asti cal gove rnm en t in accor d an ce with
“
th e infor m ati on whi ch I m ay o b t ain on thi s import an t su b j ect .
O n th e 2 d of A u gu st I b egan th e di sch ar ge of m y p astor al func ,
tion s I took possession withou t any diffi cul ty of al l th e b u il dings

.
appert ain in g to th e chu rch an d ex am in e d all th e b ooks accoun t s, , ,
and oth er m att er s th er eto r el ating B u t as t o t e est ab l i shin g th e purity .

-
of rel igi on an d r ef orm in g th e m ann er s of th e peo l e which are th e

, p ,
chi ef ob j ect s El Tri d en tin o h as in vi ew I h av e encountered m any 1

,
ob st acl es .
Th e inh ab it an t s do not l i st en to or if th ey do th ey d i sr egar d all , , ,
e xh o rt at ion s t o m aint ai n in its orth odoxy th e C ath ol i c f aith and to ,
preserve th e innocence of l i fe B u t with ou t ceasin g t o pr ay th e F ath er .
of all m e rci es t o sen d h i s l i ght in to th e d arkn e ss which su rrou n d s
these peopl e I am putting into oper ation hum an m eans to r em edy

,
the se evil s and I will sub mit to your Excell ency those wh ich I deem
,
con duciv e to th e in t er est s of r el i ion an d of th e st at e

g .
B ecau se h i s M aj esty t ol e r ates h ere th e Prote st ant s for sound ,
reasons of State th e b ad Chr i sti ans wh o are in l arge numb er s in

, ,
thi s col ony think th at they are authorized to l ive withou t any reli gion
,
at all M any adul t s die withou t h aving received th e sacr am ent of

.
comm u n i on O u t of th e el e v en th ou san d soul s com o sin thi ri h

.
p g s p a s ,
h ardly three to fou r hundred comply with th e precept of partaking

at l e ast once a y e ar of th e Lor d s su r r im t L i i ’
pp e O f th e e g e n o f ou s an a .
,
1Th b i h p w e f
s oi g t th f m l gi l ti
as re err n f th C il f T to e re or e s a on o e ou nc o r en .
1 78 Th e Na t io na l Per iod
there are not ab ove thi rty including ofli cers and sol dier s wh o have
, ,
di sch arged thi s sacred duty f or th e l ast three ye ar s No more th an .
ab out the four th part of th e popul ation of th e town ev er atten ds

'
m ass and on Sun days onl y an d on those gr eat h ol yd ay s which

, ,
requ ire it imperiously To do so on th e other hol ydays they consider

.
as a superfl uous act of dev otion to which th ey are not b oun d Most .
of th e m arried an d unm arri ed m en l ive in a st at e of con u b inage

c ,
and th ere are f ath er s wh o procu r e cou rt ez an s f or th e use of th eir son s ,
whom they thus in tentionall y prevent f rom gettin g l awful wives Th e .
m arri age contr act i s one which fr om a un iver sal custom adm itt in g , ,
onl y a f ew acci den t al exception s i s never en tered into am ong th e ,
sl av es F asting on F ri day s in Len t and du ring vigilas y temp oras

.
, ,
[vigil s of feast s and emb er day s] is a thin g unk nown ; and there are ,
othe r m al pr actice s which d enot e th e li ttl e of r el igion exi sting h er e

-
among th e inh ab it an t s and which demonstr ate th at th er e r em ain s in

,
their b osom s b ut a sli ght spark of th e faith in still ed in to th em at th e

b aptism al font .
I presume th at a l arge portion of th ese peopl e are vassal s of th e

king b ecau se they l ive in his dom ai n and accept h i s f avor s B ut I
, , .
must spe ak th e truth Hi s M aj esty possesses their b odi e s an d not

.
their soul s Reb ell ion i s in their he arts and their m in ds are imb ued
.
, _
with th e m axi m s of dem ocracy; and h ad th ey not for th eir chief

so active and e ner ge tic a man as th e pr esen t gov ernor there woul d ,
2
l ong sin ce h ave b een an e ruption of th e pen t up vol can o ; and sh oul d -
anoth e r l ess sagacious chi ef ev e r f orget th e f erm ent i ng el em ent s wh ich
are at w ork un der gr oun d there can b e no doub t b u t th at there

,
would b e an explosion .
Th eir h ouses are full of b ooks written against r el i gi on and th e

st ate Th ey are pe rmitted to re ad th em with impunity an d at th e
.
, ,
di nn er t ab l e th ey m ake use of th e m ost sh ameful l asc iviou s an d

, , ,
sacril egiou s songs .
Thi s mel anchol y sketch of th e rel igious an d mor al custom s and

condition of th e fl ock whi ch h as f all en to m y l ot will m ake you ,
un der st and th e cause o f wh at ev er act of scand al m ay su ddenl y b r eak
out wh i ch h ow ever I sh all striv e to prev en t ; an d th e b ett er to do so

.
, , , ,
I have used and am still u sing som e m eans which I intend as ,
remedies and which I am going to comm unicate to your Excell ency

, .
Th e Spanish school which h as b een establ i sh ed h ere at th e expense

,
of th e crown i s kept as it ou ght to b e ; b u t as th ere are oth er s which

,
2 F i Li H t B
r anc sco u sd C d l t w
e c or , G aron f L i i
e aro n e e , as overnor o ou s an a
from 1 79 1 to 1 79 7 .
1 80 Th e Na tio nal P er iod
b u t h e w as of a som e
.
a wh t x ti
e ac ng an d con en ou s d spos on t ti th ei iti wi th
r t th t
e su l a h is l en g h y ca ee t r r r
w as m a ke d b y man s o m ep sod es I n th e y tr y i .
tt r whi h
le e c f oll o s B ad n ga e B s op C a ol l a w i v ih rr
d desc p on of th evivi ri t i ‘
tt
s a e of th e C h u ch i n h s d s an p a r t i i t t rt
of h i s d ocese af e i
th e m ss on a tr i i ry
h ad b ee n o n t h e scen e f or ab ou tw o ea s and a al f Sou ce : E d a d I
“
t y r h r wr . .
De vi tt
, S J
“
. tt r r
Le e s f om th e B al m o e A ch es, R ecords of th e
.
”
ti r r iv
A m er ica n C a t h l ic H i t i l
a S c i ty f P h i l d e l h ia X IX 2 5 8 —2 64
o s o r c o e o a p ,
.
Priestl and , Harden s Creek Washington County

’
, ,
April 1 1 th 1 7 9 6 ,
.
My L o rd
I wrote to you l ast month and a few days afterwards M r Sanders ,
.
b rought m e th e l etter s whi ch y ou sent b y hi m L ast f all an d winter I .
wrote you several l etter s which you h ave not answered doub tl ess for ,
th e r eason th at th ey w ere l ost or intercepte d du ring th e j ou rn ey whi ch ,
fr e qu en tl y h appens In th em I proposed som e c ases of conscience and

.
asked f or sev er al d i spen sati on s ; I th er ein expose d to y ou th e n eed s
of m y con gr e gation s an d e speci all y my own ; woul d th at you coul d
know th em M on sei gneur as I know th em ,

al thou gh ev en I kn ow,
them im perfectl y ; you woul d b e deeply afflicted your charity for ,
th e peopl e an d pri est s of wh om y ou are th e pastor w oul d r en d you r

-
fath erl y h eart b ecau se th er e is no pastur age in K entu cky for th e soul s
,
th at as y ou assu red m e when I w as l e aving B al tim ore you tenderly

, ,
l ov e Prob ab l y th er e i s not in all y ou r diocese as l arge congr egation s

.
as are th o se of K entucky an d th ey are i n cre asing f rom d ay t o d ay ;

,
there is not a Cathol ic here th at doe s not b itterl y l am ent at fin d ing

him self deprived of those m e ans of sal vation th at were to b e h ad in
M aryl and &c I can assu re you Monseigneu r and you wil l b e tou ch ed
.
, ,
to h e ar it th at som e am ong th em are so affl i cted as to l o se th e ir m in d

,
.
F aith y et su st ain s m e th anks b e to God b u t I am as worri ed as any

, ,
am ong th em sin ce I sh are th e troub l es of e ach ; b ut no one can sh are

,
m ine or at l east th e onl y per son in K entucky wh o could sh are th em

,
m akes him self incapab l e of doing I sh all keep silence until I am

b etter inf orm e d .
Y ou speak t o m e of F rench pri e st s : I entre at you m y Lord to , ,
sen d m e at l east one whose virt u e i s known to you I w ou l d willi ngl y .
deci de to sen d h im my h or se w ere it not impru den t to deprive my self

of it f or I h av e n o oth er of m y own in K entu cky and I often ne ed it ,
1 B ad i n w as h ere to F ath er W l li am de Roh an, a som e

app ar entl y ref err ng i i
t i i
wh a errat c pr e st wh o h ad com e to K entu cky c 1 7 90 , and wh o w as respons b l e . i
’
t fi t i
f or th e sta e s rs C ath ol c ch urch , th at of H ol y C ross at Po nger s C reek, tti ’
it
b u l in 1 7 9 2 .
Th e K e n tu cky F ron t ier 181
in orde r to vi sit th e i
s ck,b y day an d b y ni g ht
In my p e sen
. r t ab an don
m ent I am utterl y incapab l e, my lord, h vy ch arge

of fulfi l ing th e ea
of th e m in i stry I h ave neither th e virtue nor th e b odil y strength

.
necessary : If I h ad at l east one pri est to con sul t with me to advi se ,
and encou r age m e ! If I w alked with a firm er f oot step m y self I m ight , ,
with God s grace guide those whom I ought to dir ect in th e path of
’
,
sal v ation I once m ore b e seech you m y l ord t o l ook with an ey e of

.
, ,
p ity o n t h e p oo r p ri e st s o f K e n tuc k y a n d o n th e o th er f aithf ul

,
of ,
whom you are th e f ather and wh o depend after God upon you r , , ,
ch arity in or der to ob t ain a f av or ab l e en tr ance to th e m an si ons of
ete rnity .
Th e faithful Scot [ sic] county are for saken and dish eartened : l ast
year there was some diff erence of opin ion b etween them ab out th e
l and whi ch w as b ought for th e support of their priest s It i s situ ated .
ab ou t f ou r m il es f rom th e ch ap el an d i s t od ay in th e mi dst of C ath ol ic

,
p l an t ati o n s w h i ch h av e e xt e nd ed sin ce pe ac e w as con cl u d e d with t h e
Indians All th e Fenwick f am il ies wh o in contest abl y are th e m ost

.
,
prom in ent wer e un ited for th e su ccess of thi s b u siness Th e h eads of

, .
onl y two rich f am il i e s sou ght to pl ace ob st acl e s to it b ecause th ey ,
con si dered it too f ar aw ay un de r pr esen t cir cum st ance s

,
from th e ,
resident of th e priest : another m otive m ay h ave influ enced th eir

opposition th e rich are not al w ay s th e m ost di spose d to m ake
,
sac rifice s Th e poorer f am il i es w er e now of one opini on now of an oth e r

.
,
accor din g as th ey l i stened t o th e ar gum ent s of th e pr ej u d iced an d
con si de re d th e di st ance at which th ey l ived f rom th e ch apel o r f rom
th e priest s l and It seems to me th at this con gr egation h as not al way s

’
.
followed th e natural l aw of pru dence ; wh en th ey resol ved to b u il d

a ch apel b efore my com ing to K en tucky l an d w as v e ry ch eap ; they
, ,
coul d h ave and sh oul d h ave pu rch ased en ou gh of it t o m ake a goo d
pl ant ation w hich woul d h ave in a few year s b rought m ore th an th e cost
of th e pu rch ase and w oul d h ave en ab l e d th em to cov er th e expen se
of a ch apel &c Th ey did qu ite th e con tr ary ; and m or eo v er th e p riest

.
will h ave th e troub le of travellin g to th e ch apel which at pre sent is

l ocated alm ost at th e extr eme end of th eir pl ant ation s Th e congr ega .
tions at Nel son and Washington b ought th e l an d for th e priest in

-
Washington when they b uil t their ch apel at a dist ance of two m il es

and a h alf n e ar th e f ron ti er of Nel son [ C ou nty]
, Du ring th e fou r .
month s th at M r B arriere st ayed in Kentucky h e ch anged h i s m ag

.
2
i i
F ath er M ch el Bernard Barr ere , a French -b orn pr es , h ad com e to K en
2
i t
t it i
ucky w h B ad n in 1 7 93 , b u t h ad l ef i n th e sp ng of 1 7 94 f or Sp ani sh t ri
Lou ii
s an a .
1 82 Th e Na t ional P er iod
nificent pl an s se e al vr
tim es an d fin all y adopted one which cau ses u s ,
som e rr
em b a assm ent at present : h e gave power of attorney to Mr J . .
Lancaster which to me seem s ab ou t as val id as th e powers of th e

3
vicar general with which h e cl aimed to h ave invested m e ; Mr Lancaster .
coul d act in depen dentl y of th e priest s wh o w er e se rvin g K entucky an d ,
consequen tl y a r ecto ry was b egun ; th e pur ch ase an d th e paym ent f or
th e gr ound an d for sever al n egroe s th e sal ary of M r R oan [ sic] , _

. ,
som e oth er expend itur es b y Mr B arri ere b u il ding and furni shing th e .
,
ch apel &c h ave m ade it impossib l e for u s now even to pu t un der

.
roof this immense presb tery Quis volens turrim aedificare non p ejus . .
comp u ta r Ab out six m onth s after th e departure of Mr B arriere I

. .
engaged a sco r e of m en t o b u il d a cab in wh i ch al th ou gh b u t a c ab in , ,
is one of th e b e st residences to b e foun d among th e congrega

tion Durin g m y ab sence th e work was interrupted and th e l ab orer s
.
,
were di scou r aged b ecau se they were not workin g for Mr B arriere s .
’
order s: I t ook th e inertn ess of Mr R for hum ili ty : b ut aft er all .

, ,
when I settl ed here l ast ye ar I took h alf of a l ittl e hou se th at I h ad not ,
h ad b uil t for m yself Th e b ad m an agem ent of aff air s and m y occupa

.
tions caused a l ack of any h arvest for me so I am reduced this year ,
to b eggary ; an d th e coun try seem s to h av e suff ere d a genu ine f amine

thi s summ er D ivin e Providence h ad perh aps all owed thi s as a punish
.
m ent of th eir in dol ence .
After wh at I sai d my l ord you can j u dge of wh at w as told you

, ,
al so b y Mr D M cC arth y Mr J ose
. .
ph F enwi ck i s n ow on th e w ay to
. .
th e Ill inoi s whe re h e think s of e st abl i shin g him self with hi s f amil y
, ,
in order to procur e for th em th e advan t ages of rel i gion Anoth er .
C athol ic from Nel son undertook a l ike j ourney l ast Chri stm as b ut ,
withou t any success b ecau se there was no l and to b u y and th e Indi ans
, ,
of th e Spani sh si de of th e M i ssi ssippi kill an d rob A m erican s al th ou h

g
they l eave th e French unm olested .
I informed you l ast winter my l ord in one of my l etters th at Mr , , .
Dub oi s wi sh ed t o com e to K entucky an d h ad commi ssioned seve r al

4
of hi s fri ends t o b u y him som e l an d Th ey t ell m e th at M r Th om as . .
Yate s procured for h im som e of his on C artwright s creek near th e ’

,
ch apel which i s b e ing b u il t th er e ab ou t ei ght m il es fr om h er e I , .
am su r e th at M r Ge orge H am il ton will devo te t o a recto ry two or

.
3
Jh L o n t ( d 1 8 38 ) w
ancas er l d f th g
.
p f M y l d C th li as a ea er o e rou o ar an a o cs
wh o ca m t K t ky i 1 78 8 H b
e o e n uc m f th m t p m i
n t C th . e ec a e o ne o e os ro nen a o
li
os i K t ky
n d
en u c vd f l t m i
an th l gisl t
ser e H w th
or sev era er s n e e a u re . e as e
gran df th a f J her L o t Sp l di g ( 1 8 40
o n fi t Bi h p
ancas er f P i a n rs s o o eo r a .
4
J D b i ( 1 7 64
ean u th
o s f t th i d Bi h p f N w Y k w e u ur e r s o o e or , as a
mi i
ss on ar y i M a y l nd t th tim
n r a a e e .
1 84 Th e Na tional Period
d iocese will hasten to follow you r wi shes and those of th e peopl e

of K en tucky M r W m H am il ton wh o c arrie s m y l ette r s can t ell you
. . .
in per son h ow much they suff er .
I am very gr ateful for th e troub l e you t ake to keep m e inf orm ed

ab ou t th e gener al con di tion s in F r ance They tell m e th at th e city .
in whi ch I w as b orn h as b een con signed to th e fl am es b y a ph il an

th ropic decr ee of th e l egi sl ator s I h ave re ason t o b el i eve th at m y .
rel at i on s [or parent s] were inclu ded in th e decr ee for I h ave r eceived
n o l etter s fr om th em for sev er al y ear s .
Let m e ob serv e in r egard to th e com i ng of priest s to K entucky

th at they will n ot h ave t o f ace th e dangers to which they would h ave
b een exposed in preced i n g y ear s as peace h as b een concluded w i th ,
th e Ind i an s .
I h ave th e honor to b e &c &c &c .
E t i enn e Th eodore B adin

PS . Th e h ol y oil s th at I b rou ght w i th m e to K entucky n eed t o
.
b e r enewed Th e ritu al assert s th at cl er i cs sh oul d carry th em wh er ever

.
there i s need ; I hope th at you will gi ve them to one or m ore pri ests .
Mr Ham il ton shoul d r etu rn h ere n ext J ul y ; h e woul d b e a very

.
su it ab l e com pan ion f or th em [th e pr 1 est s] if they h av e not al ready
st art ed b efore th at tim e .
President J eff erson Reassure s th e Lou i si an a

U rsul in es Ab ou t Th eir Fu ture U n der th e
Am erican G overnm ent M ay 1 5 1 804 ,
r i
IN A U G U ST , 1 7 2 7 , a l l e b an d of el e en U su l n e n u n s a itt rriv e d in v
ii r r
Lou s an a f om F an ce to open th e fir ts con en o f r i i w
el g ou s w t
om e n i n ha v t
tr it tt t r i t t
w as l a e t o b e th e U n ed S a es A ll h ou gh th e e gh een h cen u y t r th y
. e
p e rit
s s e d t
o f en u nrd e t h r t t h i
e g e a es an d cap s -
wi t th ir t hi
h e e ac ng th e
y ri i
ou n g n u s n g t h e s ck , an d o
,
th r w r
e h rity
o k s of c a i t r wi t
Th e s s e s ne sse d .
h v r ti
th e col ony ch an ge an d s se e al m es, an d in 1 8 0 3 th y
e th
f ou n d v
em se l e s
c iti it tt
z en s of th e U n e d S a es Th e anx ei ty whi th y t
ch e . t th ir
f el ab ou e
r rt ri ht
p op e y tt r ri
g s an d s a u s u n de t h e A m e can eg m er i wr v
e e con ey e d b y
t ir
he ri r
su p e o t ih rr r i tJ r
to b o h B s op C a oll an d P e s d en eff e son r
I n h is epl y .
J ff r n t th i r f r t r t b o t th e f t r nd a r d th m of th
e e so se e ea s a es a u u u e a ssu e e e
appr i ti whi h A m ri
ec a on f l l r l i gi
c f i th f l t f or th ch ri t b l
e c an s o a e ou s a s e e a a e
l b rs wh i h th ey h d
a o c rri d on in L i i a f or ca m y ye r S r
e ou s an a so an a s . ou ce :
H enr y C Sem pl e S I .
, . . Th e U rs u l i n es in N e w O r lea ns a nd O ur La dy
o f P r om p t S ucco r . A R eco rd o f Tw o C e n t u r ies , 1 72 7— 1 925 ( New o k: Y r
P . J . K en edy Sons, i i
f acs m l e f ac i ng p . 60 .
A B ish op for Louisiana 1 85
Wash in gt on M ay th e 1 5 , 1 8 04
To th e Soeu r Th erese de St X avier F arjon Superior ; and th e Nuns

.
,
of th e O r de r of St Ur sul a at New O rl e an s
. .
I have received hol y sister s th e l etter which you have written me

, , ,
wherein you express anxiety for th e property ve sted in your in stitu

tion b y th e fo rm er governm ent of Louisi an a Th e prin ciples of th e .
Constituti on and governm ent of th e United States are a sure guar antee
to you th at it will b e pr eserv ed to you sacr ed and invi ol ate and ,
th at your in stitution will b e permitted to govern itself accordin g to

it s own vol un tary rul es with ou t interf erence from th e civil au thority
’
, ,
wh atever diversity of sh ade m ay appear in th e rel igiou s O pini ons of

our fello w citiz en s th e ch arit ab l e ob j ect s of y our in stitution cann ot
,
b e indi ff eren t to an y ; an d it s furth er an ce of th e whol esom e pu rposes

’
of soci ety b y tr ainin g up i t s y ou nger m emb er s in th e way th ey sh oul d

’
go c ann ot f ail to en su re it th e p atron age of th e gov ernm en t it i s un der

, .
B e assured th at it will m eet with all th e protection whi ch m y offi ce

can give it .
I sal ute you hol y sister s with friendship and respect

, , ,
Th J eff er son .
Th e U nited S t ates G overnm ent D eclines to

C ommi t I tself on a Bi sh op for Louisian a ,
Novemb er 1 7 20 , 1 8 06
—
AT TH E m e ti th t tr
a Lou s an a w as iirr r it t t
an sf e ed b y F ance t o th e U n ed S a e s
r r th t
in D ecem b e , 1 8 03 , t h e C h u ch in ri
a col o ny w as i i
ddl ed b y d ssen s on Th e .
m argu il l iers ortr t i t r r

u s ee s of S t Lou s C a h ed al in New O l ean s su ppo e d
. rt
t
An oni o d e S ed el l a ( 1 7 4 8 r r t ry
a e f ac o i hi i t
Sp an sh C apu c n , aga n s th e
t rity
au h o th r h
of F a e s T om as H assett tri
an d Pa h w
ck W al s ih
h om B s op
vr t i i tr t r
Penal e h ad l ef as adm n s a o s of th e see w rt
h e n h e dep a e d in 1 8 0 1 .
hi t r r ti fi y r t
A sc sm in th e ca h e d al cong e ga on nall i tri
e su l e d an d a n n gu e w as
t hv
set o n f oo t o i h thr
a e Sed el l a n am ed b s op i t rv ti
ou gh t h e n e en on o f Em
w
peror N apol eon Ne s of th e
. tr r h
ou b l e y
eac e d th e H ol t
See an d on Sep em
b er i rr i i tr t r i
1 8 0 5 , B sh op C a oll w as n am e d adm n s a o o f th e D ocese of
ii ri rr
Lou s an a an d th e Tw o F l o d as C a oll fu ll yr i r ti
e al z ed t h e p ac cal im possi
.
i tt i fi ti ti t r i y r t
bil ity of hi s b e ng ab l e to se l e th e d f cu l es sa sf ac o l at so g ea a d is
t r vr wr
an ce M o eo e , h i s a a en ess of th e
. r t t esen m en y
of m an r h
of th e F en c
i i h it t i
an d Sp an sh n ab an s at t h e cess on of th i r e ri v
col ony to th e A m e can s ga e
i ti
him add on al w rry o r x it
I n h is pe pl e
. rr t r J
y C a oll u n ed t o am es M ad son i
( 1 75 1 rtr tt J r i t i q ir
Sec e a y of S a e in eff e son s c ab ne , t o n u e if
’
th r e e
w j ti r i r h ri t
ou ld b e any ob ec on t o h i s ecomm en d n g a F en c ih
p e s t o b e t h e b s op
ii
of Lou s an a Th e f oll o
. wi xh ng e tt r r v fi t rr
an ge of l e e s e eal s, r i ti
r s , C a oll s p at o c
’
i rel t n to m ke ny re omm nd ti n th t m i gh t j e p di
f eel ng an d hi s uc a ce a a c e a o a o ar ze
ri i t re ts in Lou i si n
A m e can n e d e on d
s J eff r o nd M di a a an , s c , e s n s
’
a a son s
’
scrupu l ou car to keep th gov r m

s e t l r of th charg f m d dl i g i e e n en c ea e e o e n n
rel igi o m tt r us w ll th ir hi gh p r l confi d n nd e t m f

a e s, as e as e e so n a e ce a s ee or
C arroll Source : J ohn G il m ar y Sh

. H i t y f th C th l i C h
s h i th ea, s or o e a o c u rc n e
U it d S t t
n e ( N ew Y ork : J
a es h n G S h I I 5 9 1 —5 9 2 R e
; d f o . ea , , c or s o
th eAm i C th l i H i t i l S i ty
er ca n a f P h il d lp h i
o c XX s o r ca oc e o a e a,
6 3—6 4 .
Nov emb er 1 7 , 1 80 6 .
I tisfied with th e accounts of Lou i siana of th e

was not so sa ,
cl ergymen l ivin g th ere as w ou l d j u stif y a re comin en dation of any

,
of th em for th e import an t tr u st whi ch r equ ires not onl y a virtuou s ,
b ut ve ry prudent conduct great l earni ng e speci all y in m atter s of a , ,
rel igious n atu re and sufficient resolution to r em ove gr adu all y th e

,
di sorders whi ch h ave g rown up du ring th e rel ax ed st ate of civil an d

eccl esi astical au th ority I therefore directed my views to two others
.
,
wh o th o F renchm en h ave b een l ong resi dent in thi s country an d

’
, ,
st eady in th e ir att achm en t to it B u t th e r em ov al of eith er of th em .
to L ou i si an a w as ren dere d irnpracticab l e an d circum st ance s h ave si nc e ,
occu rr ed which perh aps m akes it u n advi se ab l e in th e opin i on of thi s -
governm ent to nom in ate f or th e b i sh op of th at coun try any n ative

,
o f F r an ce or Lou i si an a I th er efor e d ecl ined hith e rt o t aking any con

.
ce rn in thi s b usine ss th o th e situati on of th e chu rch th e re h as l ong

’
,
requ ired and requ ires now m ore particul arly a prompt interfer ence
, ,
not onl y for th e i ntere st s of rel i gi on b ut l ikewi se for qui e tin g and ,
composing th e m ind s of th e inh ab it ant s Y ou will ob se rv e th at m y fir st .
commi ssion to t ake a provi sion al ch arge of th e d ioce se of N O rl e an s .
was received l ong b efore th e interm eddl in g of th e E mperor Napol eon .
Thi s h as b een procu red as I am credibl y i nfo rm ed from N C b y a , .
m i ssion to Paris fr om a Mr C astill on wh o i s at th e h ead of th e .

,
1
municipal ity and an artful Sp ani sh fri ar Antonio de Sedill a [sic]

, , ,
th e in tim ate frien d o f th e M arqu i s of C aso [ sic ] C al vo Thi s m i ssion .

2
w as entruste d t o a cert ain C ast an edo wh o w as fu rni shed with -

,
3
to ob t ain a recomm en dation f rom th e Emperor Napol eon f or th e

immediate nom ination of de Sedill a to th e b ishopric: b ut th e attempt
w as compl etel y mi scarri ed as you will see b y th e dupli c ate copy of ,
th e comm i ssion sen t to m e &c To thi s comm i ssi on all ow me to j o i n , .
1
J B pti t Vi t C till w p i d t f th m g illi
e an - a s e- c or as f St L i
on as r es en o e ar u ers o ou s
C th d l i
.
a e raN w O l n e r e ans .
2
S b ti an d
e as l P t y O F il M q i d C
e a uer a C l h d b
’
arr , ar u s e asa a vo , a ee n
ac ti g G v
n f Sp i h L i i
o ernor o f m m th i
an s 1 799 ou s an a or so e on s n .
J C t d w
3
ean m mb
as ane o f th b asd f th a th d l m g illi
e er o e oar o e ca e ra ar u e rs .
1 88 T h e Na t ional P er iod
pray you to accep t assu ance s r of th e perfect respec t an d t

es eem
with which }
I remain ,
You r most ob t Servt

J am es M ad i son .
1 In a pr i
l e tter of th e sam e d ate M ad son o l d C arrol l h at h e sh ared
vate i t t
i
h is v ews o n S edel l a, th at h e w sh ed C arro ll w ou l d b e p l aced in p erm anent i
c o ntro l o f th e C h u r ch i n Lou s an a, an d th at th e
“ ”
f ore gn nterp os t on of th e ii i i ii
New O rl eans trustees to f ur th er th e c and d acy of S edell a f or th e b sh opr c i i i
‘
“
w as known b y th e govern m en and regarded as m an f estl y repreh ens b l e
”
I b id t i i .
XX ( 1 9 0 9 ) 6 4— 65 .
Moth er S eton s Pl an s for Her Relig

’
iou s
C omm u nity Feb ru ary 9 1 8 09 , ,
T H E f ou n de r f th fir t A m ri n r l i gi o n gr eg t ie f wom s th e ca e ou s co a on o en , e
Si t r
s e s o f C h r i ty f St J ph w a El i b th A n n S t
o ( 1 77 4 . o se ,
as za e e on
Th i c nvert wi d ow of
s o d i ti g i h d Pr t t nt Epi cop l i f m il y a f s n u s e o es a s a an a o
N w York l i d th f o n d ti on of h e comm ity at B ltim re in 1 8 08

e a e u a s r un a o
un d r th e pi f A r hb i hop C rr l l n d th e S lp i i s I n th e
e au s ces o mm er
c s a o a u c an . su
o f 1 8 0 9 h m ved t Emm it b rg M ryl

s e o d wh re th m th r ho
o w s u , a an ,
e e o e use as
p rme tly t b l i hed d wh ere th e ch l f or m ll chi ldr whi h h d

an en es a s an s oo s a en c a
i n B l ti m r w ti n d M th r S ton si ters i re ed in ’
b een b eg un a o e as con ue . o e . e s s nc as
n m b er
u d with i n i m nth
an f t r h er d e th th y h ad school i n Ph il
s x o s a e a e s a
d lph i
e N w Y rka, d B l t im re I n t h f l l owi g l tt r t F il ippo Fili h i
e o , an a o . e o n e e o cc
sh d e rib d th pl n f h r lf nd h
e sc e e dvi r f o th f ut re of th
a s o e se a er a se s r e u e
i f t c mm nity M th r S t n
n an o u e f b t ifi ti n i n w b i g stu di d
. o e e o
’
s cau s or ea ca o s o e n e
b y th C gr g ti
e of R i t
on S r e : A n b ll e M M el vil l e E l iz b th
e a on es . ou c na e .
,
a e
1 7 7 4— 1 8 2 1 ( N ew Y rk C h rl S cri b n r S
’
Bay l y S t e e on, pp o : a es e s on s, .
1 45 — 1 4 6 .
My de a r will th ink I fear th at th e poor l ittl e wom an s

F il icch i } you , ,
’
b r ain i s t r writes you so often on th e sam e sub j ect b ut it is

u ned wh o ,
n ot a m att er of ch oi ce on m y p art as it i s m y in di spensab l e du ty to ,
l et you know ev ery particul ar of a cir cu m st ance which h as occurred

sin ce I wrot e you l ast w e ek r el ativ e to th e su gge stion s so strongl y
'
indicated in th e l etter s I h ave written b oth yourself and your Anton io 2
since m y arriv al in B al tim or e Som e tim e ago I m enti on ed to y ou th e .
F i l ipp F ili h i
1 w ll t d
o m h t f L gh
cc It ly h d l
, a g b e -
o- o erc an o e orn, a , a on een a
f i d
r en f th S t o f m il y H h d
e itd d
e on g d M S t
a i . e a ass s e an encour a e rs . e on n
b mi g
e co C th l i
n a a o c .
A t i w
2 n on oth b th f F i l ipp F il i hi
as e ro er o o cc .
M o th er Se ton s P l a ns for C omm un ity 1 89
’
v r i of a m an of f am il y an d fortune in Phil adelphi a Thi s

con e s on .
3
conv er sion i s as sol id as it w as extr aor din ary an d as th e p erso n i s ,
soon to reci ev e [ sic] th e T onsu r e in ou r sem in ary in m akin g th e ,
di sposition of hi s f ortun e h e h ad con sul ted our R d M r D ub ourg

4
. .
,
th e Prest of th e C oll ege on th e pl an of est ab l i shin g an in stitu tion f or

.
th e adv ancemen t of C ath olick fem al e children in h ab its o f r el i gion

an d givin g th em an edu cat i on su it ed t o th e pu rp o se H e al so desir es .
e xtr em el y to extend th e p l an to th e r eception of th e aged and al so
unedu cat ed per sons wh o m ay b e empl oy e d in spinn in g knitting etc , ,

.
,
et c .so as t o foun d a M anu fact ory on a sm all scal e whi ch m ay b e

,
very b enefici al to th e poor Y ou see I am b ou nd to l et you know th e .
d i spositi on of Pr ovi den ce th at you m ay y ou r self j u dge h ow far you

m ay concu r w i th it D r M atign on of B oston to wh omM r Ch everus
'
5 6
. . .
th e B i sh op el ect an d A ntonio r eferr ed m e on eve ry O ccasion [sic] ,
h ad su ggested thi s pl an for m e b efor e th e gentl em an in questi on ev er

thought of it I h ave invari ab l y kept in th e b ackground and avoided
.
e ven r eflecting v ol unt aril y on an yt hin g of th e kin d kn owing th at ,
Al m ighty God al one could eff ect it if indeed it will b e real ized Father .
M r D ub ou rg h as al w ay s s aid th e sam e b e qu iet God will in h is own

.
, ,
tim e di scover His in tentions nor will I all ow one word of intreaty [sic] ,
f rom m y pen H is b l essed wil l b e done . .
I n m y fo rm er l etter I a sked you if you coul d n ot secu r e y our own

“
property an d b u ild som ething for thi s pu rpose on th e l ot (whi ch

i s an extensive on e ) given b y Mr D ub ou rg If y ou will fu rn i sh th e . .
n ece ssary e xpend itu r e s f or setting u s off and su ppo rting th o se per son s ,
o r chil dr en wh o at fir st will n ot b e ab l e to support th em sel ve s D r . .
M atignon will appoin t a D ir ector for th e est abl i shm en t which if you
kn ew h ow m any good an d excell ent soul s are sighing f or w oul d soon
ob t ain an in t er e st in you r b reast so ard en tl y desiring th e gl o ry o f ,
God B u t all i s in h is h ands If I h ad a ch oice an d my will w oul d

. .
d eci de in a m om ent I woul d rem ain sil en t in hi s h an ds O h h ow sweet

, .
it i s there to rest in perfect confidence yet in eve ry d ail y M ass and ,
at comm u nion I b eg h im to d i spose of m e an d m in e in any w ay
which m ay pl e ase h im Y O U are O u r F ath er in h im thro you r h ands .

,
.
3
S am u el Su th erl an d C ooper ( 1 7 69 a v
co n ert of m eans wh o b ecam e
a i
pr est gave n anc al aid to M oth er S e ton s
,
’
fi i com m u n i ty -
in it s e arl y y e ars .
4
Lou i s
. W V D ub ou rg
. .
, SS
. .
( 1 766 w as at th e tim e p re s d e ni t of St
i i i
.
M ary C oll ege B al t m ore He d ed as

’
s , o f Besancon . A r ch b sh op .
5 i i
Fran co s A M at gno n ( 1 7 53—1 8 1 8 ) w as a F rench b orn p r es w h o was
.
-
i t
t
p as or of wh at w as soon to b ecom e th e C ath e dral of th e H oly C ross i n Boston .
6 J
e an C h everus ( 1 7 6 8— 1 8 3 6 ) w as th e rs B sh op of B os on w h o d ed as fi t i t i
i
C ar d n al Ar ch b sh op of B ordeau x i .
1 90 Th e Na t ional P er iod
we received th at r i n ew an d p ec ou s b e ing which is indeed true l ife .
An d m ay you in y our tu rn rwr b e e a ded with th e full ness of th e divine

b enedi ction Am en a th ousan d times
. .
MEA Seton
Rob ert Wal sh s Prospectu s for His A m erican

’
Re vie w of History and Po litics J anu ary 1 1 8 1 1 , ,
ri th i i ri t r rti t r r t tiv
TH E A m e can C a ol c m n o y h ad n o m o e a cu l a e ep e se n a e in
th e rank s of th e i t t
n ell ec u al s of th e ea lr y ti ri th
n a on al p e o d rt
an Rob e
h
W al s ( 1 78 4 v i
e en i f h is deas wr t e e of en at v ri wit
a an ce y
h m an
r i i it t r tw ry ti
_
of h i s co el g on s s E du ca ed at G eo ge o n an d St M a
’
. s C ol l ege , B al
.
r
m o e, h e l a e trr wi t
e ad l aw h Rob ert r r
G oodl oe H a pe ( 1 7 65 son i n
-
hr rr rr t
l aw of C a l es C a oll of C a oll on an d a au g h hty r it ri t r t i
F e d e al s of a s oc a c
ri tr ti i
b ea n g Possesse d of m ean s, a pene a ng m n d , a deep l o e f or l e a u e
. v it r t r
rt
an d th e a s, an d t h e b en e fit y of i r y tr v
ear s of l e su el t y
a el an d s u d r in Eu ope,
h i t r ry t t
W al s s l e a
’
t t
al en s f ou n d an ou l e i n a v ri t t r ri
a e y of en e p ses suc h '
as
ed i ting t h e A m er ica n R egis ter, con tri ti t i
b u n g to th e P or t F o lio, an d es ab l sh
hi
in g at P l ad elp a th e hi fir t r s f o m al q rt r y r vi w
ua e l e e it tt
in th e U n ed S a es,
th e A m e rican R eview of H is tory a n d P o l i tics D ue to W al sh s en ac ou s . t ’
i
r i t vi w
F e de al s i t
e s i n th e m d s o f th e W ar of 1 8 1 2 , th e l as tv t r t
en u e l as e d
on l y y r
t wo e a s B u t h e . w t r
en on t o b ecom e a f ou n de of t h e N a tio na l G a ze tte
h
and Li terary R eg is ter in 1 8 2 0 an d in 1 8 2 7 l au n c ed th e A m e r ica n Qua r terly
Revie w whi h c h
f or a d ecade el d its pl ace as one of th e cou n r y s l e ad ng t ’
i
j r
ou n al s W al sh w as a s
. tri i tr t
k ng con as to h is f el lo wtw o n sm an an d f ell o w
th i
C a ol c , M a e th w r y x r ti i
C a e , in h is e ec a on of th e M ad son adm n s a on , i i tr ti
v y it tri
h is ad ocac of A d am Sm h s la issez faire doc n es, h is su sp c on of th e
’
-
ii
r i r v t
em b yon c l ab o m o em en , an d h i s opp os iti v t
on to th e m o em en f or pu b l c i
h
sc ool s f or the m asses Y et h s con se t i . rv tiv ri t r t wh
a e a s oc a , hi
ose P hi
l adelp a
sal on d e rw th e city it r
s el e , w as pe son al l y a k n dl
’
i y h r it
an d c a ab l e m an , a
vt h i y i t h
d e o e d u sb and t o A nn a M ar a M o l an , n ece of S ep en M o l an ( 1 7 3 7 y
v ti ry
1 8 1 1 ) o f R e ol u on a th r th ir tw v
W ar f am e , and a f ond f a e to e i
el e ch l
r t h ri
d en I n A u gu s 1 8 44 , W al s w as n am e d A m e can consul at Par s b y P e s
.
,
i r i
t r t h ti r i i y r wr
d en Ty l e , a po s h e eld u n l 1 8 5 1 H is em a n n g ea s e e spe n m os l y
. t t
r
in th e F en ch cap al it wh r e e h e w as o n f am l a ii r y t r with
an d e as e ms th e
p o litic a l a n d it r ry r t
l e a g ea A t tti th t
h e
. m e a h e h
l au n c ed t h e R e vi e w i n
J anu a ry ,
t t ti rt
1 8 1 1 , h is de e s a on of N apol eon B on apa e w as m a c e d onl b y th y
r v i iv i vr J
h i s g a e m sg n gs o e th e w ay th e eff erson ian Repu bl can s e e u nn n g i wr r i
vr t it tt
th e go e nm en o f th e U n ed S a e s Th ese de as, oge e i t th r wi t
. h h is refl ec
ti on s on th e cu rr t it r ry tr
en l e a en d s i n En gl an d an d thi try w r w
s cou n , e e el l
ri i th r
su m m a ze d n t r t
e p ospec u s h e w o e f or th e fir t i s ssu e of th e n ew m aga
i whi ri t tw i w
h ch f oll o s W al sh s de a h ookt t
_
ch is p n e d in th e docu m en
’
z ne and .
p l ace i n P ri
a s o n F r r
eb u a y 7 , 1 8 59 h i tw r
s l as , i
o d s b e n g,
“
I d i ith
e i n th e f a
of m y an ces o s tr ith
in t h e f a y th i h r
of t h e H ol C a ol c C u ch itr
”
(S s e M .
r ri
F ede ck Loch em es, R o b e r t Wa lsh : H is S to ry [ New Yr o k, p .
r
Sou ce : A m e r ica n R evie w of H isto ry and P t , I ( o l i i csJ ry
an u a ,
i— x .
1 92 Th e Na t iona l Pe r iod
e ev r withou t th at degree of ze al which an ardent l ove of country

,
n atu r all y exci te s; an d whi ch so f ar f rom pro ving an ob stru ct i on i s

, , ,
in f act au xil i ary to th e s ur est oper ation s of th e j u dgm ent Genu in e

,
.
sen tim ent an d sou nd p ol i cy c an n ev er b e di ssoci ated an d it i s , ,
therefore th at full scope will b e given to th e n atur al el ev ated warm

, , ,
feelin gs an d t o th e v eh em en t u n sub orn ed vi rtu ou s passion s of th e

, , , ,
heart whenever th e sub j ect of discu ssion sh all b e those sch em es of

,
profl igate amb i tion wh i ch now m en ace th e l i b e rtie s of all m ankind ,
and th ose act s of port entous corruption th e crim e s of unex am pl ed

,
depr avity which assail th e m oral an d pol itical order of Eu rope

,
and which aw aken terr or whil e th ey kindl e i nd ignati on in th e m ind
of e ve ry re flecting an d h on e st in d ivi du al of ev ery coun try .
Th e u til ity of th e presen t un dert akin g mu st b e too ob viou s to

requ ir e a particul ar exposition and shoul d it b e well execu ted it is
,
hoped th at no necessity will ari se for an el ab orate appe al to th e pub li c

on th e scor e o f patron age A work of th e nature now contem pl ated
.
h as b een l ong de sire d b y th e m o st enl i ghtened m en of thi s country ,
an d cl aim s th e cooper ation as w ell as th e prot ection of th ose wh o u n it e
th e ab il ity with th e desi r e of prom oting th e intere sts of fr eed om an d

of l ett er s .
Th er e is som ething in th e m el anch ol y ch ar acter of th e tim es in ,
th e signal an d extr aor dinary d anger s with whi ch th e Un ited St ates ,
together with th e re st of th e civil ize d worl d are thre atened ,

th at ,
call s l oudl y for th e u tm ost activity in th e defence of those in stitu tions
an d th at sy stem of kn owl e dge which con stitute our b est riches an d

, ,
which enn ob l e and decor ate hum an n ature At a moment when th e .
W hol e continent of Eu rope i s si nki n g u n de r th e ascen d ant of a m il it ary

d espoti sm and th e sam e d ar k cl ou d of ignor ance and tyr ann y is
,
settl ing upon it which a few centu ri e s ago w as di spell e d b

, y th e genius
of comm erce it i s incum b en t u pon th e Am erican pub l ic to encou r age
,
th e devel opm en t and th e appl i cat i on of wh atever resou rces m ay b e

fou nd in th e f acul ti es of i nd i vidu al s in order to secu re fr om th e sam e
,
f at al influence th e in estim ab l e b l e ssi ngs an d th e pu re l i ght s which thi s

,
coun try d rew fro m th e v ery fou nt ain th at i s now

partl y and which m ay ,
b e h ere after tot all y ch oked up and poll u ted

, .
Independentl y of such consi derations as these which aff ect our

highest in terests and appeal to th e nob ler feelings of th e b reast there ,
are oth er s of secon dary i m ort ance which o erat e as a r ecomm end ation
p p ,
to an un dert aking l ike th e pre sent and are not to b e overl ooke d Th e -
.
criti cal ex ami n ati on of Eu ropean W orks p arti cul arl y of th ose which
com e to us f rom Engl an d will b e m ade to ent er as h as b ee n b efore

, ,
Wa lsh s Review 1 93
’
R o b ert
t t in to th e structu re of this j ou rn al Wh atever m ay b e th e ab il ity

s a ed , .
with which th e Engl i sh reviews are conducted it is cert ain th at truth in ,
them is often di storted or wholl y suppressed th at their decisions ,
are m at eri all y in fl u enced b y th e spirit of party th e su ggestions of
p riv a t e f ri en d shi p , or th e au th o rity of o

p p u l a r n am es ; an d n ot inf re
qu ently b y th e prej udices of l iterary patriotism and th e intol erance

,
of n ation al pri de . Th e f orm ation th erefore of a dom estic trib unal ,
ex empt f rom th e oper ation of f eel ings which viti at e th e t aste an d ,
mi sl e ad th e j udgment an d wh ose province it sh all b e b oth to vin dicate

,
our own m erit s wh en inj u riou sl y att acked and to exhib it f aithf ull y
,
those of foreign writer s when erroneousl y reported c annot b ut b e ,
produ ctiv e of th e m ost b enefic i al con sequences not m er el y in r el ation ,
to th e pu rity of o ur r el i sh for el e gant li ter atu re b u t al so t o th e ,
accur acy of our op in i on s on qu estion s con nect ed with th e dom estic
p ol iti c s o f an o th e r c ou n try o f th,e u t m o st i mp o rt an ce t o ou r o w n
n ati on al welf are .
Another topic whi ch it is deem ed expedient to urge in f avour of a “
j ourn al on th e pl an m entioned ab ove is th e apparent necessity for, ,
som e such en terpr i ze with a vi ew t o th e prom oti on of th e l it er ary f am e
of thi s cou ntry . Th e peri od h as arrived wh en a pl atform at l east ,
sh oul d b e l ai d and it i s in th i s m ode onl y — u n der th e peculi ar cir

,
.
cum st an ces of our cond ition that th e ob j ect can b e accom pl ished .
If th e found ation wer e once settl e d th er e rem ains no doub t b ut,
th at with th e scaff ol ding of Engli sh l iteratu re a f ab ric of l iterary ,
reputation mi ght b e ere long erected of m aterial s which b oth for ,
their variety and excell ence woul d del ight and su rpri se th e n ations of
Eu rope It i s cert ain th at our m e an s are n ot dul y appreci at ed ab road ;
.
_
that we our selves have not done j ustice to our r esources either ,
of geni u s or of l e arnin g Wh atever m ay b e sai d b y th e prej u diced

.
or th e uninf o rm ed critics of Eur ope th er e i s n ev erth el e ss am ong us

, , ,
an am pl e p orti on of th e eth ere al spirit an d an ab un d an t stor e of

“ ”
,
e rud iti on com pet ent to ext en d th e l im it s of hu m an kn owl edge and

'
to sh ed l ustre on th e n ati on al ch ar acter as th ere i s al so

, a sol i d , ,
fund of l egisl ative W i sdom and pub l ic vir tu e fitted t o r aise us t o a

proper st and ard of e stim ati on in th e ey es of th e worl d an d t o f ashi on ,
and fo rtify thi s r epub l i c in to a deepl aid ind issol ub l e st ate

“ ”
.
But through th e agen cy of a comb in ation of un avoi dab l e c ircum

st ance s in th e on e case an d of a tr ain of unfortun at e con tingenci es
,
and l am ent ab l e err or s in th e o th er all th ese adv ant ages l ie in ert and
,
ob scu re , an d m ank ind j u dgin g onl y f rom ext e rn al in dicati on s and
practical resul ts h ave come to this fall aciou s b ut natu r al conclu sion
, ,
1 94 Th e Na tiona l Per io d
th at we are no l ess mi ser ab l y deficient in th e treasu re s of l e arning an d
in th e power s of geni u s, th an ridicul ou sl y weak in our publ ic council s,

“
an d im provi dentl y b ackward in th e O rgan izati on of our phy sical
str en gth Fr om th e actual com position of our del ib er ativ e assemb l i es,
.
and th e m e asu res i t th ey inf er th at we are al together

of ou r c ab n e ,
withou t th at gall antry of spirit th at gen erous and l ofty enthusi asm, ,
th e l ib er al stu di es an d enl arge d cou r ageou s wi sdom whi ch if they

“ ”
, ,
h ad un if orml y presided over ou r aff air s m ight h ave gi ven an irresi stib l e ,
m om entu m an d a m ost imposing attitu de t o a n ation so singul arl y

f avou red b y n ature an d f ortun e Th ey mak e th e r arity an d in sign ifi.
can ce Of our pr oducti on s in l iter atu r e th e crit erion of our ab il ity to

.
,
pr oduce an d im agi n e th at a m ercen ary gr ovel ing n arr ow m in ded

-
, , ,
sy stem of pol i cy i s accom pan i ed b y a corr e spondent pov erty of con
cepti on an d scantin e ss of knowl edge .
It sh all b e one of th e en ds of thi s j ou rn al to refute the se imput a

tiOn s an d it i s on e of its chief adv ant ages th at it m ay it self b ecome
,
a pr acti cal ill u str ation of th eir f al seh ood Th e soun d doctrine s an d .
th e el ev ated sentim en t s of which it m ay b e m ade th e r ecept acl e and ,
which together with h ab it s of profoun d investigation an d a rich fund

,
of pol itical sci en ce b el on g t o so m any in divi du al s in thi s country

, ,
m ay serv e to convince th e worl d th at it i s to causes m erel y accident al

th at we owe th e coarse texture of our l egisl ative b odi es and th e
.
ab j ect spir it of ou r adm in i str ati on It m ay b e asserted withou t pre .
su mpti on th at thi s cou ntry h as not sh one in pe ri odi cal l it er atu re r ath er
of th e ab sen ce of pr oper excitem en t s and of su it abl e

on accou n
_ t
repositories for th e produ ction s of t aste an d learning th an for any ,
want either of capacity or l eisu re Th e analysis of import ant works .
and th e l it er ary di squ i sition s which f al l W ithin th e scope of th e pre sent

pub l ication will aff ord an am pl e field for th e di spl ay of ingenu ity
,
and Of eru d i ti on and sh ould th e m ateri al s of thi s d escri tion whi ch

, p
m ay f o rm a part of th e fir st numb er s b e wrou ght with skill and ,
el egan ce a spirit of em ul ati on th e n atu r al effect of cl assical m odel s

, , ,
m ay b e ex ci t ed so as to l e ad to eff ort s of th e hi gh est an d h ap

,
pi est order .
In Eur ope profound st atesm en em inen t au th or s b rilli an t schol ar s

, , , ,
cooper ate am b iti ousl y in j ou rn al s of thi s n atu re an d communicate ,
to th e wor l d throu gh su ch ch ann el s th e ir m o st el ab or at e r esear che s

, , ,
and th eir m ost fini sh ed produ cti on s Th ey know th at in so doin th y

g e .
,
derogat e nothi ng from th ei r own dignity W hil e th ey contrib u te infini tel y ,
to th e adv ant age of th e publ ic Sou nd doctrin es are in thi s wa m o r

.
y e , ,
widel y dissem inated a m ore hab itual and cert ain influence is given
,
“
1 96 Th e Na t iona l Period
sal u at ry resul ts They still lie under engagements of interest and duty
.
which they vi ol ate in resigning them sel ves to tot al inaction when b y ,
th e con centr ation of th eir desu l tory an d scattered eff o rt s in on e focu s ,
b y th e specul ations of th e cl oset widel y circul ated b y th e ,
adm on iti on s of wi sdom con st an tl y r epro duced and b y specim en s of

,
sou nd l iter ature and ch aste com positi on they m ay fin all y succeed in
,
touching th e m astersprings and th e n ob l er passions of our n ature ,
in r efin ing and enl arging our h ab i t s of th ought in extendin g th e

-
r ange of our l iterary an d sci enti fic inquiries and in correctin g th at

,
l ow an d d egener ate fashion of ar gum en t whi ch woul d sacrifice n ation al

honou r to pecuniary interests and Which mist akes th e suggestions of a
,
sord i d and irn provident par sim ony f or those of genu in e st ate economy
a prin cipl e b oth m agn ifi cen t an d pr ospectiv e and O ft en opposed to

,
all arithm e ti cal c al cul ation

.
T hi s country i s hi deou sl y m et am orph ised since th e day s of W ashing

ton , b ut we are far f rom despairin g of th e pub li c fortu nes It i s not .
cr edu l ity t o im agine th at much of th at spir it still rem ains whi ch th en
seem e d t o p erv ade th e gre at m aj ority of thi s n ati on and th at t o b e

,
m ade to r eappear it needs onl y to b e ritu all y inv oked Al though .
th e r epetiti on of enorm ou s crim e s since th e comm encement of th e

F rench r evolu ti on is cal cul ated to r ender th e present gener ation call ous
,
to any exce sses of profligate power w e are not with ou t a num erou s
,
b ody composin g th e b est and most efli cient cl ass of citizens wh o are ,
j ustl y shocked at th e horrib l e depr avi ty of th e conduct and view s of

th e Im peri al governm ent o f F r ance parti cul ar l y as th ey are exem pl ifi ed
,
in th e c ases of Spain and H oll an d Al th ou gh th e grossest del u sion s an d

.
th e m ost pe rni ci ou s err or s pr ev ai l gener all y on th e sub j ect of F r ance ,
a l arge proportion of th e in tell i gen t pr opri et ari es of thi s coun try are
al iv e t o m o st of th e d anger s which im pen d ove r us f rom th at qu arte r ,
and l ook with a fe arful and w at chfu l ey e o n th e trem endou s growth
of h er pow er . It sh all b e one of th e l eading ob j ect s of thi s j ou rnal

t o u nfol d th e whol e ext end of th ose d anger s and to admin i ster in
,
e v ery f orm and at ev e ry recu rrence of opportun ity th e stron gest

,
anti dote s to th at b l ind security which we con sider as th e capit al evil

, ,
an d th e m o st se ri ou s di st em pe r of th e st ate Shoul d thi s j ou rn al

.
b ecom e wh at b y su it ab l e exert i ons it m ay b e rendered a b ank of
deposit an d a b ank of circul ation for correct represent ation s of f acts

”
,
for th e f undam ent al truth s of state pol i cy and for th e l esson s of

-
,
e xperi ence,
much m ore m ay b e accompli sh ed th an can b e now
d i stinctl y foreseen or even r ead il y im agined It is a rem ark of .
Bol ingb roke th at tru th an d re ason wh en vigour ousl y and pertinaciousl y

F lage t , First B ish op o f B ardsto w n 1 97
m aint ained will often h ear down all prej u dices and su rmount all
O b st acl es Th eir progress i s gener all y su re al th ough
“ ” “
. h e adds , ,
som etimes n ot ob se rv ab l e b y ev ery ey e Contrary prej udices may

“
.
seem t o m aint ain th em sel v es in vi gou r an d th ese prej u dices m ay b e ,
l ong kept up b y p assion and artifi ce But wh en sound prin cipl es

“
and n atur al sentim en t s contin ue t o b e u rged a l ittl e sooner or a , ,
littl e l ate r an d often wh en th e revol u tion i s l east expected th e

“
, ,
p r ej u d i ces v an i sh at
“
on c e an d giv e pl ace t o th e do m in i on of wi sdom
and of truth Such shoul d b e th e expect ation of th e enl ightened and
“
.
”
virtuous portion of our comm unity and upon this rational ground of ,
hope shoul d they persevere in comb ating ab u ses and in resi sting delu
sion s th at m enace our v ery exi st en ce and h av e al r e ady ent ail ed u pon th e
, ,
inf ancy of this repub l ic all th e m arks of weakness and foll y Which
usu all y accompany th e d ot age of governm en t s .
Th e First Bi sh op O f th e Middle West Arrives

in Hi s See , Ju n e , 1 8 1 1
i
O N AP RI L 8 , 1 8 0 8 , Pope P u s VII d de d th e o g n al D ocese of B al m o e ivi ri i i ti r
r t
an d e ec e d f ou new sees, th e on lr on e e s of t h e A l l eg en es b e n g th e y w t h i i
i r tw
D ocese of B a d s o n , K en u cky Th e m an appo n e d t o ul e t s see i n
. i t r thi
th e wi r r
l de n ess w as a F en ch b o n Su l p c an , B en ed c -
osep r
Pl aget ( 1 7 6 3 i i itJ h
wh o h ad com e to th e U n ed S a e s in 1 7 9 2 Af e an u n su ccessfu l
-
it tt . tr
tt
a em p t
to escap e th e ep scopac i
P l aget w as con sec a ed b y A c b s op y rt rh ih
r v r
C a r ol l on N o emb e 4 , 1 8 1 0 , b u t h e w as so poo at th e m e a h e d id r ti th t
n ot hv h
a e en ou g y m on e t o c o e h i s a el n g e p en ses vr tr v i
I t w as n ot u n l x . ti
th t
M ay , 1 8 1 1 , a h e w as abl e to set out a sm all p a y of with
h ee p es s, rt t r ri t
thr i ri t r
ee sem n a an s, an d h ee se an s Th e d a a f or th e f ol l o rv t
n g desc p on t. wi r i ti
of t i r j r y w tw r
he ou n e es a d an d e s da s in K en u ck th ir fir t y
e e ga e ed . t y w r th r
r v ri r i
f om a ou s sou ces b y B sh op M a n Spal d n g, F l aget s coad u o rti J an d i . j t r
’
,
p u bih
l s e d y r tr
t w o ea s af e t h e l a e s d ea S o u c e : M Sp a l d tt r
n g, S k ’
th
e tc h es r . . J. i
o f th e Lif e Tim es a n d C h a ra c ter of th e R t R ev B en ed ic t J os ep h F lage t
, ,
. . ,
F irs t B ish op of Lo u is v ill e ( Lou s l l e : W ebb Le e ng, i vi

pp 6 8 —7 2 v ri . .
To g ive y ou r ide a
i shoprics of th e United St ates I
a cl ea of th e b ,
r
p po o se t o l ay b e fo r e y ou a b ri e f st at e m e n t of th e con d i tion in whi ch
I found myself after th e Holy See on th e represent ation of B ishop

, ,
Carroll h ad nom in ated me to th e b ishopric of B ardstown I was

,
.
compell ed to accept th e appointm ent wh eth e r I wou l d or n ot ; I h ad ,
not a cent at m y d i sposal ; th e Pope and th e C ar din al s wh o wer e ,
di spersed b y th e revol uti on we re not ab l e to m ak e m e th e sl ighte st ,
pr esen t ; a n d Ar c h b i sh o p C arr o l l th ou g h h e h a d b ee n B i sh op f or ,
1 98 Th e Na tional Per iod
m ore th an sixteen ( twenty ) ye ars w as still poorer th an m yself ; ,
for h e h ad deb t s and I owed n othi ng Neverth el ess my con secr ati on
,
.
,
took pl ace on th e 4th of Novem b er 1 8 1 0 ; b ut for want of money ,
to defr a y th e expenses of th e j ourney I coul d not undertake it It ,

.
w as onl y six m onth s afterw ard s th at through a sub scription m ade b y , ,
my friends in B al tim or e I was en ab l ed to r each B ardstown my , ,
epi scop al see .
At length on th e 1 1 th of May 1 8 1 1 th e Bi shop and hi s suite l eft

, , ,
B al tim or e for th e West Th ey tr avel ed ov er th e m ountains to Pittsb urg;

.
whence they emb arked on th e 2 2 d in a fl at b oat ch artered especiall y -

,
for th e purpo se Th ey were thirteen d ays in descending th e O hi o

.
.
,
river to Loui svill e where they arrived on th e 4th of Jun e,

.
Th e b oat on whi ch w e descen ded th e O hi o b ec am e th e cr adl e of

our sem inary and of th e chu r ch of K entu cky O ur cab in w as at th e
, .
,
same tim e ch apel dorm itory stu dy room an d ref e ct ory A n al t ar w as

, , , .
er ect ed on th e b oxes and orn am ent ed so f ar as cir cu m st ance s woul d

,
all ow Th e B i sh op prescrib ed a regul ati on whi ch fix e d all th e e x erci ses

.
,
and in whi ch e ach h ad its pr oper time O n Su nday aft er pr ayer ev ery .
, ,
one went to conf ession ; th en th e pri e st s sai d M ass and th e oth er s ,
went to comm un ion After an agreeab le n avigation of thirteen days

.
,
we arrived at L ou i svill e next at B ardstown an d fin all y at th e resi , ,
dence of th e Vicar Genéral .

1
Whil e we were there (in Loui svill e) th e faithful of my episcopal ,
city pu t th em sel v e s in m otion t o r eceiv e m e in a m ann er conf o rm ab l e
to my di gnity Th ey despatch ed f or m y u se a fine e qui page dr awn

.
b y two h or se s; an d a son of one among th e prin cipal inh ab it an ts

consi der ed him self honor ed in b e ing th e dr iver Hor ses w er e fu r ni shed .
to all th ose wh o accom pani ed m e and f ou r w agon s tr anspo rt ed ou r ,
b aggage .
It was then for th e fir st time that I saw th e b right side of th e

, ,
epi scopacy an d th at I b egan t o f eel its d anger s Nev e rth el e ss God

, .
,
b e th anked if some mov ement s of vanity gl ided into my h eart th ey

, ,
h ad n ot a l ong time to fix their ab ode th erein Th e roads were so .
detest ab l e th at in spite of my b eautif ul ch argers an d my excell ent

, ,
driver I w as ob l i ged to perform part of th e j ou rney on foot ; an d I

,
sh oul d h av e tr avel ed th e entir e way h ad not one of my young

“
semi n ari ans di sm ounted an d present ed me h i s h or se .
Th e next day th e sun was not ri sen wh en we were already on our

,
j ou rney Th e roads were mu ch b etter ; I entered th e carri age with

.
two of my su ite I was not th e m or e ex al ted (fier) f or al l thi s; th e

.
1
F th
a B di w
er vi g a l f thn w di as car enera o e ne ocese .
A D etroit Vi sitor Records Hi s Im pression s

of G ab ri el Rich ar d S S Jun e 1 8 1 6 , . .
, ,
O NE ofri i i m d b y th A meri n Chur ch m ng th

th e p n c p al ga ns a e e ca a o e
pr iest wh o were f r ed i to exi l

s b y th e Fr h R vol ti n w th
o c n e en c e u o as e
S lpi ci n G b r i l R i h rd ( 1 7 6 7
u a ,
a A ft r
e m y r o th Il l i i
c a e so e ea s n e no s
mi i o ss Ri h rd rr iv d i D etr i t in J
ns c a 1 79 8
a d f r th e
e t thirty
n o u n e, , an o nex
f o r years hi l i fe w
u i de tifi ed wi th pr ti c lly very i m p rt t event in
s as n ac a e o an
M i chi g n H s rv d s m i si ry t o th e I di b il t D troi t fir t ’
“
a . e e e a s on a n an s, u e s s
sch ool n d i trod ce d t h

s, a fir t pr inting pre wh re n w re print d th
n u e s ss e o e e e
fir t b oks d th e first ew p per in M i chigan th e M i h ig E y

s o an n s a , c an ssa or
I mp t i l O b
ar a ( A gu t 3 1 1 8 0 9 ) W h n th Bri ti h took D tr i t d ri g
s er ver u s , e e s e o u n
th e W r of 1 8 1 2 h r f
a d to si l nce h is A m r i e ymp th ie nd w d
e u se e e can s a s a as e
port d t o W in d sor n d pl c d u n d r h ou e rre t Ri ch rd n ot onl y c rr i ed

e a a e e s a s . a a
ou t all h i pr i tly d ti s b t f oun d ti m t

es rv i pre i d nt of th e
u es u e o se e as v ce s e
in cipi nt U ni v r ity f M ich ig n d to win th e di tin ti n f b ei ng th

e e s o a an s c o o e
onl y pr i t v r to h l d
es t i C gr
e e d l eg te of M i ch i g n T rri tory
o a sea n on ess as e a a e .
Wh i l e tten d i ng th e h l er vi cti m h e o tr ct d th di e e nd d i d n
a c o a s c n a e e s as a e o
Septem b er 1 3 1 8 32 D ri ng th vi i t ti t ur f U pp r C d in J e an a a un
‘
, . u e s a on o o e ,
1 8 1 6 J o eph O ct av Pl e i ( 1 7 6 3
, s -
B i h op f Qu eb c vi it d D etr i t
e ss s s o e , s e o
an d t h i mpr i on s of Ri h rd whi h h e r rded in h i j rn l give a go d

e ess c a c eco s ou a o
i dea of th m ltipl i ity f th e pri t occ p ti

e u an d t h
c pl c h h l d
o es
’
s u a on s e a e e e
in th l i f e of th comm n ity So r : H nri Tet

e e J u l d i it . u ce e u ourna es v s es
d e 1 8 1 5 e t 1 8 1 6 p ar M o nse ig n e ur J osep h O cta ve P l essis, E veq ue

‘
p as torales
-
de Qu e b e c
’
(Q u b ec , an sl aéon b y L on el L n d say ,
A m er tr
ica n C a t h o ti i i
l ic H istor ica l Researc h es, I I ( ul y , 2 24—22 6 , 228 2 3 0 XX J -
.
Jun e 1 9
Thi s eccl esi astic i s m or eov er th or ou ghl y estim ab l e on account of
, ,
hi s regul arity of th e v ariety of hi s knowl edge an d e speci ally of an

, ,
activity of which it i s difli cu l t to form an i dea He h as th e t al ent of .
doing alm ost sim ul t an eou sl y ten en ti rel y di ff erent things Provided
, ,
.
with newspapers (gazettes) well inf orm ed on all pol itical questions ,
ever r eady t o argue on rel igi on wh en th e occasi on pre sent s it self an d ,
thoroughl y l e arned in theol ogy h e reaps hi s h ay gathers th e fruit of , ,
hi s garden m anages a fi sh ery fronting hi s l ot teaches m athem atics

, ,
to one you ng m an r eadin g to an oth er devotes tim es to m ent al pr ayer

'
, , ,
e st ab l i sh es a prin ting pre ss conf esses all h is peopl e import s cardi ng

-
, ,
an d spinning W h eel s and l oom s to t each th e w om en of h i s p ari sh h ow ,
to work l eaves n ot a singl e act of his par ochi al r egi ster unwritten
, ,
invents an el ectric m achine goes on sick c al l s at a very great di st ance , ,
writes l etter s to and recei ves others from all part s pre aches on every ,
Sund ay an d h ol y day b oth l en gt h il y an d l e arn edl y enri ch es hi s l i b r ary

-
, ,
spend s wh ol e n ight s withou t sl eep walk s for whol e days loves to , ,

I mp ress ions o f Ga b riel R ic h ard 20 1
con e se ,vr receives company teaches catechi sm to h is young pa ,
su pport s a gir l s sch ool un der th e m an agem ent of a f ew

’
ri sh ioners , ,
fem al e teacher s of hi s own ch oosin g whom h e d ir ect s l ik e a r el i gious ,
comm unity whil st h e give s l esson s in pl ain son g t o y oung b oy s -
assem b l ed in a sch ool h e h as f ounde d l e ads a m ost f rugal l if e an d i s , ,
in good h eal th as fresh and abl e at th e age of fifty as one usu all y
, , ,
i s at thirty Such i s th e ab ridged portr ait of thi s mor e th an ordin ary

.
m an ; extrem el y appreci ated b y th e B i sh op of Queb ec an d his tr avelin g

comp anion s b ut h aving again st hi m th e gre at m aj ority of h i s pa
,
ri shioners; entir el y set against h im and sev er al of whom in th eir , ,
self conceit and foll y

-
woul d prefer rem aining withou t a priest to
, ,
h aving th at one . .
1
June 24 M Rich ard h aving paid a vi sit to th e B i shop of Queb ec

. .
on Th u rsd ay even ing [ J un e it was agreed th at h e woul d introduce

th e l atter to th e Am eri can comm and er s civil and m il itary of D etroit , , ,
whom h e in ten ded vi siting on th e foll owing M on day Th ey b egan .
b y vi siting th e Governor wh o l iv ed in a sm all h ouse qu ite at th e ,

2
e ast or n orth e ast e xtrem ity of th e city . .
It would b e folly on th e part of th e eccl esi astics to count on m ili t ary

honors They shoul d h ave no pretension th ereto b ut consent through
.
,
pol it ene ss to accept th em wh en th ey are off er ed with good gr ace It , .
h appened thu s at th e qu arters of M aj or General Mccomb Mil it ary

_ ,
3
Comm ander of D etroit He l ives at th e other extrem ity of th e city .

,
that is to say at th e east or southeast

‘
Th e vi sitor s th ought th ey h ad don e with cerem ony at l e ast for

“
th e rem ain der of th at d ay an d h oped t o din e l ei su rel y an d f r atern all y

'
at M Rich ard s h ou se wh ere th ey w ere expected O n th e contr ary

’
. . .
Wh ile they w ere goin g there b y w ater th e Governor and th e Gener al ,
arrived b y l and
Th e Abb é Rich ar
.
d W h o h ad summ oned all th ese gu est s with ou t

,
th e parti cipatio n of th e B i shop of Q u eb ec

pl aced him sim pl y b etween ,
th e Govern or an d th e Gener al and se rved th em on a r athe r b adl y , ,
d i sposed t ab l e a d inner too ab un dant in m eat too sc ant in veget ab l es

, , ,
in too sm all an apartmen t whose window s h e h ad h ad th e precau tion ,
of r em oving to give m or e air to h i s com any A h w r f r i

p s o e o a n .
1
it i t wh i h Bi h p Pl i l l d d h d i
Th e s u at on o c v th r f l s o ess s a u e a ar se n o er e e usa
o f t in p i h i
cer a . t ar spt Ri h d o n ers g m t w ith th
o ivil th i
ac ce c ar
’
s arr an e en s e c au or
ti f
es th or l ti e f w h
oca h U l ti
on o t ly f th
a ne i gl d w c urc . rn a e seven o e r n ea ers ere
x m m ni t d d th b h w h l d l y b y th p
e co u ca e an e l vi it f Bi h p
re ac as ea e on e erson a s o s o
D t it i J
_
Pl g t
a e f B ard t w
o .
t s o 1818n o e ro n u ne , .
L wi C
2
e (s1 7 8 2— 1 866 ) w
ass G v f M i hi g T it y t th tim as o ernor o c an err or a e e
m i l i t y comm t D et it
.
G n
3 l Al e de M ac m b w d
“
e era xan r o as ar an er a ro :
2 02 Th e Na tional Per iod
driven b y th e sou th erl y win d , whi ch occu rred du ring th e repast ,

spri n kl ed th e chi ef gu est s Th ey woul d h av e desired to h av e th e
.
window s cl osed ; b ut there were none to cl ose , so they h ad to give it up .
However th e conversation was qu ite l ivel y and each one seem ed

, ,
to rej oice in th e reun ion of a compan y wh ose memb er s French , ,
C anadi ans American s Engl ish civil m il it ary eccl esi astics l aymen
, , , , , , ,
Cathol ics Protestants were str angers to each other

, , .
Th e h ou r for dep arting h ad com e Gener al M cc omb s b an d wh i ch

’
.
,
h ad foll owed th e company was r eady to pl ay in th e adj o ining room

,
.
Toast s or he al th s h ad t o b e drunk : th e Am erican s att ach gre at

importance to thi s Th e fir st was in th e B ishop s honor He proposed
.
’
.
.
one to th e Presi dent of th e Uni ted St ates e xpecting th at it woul d b e ,
returned b y another to th e King of Engl and Not at all Governor C ass . .
proposed hi s t o ou r Hol y F ath er th e Pope an d th e Gener al to th e ,
prosperity of th e C ath oli c cl ergy It mu st b e rem arked th at these

.
two dignit aries h ad qu ite recentl y r eceived f rom M Rich ar d an hon or .
th at th e C athol ic clergy do not ordinarily grant to Protestants whi ch ,
w as th at at th e sol emn procession of C o rpus Chri sti th e 1 3th of th e ,
sam e m on th h e h ad invited th em to hold th e ribb o ns of th e dais or

,
c anopy un der which w as th e B l essed S acr am ent an d h ad h ad th e ,
procession accompan i ed b y an American regim ent u nder arm s Th e .
pari shi on er s h ad not b een in gener al e dified b y such a mixture and

, , ,
h ad j u stl y compl ained of thi s nov el ty Th e Ab b é Rich ard j ustifi e s .
his conduct b y wh at th e B ishop of B al tim or e h ad given as a principl e

to h is cl ergy : to do tow ar ds th e Protest ant s all th at mi ght dr aw them
to th e C atholi c chur ch : an excell ent principl e so l on g as it does not ,
viol ate th e rul es in essenti al point s .
Archb ish op M arech al s Report

’
to Propagan da ,
Octob er 1 6 1 8 1 8 ,
y r tr
TH REE ea s af e th e d ea th rh i rr r
of A c b sh op C a ol l h is secon d succe sso i n
t r r h r ii ré
th e S ee of B al imo e , th e F enc b o n Su lp c an , A m b rose M a ch al ( 1 7 6 4
-
t i r rt tt r i i rh i
m ade a de a l ed epo on th e s a e of el g on in th e a c d ocese to
r r i itt r t r ti r i
Lo enzo C a d nal L a, P ef ec of th e C ong ega on d e P op aganda F d e It .
i rt t r
i s an mpo an sou ce f or th e hi t r ri th i
s o y o f A m e c an C a ry
oli c sm i n t h e ea l
i t t tr i
n ne een h cen u y s nce it v r r ti y
co e ed p ac cal l h h h
all p ases of t h e C urc s
’
ti i ti
ac v r r r r t ri
es in th e l a ge a ea f om M a yl an d sou h to Fl o d a an d w t es to
i i i i iv r
th e M ss ss pp R e ré h y v t ri t
M a c al n ot onl ga e an accou n of th e p es s,
.
p ri h
a s es, sem i ri r i
n a e s, el gi ous cor i
n e
g g a t on s o f m wen an d wit i
om en , h s d e
i t r i i it i i tr
l gh s on th e el g ous l if e of th e l a y , b ut h e al so nclu ded some n e est ing
204 Th e Na t iona l Perio d
h r h of St Patrick in th e E astern part of th e city ; th e chu rch of

c u c .
St J oh n in th e centr al portion ; th e chu rch of th e Semi n ary to th e

.
West ; there is al so th e old m etropol itan church dedicated to St Peter ,

.
,
tow ards th e North ern part Th e l atter w as th e onl y chu rch in th e

.
city of B al tim ore when h avin g come over from Fr ance I entered
, , ,
it in 1 7 92 B ut with th e growth O f th e city th e numb er of th e f aithf ul

.
increased and th e church of St P atrick was erected It w as spacious

. .
an d in th e b e ginning w as l arge en ou gh b u
/
t n ow it i s too sm all for
th e congr egation L ater th e chu r ch of St John was b u il t It i s fre
. . .
q u e n t e d pri n c ip al l y b y th o se o f G e rm an d e scen t Th e D ir ec t or s of .
th e Seminary al so b u il t a l arge and v ery b e au tif ul ch apel at th eir

own expense A devout mul titu de of th e f ai thf ul flock to it on
.
Fe astd ays and Sund ay s all u r ed b y th e m aj estic Gregori an ch an t

, ,
th e spl en dor of th e divine wor ship an d th e ce rem onies perfo rm e d

,
with th e help of th e sem inari ans Within th e past year at l east

.
comm union s w ere di strib u t ed t o th e f aithf ul in thi s ch apel With regard .
to th e ol d m etr opol it an chu rch o f St P eter it i s so sm al l in com

.
,
pari son to th e mul t i tu de of p ari sh i oner s th at i t c an scarcel y h old

on e— tenth part of them ; and unless m any m asses b e celeb rated suc
cessivel y in it on Sun d ay s an im m en se nu m b e r of th e f ai thf ul coul d
,
n ot b e present at th e m o st h ol y S acrifi ce Weighing carefull y this

.
m ost gr ave inconvenience my predece ssor th e M ost Ill ustri ou s B i shop

, ,
C arroll undertook th e b u ilding of a Cathedr al Church of su ch dimen

,
sion s th at th e C ath ol ics of B al t i m or e m i ght easil y b e adm itt ed to it .
But h e h ad scarcel y fin i sh ed th e foun d ation wh en th e work was l eft

'
u n fin i sh e d b ecau se of a l ack O f f un ds How ev er during th e p ast y e ar

.
,
coll ection s an d ahn s h avin g b een t aken u p h er e and th er e it was ,
deci ded at m y su ggesti on to com pl ete th e w ork which h ad b een

, ,
b egun ; and such was th e in dustry and activity of th e worker s th at I

now h ave a w ell f oun de d h O pe th at af t er ab ou t ei ght een m on th s I will
b e ab l e to perform th e sol emn cer em ony of th e con secr ation of thi s

B asil ica With ou t a doub t it s size an d gr an deu r wil l f ar su rp ass th at
.
of any tem pl e b u il t up to thi s tim e in th e Un ited St ates of A m erica ,
whether b y th e Protest ant s or b y th e C athol ics Even th e Prote stants .
of B al tim ore t ake pri de in it It is indeed th e greatest ornam ent of

.
, ,
their city But it grieves m e very much th at its inte rior i s ahn ost
. .
compl et el y l acking in d ecor ation Wou l d th at th e S acr ed Co n gr e ation

.
g
or som e n ob l e Rom an w oul d giv e to u s as a gif t som e t t
pio u s s a ues
such as may b e f ound aroun d R om e Fou r or six w oul d suffice and

.
they coul d b e sent to u s easil y b y way of Leghorn Such a gift woul d .
el i cit th e suprem e gr atitu de of all th e C ath ol ics of th e United St ate s

M arech ai s Repo rt 1 81 8 2 05
’
A rch b ish op ,
towards th e munificent donor In vain did I wish to b uy two statues

.
,
n amel y one of O ur Lo rd an d Saviou r an d one of th e Bl essed Virgin
to whom th e M etr opol it an Chu r ch wi ll b e con secr ated; none wh at

soever coul d b e foun d in these r egion s and th ere w er e no w orker s wh o
coul d m ake them In th e y ear 1 792 scarcel y 8 0 0 C ath ol i cs coul d b e

.
found in th e city of B al tim ore ; now th ere are ab ou t

3 In m y di ocese th ere are two S em in ari es unde r th e direction of
.
th e priest s of St Su lp i ce Th ese are th e m aj or Semi nary of B al tim or e

. .
an d th e m in or l ocated ne ar th e vill age of Emm it sb u rg which is

, ,
ab ou t 1 5 l eagu es f rom B al tim or e In th e m aj or sem in ar y th e j uni or

.
cl ergy appl y th em sel v e s t o the stu dy of ph il osophy and th eol ogy an d

“
they are educated in all th e sciences and virtues which are n ecessary
for m i ssion aries A spaciou s coll ege i s conn ected with thi s semin ary
. .
In it th e sons of weal thy or nob l e C ath ol i c f am il i e s pur su e the ir

stu dies of th e hu m an iti es and of l etter s A ll th e y ou th s l iving within
.
th e w all s of thi s coll ege are indu stri ousl y t au ght b y th eir kind d ir ector s
an d are educ at e d in th e principl es of th e C ath ol i c reli gi on M an y .
other s an d am ong them m any Pr ot est an t s d ail y fr e qu en t th e school s

, ,
ou t si de of th e city Th e l egi sl atu re of M aryl and h as conf erred upon

.
this coll ege th e dignity of a uni versity Th e m inor semin ary at .
Emm it sb u rg w as foun ded especi all y according to th e m ind of th e

Cou ncil of Trent th at youths m ight b e received in it wh o wi shed
, ,
to con secr ate th em sel ves to th e se rvice of God and th e chu rch Th ere .
are ab ou t 80 young m en in thi s sem in ary O f th ese fif teen h ave al re ady .
received cl erical tonsure an d there are al so th e other s whose eccl esiasti

cal vocation i s not yet suffi ci entl y m an if est Th ese two sem in ari es are .
most precious to th e C ath ol i c rel i gion Upon th eir pro sperity depen ds
.
to a gr e at exten t th e pr osperity of our h ol y f aith in North A merica

"
.
They were erected at th e expen se of th e Society of St Sul pi ce Sin ce . .
their incom e i s exceedingl y m eager it h as cau sed m e to wonder j u st

,
h ow th ey h ave b een ab l e to sust ain th em M ay it pl e ase G od to .
in spire American citizens wh o have weal th and m e an s at their com

,
m and to sust ain f rom tim e to tim e b y m ean s of piou s an d lib er al

, ,
gif ts these two v ener ab l e in stitutions; th en th ere w ould soon b e at

,
ou r comm an d a suff ic i en t num b e r of m i ssion ari es b o th f or f o sterin

g
and propagatin g our h ol y f aith on all si de s in th e i mm en se r e ub l ic
, p ,
of Ame ric a .
B e si des th ese two sem in ari es wh o se prin cipal en d i s th e edu cati on

,
of th e secul ar cl er gy there is al so Georgetown It i s a magnificent

, .
coll ege ne ar th e c apit al city W ashin gton an d i s directe d b

,
y th e ,
Fath ers of th e Society of J esus It consi sts of two principal b u il dings

. .
206 Th e Na t ional Period
Th e fo m e r r is occupied b y secul ar you ths wh o stu dy th e humanities

and l etter s; th e l atter cont ain s th e novices an d schol astics of th e
Society O f th ese th ere are thi rty thr ee It i s very m uch to b e regreted
.
-
.
that th e coll ege is deepl y in deb t However since th e Society recentl y .

,
recovered all their b elongings and th e oth er properties whi ch they ,
possessed b efore th e destru ction of th e Soci ety with ou t a doub t th ey ,
will soon b e weal thy enough All wonder why their superiors at Rom e .
do not send to Georgetown six or e ight rel igious m en ou t st andin g fo r ,
their kn owledge and piety to foster thi s ri sin g in stitution in our

,
regions For ther e is no part of th e C athol ic worl d in which th e

.
Soci ety of Jesus could exi st m ore secu rel y spre ad m ore wi del y an d ,
produce more ab u ndant f ruit s .
4 Th ere ar e thr ee m on ast eries of nun s in th e diocese of B al tim ore

. .
Th e first i s th at of th e C arm el ite s It i s n ot f ar di st an t from a vill age .
call ed Po rt Tob acco high up on th e b ank of th e Potom ac River

,
which separates M aryl an d from Virgi ni a Twenty three nuns l ive .

-
there They h ave a suffi ciently l arge incom e Th ese virgin s of St

. . .
Teresa l ive so h ol il y th at I scarcel y b el iev e th at any oth er h ouse of

,
thi s order exi sts anywhere in th e C athol ic world in which piety

an d m on astic d i scipline fl ou ri sh t o th e sam e e xt ent They strictl y .
ob serv e th e Cl o i st er Th e secon d h ouse i s th at of th e Vi sitation of

.
G eorgetown situ ated near W ashin gton It cont ain s n e arl y fifty nun s . .
Th eir resou rce s are l im it ed b ut they l ive p artl y on th eir income an d

partl y b y th e l ab or of th eir own h an ds Thi s hou se i s ce rt ainl y m ost .
pious and m ost h ol y I n it th e virtues of Fr ancis de Sal es shine very

.
b ri ghtl y ; n ev er do th e se nun s go b ey on d th e l imi t s of th eir m on aste ry .
Near th e m onastery i s a b u ildin g in whi ch C ath ol ic gir l s r eside and

are educated Som e of th e nun s un de rt ake th e work of giving th em
.
a pi ou s and l ib er al education B esi de s th e se th ere are al so m any

.
younger girl s C athol ic and Protest ant wh o come for cl asses at

, ,
appoi nte d h ou r s E v ery year th er e goes forth from thi s r el igiou s hom e
.
a n um b er of young l adi es wh o d iff use f ar an d wi de in th e w orl d th e

,
l essons of piety t aught th em in this sch ool Th e third h ouse i s th at .
of th e D aughter s of St Vincent de Paul Their hou se is not f ar 2

. .
di st ant f rom th e vill age of Emm it sb u rg Th ey h ave thirty two si sters .

-
,
wh o l ive hol y l ives accor ding t o th e rul es of th e ir Hol y Founder ,
with th e excepti on of th e m odifications dem anded b y Am eric an cus

toms and dispositions Th ey do not take car e of hospital s nor coul d
.
,
they since th e admin istrators of these hospit al s are Protest ant Their .
2
Th S i te f C h i ty of S t J
s er s o ph
ar t Emm it b g f d d i
. 1 808 w
o se a s ur , ou n e n ere
ffi l i t d t th f C h i ty f St Vi t d P l ti l 1 8 5 0
,
no t a a e D gh t
o e au ers o ar o . ncen e au un .
20 8 Th e Na t iona l P eriod
Revolu tion rotected b y th e rul e of Great B rit ain h as tottered

an d w as p ,
an d f all en to pi eces ev e rywh ere f or l ike all oth er r eli gion s it is onl y ,
tol erated Th e C ath ol ic Ch urch h as vin dicated for herself general

.
veneration and th e Protest ant s turn the ir eyes tow ards h er Th e .
p r ej u d i ces with whi

,
c h f o rm e rl y th e y oun g w e re im b u ed
"
h ave di s ,
appe ar ed to such an e xt en t th at pseu dom in i st ers no l onger d ar e to
su ggest th em in th ei r pre achin g; an d if on e of th em does do so h e i s
b r an ded a c al umn i at or b y h is h e are r s M any P rotest ants n ow c ome .

3
t o our chur ch es on Su nday s an d of th ese n ot a f ew h av e emb r aced

ou r hol y f aith I refer to this f act for it gives m e th e gre atest con
.
sol ation and pr ov es h ow qu ickl y th e C ath ol ic f ai th can b e propagat ed
in th e se region s In th e vi sit ati on of m y diocese which I un dertook

.
,
th i s year I adm inistered confirm ation in a cert ain vill age called
,
Tan ey town Th e pastor of thi s m i ssi on i s a Rom an pri est th e Rev

.
,
.
At l east a thir d part of those wh o received this

'
D Z occh y [ sic]
. .
4
sacr amen t were Pr ot est ant s wh o h ad r ecentl y b ecom e conv ert s t o
th e C athol ic r el igion Am eri can s are en dowed with ke en min d s and.
th e b est of n atu r al d i spo sition s Th ey po sse ss n atu r ally th e art of .
reasonin g even th e workmen Near ly all th e citiz ens are engaged in

, .
comm e rce agri cul tu re

, or in th e m ech an i cal art s Th ey strive af ter
, .
riches with th e gr eatest indu stry of m in d and b ody Th e civil arts .
an d d el i caci e s of l if e in whi ch E u r ope an s in dul ge are f ou n d am ongst

, ,
u s in ab und ance B ut n o on e amon g th em can b e said to b e out

.
st an ding f or h i s kn owl edge Y et it c an b e said truth q y th at th e .
m ass of peopl e t aken in gener al f ar su rp ass th e Eu ropean peopl e in

, ,
education in th e pol it eness of th eir cu st om s an d a ce rt ain cul tiv ati on

, ,
of th e in t ell ect It is al m ost with divine wor ship th at they adore th e

.
l ib erty whi ch th ey enj oy ; and since th ere are w i thin th e lim its of thi s
R epub li c v ast f o rests which are sol d at a ve ry ch e ap pri ce it i s , ,
ah n ost im po ssibl e t o b el iev e wh at l ar e numb e r of Eu ro e an s come

g p
to thi s cou ntry It i s e stim ated th at du rin g th e pr esen t ye ar ab ou t
.
two hun dred imm i gr ant s per d ay came to ou r sh or es from Europe .
Among these there were very m any C athol ics .
Among th e principal vices of th e Americans are th e desire for

unl imi t ed r i ch e s which se em s to h av e seize d th e m ind s of all
, an d ,
th e vi ce of dru nkenness among l ab or er s and th e l ow er cl asses A nd so .
3 I vi w f th N ti i t p i i g
n e o g i t C th l i
e i th 1 8 30 M e h l
a v s u r s n s a a ns a o cs n e
’
s ar c a s
’
re m k ar s i g th di pp
c oncern n f P t t t p j di e w lt g th
sa ear ance o ro es an re u ce er e a o e er
too ptim i ti
o s c .
4
Ni h l Z
c o as hi o ccm mb f th F th f th F ith a e er o e a ers o e a , a
soc e i ty m d p p i ip lly f J it h d m t th U it d St t f m
a e u r nc a o ex- esu s, a co e o e n e a es ro
C anad a in 1 80 3 .
M arech al s R epo r t 1 81 8 20 9
’
A rch b ish op ,
it is exceedingl y di fficul t to provi de for th e susten ance of mi ssion aries ,
ev en th ou gh th e peopl e are we al thy in e arthl y possession s Wh enev er a .
chu r ch i s t o b e b u il t or som e ch arit ab l e or piou s i n stitu tion t o b e
er ect ed e ach wi ll contrib u te a f ew coin s to th e com m on fun d

,
b ut ,
seldom are th e i r gif t s ex cepti on all y l arge Th e m en li v e ch astel y .
enou gh especi all y aft er th ey are on ce m arri ed

,
Th o se l iving in th e .
citi es go t o th e sacr am en t s qu ite f re qu en tl y m uch often e r in f act ,
than those l iving in rur al areas Th e eagerness with which they l isten
.
to th e di vin e w o r d i s al m ost u nb eli ev abl e A ny prie st of ev en m e diocre

.
el o qu ence i s cert ai n to attr act t o him self a m u l titu de of e ager l i st ener s
in ou r ch u rch es With regard to th e w om en of m y d i ocese th e pu rity

.
,
of th e cu stom s of th e white s i s b ey on d qu estion A d ul t ery or f orni c a .
tion are crim es th at are sel dom if ever committed in my diocese

,
.
Most of them fr equ entl y r eceive Hol y Comm un ion Th ey t ake great .
c are in adorn ing th em sel v e s an d m akin g th em sel v es appear b e au tifu l ,
al th ou gh with f ew ex ception s th ey cu l tiv at e Chri sti an m o desty Th e ir .
cl oth e s are so l ux u ri ous th at it i s di ffi cul t t o d i stingu i sh th e d au ght er
o f a cob b l er from E u rope an l adi es of r ank Tho se wh o are not du tif ul

‘
e agerl y read b ooks of r om ance an d f re qu en t th e at er s an d d an ces .
However th ey never do so on Sun days Th e civil l aw s forb id it and .
it i s con sidered th e gre atest of scandal s Am ong th e w om en of Afri can

.
d escen t m any indeed serve G od f aithfu ll y ; b ut ther e are al so m any ,
ev en am ong th o se wh o are C ath ol i c wh o are i gnor ant of rel igion

,
an d l ive an d di e add ict e d t o vice an d e speci all y th at of im pu rity .
In th e Un ited St ates of A meri ca th ere are b esides th e Coll ege s

, ,
an d Un i v er si ti es m any scho ol s o f l ower r ank in whi ch th e pupil s are

,
tau ght to read and write and there is scarcel y any Am erican wh o
,
is n ot v er sed in thi s art A ll th e b ooks which are prin ted in Engl an d

.
,
o r F r an ce are pu b l i cl y sol d h e r e in th e b ook st ores

, Am ong these .
there are in num er ab le b ooks which teach doctrines th at are harm f ul

to f aith an d goo d m or al s Nor are th e civil l aw s a r em e dy f or thi s
'
evil. Americans strenuou sl y defend th e freedom of th e press Perh aps .
m ore gazett es are pub li sh ed dail y b y th e press in th e st ate of M aryl and

al on e th an in It al y and F r ance taken together
, .
6 In th e earl y and sub se quen t ages of th e Chur ch n ations were

.
,
con v e rt ed to Chri st b y th e sw eat an d l ab or s of m i ssi on ari es f r om
withou t In l ik e m ann er th e Catholi c faith h as b een introduced in to

.
,
ou r Am erican Un i on b y th e w ork an d z e al of p ri e st s f rom Eur ope ,
an d th ey still continu e to serv e an d

propagate th e f aith h ere Th er e .
fore it is not su rpri si n g th at th e Am e ri can cl ergy is m ade up chiefly

of m i ssionaries wh o were b or n in v ariou s part s of Europe For m y
, .
210 Th e Na t iona l Per iod
pa rt I will cert anl y l eave nothi ng undone th at will help m e b uil d up

,
an entirel y n ativ e cl er gy A nd yet no m atter to wh at extent th e

.
,
sem inari es at B al tim ore an d Emm i t sb u rg m ay flou ri sh n ow or in th e
futur e or h ow great th e n um b er of novices for th e Society of J esus

, ,
which is well est ab l i shed at Georgetown I can never hope th at they ,
will suppl y m e with a suffi cientl y l arge numb er of m issionaries ,
which woul d b e necessary to preserve and extend th e f aith in this

g r o win g country P l ace d in th e s
.e c ir cu m st ances we cann ot b e th ankf ul ,
en ou gh t o God Wh o h as in spi red m any Eu ropean prie sts to cross

,
th e oce an to cul tiv ate th e viney ard of th e L or d in th ese r egi on s

,
.
Am erican priests wh o are acqu ainted with th e cu stom s and ch arac

,
teri sti cs of their fell ow citizen s are howev er of all th e m o st dear , , , ,
to them Th ey are acqu ain ted with onl y th e n ece ssary eccl esi astical
.
sciences Th e r eason for thi s i s th e f act th at b efor e the ir ord in ation

.
they can spend onl y a few year s in studying th e hum anities letters , ,
and theol ogy and af t erw ar d s the y are im pe ded f rom fu rth er stu dy
,
b ecau se of th e ever pressing n eed of th eir m ini stry So th ey fin d it .
diffi cul t to t alk on m or e eru dite topics However those wh o h av e a .
su fli cient kn owl edge of m or al an d do gm atic th eol ogy comb in e d with ,
tru e and sol i d pi ety pr odu ce m ost ab u n dant fr u its A ccor d ing to th e
, .
Americans Engli sh priest s are m ore ple asin g to th e citizen s in these

,
regions and prove them sel ves m ore u seful to religion There are
, .
onl y fou r Engl i sh pri est s in m y d i oce se ; of th ese thr ee cam e at m y .
su ggestion l ast y ear O n e of th e se w as f orm erl y my pu pil in the ol ogy

.
in th e Sem inary of Lyons When h e h ad hear d th at I h ad b een

.
5
promoted to th e epi scopal di gn ity h e said f arewell to hi s f ath erl an d ,
that h e might l ive with m e and h e also b rought with h im two fr iends
, .
O ne exerci ses th e sacred m ini stry at B al tim ore ; an oth er at Ri chm ond ,
which is th e capital city of Virgini a; th e thir d is at Al exandria whi ch ,
i s al so a town of Virgini a; an d th e f ou rth i s in th e m i ssions of Zacchi a .

6
Would that I could O b tain m any more l ike them b ut such is th e ,
poverty of th e priest s in thi s coun try th at I h ave no hopes of b eing ,
ab l e to b rin g oth er s int o m y di ocese Fr om thi s b ri ef expositi on it .
is easy to concl ude th at th e Sacr ed Congr egation in ur ging m e to

, ,
pl ace Engl i sh at th e h e ad of m ission s exh ort s m e to do th at whi ch ,
i s al together impossib l e F or b esides th e four afor esaid priest s I

.
,
h ave no other nor can I ob t ain others Th e B el gi an French and

, .
,
5 J
Thi s w as am es W h t e l d ( 1 77 0—1 8 34 ) ifi wh o w as to su cceed M aré ch al in
1 8 2 8 as fourth A rch b sh op of B al m ore i ti .
6 i
Th e mi ss o ns of wh a was th en t U pper and Low er Zacchi a em b raced
c all e d
th e area of th e presen par sh es of t i W al dorf and Bry antow n, M aryl and .

212 Th e Natio n al P er iod
th e imm igrants wh o cam e from other countries in Europe wh o dis

turb ed or are d i sturb ing th e peace at Ch arl eston Norfolk Phil adelphi a , , ,
etc.
,etc ; b ut it w as tho se prie st s f rom Irel an d wh o were given ov e r
.
to d runkenness or amb ition together with th eir accom pl ices whom

, ,
they win over to th eir side b y means of inn umer ab l e artifices Most . .
recentl y they tried b y m ean s of variou s writings to persuade these

ignorant peopl e th at th e B ishops of B oston B ardstown an d myself , ,
intended secretly to estab l ish a French hi erarchy in these provinces

an d t o expel th e Iri sh priest s They did not h esit ate to b roadc ast
.
this ab surd calumny at Rome b y means of letters and m essenger s .
B ut indee d 1 T en Iri sh pri est s receive d f acul ties from me and are
.
e xerci sing th e sacr ed m ini stry in th e m i ssions of m y d iocese 2 Th e . .
gre atest p art of th e cl ergy wh o are now stu dying th eol ogy in th e
Sem in ary in B al timore are Iri sh M oreov er of th e fourt een French
, .
priest s wh om I now h ave h ere eight exerci se no function s in th e

,
m i ssions b ut l ive within th e wall s of th e Seminaries of B al timore

‘
and Emm it sb u rg With th e ex ception of th e prie st s of th e Society of

.
J esu s wh o possess m any and ve ry ri ch est ates all th e r est of th e

, ,
m i ssion aries h ave n o oth er sou rce of in com e b u t th e piou s and

volu ntary off erings of th e faithf ul and th e money which each one
of th e f aithful p ay s ev e ry y ear f or th e se at h e occupie s in th e church .
Hence they l ive in th e gr eatest of poverty in th e country di stricts;

in th e ci ties h oweve r th eir susten ance i s m u ch b etter t aken care of
, , .
Th ey wear b l ack cl oth es and in th e sacrifi ce of th e M ass th ey use

th e c assock whi ch com es t o th e ankl es; b u t ou t side of th e chu rch
, ,
th e vestm ent s th ey we ar are shorter b u t n ev erth el ess m odest Nor .
is thi s su rpri sin g since th ey l ive am ong Protest ant s and th ey h ave
,
to ri de on hor seb ack v ery fr e quen tl y A ll adm in i ster th e sacr am ent s;

.
eve ry Sun day th ey pre ach th e divin e w o rd In pl aces wh ere it i s .
possib l e for th e children to gath er t ogeth er th ey cat echi ze th em ,
thoroughl y A s f ar as I am concerned I am most poor Up till now

.
, .
my in com e h as scarcel y b een suffi cient to pay th e expenses of th e

l etter s which are sent to m e f rom all si de s ( post age ) I indeed h ave
, .
a ri ght to r e ce iv e y earl y one thou san d doll ar s M exi can ; b ut for cer
t ain reasons whi ch perch ance I sh all at som e tim e expl ain to th e
,
Sacred Congregation it is doub tf ul whe th er thi s will ever b e pai d

,
to me I do not ev en h ave a secret ary ; an d al th ou gh I am w eigh ed

.
down b y th e adm ini str ation of an im m ense d iocese I hear m an y ,
conf e ssions admi n i ste r th e oth er sacr am ent s

, and al so pre ach th e ,
d ivine word I li v e in th e same hou se with two pri ests wh o h ave th e

.
M arech al s Report 1 8 1 8 213
’ ’
A rch b ish op ,
t r
pas o al ca e r m etropol it an ch urch and am h appil y destitu te
of th e
of all th e comfo rt s of thi s w orl d .
7 There is no region in th e w orl d wh ere th e C ath ol i c rel i gi on can

.
,
b e pr opagated mor e qu ickl y or wi del y and wh ere it exi st s more secu r el y

th an in th e United St ates of Am erica Here there is no danger what .
soe ev r th at conve rts to th e f aith will suff er persecution or th at their

church es wi ll b e d estroy ed b y th e arb itr ary comm and of som e tyr an t ,
as O f t en o ccu r s in th e Chi nese Em pire an d in th e oth e r mi ssion s of
th e Inde s A ll r el igi ous which r ecogn i ze Chri st as th e Saviour of

.
,
th e worl d are t ol e r ated he re an d th e l aw s of th e Repub l ic protect

, ,
them all and m ost severel y punish those wh o attempt to disturb th e

divine wor ship of any sect A n d sin ce rel igious l ib erty i s th e f un da
.
mental principl e of th e Am erican Repub l ic th ere i s n o m agi str ate ,
f rom th e Pr esi den t t o th e l e ast offi ci al wh o can with impunity m ol est,
Cathol ics even in th e sli ghtest way Th e onl y danger that b locks th e
.
path of ou r mo st h ol y rel igi on consi st s in th e intern al di ssen sion s

,
which divide th e faithful against each other Th e m agistrates do not .
care ab ou t th ese d i ssen sion s O nl y off enses whi ch aff ect pub l i c peace
"
.
and th e l ib erty of th e citizens are puni shed b y th e c ivil l aw Th e .
n ati on s which b order our repub l i c p rof e ss th e C ath ol i c r el i gi on T h ese .
are C anad a Fl orid a and M exico B esid es th er e i s a v ery l arge num

, .
b er of C ath ol ics in our Unite d St ates Th e Protest an t s wh o con stitute

.
,
th e gr eatest part of th e citizen s h ave ahn ost compl etel y r ej ected

,
th e prej u d ice s u nde r whi ch th ey f orm erl y l ab ored an d th ey l ook

‘
upon th e C ath ol i c r el i gi on with a cert ain amount of v ene r ation Th ere .
i s al so an imm en se numb er of Eu ropean s wh o com e hith er dail y an d , ,
am ong th em th er e are m any C athol ics It seem s th at thi s imm igr ation .
will not b e l essened for a numb er of years Sin ce th e Am erican .
repub lic possesses such an extensive territory it m ight easil y su stain , ,
b y th e m ill ions th ose wh o mi gr ate t o it an d it i s evi dent th at th e

, ,
mul titudes wh o com e to Am erica from Eur ope will n ot b e qu ickl y

, ,
dimi ni sh ed If th e S acred Congr egati on pon de r s over th ese f act s it

.
wil l perce ive cl earl y that there i s no region whi ch off er s a wi der or
more fertil e field for apostolic zeal .
However we do h ave m any diffi cul ties here th at must b e overcom e

,
1 I nsufficient n um b er at m issionaries Youn g Am e rican l adi es

. .
,
wh o form erl y coul d scarcel y refr ain from l aughing al oud wh en th ey

he ard Eu ropeans tell in g of nun s l ivin g uninterruptedly in m on asteries ,
now em b r ace th e r eli gi ou s lif e so will ingl y th at I mu st needs ex er ci se ,
vigil ance l est m ore th an can b e cared for b e admitted to th e m onas

214 Th e Na tiona l Period
t eries which exist in my diocese B ut it is an al together diff erent story

.
with regard to y ou th s em b r acing th e cl e ri cal st ate Som e are deterred .
b y cel ib acy ; other s are frighten ed away b y th e l ab or s of ac qu ir in g

a knowl edge of th e eccl e si asti c al sci ences for thi s t akes a l ong tim e ,
and mu st b e u ndert aken b efore or din ation ; b u t m ost of all th ey are
afr ai d of th e pov erty whi ch i s suff e re d b y m i ssi on ari e s wh o exe rci se ,
th e sacred mi n i stry in th e coun try di strict s F or with a li ttl e industry .
on th eir part th ey c an h ope to li ve in comf ort n ay ev en in ab undance

“
!
, , ,
if they engage in comm erce or agricul tur e .
2 . A mong th ose wh o o th erwise wish to c onsecrate th em se l ves to
th e service o f th e ch urch , th ere are m any wh o do no t h ave th e

necessary funds to p ay for th e exp enses o f th e ir own e d ucatio n . Th e
dir ector s of th e S em inari es of
ti re and Emrrritsb urg h ave very
B al mo
l imited incom es an d as a resul t th ey can receive onl y a l imited numb er
,
of sem inari an s fr ee of ch ar ge So until th e time th at d ivi ne Provi dence

.
suppli es m e with th e m ean s with whi ch t o provi de f or th e e du cati on

'
of poor cl erics th e num b er of mi ssionar ies n ecessary t o propagate our

, ,
m ost h ol y reli gion will not b e su ffi cient , .
3 Th e sch isms wh ich Occur very freq uen tly in th ese regions It is
. .
of th e gr e atest concern th at th e S acred Congregation kn ow accur atel y
their principal c ause It shoul d therefore b e noted :

. 1 th at th e .
American peopl e pur sue with a most ardent l ove th e civil l ib erty
whi ch they enj oy For th e prin ciple of civil l ib erty is param ount with
.
them so th at ab solutel y all th e m agi strates from th e highest to th e

, ,
l owest are el ected b y popul ar vote at determ in ed tim es in th e year

, .
Likewi se all th e Protest an t sects wh o constitute th e greater part of ,
th e peopl e are govern ed b y th ese sam e principl es an d as a r e sul t th ey

, ,
el ect an d di smi ss their p ast or s at will C ath ol ics in tu rn li ving in .

,
their m idst are evidentl y exposed to th e dan ger of admi tting th e

,
sam e principl e s of eccl e si astic al gov ernm ent Cl ever an d impi ou s .
priest s wh o fl atter th em and appeal to th eir pride easil y l ead them

, ,
to b el i eve th at th ey al so posse ss th e ri ght of ch oosin g th eir pastor s

and disrrri ssin g th em as th ey pl e ase 2 Wh en th e C ath ol ics in some. .
part of my di ocese b ecom e num erou s enough to think th at th ey can

b uil d a church fir st of all e ach con trib u te s a f ew co ins to th e common
,
f und ; an d since th e am oun t i s sel dom sufli cient th en th ey sel ect two ,
or three m en whom they depute as their repre sentatives to sol icit

,
contrib u tions in th e citi es an d vill ages f rom th eir f ell ow citizen s b oth ,
Cathol ics and Protestants When th ey h ave once coll ected enou gh
.
money th en th ey b uy a l arge enou gh tr act of l an d upon whi ch to

,
b uil d a chur ch an d pri est house and to h ave a cemetery However .

,
2 16 Th e Na tio na l Per iod
wicked principl e s then th e impiou s priest protected b y th e temporal

, ,
adm ini str ator s pu b l i cl y with st an ds th e au th or i ty of h i s b i sh op c al umni
ates him sacril egiousl y p erf o rm s hi s sacre d m ini stry

, ,
,
an d l ay s w ast e ,
th e fl ock of Chri st Nor do th e ci vil l aws of th e Am er i can r epub li c

.
off er any r em edy f or thi s gr e at evil O v er an d ab ov e if such a pri est .

,
i s ev en m or e b r azen and skill ed in dece i t h e gath er s f al se t estim ony ,
eve rywh ere f rom th e off scou r ings of th e peopl e Th en h e b u si e s h im .
self in stren gth en ing thi s t estim ony b y ob t ain ing upon it th e seal of ,
-
Prote st ant m agi str ate s wh o secretl y rej oi ce in th e d i ssen si on s of th i s

,
kin d am on g C ath ol i cs After thi s h aving coll ect ed m on ey h er e an d

.
,
there h e sends to Rom e a m essenger wh o know s well h ow to assum e

, ,
a sem b l an ce of pi ety an d to spe ak in a rev erenti al m an n er Thi s w as .
th e m etho d of pr ocedu r e u sed b y D octor G all ah er and M r B r owne

9
s
at Ch arl est on .
In th e b egin ni n g of organi z ation h ere th e m ost ill ustri ou s B i sh op ,
C arroll th e fir st b i shop of B al tim ore thou ght th at th e propagation

, ,
of th e C a thol ic rel i gi on woul d b e fu rthered if th e temporal admi ni s

trators n ot onl y h ad ch ar ge of th e adm in i str ati on of chu rch property
b ut al so h ad th e t i tl e of possessi on F or a num b er of y e ar s h e def en ded
'
thi s system However so m any dissen sions and schism s resulted from
.
1 0
it th at shortl y b ef ore h e died h e regretted very m uch th at h e h ad

,
ev er per m itt ed it B i sh op Neal e h is v ener ab l e successor wh o w as

.
, ,
infl am ed w i th th e deepest l ov e of God and th e Chu rch af ter m ature ,
del ib er ation u pon th e evil s r esul tin g fr om th e afor esai d sy stem f ou ght ,
it wi th all hi s strength an d con st antly O ppo sed it A s f ar as I am .
con cern e d i t seem s to m e th at it could b e all owed withou t danger

,
if th e tempor al adm ini str at or s w ere restri cted b y m ean s of ce rt ai n

cl auses eith er i n th e t i tl e of possession it self or in a con tr act whi ch
, ,
th ey woul d b e ob l iged to sign at th e tim e of their el ecti on so th at ,
they cou l d not ab u se th e civ il right entru sted to them ; for ex ampl e ,
th at a pastor in h is sacred functions b e al together independen t of

them ; that if h e b e gu il ty or accu sed Of som e f aul t th e case b e t aken ,
to th e b i sh op an d th at h e b e con si de re d inn ocent as l on g as th e

b i shop h as n ot con dem ned him ; th at th ey m i ght n ev er r em ove him
fr om th e ch u rch on th eir own priv ate au thority th at th ey m ight n ever ,
perm it a pri est wh o h ad b een deprived of j uri sdi cti on to cel eb r ate
, ,
9
R b t B ow w I i h b r A g ti i wh th
'
o er r ne as an w r s -
f
o n u us n an o as e sour ce o co n
s id b l d ifli
era e l ty i th t cu t t bl n f g g ti
e i G
ru s ee gi d S
rou th
es o co n re a ons n eor a an ou
C aroli i na th n y r e se ea s .
It w ld b m y th t A h b i h p C ll h d
1 0 ou t t
e or e accura e o thsa a rc s o arro a ra er
t l
o er a et d d t i d t w k l
an r eg w i th th
o l y t t or t l f h ch p p
a on e a ru s ee con ro o c ur ro
er ti th t y th t h h d d f ded it
es an o sa a e . a e en .
M arech a i s R ep o rt 1 8 1 8 217
’ ’
A rch b ish op ,
m ass in a c u c h rh
r th eir care n or ret ain there against th e will
un de , ,
of th e b i shop a priest pub l icl y b ound b y cen sur es etc etc etc ,
.
, .
, .
8 In my previous l ett er to th e Sacr ed Congr egation I m ade th e

. ,
ob se rv ation th at it w oul d give m e gre at joy if th e pr ovinces of th e
two C arol in as G eorgi a an d th e territory wh i ch is c all e d M i ssi ssippi

, , ,
were separ ated from my diocese A nd since it seem ed to m e as well .

,
as to oth er p ru den t and l earned men th at u nder th e pre sent cir cum ,
st an ce s of tim es and condition s it w oul d not b e f or th e good of rel igion
to er ect immedi atel y an epi scopal see at Ch arl e ston I hu mb l y b egged ,
th at a Vicari ate Apostol ic b e est ab l i shed there for a numb er of year s;

tellin g them th at I woul d help them as m uch as possib l e in this
m atter I b e sought th e Sacr ed Congr egation t o pl ease send m e th e
,
instrument which when on ce h anded over to a priest chosen f rom

, ,
am on g tho se wh o l ab or m or e worth il y in th e Un ited St at es of
America h e woul d th ereb y b e con stituted th e Vic ar Apostoli c of

,
th e ab ov e m entioned r egion s Mo st c ert ainl y I h av e never dr eam ed .
( as is gr atu itou sl y in sin u ated in a l etter wh ich I recentl y received

from th e Sacr ed C ongr egation ) to h ave or wi sh to ex e rcise th e .
power of e st ab l i shin g a Vicari ate Apostol ic I suggested thi s m ean s .
onl y b e cause it w as th e v e ry one previ ou sl y u sed b y th e S acred
Congr egation with regard to Lou isi ana when th e see of New O rl eans
w as v acan t F or it sen t su ch an in strum ent to my predecessor Bi sh op
‘
.
,
C arroll wh o presented it to B i shop DuB ourg and in this way h e was

,
appoint ed th e Vi car A po st ol ic of L ou i si an a B e th at as it m ay an
“
.
,
even t of gr e at est im port ance of whi ch I wr ote to th e S acr ed C ongr e ,
gation h as t ak en pl ace an d it dem an ds th at th e epi scopal see of

,
Charleston b e erected withou t del ay For very recentl y th e American .
gove rnm en t b egan to sell at publ ic aucti on th e imm en se territo ry

which is now called M i ssissippi B esides since th e l and is exceptionall y .
,
f ertil e an d m ost productiv e i nnumer ab l e Am e ri can s an d Eu ropean s , ,
wh o come hither dail y are b u ying th ese l an d s and are going thith er
,
to cul tiv ate th em A m ong th em th ere i s quite a numb e r of C ath ol ics

. .
Hence th e good of rel igion dem an ds th at th ere b e appointed as soon

as possib l e for th ese sou the rn province s a b i sh o
p wh o can sow
'
, ,
f oste r an d cul tiv ate th e seed of th e C ath ol i c f aith in thi s te rrito ry ,
b efore th e Protest ant m in ist er s can di ssem in ate th eir error s th er e .
Th eref ore I m ost hum b l y an d eagerl y b eseech th e S ac red C on gregati on

t o ob t ain fr om th e Hol y F ath er th e erecti on of th e epi sco al see of
p
Ch arl eston in South C arol in a and th at as soon as possibl e I regret
, , .
t O i W V D b g h d b pp i t d p t li dm i i t t
1 r
u s . . u our a f th e en a o n e a os o c a n s r a or o e
Diocese o f L i i d th Tw Fl i d
ou s an a an i 1 8 1 2 by C ll e o or as n arro .
218 Th e Na t ional Pe r iod
th at I know of pri est

Uni ted States of Am erica whom I
no in th e
can spon t an eousl y recomm end to occupy th at see B ut it seems ce r .
t ain to m e th at an Engli sh priest woul d b e b etter sui ted for f ulfill ing ‘
this important ofli ce; nor is there a l ack of priests in Great Britain
wh o are ou tst an din g f or th eir piety ze al and l earning O ne of th em , ,
.
woul d b e far m ore accept ab l e to th e peopl e th an a F r enchm an or an

Irishman or one of another n ational ity Y et it woul d b e desir ab l e .
that h e know h ow to speak French for many inhab itan ts of th e ,
Missi ssippi territory speak F rench He w oul d prove f ar m ore u seful if .
h e were ab ou t forty year s of age sin ce an old m an cannot sustain ,
th e l ab or s of th e mi ssions .
9 Al th ough th e m ost pious Mr Cl orivrere would b e exceedingl y

. .
12
useful to th ose in Ch arl eston wh o are sincer el y att ache d to th e C ath
ol ic r el igion and th ou gh h e h as gained for him self th e l ov e and

,
vener ati on of all of these yet h e h as b een deprived of real power

,
b y th e numerous cal umnie s and persecu tion s ari sing f rom th e impiety
of Mr G all ah er [ sic] and som e of th e Iri sh seduced b y M r Gall ah er
. .
,
so th at I fin all y rec all ed him f rom th at city Th en I sen t tw o out .
st andi ng pri est s of th e Society of J e sus one an Am erican th e other , ,
an Iri shm an I ob t ain ed th em f rom th e superi or Pr ovinci al onl y aft er

.
m any negoti ations It i s impossib l e f or me to say wheth er th ese new

.
pastor s can b ring b ack pe ace an d som e sen se of reli gion to th ose
wicked m en It is true th at they ret ain th e nam e of C atholics b ut
.
they are m ost cert ainl y exceedingl y dangerous enemies of our hol y
rel igion They possess th e sam e custom s principles and turb ul ent
.
, , ,
passions which imb u ed th ose impious m en wh o t ried to overthrow

th e al tar s of Chri st in th e ab om in ab l e Fr en ch Revoluti on (J aco b ins) .
Even th ou gh th ey send m essenger s to Rome th ey despi se th e auth ority ,
of th e S acred C ongregation and ev en of th e Supr em e Pon tiff j ust as
much as m ine To m ake thi s cl e ar to th e Most Em in ent F ath er s

.
of th e Sacr ed C ongr egation I am send ing to them a l ittl e b ook which ,
these men very recen tl y publ ished It is h ard to say whether th e .
im pu dence of th e calumnies referred to are greater than th e b razenness

of th eir im pi ety Nor c an I h ere p ass over th e f act th at the se enem i es
.
of th e ch ur ch of Chri st l e d on b y a fanatical spirit h ave sen t m es

, ,
sen e rs into all th e pr ov i nces of th e A m e rican Uni on to in duce all

g
th e Iri sh whom they k now to b e given over to im piety and vi ce to
, ,
enter with th em into a soci ety who se pu rpose i s to com el l th e Hol y

p ,
J
1 2
oseph i i t
P erre P co de Lim o el an dc C l oriviere ( 1 768 a French -b orn
p i t
r es , t
h ad b een sen to C h arl esto n i n 1 8 1 2 b y C arroll to try to h eal th e schi sm
in S t . M ary s Ch urch
’
.
2 20 Th e N a t ional P e r iod
hood L ast year it was announced th at th e b ull s would b e sent W ithou t

.
del ay b ut th ey wer e n ev er tr an sm itted h ere

,
.
Thi s i s th e accou nt of th e st atu s of th e C ath ol ic r el i gi on in th e

diocese of B al tim ore whi ch al th ou gh v e ry imperfect I h ave un der
, , ,
t aken to sub mit to th e j udgmen t of th e Sacred Congregation I hope .
th at at som e tim e I m ay b e ab l e to give testim ony of my gre atest

veneration fil ial l ove and ob edience to Th eir Eminences for these
, , ,
are th e sentim ent s with whi ch I am imb u ed t ow ar ds them all I again .
m ost humb l y comm end to th eir kin dness and good will my d ifficul ties
in th e d an ger s whi ch b eset m e In th e m eanwhil e pr aye rs and sacrifices
.
sh al l n ot b e l ack ing th at th e Past or of Pastor s O ur L ord J esus Chri st

, , ,
keep you safe f or m an y y e ar s to com e .
I am Most Eminent C ardin al

, ,
Your m ost humb le and devoted servant ,
I Amb rose Archb i shop of B al tim ore

>< ,
Th e Ab u se of Lay Tru steei sm at Norfol k,

Virgini a, Ju ne—S eptemb er, l 8 1 9
t t ri
O NE of th e m os n o o ou s cases of th e ab u se of l ay trusteersm 1n th e
r i t t
ea l y n ne een h cen u t ry
occu ed rrin N o f olk, r Vi r i
g ni a, w r
h e e a g oup of r
y fi i tr rh
l a m en gain ed nan c al con ol of th e ch u c in 1 8 0 8 F or o e a d ecad e vr .
th i t r ti
ey d om n a e d th e con g ega on aga n s i t tr i t
t h e p as o s app o n ed b y th e
i ti r i t t
A r ch b sh op of Bal m o e to th e po n of ac ual sc sm an d an a emp to hi tt t
set u p an i n depen den t ti
n a on al ch u r r r
ch , f ee f om th e
“
F en c r h i fl
”
n u en ce
ti r
o f B al m o e N ot on l . y
d id th e N o f olk r tr t r
u s ees epu d a e th e it r i h j ri
g tfu l u s
i ti r i ry t vr
d c on of th e o d n a , b u t h ey appe al ed o e h is ead to Pope P us VI I, h i
r ti r tt
th e C on g ega on o f P op agan d a, t h e s a e offi c al s of i Vir i i
g n a, an d e en t o v
r i
P es den tJ r
eff e son an d th e C on g e ss O n r J r t
un e 1 4, 1 8 1 9 , th e t u s ee s sen
. t
a le ett r iv fi r t
( g en s b el o w rh ih
) to A c b s op M a c al ré h wh r
i ch affo ds a sam pl e
of th e so of rt thi wit whi
ng h i
ch b sh op s h ad t o con end d u ng t ri thi ri
s p e od .
t r y r ré h i
O n Sep em b e 2 8 of th e sam e ea M a c al s gned a pas o al l e e to th e t r tt r
r
No folk con g ega on r ti whi ch ran to s ixty thr ri t
ee p n ed p age s in -
whi
ch h e
ti
ou l n e d in d e a l th e ti s o hi t ry
an d e ac t hi
n g of t h e C u c h rh
on th e q ti
ues on
o f e ccl es as c ali t i j ri i t i
u tr
sd c on , an d h e s u ck esp ec all i y
at th e tr t
us ee s pre
’
t i
en s on t o th e j us p a tro n a t us or th e g ri ht r
of p at on age M ar ech al s p as o al . tr ’
w tr “
( in th e secon d pl ace b el o ) w as e m ed b y G u il day th e s o cal u n ng hi t ri t r i
i t h i ti v
po n in th e sc sm a c m o em en in Am e ca of t ri ese th y r
ea s
”
(p .
r tr
S ou ces : Pe e G u il day , Th e C a th ol ic C h urch in Virg in ia, 1 8 1 5 —1 8 2 2 ( N ew
Yr o k: it tt t i i t ri
U n e d S a es C a h ol c H s o cal S oc e , i ty pp 1 08 1 1 0 ; .
-
Pas toral Le tte r of th e A rch b is h op of B al t im ore to th e R om an C a th o l ic ks of

Norfo l k, Virgin ia ( B al t m o e : i r
Rob n son , J .
pp i1 —3 5 2 8 —2 9 3 4
, , , .
38 , 4 0—42 , 4 4 .
Lay Tr ustee ism in Virgin ia 22 1
'
At a j oint m eeting
rustees of th e Rom an C athol ic Con of th e T
g gre ati on o f N or f ol k a nd P o rt smou th conv ened on th e 1 4th d ay of ,
Jun e 1 8 1 9 to take into consider ation a l etter d irected b y th e Rev

, ,
.
Archb ishop of th e C atholic Church of B altim ore to th e Norfolk ,
Pastor th e Reverend Dr Th om as C arb ry d ate d on th e 8 th i n st ant 1

,
.
, ,
b y which th e Rev er end Ar chb i sh op summ on s th e R ight Rev erend

Pastor to appe ar b efore or to sen d to h im th e au th entic Titl e in virtu e ,
of whi ch th e Right Reveren d D r C arb ry i s ex erci sing th e f unction s .
of P ast or in Norfol k and P ort sm ou th which said R ever en d Ar chb i sh op
call s h i s D iocese .
After m atu re consider ation of th e content s of th e l etter af oresaid ,
th e Tr u stees of th e Norfol k and Portsm ou th congr egation s imm edi atel y

resol ved :
Fir st th at th e Pri est J am es Luc as and th e R ever end Ar chb i shop 2
M ar éch al after th e resol u tions passed b y th e T ru stee s of the Rom an

,
Cathol ic Congregation aforesaid on th e 4th of J an 1 8 1 7 and 1 6 th .

, ,
of M arch of l ast y e ar ; b eing n eith er th e ir Pr el at e an d P astor whi ch
resolution s were rendered pub l ic throu gh th e press; and d istrib uted

am on gst th e m em b er s of b oth C on gre gati on s a pr ot e st sh all b e l e gall y ,
intim ated to th e Reverend Ar chb ishop of th e C athol ic Church of

B al tim ore th at him self n ot b eing a l awf ul Prel ate of thi s st ate an d
, ,
still l ess of th ese congr e gati on s h e h as n o ri ght at all to in terf e r e with
these congregations or any of th eir rel igiou s m atter s wh atever A nd , .
l ikewi se with th e Ri ght R everend Pastor th ereof dul y el ected b y th e

,
Congregation approved of b y His Holi ness and com mun icated to u s

,
b y h is Em inence C ard inal Litt a .

3
Resol ved th at b e si des th e right inh erent in th em as C hri stians and _
patrons of th eir chu rch es ackn owl e dged b y th e Hol y S ee th e im ,
pertin ence of th e dem and of th e Right Rev er en d Ar chb i sh op of th e

C athol ic Chu rch of B al tim ore b ein g a m ost gl aring vi ol ation of their ,
civil right and r el i gious l ib erti es an d in d ir ect oppositi on t o th e st at e

.
1Th m oC b y as I i h b D mi i
ar r w t t N f lk f m N w Y k
, an r s -
orn o n can , en o or o ro e or
i J
n 1819
u ne , t th i i t ti f th t
, at d e m d h gnv a f th on o e ru s ees an assu e c ar e o e co n
g g ti
re a on w i th t y th i t i f m th A h b i h p f B ltim
ou an au or za on ro e rc s o o a ore .
2Jm L a es F h b p i t h d b
u cas, a pp i t d t re n cN f lk i
-
orn r es , a ee n a o n e o or o n
D ecemb 1 8 1 5 by A hbi h p L
er , d N l
, rc s o eon ar ea e .
3L C di l Li tt
ore nzo P f t f P p g d
ar na w ith ly m g
a, k wl
r e ec o ro a an a, on a ea er no
e dg ef th f t
o h d m d th
e mi t k
ac s, f ii g a f th a et t t e s a e o r e ce v n o ne o e ru s ees a
R m i th
o e nmm f 1 8 17
e su d f w iti g l tter ot F d S pt m b
an o r n a e er o er n an ez o n e e er
20 1 8 1 7 whi h g v th m h p
, , f
c tt i i g th ir a e b j t iv f
e p to e o a a n n e o ec e o a se ara e
bi h p i
s o i r c Vi gi i Whn h l t r l i d th n a t . t f th
en e a er rea ze e ru e n a u re o e case
Litt a a d M é h l
ssu re Ap i l 1 1 8 1 8 th t
ar cthi g w l d b d
a on b y th
r , , a no n ou e o ne e
w ith t th li gh t f y ft
“ ”
H ly S
o ee ou el a d mat e
e sid t
o ou r cou ns n a er ur co n er a ro n
( Gu il day , op . c it .
, p .
222 Th e Na tional P eriod
l aw s Virgini a an extr act of th e sam e l aw s sh all b e forwarded

of , ,
to h im b y whi ch h e m ay see th at h e h as no au thority t o m eddl e with ,
th e ch oi ce of ou r P astor s or to interf ere with th e exerci se of hi s sacred

fun ctions resol ved th at th e Reverend Ar chb ishop of th e C ath oh c
,
Church of B al tim ore b e remin ded of th e proceedings in former

,
tim es viz : ,
At Rome in th e African church (St Cyprian Lib 2 Ep 2) .

, . . .
(St Cypri an Lib 1 Ep 4) .

, . . .
(Cone C arth ; 4th Can

. . 1)
At Al ex etc etc [sic] .
, .
, . .
Likewi se of th e proceedings etc of th e A rchb ishop of Goa tow ards , .

,
th e C ath ol ics of B omb atin [ sic ] ou th e co ast of M al ab ar and its r esul t s

'
b y Lord M in to s deci sion th e wh ole pub h sh ed b y th e Hou se of

’
,
Comm ons of Ju l y 1 3 th 1 8 1 4 as well as of th e sentiments of th e , ,

.
presen t Pope Pi u s VII in hi s Bull to th e Archb i sh op an d Bi sh ops of

, ,
Irel and of th e fir st of F eb ruary 1 8 1 6 acknowl edging th e right of th e , ,
peopl e in th e el ection of th eir Prel ate s al l edgin g [ sic] th e au thority

of h is pr e decessor St Leo th e Gre at vrz th at no more b e ordained
.
, .
,
B i sh ops with ou t th e con sent and postul ati on of th e fl ock l e st an

un wel com e i ntru de r in cu r i ts contempt an d h atred as it h as b een
3
,
unf ort un at el y th e case with th e Reveren d A mb M aréch all [sic] in .
this and oth er cities of th e diff erent st ates of th e union .
Resol ved th at shoul d sai d R everend Archb i sh op of th e C ath oh c

Chur ch of B altimore proceed (which God forb id) to any publ ic act
,
or c al um ni ous deed again st e ithe r th e Rev erend Dr Thom as C ar b r

y .
or any of th e m emb er s of th e congr egation all hi s ill egal ab surd , ,
an d im pi ous pr oceedin gs as w ell as th e cause s l eadi ng to th em sh all ,
b e r endered pub l ic throu gh th e pr ess and him self h el d responsib l e to

th e l aw s of th e st ate of Virgini a .
Resol ved th at a copy of th ese r esol utions signed b y th e President

and S ecret ary of thi s b oard b e forw arded to th e Reveren d Arch ,
b i sh op of th e C athol ic Chu rch of B al tim ore .
4 In ne ith e r Go a nor I re l an d h ad th ere b een r

p arall el w h th e Norf olk
a eal it
s it ti
ua on . ii
Th e Br t sh h ad decl i ned to i
recogn z e th e an c en Por u guese r gh i t t i t
of p atro nage ove r C ath ol i c ch urch es in i
I nd a, and in 1 720 th e Por u guese cl ergy t
h ad b een exp ell e d f rom th e M al ab ar coas as ant Br t sh Th e Por u gu ese , i n t i ii
-
. t
turn , ref used t o rel n u sh i qi t i
h e r cl a m an d th u s h ere e nsue d a l ong p er o d i t i
i i fi
of str f e i nvol v n g a d e ance of th e Br t sh b y th e A rch b sh op o f G oa and a ii i
i i ti t
dou b l e j ur sd c on th a l ed t o endl ess conf u s on P u s VI I s l e er of Feb ruary ,
’
i . i tt
1 8 1 6 t th h i
, o e erarch y of I rel an d h ad b ee n c oncerne d w th th e prop osed etoi v
o f th e B iti h g r s overnm en t v o er th e sel ect on i i i
of I r sh b sh op s and aga n h ad i
no tr el ev
ue r ance i n th e Norf olk c ase .
which invincib l y p ro v e te v ani ty of their reasonings an d

th e ab sol u
prenten sion s [ Th en foll ows an expl an ation of Chri st s au thority to

’
.
His apostl es b ased on th e New Test am ent th e t eaching of th e Council ,
of Trent th e di stincti on b etw e en th e pow er of th e cit i zen s in a repub

,
l ic an gove rnm ent t o el ect th e ir m agi str ates an d th e l ack of su ch power

in th e Chu r ch th e canon l aw on th e r i ght of patr onage in th e M iddl e
,
Ages etc ]
,
.
Fr om th i s sl ight sketch of C an on l aw you r ead il y d i scov er D eal y , ,
[ sic] Bel oved B re thren h ow vainl y those ch ar acter s wh o h ave in vol ved
, ,
your Congregation in conf u sion and m isery pretend to th e right of ,
p atron age an d fl atter you with it Thi s right does not exi st an d
, .
,
p r ob a b l y n e v er w ill e xi st in th e U n i t e d St at es of A m e ri c a B ec au se .
it is contrary to th e spirit at l east of th e con stitu tion and O f th e l aws

of th e l and For t h e gov ernm ent of th e Unit ed St ate s stretch es in dee d
.
th e shi eld of its prot ection ove r eve ry denom in at i on of chri sti an s ;
,
b ut with ou t givin g th e l east pr efe rence to an y : an d surel y it w oul d

b e rid i cul ous to suppose th at f oll owing th e ex am pl e of Cath ol ick
,
powers on th e oth e r si de of th e Atl an tic th e Un ited St ates wil l ever ,
sh ew a parti al ity t o u s b y any con sider ab l e don ati on to ou r Chu rch

,
.
A nd as th i s al one i s th e grou ndwork of all th e concordates b etween

C ath ol ick Power s an d th e Hol y See and of th e con sequen t ri ght of ,
p a tr o n a g e i n t h e n o m in a ti o n s o f B i sh o p s it i s m an i f e st th at suc h a ,
Pol itico rel i giou s treaty c an n eve r t ake pl ace in th i s country W e are
-
,
.
gr ateful for th e protecti on whi ch we enj oy u nder th e e qu al l aws of th e

,
U States in comm on with th e rest of our fellow christian s; bu t we

.
,
neithe r wi sh n or e xpect any p art i cul ar f avo u r s .
Some sect ari an s D e ar B re thren con sider th eir m in i ster s as cl e ric al

, ,
ch ar act er s n ot b y virtu e of any s iritu al m i ssion d eriv ed fr om t h e

, p
Redeem er of m ankin d through h is Chu rch ; b ut in virtue onl y of th e
temporary civil contract entered upon b etween them and their respec ,
tive con gregation s C on si stently wi th this pri ncipl e it is evident th at

.
,
those wh o appointed them Pastor s j ustl y di sm i ss them whenever their , ,
se rvice s ce ase to b e accept ab l e B u t th e c ase i s v ery diff er en t w i th th e

.
cl ergy of th e C ath oh ck chu rch Wh en a B i sho

p appoi nt s a Pri est P astor
"
of a congregation h e pre sen t s him self to all it s m em b er s un der a

, poin t ,
of view highl y r e spect ab l e B y th e act of h is in stitu tion th e faithf ul

.
,
wh o are comm itted to his ch arge b ecom e imm edi atel y an d in re al ity ,
h is flock; and h e is invested with spiritual power s in th e ir regar d whi ch ,
all th e w orl d can ne ith er giv e n or t ake aw ay I t b ecom es hi s du ty to .
govern and sanctify b y hi s in struction s and ex am pl e th e f aithf ul

, ,
entrust ed to h is astoral sol ic i t u de Enli ghtened and virtuou s

p
Lay Truste e ism in Virg in ia 225
C ath oh cks do ider this Cl ergym an as a h irel ing whom they

n ot con s ,
m ay r et ain or e xpel at pl easu re b ut as an am b assador from H eaven , ,
a m ini st e r of th e al t ar an d an A postl e If th e B i sh op b e b ound t o

,
.
impress deepl y on h is m ind th e great ob h gation s and respon sib il ity , ,.
whi ch are l aid upon h im and th e sub l im e and awful function s h e h as

,
to pe rf orm su rel y h e i s obl i ged l ik ewi se to adm oni sh th e F aithf ul t o

, ,
respect love and ob ey h im A nd as h e is prevented b y his orders from

, ,
.
any l ucr ativ e se cu l ar empl oym en t and b ou n d t o d ev ot e him self excl u ,
sivel y t o Go d an d to th e good of soul s so i s it th e im per ativ e du ty of

, ,
h is fl ock to pr ovi de for h i s tempor al n ecessiti es I s thi s Apost ol i c ;
l an gu age D e arl y B el oved a tr an sgr e ssi on of th e l aw s of Virgin i a?

, ,
In 1 7 8 6 th e G en er al A ssem b l y of th at st at e in or der to est ab l i sh

, ,
reli gi ou s freedom on a b road an d perm am ent b asis en acted th at no , ,
m an sh a ll be co m p e ll e d to freq uen t o r supp ort any re ligi ous worsh ip ,

m inistry wh atsoeve r; sh a ll be e n orce d,
f restrain ed ,
p lac e , or , ,
n or
m oleste d , or b urth en ed in h is b o dy or goo ds , n or sh all he su fier on
acc oun t o f h is re l igious op i n i o ns or b e li ef Suc . h is on e of th e fu n d a

ment al l aw s of Virgin ia rgym an ever tr ans
. H as .
any C ath olick cl e
gr e sse d it ? W h o i s th e m a n w h o can say th at h i s P ast o r h as com pell e d

, ,
him or attem pted to com pel h im b y l egal m ean s to frequ ent h i s

, ,
Chu rch or support h im : Not one It is tru e there i s n o obl igation

,
.
,
wh atever im posed upon th e citizen s to support any m inisters of

, ,
-
reh gion n ot ev en th e i r own P ast or s B ut b ecau se th e re i s no l egal

“
.
,
ob h gat ion of doing it i s th er e not a m or al and r eli giou s on e? H as

,
a Chri sti an an d a C ath olick n o oth er du tie s t o f ulfil b esi des th ose ,
composed b y th e l aw of th e l and ? An d i s it in a P astor a tr an sgression ,
of th i s l aw t o exh ort hi s peopl e t o a perf o rm an ce of th em ? If th i s

“
were a viol ation of th e l aws of Virgin ia then in deed n ot onl y C ath oh ck , ,
b ut all Prot est an t m i n i st er s are guil ty of it ; f or th e h ab itu al an d prin

cipal su b j ect s of th eir instru ction s and l ab ou r s are t o incul c at e on th e
m in d s of th e ch ri sti an peopl e th e m or al an d reh giou s du ties procl aim ed

, ,
in th e Gospel on which th e c ivil l aw i s perfectl y sil en t

, .
After h avin g proceeded so f ar and proved th at n eith er th e C ath oh ck ,
congr egation s n or th e ir r epr esent ativ es h av e power to el ect institute

“
, ,
o r di sm i ss th eir P astor s it m ay n atu r all y b e ask e d wh eth er th e ri ght

, ,
at l e ast of el ection would n ot prove adv antageou s to reh gi on in

,
our day s?
Rel ying on th e au th ority of th e C ath ol ick Ch u rch D ear B r ethr en , ,
we m ay with ou t any f ear of err or an swer n egativel y to thi s qu estion , .
For th e Chri sti an s of th e presen t age are ce rt ainl y n o b etter th an ,
th eir ancestors wh o l ived a thou sand years ago ; and if th e Church

22 6 Th e Na t ion al Pe riod
thou ght it necessary on accou nt of th e perpetu al confusion and

,
scand al s wh ich t ook pl ace at th ese el ecti ons to withdr aw th e privil ege
,
sh e h ad gr ant e d to th e F aithf ul : can w e im agin e th at th e ex erci se of
it woul d not now b e attended with th e sam e b ad consequences? HO W

ev er l et us su ppose thi s privil ege w er e con ceded t o th e present
gener ation Wh o woul d b e th e el ector s? Woul d every m an wh o b ear s

.
,
th e n am e of C ath oh ck b e admitte d to give in hi s v ote wh atev e r m ay ,
b e h is impiety an d th e imm or al ity of hi s h fe? O r would th e privil ege

b e restr ain ed to th ose onl y whose conduct i s pious an d edif ying?
Sh all th e drunkar d th e impu re th e professed l ib ertin e and h e wh o
, , ,
h ardl y knows th e elem ent s of hi s rel igion and li ve s in an open tran s

,
gression of h er l aws b e all owed to ch oose th e m ini ster s of J esus

,
Chri st together with th e sob er th e ch aste th e enh gh tened an d regul ar

, , ,
C ath ol ick wh o pu n ctu all y ful fill s all th e comm an dment s of God an d
‘
th e Church ? It i s evi den t th at in a m atter of a n atu re so sacre d a ,
d i scrim inat i on ou ght to b e m ade ; and would not thi s fir st and neces
sary step b e ob noxi ou s to in super ab l e difli cul ties? Upon wh om woul d
th e ch o i ce most pr ob ab l y f all ? Woul d it f all on th e modest an d pious

cl ergym an wh o spe n ds hi s d ay s in in struct i n g th e poor an d th e i gn or ant ;
,
in carrying th e l ast consol ation s of reh gion to dying chr i sti an s; in

reconcili ng repenting sinner s to th e off ended M aj esty of God in th e
trib unal of Penance wh o every d ay in h is priv ate or atory and at
,
th e al tar r ai ses h is pu r e h ands to Go d to dr aw down th e b l essin g of

, ,
Heaven on h is flock wh o m ounts th e pulpit not to pl ease his ,
au dit o ry an d gl e an f rom th e w orl d th e pitif ul r ew ard of pr ai se ; b ut to
instru ct exhort and move wh o consecrates h is interval s of leisur e

, ,
not to i dl e vi sit s an d f riv ol ou s conver sati on ; b ut to m e dit ation an d
stu d ies su it ab l e to hi s st ate of lif e? Th e m erit s of su ch a cl ergym an
b ei ng gener all y Unknown or not sufii cientl y fel t h e w oul d very hk el y

,
not b e el ect ed : and yet h im h as th e Lord ch osen Th e gay an d sprightl y

.
com pani on h e wh o at hom e spends hi s tim e in idl eness or frivolou s

occup ation s wh o in th e soci eti es of w orl dh ngs which h e h ab itu all y
,
frequ ent s can comm and th eir attention b y som e l ight accompl i shm ent
,
wh o c an preach a f ashi on abl e di scourse or pronoun ce a v api d

'
d ecl am at i on whi ch h e prob ab l y h ad not even th e sl ender m erit of

com po si n g thi s m an will uni t e th e v otes of th e m ul titu de I n v ai n mi ght
, .
a few pi ous and sen sib l e C ath oh cks r ai se th eir voices against hi s
'
el ection ; th ey w oul d b e dr own ed in th e gener al cl am ou r Un de r such .
a pastor wh at wo ul d b ecom e of th e unfortun at e congr egation? Instead
of exhib iting th e en de arin g spect acl e of sin cere reh gion an d pi ety it ,
woul d soon present disgusting scenes of irrel igion and immorali ty

, .
228 Th e Na t io n a l P eriod
scon tions of th e dominant sects in oth er cou ntries Almost every division .
of Chri sti an s h er e h as its p ecul i ar pub l i c at i on f or th e e xposi tion s of

,
it s doctrin es th e communi cati on of f act s and if necessary th e

, , ,
vin di cation of its tenets Th e Rom an C athol ics of these st ates form a
.
con si de r ab l e port i on o f t h e citizens; it i s n atur al th ey sh ould b e desirous
of h aving a sim il ar pu bh cation f or h ke pu rposes .
To suppl y th i s w ant th e M i scell any i s intended By its me an s th e

, .
thousands of Rom an C athol ics spre ad through these st ates from M aine ,
to Fl orid a and from Arkan sas to th e Atl antic m ay h ol d con st ant

, ,
comm u ni cation ; b y it s m ean s th ey m ay al so l e arn th e st at e of th eir
b r ethr en in comm u nion with th em in th e oth er quarter s of th e gl ob e :

b y it s me an s th ose pe rson s wh o h ave b een m i sl ed in to e rron eous
opini on s of th e pri n cipl e s of th e i r nei ghb or s will b e en ab l ed to j u dge
,
correctl y of th eir t en e t s an d t o form r at i on al opin ion s of th e ir pr acti ce s

, .
Th e prin cipl es of th e pu b l i cati on wil l b e candour moder ation , ,
fi del ity ch arity an d dil i gen ce Not th at its con ductor s presum e to
, ,
.
att ain th e perfecti on of all or an y of tho se qu ah ties; b ut th ey will
con st an tl y keep th em in View .
Th e topics which it w i ll emb r ace are ,
I Th e simple expl anation and temperate m aintenance of th e doc

.
trines of th e Rom an C athol i c Church ; in exhib iting which its con ,
ductors are l ed t o h O pe th at m any sen srb l e per sons will b e astoni sh ed

,
at fin ding th ey h ave im pu ted t o C ath ol ic s doctri nes which th e C ath ol ic
Church h as form all y condemned and im agined they were contr adicting
,
C athol ics when they held C athol ic doctrine th em sel ves

, .
II Th e ex am in ation of history for th e pu rpose of inve stigatin g th e

.
truth of m any assertions which h ave b een perh aps too l ightl y hazarded
, , ,
an d wh i ch h ave ob t ain e d too re ady an d gene r al cre dence ; an d whi ch
h ave excited u nfounded prej u dices in th e m i nd s of m any well di sposed -
in dividu al s .
III Th e corr ect st atement of occu rrences regarding th e Cath oh c

.
religi on : for th e purpose of b etter disch arging whi ch duty commun i ,
cation s an d period ical pub h cation s fr om R ome P ari s London D ubl in , , , ,
C an ada Sou th A merica th e variou s part s of th e United States and

,
-
, ,
oth er po rtions of th e world will b e ob t ain ed and are sol i cit ed , .
IV M emoir s an d an ecdotes of th e several em inent persons wh o

.
h ave di stinguished them selves in th e Church or against it in ancient , ,
o r m odern tim es .
V A summary of pol i tical events and dom estic occu rrences

. .
VI O ccasion al review s of rel igiou s pub h cations

. .
Advertisements wll b e received at th e usual rates .

B ishop England B efore C ongress 22 9
THE M ISCELLANY will b e pub h sh ed in th e city of Ch arl eston ,
S C Weekl y on a fine sh eet of paper qu arto size; cont aining eight

. .
, ,
pages of three col umn s e ach so th at th e numb ers m ay b e b ound at

,
th e end of e ach y ear .
All comm unications to b e p ost p aid and directed To th e E di tor of

M iscellany Ch arleston S C
”
Th e Cath olic , , . .
A ny per son wishing to r eceive th e P aper will pl ease to encl ose h is

sub scri ption, and send it p os t p aid d ir ect ed as ab ove ; an d giv e al so th e
,
n am e of t
th e Pos O ffi ce to which his P aper m ay b e sen t .
Bish op Engl and s Accoun t of Hi s A ddress

’
Before C ongress, J anuary 29 , 1 8 2 6
r ti
tr rh ih
IN TH E gen e a on af e A c b s op C ar oll s deat r h ’
t h e m os s k n g t tri i
i fi r ri
pu b l c gu e in th e A m e can hi r r h J h
e a c y w as o n En gl an d ( 1 7 8 6
fi t i
rs hr t h i ri h r r t
B sh op of C a l es on T s I s b o n p el a e en gage d ac ely in
.
-
ti v
w r t vri t i r
n e sp ap e con r o e s es, deb a es an d pu bl c add esses, b u t h i s m os f am ou s
, t
r
add ess w as t h e speech whi iv r
ch h e d el r r
e ed b ef o e C on g ess on Su n d a , y
Janu a ry whi h
8 , 1 8 2 6 , in i r
c r
h e d scou se d f or two h ou s on th e p nc pal ri i
tri th i
doc n es of th e C a ol c f a ith r vi
. hri t
O n th e p e ou s C s m as d ay h e h ad
r h tri h rh
p eac ed at S t Pa ck s C u c , W ash n g on ,
.
’
i t w r t h e e h e ook occas on to i
w r rt i
an s e r i t r h whi
ce a n ch a ges aga n s th e C h u c ch h ad b een m ade b y o n J h
i y
Qu nc A d am s in 1 8 2 1 wh r t ry
en h e w as Sec e a tt of S a e W n a f ew . ithi
y i r t
d a s Engl an d was a d nne gu es at th e W hit wh r e H ou se e e h e an d P es d en r i t
ri y hi
A d am s got on in a f en dl f as on an d wh i en th e b sh op m ade h i s app ea r
r r t r
an ce b e f o e Cong e ss, A dam s w as h e e t o h r hr w e a h im T ee . eek s af e th e tr
speec h wr t
Engl and i r i ir i i
o e h i s m p ess on s o f t h e aff a t o W ll am G as on ( 1 77 8 t
t r i t th i y
th e m os p om nen C a ol c l a m an of N o rth r C a ol na, w h o i n i
i t i t j ti tt r
1 8 33 w as app o n ed assoc a e u s ce of th e s a e s su p em e cou
’
e e he rt wh r
se rv wi th i ti ti
ed ti th
d s nc on un l h is de a r . Sou ce : R ec ords of th e A m er ican
h l c H l S i h il d l h i X IX 1 0 4 —1 06
Ca t o i is to r i ca o c e ty f
o P a e p a ,
.
Fa yettevill e (N J an y 2 9 ’
, 1 82 6 .
My Dear riend
F
I posted a l etter for you directed to Newb ern to inf orm you that
, ,
I was not at present sufli cientl y m aster of my own movem ent s to

del ay in thi s St ate l onger th an until n ext M onday morning wh en I ,
in tend le aving thi s pl ace for Georgetown Ch arl eston a v ari ety ,
of pr essing b usiness call s m e t o h ead qu art er s as soo n as possib l e I .
hope to return speedil y to see you in Newb ern .
I directed th e pub l isher of th e sketch of wh at I preached at th e

230 Th e National Period
C apitol to send t o you to my friend Judge Taylor copies from me l

.
Y ou will fin d onl y wh at you h ave often h e ard f rom my self b ut I ,
thought you woul d like to see in print what woul d b ear b ett er to b e
heard th an to b e read Perh aps I might h ave b een th e humb l e in stru
.
m ent of rem oving som e prej u dices I f so I am m ore th an r epaid .

,
.
Withou t seeking for th e occasion or feelin g myself upon th e topics ,
until I h ad gone t oo f ar to r eced e th en onl y then my eyes rested , , ,
u pon M r A dam s I on Chri stm as day met foot to foot th e 4th of

.
,
-
Jul y oration in which h e so unk in dl y assail ed u s four year s since I .
then as cool y as firml y as I coul d did my u tmost I am tol d b y ,
m any with suffi cient success Th e n ext Wednesday I w as at hi s l ev ee

, .
,
where I w as received in a very fl atte rin g m ann er u pon m y arriv al ,
at hom e found a card for d inn er on th e su cceedin g Satu rday W e h ad .
much conver sation upon sever al topics a l ittl e ab ou t y ou r self in , ,
which h e appear ed to think it news th at you were a Popish church

warden .
O n th e day I fill ed th e Speaker s ch air I was indeed a show all

’
Washington must h ave thought so for th e th rong was so great th at ,
th e Pr esident fou nd it very difli cul t to get in when in much more , ,
so t o get a se at Upon m y arriv al nea rl y h alf an hour af ter I foun d

.
, ,
vast numb ers returning withou t a h ope of getting upstair s so as even '
to see in for once I mu st own I fel t ash am ed at h earin g my own

,
n am e procl aim ed b y m y fri ends Hayn es Hamil ton of S C wh o 2 3

.
form ed my b odyguar d whil st in all th e pomp of Prel acy I struggl ed

,
through and heard th e procl am ati on renewed still to m ak e way for

m e to enter If I coul d b l ush I am convinced I th en did b ecause I h ad
.
, ,
som e unu su al sen sati on of he art an d som e unwon ted gl ow in my cheek
in my for ehead Wh en I was done I cert ainl y f el t a very extr aordin ary
.
gr atification at th e intense attention with which I was h eard th at ,
ev ery f ace seem ed t o say go on But I thought two hour s enough for
“
.
them for m e I m ade th e sign of th e cross my gratifi cation was

, ,
indeed in creased b y th e vast respectab l e porti on of th e assemb l y

th at exhi b ited its f aith Y ou will perhaps smil e at m y saying that
.
, ,
even el ev ated as I was I coul d not forget th at I once was an

,
1
Joh n L Tay l or ( 1 7 6 9
. Ch i f J ti
e us ce of th e Suprem e Cour t of North
C arol i na, was m arr ed to Gaston i ’
it J
s s s er , ane .
2 t
Ch arl es Ea on H ay nes ( 1 7 8 4—1 8 4 1 ) w as a represen a t tiv e in C on gress f rom
i
,
G eorg a, 1 825—1 8 3 1 ; 1 8 35—1 8 39 .
3 J ames Ham l it on ( 1 78 6—1 8 5 7 ) w as a represe n t tiv

a e i n C ongress from Sou th
C arol i na and l t r
a e v
go ernor of th e s ate t .
2 32 Th e Na t iona l Per iod
College of Spring Hill , Novemb er 1 0 1 8 32 ,

.
My de ar Mother :
Your dear l etter th e second which you kindly sent me cam e to
, ,
m e h appil y on O ctob er 2 8 th ; th at of M adame T all on of J ul y 1 9 th

arrived on S eptemb er 1 8 th ; th at of Em il e of M ay 3 l st which en ,
cl ose d an oth er f r om M ari e Ri ch ar d an d a f rom de ar Fl eu ry

“ ”
PS .
,
j u st ab ou t two months l ater are al so in my hands A ll these writers

,
.
m ay b e su re th at th ey h av e gi v en m e great pl easure an d if I do not

an swer d ir ectl y thi s tim e it i s accor d ing to th e words of J esus Chr i st ,
Do you not know th at I m ust conce rn my self directl y with th e gl ory

“
of m y F ath er ? Will you therefore act as interm ediary b etween me

”
and th em ?
Y ou h ave written ab ou t th e ch ol er a in P ari s and in th e Provinces .
It is a sm all m atter compared to th e terrib le r avages whi ch thi s

,
di sease i s working in New O rl e ans Here it i s com b in ed with y ell ow .
fever sm all pox and so forth Th e di se ase b roke out in New O rl eans
,
-
.
on O ctob er 24th and h as b rou ght t o th e gr ave dail y ne arl y 20 0 per sons .
Th e t err or i s at it s height ; th e dead are b u ri ed cl oth ed as th ey are

an d pell m ell ; it i s h ard t o fin d n egroe s wh o are will ing to do thi s
-
work Th e peopl e of Mob il e are in a st ate of constern ation

. .
Thi s pl ague will cert ainl y vi sit u s al so O ur pupil s are l ikewi se fill ed .
with fe ar Some of them h ave l ef t th e coll ege We wh o are here pl ace

. .
our sel v es in th e kin d h ands of D ivin e Provi dence A s f or me my .

,
dear m other I am perfectl y cal m ; my greatest troub l e is to see th at

,
thi s great warn ing which Heaven sends to us all does not m ake more
impre ssion upon sinners and heretics This show s th at f ai th is dead .
in th eir h eart s if in deed it w as ever th ere Nev erth el ess we redoub l e

, .
ou r eff ort s an d our pr ayer s th at thi s f at al v e il of b l in dness m ay at
l ast b e l if ted I should b e onl y t oo h appy to die in aidin g th ese

.
unf o rtunate peopl e I sh all write to M Mioll and af ter some tim e ; h e
. .
1
will b e ab le to tell you wh at th e st ate of aff ai rs is here .
W e are seriousl y con sidering th e foundation here of a comm u nity

of Si ster s of th e Vi sit ati on for th e e du cati on of girl s This i s one
.
2
.
of th e things which I b eg to se e b efore I die Th e fir st i s th e coll e e

g .
,
1
J ean M ar ie M iol l and w as superior of th e d iocesan m ission ary b and of Ly ons
wh en Lor as j oi ned it in 1 8 2 7 ; h e w as Bi sh op of A m i ens 1 8 3 8—1 8 49 and A r ch , ,
i
b sh op of Tou l ou se u nt l h is death i n 1 8 5 9 i .
2 A sm all
grou p of nu ns f rom th e V s t at ii i on Con v t
en Georgetown, D C ,
at . .
arr ived in M ob il e in l ate D ecem b er , 1 8 32 , to op en t

G eorge own s r s d au gh ter
’
fi t
h ou se .
D e Tocq uevill e on A m erican Cath ol ics 233
which exists an d is flourishing; th e second is th e estab l i shm ent of 3
sev er al pari sh es in thi s di ocese ; th e fourth will b e to see you once
more my good dear m oth er ; th en I sh all say my Nunc dim itti s “ ”

.
, ,
Excuse my b r evity ; you your self su ggested to m e th at I mi ght b e

b rief ; and b el iev e th at noth ing will ever b e ab l e to ch ange th e senti
m ent s of most fil i al attachm ent of
Your most devoted son ,
M Lor as . .
P S W e are perfectl y well G ive my sincer e st r egards I pr ay you to

. .
, ,
all my de ar b ro th er s and si ster s and m y r espect s to m y de ar cousin etc , .
L
3
h d b
or as th f d a d fi t p eenid t f Sp i g Hill C ll g
e ou n er an rs res en o r n o e e n ear
M b il whi h h d it f m l p i g i J l y 1 8 30 with fifty t d t
o e c a s or d a o en n n u , , s u en s an a
f acu l ty of six pro fessors .
De Tocqu evill e on Am eri can C ath olics in

Rel ation t o D emocracy 1 8 3 5 ,
A R EC ENT wr it r h d cl red Al exi d T q vi ll ( 1 80 5—1 8 59 ) to h v

e as e a s e oc ue e a e
th e b e t f r i en d d m o r cy ev r h n d d em o r m t
“
b h d
’
een s e y c a e as a , a c ac s os
can di d an d j u d i ci o ri ti ( R ssell K irk Th Cus c ti M i d [Ch i

c
”
u , e o nser va ve n
c go
a , p I n M y 1 8 3 1 D e To qu evi ll e rr ived i th U it d
. a , , c a n e n e
St te f or a t r of i nvesti g ti on f t h p r i n y t m H r m i d in th
a s ou a o e so s s e . e e a ne e
cou n try u t i l F b r ary n 1 8 32 n d when th e fi r st vol m

e u , f hi l br t d ,
a u e o s ce e a e
w rk D l d m
o , e ti
a eA m iq
’
pp r d in 1 8 3 5 i t b c m
o cra e en-
b vi t er
’
ue , a ea e e a e o ou s a
o n ce what th r gh st dy h e h d m d f th e A m ri n p l i ti l y t m
a o ou u a a e o e ca o ca s s e as
wel l of o i l i n tit ti n nd c t m Hi ob rv ti ons co cerni ng th

as s c a s u o s a us o s . s se a n e
r l i gi b el i ef f C ath ol i
e ou s d th i r r l t i on t d m r y
s o f orm f
cs an e e a o e oc ac as a o
g vernm nt w r f r d i ff r n t f r om th o e of m o t
o e e e a tem p r ry A m ri
e e s s c on o a e can
P rote t nts b t th
s a , t y th t h p d in th i r p b l i ti n h p
u e cen u r a as asse s ce e u ca o as ro
d ed noth i n g th t wo l d d tr y th i r g n r l v l i di ty So r e A l xi d
uc a u es o e e e a a . u c : e s e
T q evi ll
oc u D m e,y i Am i e di t d b y Ph i ll i p B r dl y ( N w York
o c rac n er ca , e e s a e e :
Alfred A K n p f I n c 1 9 4 5
. o I 3 00—3 0 2 ; II 2 6—3 0 : p per b k d i ti
, .
, by , , a -
ac e on
V i t g B ok
n a e I o s, nc .
Ab ou t fifty year s ago Irel and b egan to pour a C athol ic popul ation
into th e United St ate s; and on thei r part th e C athol ics of Am eri ca ,
m ade prosel ytes so th at at th e present m om ent more th an a milh on

, ,
Chri sti an s professin g th e truth s of th e Chu rch of Rom e are to found

in th e Union Th ese C ath oh cs are f aithful to th e O b se rv ance s of th eir
.
1
reh gion ; th e y are fe rv en t an d ze al ou s i n th e b eh ef of th eir doctrines .
Y et they constitu te th e most repub h can and th e m ost democr atic cl ass
D T q
1
eill w i
oc u ev th mb e f C th l ias i th U i t d S t t
n error on e nu er o a o cs n e n e a es
i
n 1 8 3 1 ; th b t tim t f th y 1 8 30 w
e es es a e or e ear as
234 Th e Na t ional Period
in th e United St ate s Thi s f act m ay su rpri se th e ob serv er at

. fir st , b ut
th e cause of it may e asil y b e d i sco vere d u pon refl ect ion .
I think th at th e C athol ic reh gion h as erroneousl y b een regarded

as th e n atur al en em y of dem ocr acy Am ong th e various . sect s of
Chri sti an s C athol icism seem s to m e on th e contrary to b e one of

, , ,
th e m ost f avor ab l e t o e qu al ity of condition among m en In th e C ath oh c .
Chu rch th e rel igious comm uni ty is composed of onl y two el ements; th e
p ri e st an d th e e
p po l e T h e pri e
. st al on e ri ses ab o v e th e r ank o f hi s
flock and all b el ow him are equ al

,
.
O n doctrinal point s th e Cath oh c f aith pl aces all hum an capaciti es

upon th e sam e l evel ; it sub j ect s th e wi se an d i gn o r an t th e m an of geniu s,
and th e v ul gar cr owd to th e de tail s of th e sam e creed ; it imposes

,
th e sam e O b se rv an ces upon th e rich an d th e needy it inflicts th e ,
sam e austeriti es u pon th e stron g and th e w eak; it li stens to no

com prom i se with m ort al m an b ut redu cing all th e hum an r ace t o
, ,
th e same stan d ar d it conf oun ds all th e d i stinction s of soci ety at th e

,
f oot of th e sam e al t ar even as th ey are conf oun ded in th e sight of

,
God If C athol ici sm pred ispose s th e f aithf ul t o ob edience it cert ainl y

.
,
does not prepare them f or in equ al ity ; b ut th e contr ary m ay b e said

of Protest an ti sm ,whi ch gener ally tends to m ake m en independent
more th an t o render them equ al C ath oh ci sm i s hke an ab sol ute
.
monarchy ; if th e sov er eign b e r em oved al l th e oth er cl asses of society

,
are more e qu al th an in repubh cs .
It h as not inf requentl y occurred th at th e Cath oh c priest h as l eft

th e se rvi ce of th e al t ar to m ix with th e govern in g power s of soci ety
and to t ake hi s pl ace am ong th e civi l r anks of m en Thi s reh giou s .
influence h as som etim es b een u sed to secu re th e duration of th at

poh ti cal st ate of things to whi ch h e b elonged Th u s we h ave seen .
C atholi cs t aking th e side of ari stocr acy from a reh gi ous m otive But .
no soone r i s th e pri esthood entirel y sep ar ated f rom th e gove rnm ent ,
as i s th e case in th e Unit ed St ates th an it i s foun d th at no cl ass of

,
m en is more n aturall y di sposed th an th e C ath oh cs to tran sfer th e

doctrin e of th e equ al ity of condition in to th e poli tical worl d .
If th en th e Cath oh c cit izens of th e Unit ed States are not forcib l y

, ,
l ed b y th e n atur e of th eir tenet s to adopt dem ocr ati c and repub h can
principl es at l east th ey ar e not n ece ssaril y opposed to th em ; and
,
their soci al positi on as well as their h mi ted numb er ob l ige s them to

, ,
adopt th ese opin i on s M ost of th e C ath ol ics are poor and th ey h av e

.
,
no ch an ce of t aking a p art in th e gov ernm en t unl ess it i s o en to

p
all th e c iti zen s. Th ey con stitute a minority an d all rights mu st b e
,
re spected in order to ensu re to them th e free exerci se of their own

times therefore very prone to shake off all reh giou s authority ;
are
b ut if th ey consent to sub j ect th emsel ves t o any auth ority of thi s _
kind th ey choose at l east th at it should b e singl e and un iform

,
.
Rel igi ous powers n ot r adi atin g f rom a comm on center are n atur all y
repugnant t o their m inds; and they almost as readily conceive th at
there shoul d b e no reh gion as th at there should b e sever al .
At th e present time more th an in any preceding age Roman

, ,
Cathol ics are seen to l apse into infid el ity and Protestants to b e
,
conve rt ed to Rom an C ath oh ci sm If you consider C ath oh ci sm within

.
it s own organi zati on it seem s to b e l osing; if you consider it from

,
ou t si de it seem s to b e gaining Nor is thi s difli cul t to expl ain Th e

,
. .
m en of our d ays are n atur all y l ittl e d isposed to b el ieve ; b ut as soon

as th ey h av e any reh gion th ey imm edi atel y fin d in th em sel ves a l aten t
,
in stinct th at urges them unconsciousl y towards C athol icism Many .
of th e doctrin e s an d pr actices of th e Rom an C ath oli c Chu rch astoni sh
them b ut they feel a secret admir ation for its discipl ine and its great
, ,
u nity attr act s th em If C ath oh ci sm coul d at l ength with dr aw it self

.
from th e pol itical an imosities to which it h as given rise I h ave ,
h ardl y any doub t b ut th at th e same spirit of th e age wh ich appear s

to b e so opposed to it woul d b ecom e so f avor ab l e as to admit of its
gr eat an d su dden adv ancem ent .
O ne of th e most ord inary weakn esses of th e hum an intell ect is to

seek t o r econcil e con tr ary prin cipl es an d t o pu rch ase peace at th e
expense of l ogi c Thus th ere h ave ever b een and will ever b e men
.
wh o after h aving sub mi tted som e portion of th eir reh gious b eh ef

,
to th e principl e of au thority will seek to ex em pt sever al oth er part s

,
of th eir f aith f rom it an d to kee th ir min d fl ati at r an dom

p e s o n g
b etween lib erty and ob edi ence B ut I am incl in ed to b el ieve th at th e
.
numb er of th ese thinkers will b e l ess in dem ocr atic th an in oth e r ages ,
and th at ou r post erity will tend m ore and m or e to a d ivi sion int o onl y
two part s som e rel inqui shin g Chri sti anity entirel y an d oth er s retu rni ng
,
to th e Chu r ch of Rom e .
Math ew C arey Expl ains How He C am e to Write

th e O live B ranch M arch 1 3 1 835
, ,
TH E i i trati ons of Jeff erson and M adi son m arked one of th e m ost
adm n s
exci ti ng and vi tu p er t i ve per i o ds in A m eri can pol i t i cal h i story : A m eri ca s

a n
were not onl y sharply d ivi ded b etween Jefferson s Repubh cans an d th e ’
F eder al i sts of H am i l ton i an persu i o b u t th ey l i kewi e took vi ol e t si des

as n, s n
M a th e w O l ive B ranch
’
C arey s 237
t ri t i r w r w
b e ween B a n an d F an ce h ose ene al of w ar in M ay , 1 8 03 , u s e ed in hr
vr
o e a d ecade of i t r ti
n e n a on al con c fli t th t
a i r
h ad d sast ous esul s f or r t
ri r fi y
A me can com me ce and n al l l ed to th e decl a a on of war on Engl an d r ti
J
in une, 1 8 1 2 In all of . thi
s no c zen i ti t
ook a m o e l el r iv y i t r t th
n e es an
ri h r
th e I s b o n M a e
-
th w r y
Ca e ( 1 7 6 0 —1 8 3 9 hi
) of P l adelp a wh o h ad fl ed hi
r t r i i
I el an d in S ep emb e , 1 7 8 4 , d sgu sed as a w
om an to e scape a es f or th e rr t
tt
a ack s h e h ad written in h i s Vo l u n teer s J ourn al of D u bl n aga n s
’
i th e i t
vr t
go e nm en of W l l am P i i itt ry
C a e w as a e sa l e f el l o
. v r ti w wh
ose ac es t iv i t i
i i hi i t t
n cl u de d a pu b l s n g b u s n ess h a m ad e h im th e l ead n g pu b l s e i ihr
of t h e
ti
n a on i n t h e fir t y r
s e a s of th e n n e een i t th t r
cen u y , th e f ou n de of th e r
i r i it r i ri i i r t
H b e n an Soc e y f or el ef of I sh mm g an s, a d ec o of th e U n e d ir t r it
t h rt r r
S ates B ank, an d a c a e m emb e of th e P l ad el ph a S oc e hi i i ty
f or th e
r ti ti
P om o on of Na on al I n du s y , f or tr c whi h
he wr t ri
o e a se e s O f add e sses r
th t
a econ om s sit r i i
ecogn z e as th e cl ass c A m e can a gu m en ri r t
i n b e alf o f h
th e p o ecr t tiv y t
e s s em r vr ry
M o eo e , C a e w as a d e ou C a ol c and th e
. v t th i
th r i i r
f a e of n n e ch ld e n , th e oldes of t wh om H e n y C C a e r ry
( 1 793
, .
t r w
b ecam e b y th e m id cen u y th e ackn o l edge d l ead e of th e onl A m e can
-
r y ri
r
g ou p th t
a i i
c an l ay cl a m t o b e n g a d s n c i ti t h
sc ool o f p ol cal econ omi ti y
.
r r y w t tr
T h e e l de C a e en as ay f or a b ef r i ti
m e in th e l ay u s ee tr t tr
ou b l e s
-
of St . ry h r h
’
i hi
M a s C u c , Ph l adelp a, b u t h e soon g ed h is cou se an d ri ht r
t h r
b ecam e a s an c d ef en de of ep scop al au o i th rity
an d a f o g rthri ht t
con e n de r
th i iv i rti w
f or C a ol c c i l l b e es as el l O n e of h is m os f am ou s. t wr
o k s w as t h e
, ih
O l ive B ra n c h pu bl s e d i n 1 8 1 4 , with vi w
a e ri i
t o b n g n g peace b e een th e tw
em b itt r r it i
e e d F ed e al s s an d Repu b l c an s W en A n d e h . rw J
ack son h ad e ad r
it
th e g f cop y t
sen t o h im b y C a e ry t
h e ol d th e l a e att r th t
th e b ook , b y
“
v ii y
u n e l n g t h e e e s o f m an y
wh o hv
a e b ee n l o n g oo d h wi
nk e d b y t h e m i s
r r t ti
ep esen a on s of f oll y an d f al seh oo d , m u s thv
a e a m os sal u a t t ry
eff e c i n t
yi th t
all a n g a f action s sp irit whi thr t
ch e a e n s so m u ch e l to ou r vi app h y
vr
go e nm en
”
t J ry hvi t
( ackson t o C a e , N as l l e , A u gu s 2 8 , 1 8 1 5 , Sel ec on s
“
ti
r rr
f om th e C o espon d e n ce of M a e th w r y
Ca e
”
R eco rds o f th e A m er ica n
,
C ath o l ic H is tor ica l S o c ie ty of P h i lade lp h ia X I , Th e e d o of it r

i
th e N e w E ng la n d M aga zin e n du ced C a e t o r y writ
e h is au ob og ap t i r hy whi h
c
ih ri
w as pu b l s e d in a se es of l e e s in tt r a th t j r
ou n al ( V— VII [ u l y , 1 8 3 3 J
D ecem b e , r x i
H e e pl a n ed a th t
h is aim in writi
n g w as t o s o an h w
x
e am pl e o f h ow a m an wh o f or y r
e a s h ad b ee n on th e b nk of b ank ru p cri ty
h ad escaped thr h fli hi
ou g un nc r vr
ng pe se e an ce an d i tr
n du s y , an d o f h ow
suc h r
a m an i s off e e d an ab u n d an ce of a i d f om o r e s th r wh
en su cce ss seem s
r
assu ed , al th h
ou g th e sam e pe son s h ad r withh i t wh i t
el d en w as eall r y
ry
neede d T o C a e s m a n ob ec
. i’
j tiv
es i n r w i ti
n g, h e con fe sse d h e s ou l d add h ,
“
rh i
pe aps, a sp ce of an y , f om v it r whi h h c no u m an b e n g i s i wh
ol l y e em p
”
x t
(p . In th e l e e tt r th t w
a f ol l o s C a e ry ri
d esc b e d h ow h e cam e t o e writ
t h e O l ive B ra n ch an d t h e su ccess h wit whi h i t
c r t
w as g ee e d S ou ce : . r
. r ri t r y
M a th ew C arey A u to b iograp hy ( ep n ) ( B ookl n : Eu gene L Sch w ab b . .
pp . 1 1 8 —1 22 .
Th e pub l ication of th e O l ive Br anch was one of th e m ost import an t

incident s of my l if e I proceed t o st at e th e circumst ances th at l ed
.
to it , and th e e xtr aord inary success th at attended th e work .

23 8 Th e Na t ional Pe riod
Th e l a l essw and ou tr ageou s dep re d ation s on our comm e rce b y th e ,
b el l i ger ent s most of which un der pretext s th e m ost f all aciou s vi ol ated
, , ,
ev e ry principl e of h onor honesty j u stice an d in tern ation al l aw h ad

, , ,
d ivi ded th e peopl e of th e Un ited St ates in to two hostil e parties b y ,
which as is th e case in tim es of f action in all countries th e sol i d

, .
,
interests of th e nation were often in som e degr ee l ost sight of .
It was on th e one side asserted th at M r J eff er son an d th e adm ini s .

,
tration gener all y were in th e in ter est s an d in th e pay of th e F r en ch

,
Governm ent an d thi s w as as firml y b el i ev e d b y th e m ass of th e
party wh ose l eaders h ad prom ul gated th e i de a as if it h ad b een ,
j u di ci all y proved .
O n th e oth er si de it w as con fi dentl y asserted an d as imph citl y ,
b el i eved th at th e opposition w as so blindl y devoted to th e in ter est s

,
of Gr e at B r i t ain th at they were ready to sacrifice those of their own

,
cou n try in h er f avou r .
It is n ot my in tention to enter into any discussion of th e causes

th at l ed to th e form ation of those opinions nor to th e pl eas on which ,
they wer e grounded or defended that woul d b e renovare infand um ,
do lorem It i s suffi cien t f or m y pu rpose simpl y to st ate th e f act s

.
an d th at a m o st for mid ab l e and m en acing excit em ent e xi st e d am ong

i
our cit i zen s .
I h ad w atched f or year s th e progress of thi s excitem en t in New

Engl an d with th e m ost in ten se anxi ety It f or eb oded in m y estimation .
, ,
civil w ar an d all i t s h orror s Th at we w ere on th e verge of it can

.
scarcel y at thi s m om en t b e dou b t ed b y those wh o h av e a perf ect
recoll ection of th e perturb ed state of th e pubh c mind at th at period .
I h ad written to Mr Madi son b etween th e tim e of h is in au gur ation

.
,
and Nov em b er 1 8 1 4 at l e ast a dozen l etter s exp ati ating at l ength on

, , ,
th e d epl or ab l e c ir cu m st ances of th e cou n try an d ur ging h im to adopt ,
som e m easu res to all ay th e popul ar f e rm ent Among th e m ean s I .
su gge ste d on e was to est ab l i sh a W ashingt on Un i on S oci ety A con

, , .
stitution prep are d f or th e pu rpose i s to b e se en at th e comm en cem ent

, ,
of som e editi on s o f th e O l ive B r anch He ob j ect ed to h av e any agency .
in th e aff ai r on th e groun d th at it w oul d b e improper for h im th e

, ,
first executive offi cer in th e n ation to interfere in such a schem e In , .
th e f orce of hi s re asonin g I coul d n ever agree .
In th e m onth of Septemb er 1 8 1 4 in a m om en t of arden t zeal an d

, ,
enthu si asm I w as se i zed w i th a d e si r e of m ak ing an eff ort b y a cand id

, ,
p u b l i cati o n of th e n u m e r ou s e rr o r s and fol hes on b oth si de s ( to call ,
them b y no stronger n am e s ) to all ay th e pub l i c eff ervescence and calm

,
When th e work was ab ou t two thirds printed my ardor b egan to ebb

-
, ,
an d I w as struck with di sm ay at th e pre sum pti on of su pposin g th at a ,
m an in private l if e wh oll y withou t influ ence unsupport ed b y party

, ,
or b y f amil y conn exi on s coul d calm th e r aging w ave s of f action

,
whi ch thr e aten ed shipwr eck to th e vessel of st ate A t this m om en t

'
.
,
al th ou gh th e wo rk as I h ave sai d w as two th i r ds prin t ed I f el t h alf

, ,
-
,
resolved to suppre ss it and m ake w aste paper of wh at was done

, .
Th i s ague fit continu ed a f ew d ay s b ut w as succeeded b y a feveri sh ,
ex citem ent which continued l ong enough to en ab le me to fin i sh th e

,
work It was b egun as I have st ated on th e 1 8th of Septemb er ; fini shed

.
, ,
at press ab ou t th e 6 th of Nov em b er ; an d pub li sh ed on th e 8 th ; th at is
to say it occu pi ed th e l ei su r e tim e of six or seven weeks

, .
T hi s r api d m ovem en t will appe ar m arvell ous to th e re ader But .
th e w onder will b e d i spell ed wh en I st ate th e f act s of th e case Th e .
work is printed in 1 2m o l arge type ( except pub h c docum ents and

.
, ,
o th er quot ation s) cont ai ning onl y 2 52 r ath er sm all p ages of which ,
ab ou t 80 are
pubh c d c um ent s which one of my d aught ers copied
o ,
fo r m e : so th at m y sh are of th e work w as onl y 1 7 2 page s M oreover .

,
as for ye ar s I h ad my mi n d en gr ossed b y th e su b j ect it was alm ost ,
as f am il i ar t o m e as th e u t re m i of th e gam u t i s to a pr acti sed
m u sici an In tru th with th e adv ant ages I possessed I m ight h ave

.
, ,
com pl et ed it in one w eek h ad I appl ied as cl osel y to it as I h ave

,
d one on oth er occasi on s It cost l i ttl e m or e tim e th an th e m er e tr an s

.
cription w oul d h av e don e .
Th e e dition con si sted of 5 00 copi es Th e reason why I pub h sh e d .
so sm all a numb er wer e partl y b ecau se, poh tical b ooks or pam phl et s
h ave generall y a very l im ited ci rcul ation r arel y ever defraying cost ,
and par tl y b ec au se presum ing th at it mu st b e im perfect from th e

, ,
rapidity of its execution I w as de sirou s of h aving an opportun ity of

.
correcting it in a f utu r e editio n sh ould one b e r equ ir e d

, .
Th e e dition was sol d ou t in a f ew weeks I sen t t o W ashin gton .
to ascert ain th e su cce ss of som e th at h ad b een sent there an d to ,
o rder th ose un sold to b e re turn e d It appeared th at onl y th irty seven

.
-
copi es h ad b een sold! Th er e wer e th ere at th at tim e ab ou t 2 0 0 , ,
l egi sl ator s a nu mb e r of f orei gn m ini ster s an d prob abl y tw o or
three hundred vi siters [sic] Th at among such a numb er of person s

.
,
so f ew sh oul d h ave b een sol d a b ook on such ab sorb in g sub j ect s

, ,
wh atever m ight b e its demerit s displ ays a degree of apathy not often
,
e xceede d It w as n ot b ecause th e w ork w as unknown ; as I h ad sent

.
a f ew copies b y th e mail to memb er s and oth er s some of wh om , ,

M a th ew O live B ranch 24 1
’
C a rey s
pa rticul arl y Elb ridge Gerry an d th e Secret ary of th e Tre asu ry Rich ard
4
,
Rush h ad written m e r espectin g it in encom i astic t erm s

,
5
,
.
I was preparing for a new edition when th e thrice wel com e news of ,
-
p e ace arriv e d whi c h I th ou ght w ou l,

d r e n der a n ew e d,iti o n unn eces
sary . I was m uch m i st aken Th e dem and in creased da il y and I need

.
,
not say th at I h ad ev ery m otiv e t o indu ce m e t o su ppl y it I u se d su ch .
d il i gence th at th e second ed ition of 1 000 copi es w as pub l i sh ed on

, , ,
th e 4th of J anu ary 1 8 1 5 in l ess th an two m on th s fr om th e appe ar an ce

,
of th e fi r st .
Th i s e diti on w as gre atl y enl arged Th e dem and increased

“
.
,
in stead of dim ini shing I went on addin g to th e qu ant i ty of m atter and

.
,
p u b h sh e d a n o th e r e di ti o n O f 1 0 0 0 C o p i e s T hi s e diti on w as in two .
volum es cont ainin g 5 1 6 pages It was pub h sh ed on th e l 0th of April

, .
1 8 1 5 in a h ttl e m ore th an tw o m onth s f rom th e appe ar ance of th e

,
second and ab ou t f ou r f rom th at of th e fir st

, .
Having reason to b elieve th at th e b ook was doin g m u ch good in ,
all aying th e spirit of p arty th e O b j ect f or which it w as written

,
desir ou s to exten d th at b en eficent r esu l t as far as possib l e and
b eing u tterl y regardl ess of pecun i ary interest s so f ar as thi s work w as ,
con cerned I off er e d th e privil ege of th e r epub l i cation to at l east ei ght

,
or t en printe r s an d b ook sell er s I did n ot req uire n or recei ve a

.
cen t for copy righ t M ay I not ask i s n ot thi s a case of r ar e occu rr ence?
.
,
Th e b ook w as at th at tim e in hi gh f avor with a l arge portion of th e

comm u n ity in dem an d with b oth sid es O f th e qu estion and b id
f air t o b e l u cr ativ e t o ev e ry m an wh o repub h sh ed it O f cou r se I .
mi ght with propriety according to th e gener al pr actice of writ er s h ave

, ,
requ ired paym en t for th e privil ege of reprinting it But h ad I adopted .
thi s cou r se it woul d have lim ited th e circul at i on of th e work and so ,
far def eated th e gr eat ob j ect I h ad in view .
Th e six th editi on was pub l i sh ed Sept em b er 6 1 8 1 5 ; th e sev enth , ,
D ecemb er 2 0 same ye ar ; th e ei ghth i n th e sam e m onth of 1 8 1 6 ; th e

,
ni n th J ul y 9 th 1 8 1 7 an d th e ten th J un e 1 8 1 8
, , ,
.
Thus in three ye ar s an d a h alf it w en t throu gh ten edition s Th e .
whole numb er sold was ab ou t copi es a gr eat er sal e prob abl y ,
th an any b ook ever h ad in thi s country except some reh gi ou s ones , .
Various attempt s were m ade to depreciate th e work It was asserted .
4
E l b i dg r G y ( 1 744—1 8 1 4 )
e err f M h tt w Vi P id t f th
o assac u se s as ce - res en o e
U i t d St t
n e t th t im
a es a e e .
5 Ri h d R h ( 1 78 0—1 8 59 )
c ar us f P yl i w A tt y G o e nnsl t v an a as orn e enera , no
Se cre art y f th T o y i s M dis n s cab i et He wa la t r S
e reasur , a o
’
t y f St t n . s e ecre ar o a e
under Monroe .
by influenti al federal printer in New York th at h e h ad positive

an , ,
r th t I writt i it th t it as th e pr oduction
.
p o of a h ad n ot en a l n e o f a w
of an el ev at ed ch ar acte r wh o w as under stood t o b e O l ive r Wol co tt
6
,
o ther s asserted th at there w er e f al se titl es prin t ed that I h ad them

prep are d to suit my pu rpose O ne per son a New York b ooksell er
o
.
, ,
said th at h e suppo sed I kept a set of titl e page s to in sert at pl easu r e ;
that it rem inded him of a soldier wh o h ad b u t two shirts and num ,
b er ed them No 1 9 an d 2 0 . .
A s thi s ri dicul ous asse rti on w as c al cul ate d to throw doub t on my

ch ar acter for can dor I deem ed it of sufli cie nt im port ance to sub m it
,
th e ten e dition s to f ou r respect ab l e citiz en s th e Rev J am es Ab er , .
cromb ie DD , Messr s Th om as D ob son W W Woodw ar d an d

. .
, .
, . .
,
A Sm all wh o after due examin ation testified that there was

.
, , ,
Su ch a total d iff erence in th e arr angem ent of th e m atter th e .

,
si ze of th e pages and types and m or e particul arl y i n th e numb er ,
of page s con t ain ed in th em as to con vinc e th e m ost sup erficial ,

’
o b ser ve r th at th ey were b on a fide difierent edi tion s .
hi s difference arose f rom th e f act th at I h ad not all owed any

T
edition to go to pr ess aft er th e fir st withou t m akin g addition s al ter a , ,
tions and improvements; as I w as determ in ed to spare neither pain s

nor expense t o h av e th e w ork as compl et e as w as com patib l e with
hum an im perfection .
M C arey . .
Phil adelphi a M arch 1 3 1 835, , .
William G aston P leads for C ompl ete Religious

Freedom in North C arol in a Ju n e 30 1 835 , ,
O NE of th e m o t d i sti ngu i sh ed C thol i c statesm en of th e earl y ni etee nth

s a n
cent ury was W i ll i am G aston ( 1 77 8 H e w as th e fir t tu de nt t o s s
enrol l in G eorgetown C ol l ege wh en i t ope ne d i S eptem b er 1 7 9 1 an d in n , ,
1 79 6 h e gradu ted f rom th e C ol l ege of N ew J ersey ( Pr i nceto ) wi th th e

a n
hi ghest honors in h is cl a G asto w as F eder l i t in pol iti cs an d h e served

ss . n a a s
in b oth th e state l egi sl ture n d in C o gress f or tw o term s 1 8 1 3— 1 8 1 7

a a n , .
When a vacancy occ rr ed on th e S uprem e C ou rt of North C arol i a in 1 8 3 2

u n
at a t i m e wh en th at b ench was i very l ow rep te G aston w as n am ed i n u , ,

n
spi te of an art i cl e i n t h e tate co stitutio which forb d e any perso to s n n a n
O li
3
W l tt J ( 1 7 60
ver o co f C , r ti t h d b S t y f th
. o o nn ec cu a een e cre ar o e
y i W h i gt bi t d w i d t f th B k f A m i i
’
T re asu r n as np o n s ca ne an as res en o e an o er c a n
N w Y k p t A p il 1 8 1 4 wh
e or u o h w di m i
r d i wh t h
, g d d
, en e as s sse n a e re ar e as
a p l i ti l pl t Th
o ca i id t t d W l tt f m l y l F d l i t i t
o . e nc en ur ne o co ro a o a e era s n o a
m t l ity
“
man of war h w a en a .
244 Th e Na tion al Per iod
di strusted their ab il ity to decide correctl y on this question Lay it .
fairly b efor e them and no m an need doub t th e i ssue Th e question

,
.
i s ought th er e to b e any Rel igi ou s test in th e Constitution ? Sh all any

,
m an b e deb arred f rom offi ce m erel y b ecau se of his opinions on m atter s

,
of Rel igi on? T0 m e it seem s if th ere can b e any cert ainty in m or al

,
or pol itic al sci en ce th e an sw er must b e in th e n egative It i s an

,
.
invasion of th e right of th e peopl e to sel ect those whom they deem

worthy of confidence and a viol ation of th e right of th e citizen to
,
acqu ir e th e confi den ce of hi s fell ow m en and t o enj oy th e r ewar d s ,
which they wi sh to b estow on h is intelli gence industry patriotism , ,
an d vir tue In those gov ernm ent s which undertake to pr escrib e a

.
reli giou s f aith to their sub j ects and comm and its profession as a ,
part of civil du ty th ere is at l east a congruity in vi siting di sob edience

,
b y appropri ate penal ti es Incapacit ation for offi ce i s th ere a puni sh

.
m en t for di sl oy al ty an d if it b e supposed not adequ at e t o it s end ,
it is followed up b y impri sonment fine confiscation exil e tortu re , , , ,
an d de ath Th e p rincip le i s th e sam e in all these gr ades of puni sh

.
ment It i s a vi sitation of th e vengeance of th e State upon those wh o

‘
off end against it s institu tion s Bu t wh e r e a St ate i s avow edl y b ased

.
on Rel igious Fr eedom where it procl aim s that every man h as from
,
n atu re a ri ght which h e c ann dt su rrender and whi ch none m ay t ake

, ,
aw ay n atur al and u nal i en ab l e right to wor ship Al m i ghty God

“ ”
a
accor din g to th e dict at es of h is o wn consci ence a ri ght of th e correct ,
ex er ci se of which h is conscience is th e sol e j udge

,
h ow can th at
St ate with ou t a vi ol ation of fir st principl es pun i sh h im b y degr ad ation
, ,
b ecause of th e exerci se of th at very right? To thi s question an an swer ,
is attempted to b e given ; and if th e in defensib l e ch ar acter of th e cause

did n ot forb i d all wonder at any sophi sm th at mi ght b e pressed in to
its def ence I sh oul d find it diffi cul t eith er to restr ain or fitl y to express
, ,
m y su rprise at th e n ature of th e pretended answ er It i s v ery gr avel y .
sai d
,
th at no m an h as any n atu r al right to offi ce and therefore th e , ,
refu sal of an offi ce to him cannot b e a pun ishm ent .
Sir I am opposed out an d out to an y in te rference of th e St ate

, , ,
wi th th e op inions of its citizens and more especially with their opini on

,
on R el igi ou s sub j ect s Th e good order of society re qu ires th at actions

.
and p rac tices inj u ri ous to th e pub l i c peace and pub l i c m or al ity should ,
b e restrained an d b ut a m oder ate porti on of pr actical good sense i s

,
required to enab le th e proper authorities to decide wh at conduct is

re all y thu s inj uriou s But to decide on th e truth or error on th e
.
,
sal u t ary or pern i ci ou s c onsequ ences of O p inions requires a skill in ,
di al ectics a keenness of di scernment a forecast and comprehensi on

, ,
Will ia m Gaston on R el igious F reedom 2 45
of min d, v
and ab o e all , an e emp x
tion from b i as which do not ordin aril y ,
b el ong to hum an trib unal s Th e preconceived O pini ons of him wh o . ,
i s appoin ted to try b ecome th e st an dard b y which th e opin ion s of

,
oth er s are m easur ed and as th ese corr espond with or d iff er fr om hi s

, ,
own ,
they are pronounced true or f al se sal utary or perni cious ,
.
Law is th e proper j udge of action and r ew ar d or pun i shm ent its ,
proper sanction Re ason i s th e prope r umpire of op inion an d argum ent

.
,
an d d iscus sion its onl y fit advocates To denou nce opin ions b y l aw i s .
as sill y an d unf o rtun atel y m u ch m ore tyr ann i cal

,
as it w oul d b e to , ,
puni sh crime b y l ogic L aws [sic] call s out th e force of th e comm uni ty
.
to compel ob edi ence to its m andate s To oper ate an opin i on b y l aw .

,
i s to ensl ave th e in t ell ect and oppr ess th e soul to r ever se th e or der
of n atu re an d m ake re ason sub servi en t to f o rce B ut of all th e att empt s
, .
to arr ogate unj ust dom ini on none i s so perniciou s as th e eff ort s of ,
tyranni cal m en to rul e over th e hum an conscience Religi on is exclu .
sivel y an aff air b etwe en m an and hi s God If th er e b e any su b j ect u pon .
which th e interference of hum an power i s m ore forb idden th an on all ,
oth er s ,
it is on Rel igion B orn o f Faith nurtured b y Hope in .
vigorat ed b y Ch arity l ookin g for it s r ewards in a worl d b eyond th e

g r av e it i s of H e av en h eav en l y T h e evi den ce u
, pon wh i ch it i s .
foun ded and th e sanction s b y whi ch it i s uph eld are addr essed sol el y
, ,
to th e u nder st an din g and th e pu rified aff ecti on s E v en He f r om wh om .

,
com eth e ve ry pu re an d pe rfect gif t an d t o wh om R el i gi on i s directe d ,
as it s author it s end and its exceed ingl y gr e at r ewar d imposes no

, , ,
coerci on on hi s chil dr en They b el i eve or dou b t o r rej ect accor din g t o

.
, , ,
th e impr ession which th e t estim ony of r ev eal e d tru th m ake s u po n th eir

m inds He cau ses H is Sun to sh in e al i ke on th e b el ie v er an d th e
.
,
unb el i ev er an d Hi s dew s to f ertil i ze e qu al l y th e so il of th e orth odox

,
an d th e h eretic [ G aston h ere de scrib ed th e services of George

.
C alvert Roger Wil l iam s and Will i am Penn to rel igious freedom in
, ,
col oni al A m erica an d h ow th at prin ci pl e h ad won ou t in m ost of th e

,
United States ] B ut finall y in every other of th e twenty four States of ,

-
thi s Union p erfect R eligious Freedom perfect equ al ity of sects an

, , ,
entir e ex emption f rom r el i giou s t est s ar e n ow sol emnl y d ecl ar ed to b e ,
th e b asi s on which re st all th eir In stitu ti on s Thi s sal u t ary p rin cipl e h as .
spr ead acr oss th e Atl antic and trium ph ed ov er th e m i sru l e and in
,
vet e rate u sage s of th e an ci en t G ov ernm ent s th ere With scarcel y an .
exception it n ow pr ev ail s thr oughou t a ll E ur ope and Rel igi ou s opin ion s
, ,
are n o l onger th e re a qu al ifi cation f or or an in cap aci ty f or Civil ,
em pl oym en t A nd can it b e th at we sh all pr ov e r ecr ean t in thi s nob l e

.
,
strife f or secu rin g th e sanctity of con sci ence an d pu rity of rel i gion ?
246 Th e Na t io nal Per io d
Shall we aff ord to th e b igot s th e fanatics and th e friends of arb itrary

, ,
p o w e r ab r o ad
,
an a pol o gy f or cl ai m i n g thi s S t ate as an all y in th e
cau se o f In tol er an ce ? I hope not I tru st that we shall act up to th e

.
ax i om procl aim e d in ou r B ill of Ri ght s and perm it no m an to suff e r ,
inconvenience or to in cu r incapacity b ecau se of r eli gion whether h e , ,
b e Jew or Gentil e Chri sti an or Infi del H ereti c or O rth odox Poll u te
, ,
.
not th e ark of God with u nh ol y tou ch D ivine Tru th needs not th e .
support of hum an powe r eith e r t o convin ce th e un der st an din g or to

,
regulate th e heart D are not to defin e divine truth for it b elongs not
.
,
to y ou r functi on s an d you m ay set up f al seh ood an d error in it s

,
st ead P r ohib it r estr ain and puni sh as offence

.
, s against hum an soci ety
, ,
all pr acti ce s in sul ting t o th e f aith th e in stitu ti on s an d th e w or ship

, ,
of you r peopl e b u t off er no b rib es to l u r e m en t o profess a f aith whi ch

,
they do not b el i eve inflict no penal ti es to deter them from emb r acin g
,
wh at their under st andings approve and m ake no distinction of r anks ,

“
and or der s in th e comm u nity b ec au se of rel i gi ou s opini ons .
Th e A i d o f th e So cie ty for th e Propagation of
th e F aith t o th e Arch dio cese of B al tim ore ,

J anuary 3 1 1 83 8 ,
r t t r
O NE of th e g ea es sou ces of n an c al suppo fi i
t o th e A m e i can C u ch rt r h r
t r t i t
h ou gh ou th e n ne een th
cen u y w as th e S oc e t r
f or th e P opaga i on i ty r t
of th e F a ith whi h c r i
h ad b een o gan zed b y tw o p es s an d t en zeal ou s ri t
y y r
l a m en at L on s, F an ce , in M ay , 1 822 Th e e a af e its es abl sh m en . y r tr t i t
it ti
th e soc e y b egan it s b en ef ac on s t o th e A r c d ocese of B al m o e h ch h i ti r w i
wr ti
e e con nu ed to 1 8 6 5 wh it en tri t
h ad con b u ed E u al l gene ou s q y r
su m sw r i tri t
e e d s th r ri i
b u e d t o o e Am e can d ocese s an d b y 1 9 2 2 , th e centen
i y r it tt t r r
_
n al ea of th e soc e y , a o al of h ad b een sen f om F ance to

it tt
th e U n e d S a es By th t ti
. a ri th i w r r tiv
me A m e can C a ol cs e e el a ely el l off w
i i i
an d h ad b ecom e m ss on m n de d with -
r t th t th y
th e esu l a e h ad g en b ack iv
i ty h q rt r
to th e soc e
’
s r i
e ad u a e s in F an ce t o b e d st b u e d t o ri t
r i i w tt r
m o e n eedy m ss on l an ds In th e f oll o i n g l e e S am uel Eccl es on , S S
'
. t . .
( 1 80 1 fi th r h i h
f ti r
A c b s op of B al m o e , not onlyr r e co d e d h i s g a u de r ti t
it t v i i ht
f or th e ass s ance sen to h im , b u t h e ga e n s g s as w ell on th e n a s t i vi t
v t r v r ri
m o em en , th e p ob l em of th e sl a es, an d th e n eed f or m o e p es s Eccl es t .
t tt r ty i
on s l e e
’
is h r rt r
p cal , n ot onl y o f d ozen s of suc epo s ece e d f om iv r
ih r i ri r it tt
b s ops an d el ig ou s su pe o s in th e U n ed S a es an d publ s e d al l ih
t r i t t
h ough th e n ne e en h cen ut ry i ty v m
in th e soc e s annu al ol u es, b u t as ell
’
w
of h r i h r rt
u n d e ds of u npu b l s ed r
epo s S ou ce : A nna les d e la P rop aga tio n d e
.
la F o i, x 494- 5 0 0 .
24 8 Th e Na t ional P e riod
watch r
p g o r
our ess with onl y a m o rt al en vy : th ese peopl e are you r
cal umn i ator s and ou r s Whil e on th e one h and they try to dispar age
2
.
.
our doctrin e s on th e oth er th ey accuse u s of l acking l oy al ty to ou r

, ,
country of d i storting or ex agger at in g th e n ature and exten t of th e

,
help whi ch we receive from our b rother s in th e F aith ; and whil e they
waste mill ions to hire th eir em issaries and to spre ad their sl ander s .
under all f o rm s th ey pret en d to see tre ason an d a fl agr an t con spir acy in
,
th e pious l i ai son whi ch we m ain t ain with y ou B ut their f ury i s th e .
su rest sign of th e progress wh ich our h ol y R el i gi on i s m akin g and ,
therefore it shoul d tend on one h and to st im ul ate your ch arity and ,
on th e oth e r to m ake us re doubl e our zeal .
My diocese compri ses M aryl and and th e di strict of Col umb i a I

’
am al so ch ar ge d with th e adm in i str ation of th e d i oce se of R ichm ond
in th e st ate of Virgin i a M aryl an d cont ain s squ are m i l es an d

.
inh ab itants of whom are sl av es Th e C ath oli cs nu m .
b er
Th e district of Columb i a cont ain s 1 0 0 squ are mil es and
inh ab itant s of whom are C ath ol ics Vir gin i a h as ab ou t .
squ are m il es and inh ab it ant s of whom are sl aves :
th e nu m b er of C ath ol ics i s Th ere are in my two d i oceses 6 1

chu rch es or ch apel s eight of whi ch b el ong to th e di oce se of Ri chm on d
,
.
Th e churches in gen er al are sm all and of a very sim pl e con struction a ,
few of th em n ot even of w ood Ab ou t twel ve congregati on s or p ari sh es .
have no churches and are visited onl y now and then b y a Priest wh o
h appen s to b e near .
My cl ergy is composed of 7 4 Priests empl oyed either in th e mi ssion s

or in th e C atholi c est ab li shm en t s: am ong th em th er e are some whose
pari sh es are 2 0 to 1 50 m il es in exten t ; ab ou t twen ty of th em w ork in

our prin cipal t own s I d o not speak of th e Eccl esi astics wh o b el ong to
.
rel igious commun ities and wh o al so render us very great service

'
Al though m any of th e C athol ic f amili es are emigrating tow ard th e

sou th and west th e F aith i s m aking soli d pr ogr ess in this d iocese
, ,
th e fir st one wher e th e mi ssionaries wh o came fr om Eu rope exer ci sed

in th e past th eir apostol ic zeal A s I h ave al ready m entioned our .
,
su cce ss h as rou se d again st us th e f an atici sm of sev er al sect s; b u t it
i s am ong th e Pr esb yt eri ans especi all y th at th ere ari ses th e gr eatest
i i ii
Sp e ak n g of th e A m er can n at v st re act o n to th e f ore gn m ssio n ary soc e
2
i i i i
i i i
t es th e h stor an o f th e m ov em e nt h as sa d :
,
“
A n nu al reports of th e Leop o ld i
i i i i
A sso c at o n and th e A sso c at o n f or th e Prop agat o n of th e F a th were w i del y i i
i ii i i ii i
_
pu b l sh e d i n th e rel g ous press w th w arn ngs of th e f ate aw a t n g A m er ca if

i iti i i i
_
th ese act v es w ere con t nued ( Ray A ll en B ll ngton Th e P r ot estan t C r usad e ,
[New ork ,Y p .
A id F rom F rance 24 9
an im osity here is in B al tim ore a cl ass of m en wh o are always

.
3
T
d i sposed to receive avi dl y th e m ost atrocious cal umn i es again st th e
C athol ics an d wh o m ore th an once h ave tried to infl ame th e passions
,
of th e peopl e b y infl amm atory p amphl et s in order t o destroy som e
of our r el igious est ab l i shment s Happil y th e vul gar im postures whi ch .

,
they are using are b eginning to b e appreci ated at their f ace v alue b y
those wh o are more reasonab le among our separated b rethr en ; one
m ay even say th at thi s b l in d r age b ecom e s for som e an occasion of
sal v ation b y in spiring in th em th e d esir e t o see and inv esti gate for
th em sel ves Not l ong ago a Jew from one of our southern st ates c am e
.
to see m e to ask som e qu estion s r el ating to th e doctrines whi ch are

th e ob j ect of ou r F aith ; h e tol d m e th at h e h ad n eve r r ead a C ath ol ic
b ook b u t th at th e viol en t tone and th e m al i gnity whi ch appeared in
,
th e Pr otest an t treati ses and pamphl et s wh i ch h e receive d ev ery d ay

h ad in th e end m ade h im suspect a cause which h ad r ecou r se to such
odi ou s m ean s of def en se He th erefore deci de d th at a r el i gi on which
.
was att acked with such per si st en t h atr ed must b e su st ain ed b y proof s
th at its adversaries h ad a thou sand reasons to keep secret I procu red .
for him th e necessary b ooks to h elp him un der st an d th e b asi s of

C atholic doctrine and h e promi sed th at h e would read them carefully :
,
m ay th e sincerity of hi s h eart b e r ew arded b y th e knowl edge of tru th

an d b y th e sw eet con sol ati on s whi ch it al one can b ring t o m an ! Thu s
i t is th at th e eff orts of our adversarie s b y an adm irab l e disposition of

Provi dence turn to the ir own di sadv ant age .
It i s true that round ab out us there are soul s wh o will perh aps , ,
n ever b e b ette r di sposed to receive f avor abl e im pressi on s of th e tr ue
Rel igion Wh at I h ave h ad occasion to ob serve du ring th e vi sit ation

.
of th e v ast t errit ory under my juri sdi ction h as m or e an d m or e con
firmed m e in thi s opin ion ; eve rywh ere a l au dab l e cu riosi ty to know
th e doctrin e s of th e C atholi c Rel igi on ; eve rywh ere a good n um b er of
upright m en wh o wou ld v ery prob ab l y r enou n ce th e ir pr ej u d ices if we
h ad a sufli cient numb er of Pri est s to atten d to th eir conv er si on B u t b e .
fore thin ki ng of th ese poor soul s th ere i s a stil l m ore u rgent du ty to ,
f ul fill and th at i s to procure for th e C ath ol ic popul ation r el igious in

,
3I E l t
n ity f B l tim tw P b yt i m i i t th R
cc es on s see c
’
o a d ore o res er an n s ers, e evere n s
R b t J B
o er . ki i dg d A d w B C
rec nr h d l h d i 1 8 35 th Lit
e an n re y . ross, a au nc e n e e ra r
an d R l ig ie M g i ous fi y ti C th li j
a l A f w y
az n e, a l ter wh an -
a o c our n a . e e ars a er en
the t v y b tw
con ro ers Bi h p H gh d th
e h l
een th iti b k i
s o u es an e sc oo au or es ro e n
N w Y k th P b yt i
e or ew g i i th l d
re s N ly l l f th P t t t
er ans ere a a n n e ea .
“
ear a o e ro es an
deno m i ti na i th U it d St t
on s n p d d t th i
e pp l b t
n e w i th m
a es res o n e o s a ea u no ne ore
en th i m th th P b yt i wh h it g f t g i m t w d R m
u s as an e re s er an s o se er a e o an a o n s o ar o e
fitt d th m t t k f ll d t g f th
e e o a e it m t u th N w Y k
a v an a e o e ex c e en over e e or co n
trovers y ( B il l i gt p it pn on , o . c .
, .
struction an d th e ties f or them to receive th e sacram ents They

f acili .
ar e n ow num er ou s an d whole congre gations wh o cry ou t to m e for th e
b read of l i fe an d I h av e n o on e to di st rib u te it to th em Th e c on .
se quence s of th i s situ ation are depl or ab l e ; b ec ause l acking th e m e an s

.
,
to pr acti ce th e ir rel igi ous du ti es th ese C ath ol ic s end b y succumb ing

“
, ,
to indiff er en ce and th eir ch ildr en wh o gr o w u p am ong Pr otest an t

,
com p ani on s unf o rtun at el y soon n o l onge r di stingui sh b e tw een th e

,
tru e Chu rch from th e ephem eral sect s wh i ch surrounded them .
Th e sl aves of th ese st ates al so presen t a v ast h arvest for th e apostoli c

workers Th eir soul s redeem ed b y th e same Savior and destined to
.
, ,
th e sam e b l essed imm ort al ity are not in th e e ye s of G od l e ss preci ou s

, , ,
th an th e soul s of their m asters ; an d often in their very simpl ici ty ,
they are b etter pr epar ed to r eceive divine gr ace and m ake i t b ear fru it “
I h ave done som e speci al rese arch on thi s su b j ect and I h ave con ,
st antl y fou nd th at ev ery t i m e a Pri est h ad giv en car eful att enti on t o
these poor people h is ze al h as soon b een richl y rewarded b y their

,
happy change of lif e and b y their edi fying regul arity in frequenting
,
th e sacr am en ts I n ou r town s m any of th e Pr ote st ant f am ili e s pr efer

.
,
C athol ic serv ants; in th e cou ntry m any of th e Protestant pl anters wh o '
h ave in their neighb orh ood som e pi ou s C athol i c congregat ion s seeing ,
h ow our Rel i gion h as i nfluenced th e sl aves h av e m ore th an once ,
sou ght to h av e th em i n stru ct e d in our sal u t ary b el i ef s I do not think .
that there is in this country withou t exceptin g th e Savages any cl ass

, ,
of m en am on g wh om it w oul d b e possib l e t o w ork m or e f ruitfull y B u t .

,
I repeat f ar from b e ing ab le to do wh at I shou l d li ke to do for th e

,
sal v ation of unf o rtun at e Negr oes I fin d m y self un ab l e to sati sfy th e

,
thousands of whites wh o equally deprived of th e help of Rel igion feel ,
m ore keenl y th eir spiritu al ab an donm en t .
It w as th e opinion of m y venerab l e predecessor and it is al so ,
m ine th at th e onl y w ay to ob t ain a cl ergy sufli cient for our needs and
, ,
su it ab l e f or th e m i ssion s of th ese r egi on s i s to f oun d an e st ab l i sh ,
m en t sol el y con secr ated to th e educ ation of those wh o are destin ed

f or th e p ri esth ood ; b ecau se ou r coll eges ab l e to m ain t ain them sel ves ,
onl y b y th e nu m b er of stu dent s are f or ce d to r ece ive all th e you th s

.
,
wh o presen t th em sel v es C ath ol ic or Protest an t Th e resul t is th at wh en

, .
there are found among them several wh o have some incl in ation toward
th e eccl e si astical st ate their cont act and th eir necessary rel ations
,
with th e young men wh o have opposite views to th eir s necessaril y

.
expo ses their v ocati on In or der to ob vi ate the se di sadv ant age s th ere
“
.
,
was b egun a f ew y ear s ago th e b u ild ing of a m in or seminary a few

2 52 Th e Na tiona l P er iod
an ans w r whi ch i generally r g rded as th e b est of hi s n m rous writi gs

e s e a u e n
on th ol ogi c l an d
e pol geti c sub j ects It fi r t ppe red in th e pri g
a a o f . s a a s n o
1 8 38 p ,d thr gh n um erou e di ti on
asse ou n d was tr an l t d in to G rm s s, a s a e e an
in 1 8 5 3 I th e exc rpt b l ow K en i ck
. n o ght to expl in th e hi t ri l e r s u e a s o ca
b k gr th e p p y exerci e f j ri di cti on in tempor l nc r

’
ac d f ou n or a ac s s o u s a co e ns
a d t
n h w th h ng th t h d taken pl c in reg rd to th t pr ti i
o s o e c a es a a a e a a ac ce s n ce
th e M i ddl Ag He n t e l y h ad in m i d
es . reply to H opki n b t th
o on n a s u e
h pe of di p llin g th e prej d i ces which

o s e m any A m eri t rt i d u so c an s en e a ne
concerni ng th p pa y S r : Fr i P tri k K nri ck Th P im y f

e a c . ou ce an c s a c e ,
e r ac o
th e A p osto l ic S ee a n d th e A u th o r i ty
,
o f G e ne ral C o uncils Vin d ica ted , , 7
rev . ed . ti
( B al mo e : o n M u ph C c r J h r y .
, p . 282 .
Th e d ivine l aw, dou b l ess, t r

emb aces all cl asses of m en , princes
an d peopl e , and all varieties of hum an action s , pol itic al as w ell as
per son al hief
Th e c . Pastor of th e Chu r ch i s
pl aced on h is hi gh
em ine nce, to procl aim th e comm an d of God , an d in Hi s n am e t o
instru ct in j u stice those th at j udge th e earth A s expounder of th e .
m or al l aw , h e speaks to all with power an d authority , condemn in g

all th at God h as forb idden , and incul cating th e ob serv ance of each
divin e com m an dm en t
rth from th e Chu rch every one
. He c an cas t fo ,
prin ce or sub j ect wh o is n otori ou sl y gui lty of fl agr ant imm or al ity if
, ,
h e will not yi el d to p atern al adm oniti on But secul ar conce rn s are

‘
.
not of th em sel v es
, sub j ect to h i s cogn iz ance: and th e com pl i cat ed
,
soci al r el ation s whi ch ari se f r om th e f ree act s of in di vi du al s or f rom ,
pub l ic l aw o r fr om th e action of th e civil au thorities are not th e

, ,
m atter of h i s j u dgment unl ess wh ere th ey invol ve a vi ol ation of ,
th e gr eat principl es of Chri sti an m or al ity In th e M i ddl e Ages kin gs .

,
and n ati on s im pl or e d h is j udgmen t an d con sequen tl y b r ou ght withi n ,
th e sph ere of h i s au th ority th ose secul ar tr an sacti on s an d controver si e s ,
of which oth erwi se h e m ight h av e said in th e words of our Redeem er , ,
to tho se wh o c all ed for his i nterf er ence : Wh o h ath appoin ted m e “
j u dge over you ? Whencesoever th e conviction of hi s right to t ake

”
cogni ance of th em m ay b e supposed to h av e ari sen

z it w as univer ,
sall y adm itt ed and it w as con se qu entl y a part of th e pu b l ic an d

,
comm on l aw of n ation s Gu izot t estifi es th at it w as gener all y b el ieve d

1
.
,
in th e m iddl e of th e n inth century th at h e was ab ove tempor al gov ern _

,
ment s even in t emp or al aff airs wh en connected with reli gion : h e

, ,
m ight h av e qu al ifi ed it b y adding in th eir m or al aspect sin ce h e , ,
ob serv es th at it w as b y dev el opin g th e pri ncipl es of m or ali ty eccl esi as
tics exercised poyver over governm ents .
Th e key to th e wh ol e hi story of th e Mi ddl e A ge s appear s to us

“
F coi G i t ( 1 7 8 7 P t t t w P mi
1 ran s u zo f F i th a ro e s an , as re er o rance n e
l t m
as th on f th ig f K i g L i Ph il ipp
o e re n o n ou s e .
Th e C h urch in Texas 253
to b e th e sen imen t
t then prevailin g th at Christi an prin ciple shoul d ,
regul ate all th e department s of government and all th e rel ation s of

lif e We do not think th at th e auth ority of th e Popes over sovereign s is
'
to b e accou nted for m erel y b y reason of th e r el ati on s in whi ch th ey

,
actu all y stood to them or of th e concessi ons which h ad b een m ade b y ,
f o rm er prin ce s O n th e contr ary we tr ace th ose concessi on s an d rel a

.
,
tions to th e per su asion which was universal th at th e head of th e ,
Chri sti an Chu rch w as th e fittest arb iter of th e respective ob li gations

of prin ces and th e ir su b j ect s and th e n atur al j u dge of all in wh at , ,
regarded th e appli cation of th e Christi an m axim s to society .
Th e C h urch in th e Repu b lic of Tex as ,
April 1 1 1 8 41 ,
EV ER tim wh n th Spa i h Fr nci c n h ad b egun their l ab or

i
s n ce th e e e e n s a s a s s
in T e x in 1 69 0 th t v t rea h d prov d d iffi c l t terr i n f or th e
as a as a a e a u a
C h r ch m i i on r i I n 1 8 3 6 T exas b r k fr m M exi n d d cl red it

’
u s ss a es . o e o co a e a s
i depend n with th r lt th t a new rr g m ent h d to b m de f or

n e ce e esu a a an e a
‘
e a
s pir itu l c r of th wi del y

a a e tt red C thol i c O n O ctob r 24 1 8 39 th e
e sca e a s . e , ,
H ol y S re ted th Prefect r A p tol i of T x n d it car w s en

ee e c e u e os c e as a s e a
tr t d to th e Vi nce ti F th r with J h n Ti m o ( 1 7 9 7—1 8 6 7 ) s first

us e n an a e s o n a
pr f t B y rea on of T i m o m y pr p ti el ewh re th e pr ct i cal

’
e ec . s n s an eoccu a on s s e a
es at b l i h m nt of th e Tex m i ion w deleg t d to J n M ri O di n

s e as ss as a e ea -
a e
1 8 0 0 — 1 8 70 h l fi r t V i r A t l i f T x 1 8 4 1 — 1 8 47 fir t
( ) w o w ater c p os o as c e s ; a o as, s
B i hop of G l vesto
s 1 8 4 7— 1 8 6 1 ;
a d c n d A r hb i h op
n, f New O rl an se o c s o ean s,
1 8 6 1 —1 8 70 Th e f oll wi g l etter of O d i n w
. writt to Jc n B pti t Eti
o n as en a -
a s e en n e
wh o w S per i or G ener l of th e Vi nc nti n s fr m 1 8 4 3— 1 8 7 4 B i des th

as u -
a e a o . es e
d cr ipti on f rel i gi o
es cond i t i n s i t d m on str t
o us h ow pri m i tive l i f e w
o , e a es as
in l rge e ti n s of Tex s f o r y ar s b ef r i t ent r d th Am er i c n U n i n

a s c o a u e o e e e e a o .
S r e: A
ou c l d l P p g ti
n n a es d l F i X IV
e a 4 5 3 —4 6 0
ro a a on e a o , .
G al veston , Tex as, 1 1 April 1 84 1

My dear B roth er ,
Last year th e Hol y See having conf erred on our Congregation th e
spirit u al directi on of th e C ath ol i cs of Tex as I l eft th e sem in ary of ,
th e B arr en s) on M ay 2 1 8 40 in or der t o expl or e thi s new M i ssi on , ,
in my cap acity of vi ce prefect apost oli c It w as n ot with ou t regret -

.
th at I left M issou ri ; to separate my self from a peopl e wh o h ad b ecome

very dear to me and from flour i shin g est ab l ishm ents th at I h ad seen
,
b orn w as l ike exp atri ating my self a second tim e

, .
St M y S mi yvi ll Mi i ( th B
’
y P ) h d b t b
1
. ar s e nar , err e, ssou r e arren s , a een es a
li h d b y th Vi
s e ti i 1 8 1 8 t th l ittl vill g b t igh ty m il o th
e ncen ans n a e e a e a ou e es s u
2 54 Th e Na t ion a l P e riod
Te x as situ ated b etween th e 2 6 th and th e 35th degree s of l atitude

,
and extending f rom th e 9 3 rd to th e 1 0 2nd of l ongitu de possesses ,
vast pr airies and more ab u ndant pastur age th an any oth er region of
,
America Woods are r are here e speci all y in th e west Sever al rivers
.
, .
irrigate th e country b ut they are not l arge or deep enough for navi
,
g ati on A l
. th ou gh th e e x act fi gu r e of th e o
p pul ati on of Tex as i s n ot
kn own it i s r ath er gener all y agr eed not to exceed th irty thousand soul s
,
.
When th e fir st Span i ards settl ed in Tex as m ore th an a centu ry

and a h alf ago som e Fr anci scan s came and foun ded sever al M i s
,
si on s in or der to conve rt an d civil i ze th e sav age trib e s Th e m ost .
cel eb r at ed of the se w er e : S an A n to nio de la Concep tion de S an ,
J ose de l R efugio an d S an S ab as an d Nacogdoch es; th ey b ec ame ve ry

, ,
flour i shing and soon counted a gr eat numb er of fervent neophyt es .
E ach y ear th e Reveren d F ather s pl unged in to th e f orest s earnin g b y ,
their gi fts and their very aff ab le manners th e confidence of th e

Indi ans and conducting them to th e st ations where they f ashioned
,
them l ittl e b y l ittl e to piety and work In 1 8 1 2 these precious estab .
lishm ent s w ere suppressed ; t oday th ey are onl y h eaps of ruins For .
th e poor sav ages deprived of th eir F ather s wer e di sper sed : some
, ,
return ed to M exi co ; sever al succumb ed under th e b lows of t h e un

civili zed trib es and o th er s r eturned t o th e ir prim itiv e st at e
, Th e .
fervor which I h ave found in th e sm a ll numb er of th ose wh o still

inhab it th e country cl early indicates th at they h ad b een form ed to
virtue b y capab l e h an ds Two chu rches th e onl y ones th at h ave
“
.
,
resisted th e assaul ts of tim e and of th e recent war s are of a b eau ty ,
wh ich does honor to th e t aste an d zeal of th e old Missionarie s .
F rom Linn vill e a sm all se apo rt wh ere we deb arked w e proceeded

, ,
to Vi ctori a I l ef t in th at post M l ab b e E st an y an d I t ook th e

’ 2
. .
,
rou te to S an Antonio with M C al vo an d a co adj utor b rother Th e .

3
.
di st ance which separ ates th e two towns i s onl y fif ty l eagues b ut th e ,
num e rou s b an ds of sav age C o m anch es an d Tonakani es wh o roam
th e cou ntry with ou t ce asing m ake th e trip extr em el y peril ou s: it i s

even pretty nearl y cert ain th at one w i ll b e m assacred if one doe s n ot ,
tr avel in su fficient num b ers to intim idate th e Indians We therefore .
j oined a convoy of twenty two wagon s which were tr an sporting some -
m er ch andi se A l l of our companions were very well arm ed ; b u t if on

.
,
th e one h an d th e f orce of th e c ar av an reassu red u s agai n st th e att acks

of th e Ind i an s on th e o th er wh at m i serie s t o endu r e ! Wh at sl owness
, ,
2
i i
Eu d ald Est any w as a Sp ansh V ncent an wh o h ad accom p an e d O d n to Tex as i i i
i i i ti x
.
3 M ch ael C a vo w as ano th er
l Sp an sh V ncen an wh o h ad com e to Te as i n
M ay , 1 8 40 .
doub te dl y have b een at th e sight of so m any needy and unfortunate .
A few d ays after our arriv al at San An tonio there took pl ace a ,
ceremony whi ch fill ed us with consol ation in proving to us h ow much
of th e f aith still l ived am ong th e M exi can s A sick per son in d an ge r

‘
.
,
of death ne ede d to r eceiv e hol y vi aticum ; we j u dged it opportu n e

,
to c arry it to h im pu b l icl y an d with pomp At th e sound of th e b ell .

,
th e peopl e h asten ed to th e hol y pl ace in order to accompany O ur Lo r d

through th e streets; m any tears fell from th e eyes of th e ol d people
wh o for forty y ear s h ad not b een witn esses of thi s hom age rendered
to our Rel igion Some am ong th em cried ou t th at th ey did not fe ar
.
death any l onger now th at he aven h ad sent th em Fath er s to assi st

them in their l ast moment .
After three months in San Antonio seeing that thanks to God all , , ,
went as we desired I directed myself toward Seguin Gonzales and

, , ,
Victori a My vi sit in these towns was very b rief b ecause I was not
.
ab l e t o separ ate m yself f rom my tr aveli ng companions withou t expos
ing m y sel f to b e kill ed b y th e Indi ans L ater I re ascended al one th e .
Lavaca river which off er s l ess danger and I found on its b anks
, ,
se ven ty C ath ol i cs form erl y my pari shi oner s at th e B arrens It w as

,
.
_
very consol in g to me to see them again and especiall y to convince ,
my self th at th ey h ad l ost nothing of their f aith and th eir e arl y piety ,
b ecau se since th eir arriv al in Tex as th ey h ad b een deprived of th e

aid of R el i gi on All of th em went to confession and h ad th e good
.
fortune to receive hol y comm union .
I was ab le to rem ain with them onl y one week From Lavaca I .
went to Austin a powerful littl e town recentl y design ated to b e th e

, ,
se at of th e Tex as gov ernment Th e congress was th en in session ; I .
sol icite d f rom som e of th e l e gi sl at or s a deci sion which woul d confirm
to th e C athol i c Chur ch all th e church es constructed b y th e Span iar ds

in f ormer tim es It i s t rue th at with th e ex ception of Concep tion and
.
.
,
San J ose th ese edifices are alm ost all in ruin s; neverth el ess th ey can
,
b e r epair ed and consi dering th e poverty an d small numb er of th e

,
f aithf ul th ey can b e tu rned to account whil e aw aiting h appier times

,
t h at wi ll give u s th e ch ance of con stru cting n ew ones Th anks to th e

-
.
generous int erventi on of M de S aligmy ch argé d aff aires of F r ance

5 ’
.
, ,
my r equ est h as b een well r eceived

"
Th ere still r em ains th e eastern part of Tex as to vi sit Wh at difli cul ti es .
and o b st acl es pr esent th em sel v es on th at l ong rou te ! Someti mes it is
a river there whi ch it will b e nece ssary to cross b y swimniin

g some ,
Al ph D b i d S l ig y w h gé d fiai
’
5 o nse u o s i Tex f r th go ern
e a n as c ar a res n as o e v
ment f Ki g L i Ph i l ipp f F ance

o n ou s e o r ,
Th e C h urch in Tex as 2 57
tim es a vast and desol ate sw amp wh ere we will run th e ri sk of

l osin g our hor ses; h ere th e f am in e and nothing to all evi ate it ; el sewh ere
torrents of r ain an d no shelt er Thu s we proceeded from Montgomery
.
to Huntsvill e from Cinc innati to Crok and to Dou gl as fr om

, ,
Nacogdoches to S an A ugu stine It i s tru e th at we were well com .
en sa t e d f or ou r f atigue b y th e e agern ess t o h e ar ou r in structi ons

p
which w as m an ife sted b y th e inh ab it ants of these diverse l ocalities;
r arel y have I seen th e word of God heard with m ore joy and recoll ec
tion This vi sit al though short h as contrib uted not a li ttl e to dissipate
.
, ,
th e pr ej u dice of th e Pr otest ants and to aw aken piou s sentimen t s in

,
th e h e art of th e f aithf ul .
O u t si de of th e C athol i c popul ati on of Tex as estim at ed to b e ab ou t ,
ten th ousand soul s the re are som e sav age trib e s to which it will b e
,
ur gen t to appl y our sel v es : th ese are th e C om an ch es t o th e num b er
of th e Ton akani es, th e Lip an s, th e Tankanago, th e B idai s,

'
th e K arankanags, th e Nacoe s th ese Indi ans lik e to e at

, et c . M ost of
hum an flesh ; th e feet and h ands are their favorite parts I have .
al r eady m ade sev er al appr oach e s t o th e K arankanags in or der to ,
u ni t e th em in a m i ssion : M E st any h as al so vi sit ed th em

. and th ey ,
h ave expressed to h im th e desire to h ave a priest Th e Com anch es .
will b e th e most difli cu lt to win over From tim e imm em ori al thi s .
trib e h as b een con st an tl y at w ar with th e civil ized inh ab it ant s and

th e n eighb oring trib es Cl eve r h or sem en skillful thi ev e s they h andl e
.
, ,
th e spe ar an d th e l ance with gr e at dexterity ; on e sees th em in b an ds

of t en ,
twenty thir ty or fif ty runn ing ab ou t th e coun try without
, , ,
ceasin g Fr om th e h ei ght s wh er e th ey lie in w ait f or th eir prey wh en

.
,
they discover a convoy too feeb l e to r esist them they pounce on ,
th e tr avel er s with th e r api dity of l ightning and th ey gorge th em sel v es

withou t pity It woul d b e impossib le to say h ow m any unf ortun ates
.
h ave su ccumb ed under their b l ow s h ow m an y wom en and children ,
have b een t aken captive .
A short tim e after my arrival in Tex as one party of five or six

-
hundred Com anch es penetrated alm ost to Liunville Th e inh ab itant s .

,
wh o w ere n ot expectin g thi s vi sit w ere ob l iged t o hi de th em sel ves in

,
th e mi ddl e of th e Lab aca [sic] b ay in or de r to pr otect th em sel ves

f rom th eir spear s : th ere were eight victim s; a young wom an m arried
“
onl y ten d ay s b ecam e th eir pri sone r af ter h aving seen h er hu sb an d
f all pierced in hi s side s Wh en th e sav ages h ad pl undered th e stores

.
and h ad m ade a m inu te search of all th at m ight enr ich th em they ,
del ivered th e t own to th e fl am es F rom Liunvill e t h ey went t o .
Victoria Th e first hou se they attacked was th e one where our

.
58 Th e Na t ional P er io d
conf rere M Est an y l ived : h e h ad th e good fortune to pass through

.
a h ail of spe ar s withou t r eceiving any wound ; b ut all th at h e possessed
w as t aken : l i nen s o rn amen t s b ooks n othin g w as spared Th ere were

, , , .
again som e m u rder s; sev er al wom en and childr en w er e carri ed off .
Soon th e al arm was spre ad an d th ey rushed forth in pu r suit of th e

,
b ri gan d s an d cau ght up with th em near th e P lom b ereek and S t M arc

“
river s Th e b attl e was b loody ; e ighty four Com anch es l ost their l ives
.
-
,
withou t m ention ing those wh o a short tim e after succumb ed to wounds

they h ad received These unf ortun ates at th e approach of th e Tex an s
.
, ,
sou ght to kill all th e pri soner s whom th ey h ad carri ed off O ne poo r .
m oth er wh o fell into their h an ds with h er l ittl e inf ant scarcel y ten ,
month s old h ad th e anguish of seeing th i s innocent creatur e crush ed

,
un der h er eye s an d w as h er self fin all y pi erced b y sever al b l ow s of

,
th e l ance ! I h ave counted in th e space of ten month s almost two

, ,
hundred sl aughtered b y th at trib e al one .
In spite of th e dev ast ation to which thi s cou ntry i s prey heav en ,
h as al ready b egun t o b l ess our f eeb l e work F rom Au gust 1 1 840 .

, ,
to M arch 1 1 8 4 1 we h ave hear d 9 1 1 conf essions and adm ini stered

,
28 1 b apti sm s; th ere h ave b een 4 7 8 comm un i on s Th e good of .
Rel i gion will dem and th at ther e b e erected imm ed iatel y at least six
ch apel s at th e m ost im port ant pl ace s of th e repub li c ; b u t wh ere to
fin d th e f und s? W e are with ou t re sour ces an d th e popul ation i s poor

, .
In my tr avel s I pass p art of th e ni ght in th e w oods in th e open ai r ;

,
I cook my own food neverth el ess my travel ing expenses are al way s
,
con si der ab l e Thu s l at el y in or de r to h av e tw o armed m en accomp an y

.
me during thr ee days of tr av el ing I was ob l i ged to pay th em twen ty

,
fou r pi aster s Sch ool s are al so n ece ssary at S an Antonio an d G al veston

.
wh o will cover th e fir st expen ses? W e are withou t l odgin gs obl iged ,
to b eg h ospit al ity am ong th e C ath ol ics often even with th e Prote s

,
t ants . Here one l earn s in deed h ow to lead th e l if e of a Mis

, ,
sion ary : I th ought th at I h ad al re ady m ade a l ong apprenti ceshi ;

p
b u t since m y arriv al in Tex as I h ave di scovered th at I was not yet
initiated .
You r devoted servant ,
J M O din -
. .
2 60 Th e Na t ion a l Per iod
zeal ou s an d l earned
j t r of Phil adelph i a [Fr ancis P atrick Kenrick]
coad u o
and t o h i s indef atigab l e cl ergy I im m ed i at el y acted u pon t h e thou ght

. .
I did appeal and w i th wh at success th e C athol ic pub lic al ready know .
To th e B i sh op wh o gave h is san cti on to th e pl an of a gen er al and

si mu l t an eou s coll ection thr ou gh ou t h is d i ocese ; t o th e cl er gy of th e
diff eren t chu rch es of th e city wh o so k in dl y in tere sted th em sel ves in

thi s good work and proposed it to their congr egations; to th e generou s
peopl e of Phil adelphi a wh o so l ib er all y respon ded t o th e call of th eir
pastor s I retu rn my sincer e th ank s and will d ail y b eg th e f ath er of
,
m ercies t o r ew ar d th em with h is ch oicest b l essin gs .
I mu st not om it to m ake mention of other generou s contrib u tors .
After h aving written to Phil adelphi a I w as advi sed to vi sit New

O rl ean s an d r ecomm end th e cause of th e In di an s t o th e good B i shop
[An toine Bl anc] of th at city and to h is cl ergy and peopl e I did so . .
Th e B i shop r ece iv ed m e with gre at kindness; gave hi s approb ati on

to a coll ection an d pl ace d h i s n am e fir st on th e li st His cl e rgy f ol
'
.
,
l owed h is ex ampl e A s I h ad onl y a f ew day s at my di sposal I th ou ght

.
,
it b est to sol icit sub scriptions throu gh several generous l adies wh o

off ere d th em sel v es f or thi s pu rpo se In th e s ace of three or fou r d ay s
p .
,
they collected n early Y ou h av e n o i dea with wh at spirit th e

“
pi ou s porti on of th e peopl e entere d into th e aff air Almost every .
m om en t of m y st ay per son s cam e to off er m e som ething for th e

Indian m ission Several l adies gave m e v ariou s trinkets such as car
.
,
rings b racel ets and orn am ents of every description ; others b rought
, ,
impl em ents and articl es whi ch will b e of great use in th e Indian

,
country In a w ord Rev er en d Sir I l eft New O rl e an s with

.
, ,
in cash an d six b ox es f ull of v ar i ou s an d m ost useful articl es F rom .
th e Rev eren d M r D urb in of K en t ucky I r eceived $ 300 and th e

l
.
,
Reverend Jno O R eill y rem i tted $ 1 4 0 th e am oun t coll ected in St

’ 2
.
_ , .
P aul s Chu rch Pi tt sb u rg St L ou i s suppl i ed th e b al ance of wh at w as

’
. .
,
necessary for th e ou tfit th e expen se s of th e j ou rney and th e com

,
m encem ent of th e est ab l i shm ent in th e Ind i an country To th e B i sh ops .
an d t o th e ze al ou s cl ergy an d laity of Phil adelphi a an d New O rl ean s;
to th e cl er gy and l aity of o th er pl aces wh o ai ded th e good cau se ; in

a w or d to all th e b en ef actor s of th e mi ssion b ey ond th e R ocky
,
Mount ains I again r eturn my sincer e th anks

, .
1
E. J . i i
D u rb n w as st at on e d at S acred H e art C h u rch , U ni o n C ou n y t Ken
i ti
.
tu cky , at th s me .
2
Joh n O Re ill y w as p astor of S t Pau l s Ch urch , P ttsb urgh
’ ’
. i .
Salzb ach er s O b serva t ions M en s Colleges 26 1
’ ’
on
C anon Salzb ach er s Ob servation s Am erican

’
on
C ath olic C ol leges for Men 1 8 42 ,
A M O N G th e p rincip l f oreign b en ef ctor f A m ri n C thol i i m in th e

a a s o e ca a c s
n in tee th c nt ry w s t h e Leop ol di n e
e n e u Sti f tu g of Vi enn a wh i h w s
a n- n c a
f un d d in A pr i l 1 8 2 9 an d wh i ch b tw en 1 8 3 0
o e , nd 1 9 1 3 t ov r
, e e a sen e
to th e i t n e of G rm n C th l i i m m i gr t in thi o ntry
ass s a c e a a o c an s s c u .
E ly in th e l 84 o com pl aint b eg n to r h V ienn of th e neglect of th e

’
ar s s a eac a
G rm n imm i gr ts b y th e A m eri c n b i h op
e a an d th e oci ty d i ded a s s, an s e ec ,
ther f re to send th e editor of its nn l B i h t C non Jo f S l b ch er

e o , a ua er c e, a se a z a
( 9 — 1 8 67
) of St S teph n C th edral to i nve ti g t d i ti on in th
’
1 7 0 . e s a ,
s a e con s e
U i t d St te
n e S lzb ach er l d d t N ew Y ork f r m th
a s . a G t W t an e a o e rea e s e rn
o n A pr i l 1 7 1 8 42 n d d r i n g th e n xt thr
, m onth h
,
a vrd b t u e ee s e co e e a ou
m il e n d v i i t e d G rm n C t h l i
s a im m i gr t group in l v
s e a a o c an s e e en
di pr d ov r ev nt n t tes By th ti m h e d p rt d f r h m “
oceses s ea e s e ee s a . e e e a e o o e
o n J l y 27 h e h ad
u m l ted l rg b ody f d t f r m wh i h h e l t r
accu u a a a e o a a _
o c a e
wrote b ook H i volu m e w as o e of t h e m t c r f l f a t l c

a . s t ever n os a e u c ua a cou n s
pu b l i h d b y
s e f orei gn v i i t r n th C h r ch i n th U n i ted St t
a T w rd s o o e u e a es . o a
th e e n d f th work th e a th or i l d d
o e m gener l ob erv ti on Th e u nc u e so e a s a s .
p assag e wh i ch f ll o w s co v r d th C t
oh l i o ll g f r m n a h e s w e e e a o c c e es o e s a
them i 1 8 42 Source : Jo f S l b ch M i R i
n . h N d A m ik se a z a er , e ne e se n ac or -
er a
in J a h re 1 8 42 m i t s tat is tisch e n B e m erku ng en ii b er d ie Z ii s tan d e d er ka th o

l isch e n K irc h e b is a uf n eus te Z e i t ( e nn a : W m me , Sc m d Le o, Vi i r h i t
pp . 3 5 4—3 5 7 .
i
B es des th e ry Sunday and fr ee school s and orphanages
;
el em enta ,
-
th e C ath ol i c Chu rch in Ame ri c a h as in stitution s of hi ghe r l e arnin g as

coll eges ac adem i es and u n iv er siti e s which are d ev ot ed to th e so call ed
-
,
cl assic al stu dies whi ch in Am e ri c a as el sewh ere are th e m ark of th e
peopl e of hi gh er r ank Th e cl assic al cou rse phil osophy m ath em ati cs .

, , ,
and sci ences are ab ou t th e sam e as in Eu rope an d or d inaril y r equi r e
f or th eir com pl etion fou r y ear s O ne c an asse rt th at th e in structors .
in m any of th ese in stitu tion s are f ull y com peten t to teach th e sub j ects
entrusted t o th em Since m any C ath ol i c you th w an t to ob t ain a .
hi gher education to b ecom e physicians attorneys or priest s it h as , , ,
l ong b een th e amb iti on of th e b i sh ops to erect such h igh er in stitu tion s
of l e arnin g and to supervi se th em in order th at th ese y oung m en wh o ,
o th e rwi se woul d attend th e publi c st at e sch ool s m ight n ot go astr ay

“
.
,
Real izing th at r el igiou s order s can accom pl i sh m or e th an in dividual s ,
th e b i shops h ave call ed upon th e Sulpici an s J esu it s L azari sts etc , , ,

.
,
to condu ct th ese institu tion s of hi gh er l earn in g It i s h ardl y necessary .
to say th at th e b i sh ops and th e f ai thf ul are ob l i ged to assume th e

entir e b u rden of financin g th ese in stitu ti on s H ow well they h ave .
262 Th e Na tional Per iod
succeeded is h
s own b y th e l ong l i st ti
institu tions which
of educa on al
we h ave cat al ogued un der th e headin g of th e variou s dioce ses O ut .
st andin g are th e J esuit coll eges at George town St Lou i s Cincinn ati ,
.
, ,
and th e Sulpi ci an coll ege St M ary s at B al tim or e Th e st ate gover n

’
. .
,
men t s lib er all y concede th e p rivil ege s of univer sitie s to these sch ool s
so th at they c an gr ant th e ir d i stingui sh ed stu dent s doctor s and m aster s
’ ’
dipl om as notwith st an din g th e f act th at th ese coll ege s are u nder th e

,
control of th e b i shops and th e r el i gi ous or der s and th e secu l ar au th ori
ties h ave not th e sl ightest au thority over them Usu all y as is th e case .
,
in Europe these coll eges are conducted as b oard ing school s Th e

, .
num b er O f th e extem es so call ed i s usu all y sm all

-
.
Not all th e students in C athol i c coll eges and school s are C athol ics .
Such Protestan t stud en t s are accepted b y C ath ol i c coll eges b ecause

O f th e in suffi ci ent numb e r O f C ath ol ic stu dent s av ail ab l e a nd b ecause
th e i ncom e deriv ed fr om Prote st ant student s m akes it possib l e for

th e coll ege to provi de b etter f acili ties f or th e stu den t s m ore te acher s ,
and b etter e qu ipm en t M oreov er th e se non—

. C atholi c students b y con
,
st an t associ ation with pri est s an d C athol i c teach e r s l ay asi de th eir
p r ej u d i ces again st th e C ath ol i c Ch u r ch whi ch fr om y ou th h av e b ee n
impressed upon them ; m any b ecom e C atholics; if not permitted to

take this step b ecau se O f th e O pposition O f parents or rel atives th ey ,
l ater as men of influ ence b ecom e defenders of th e Chur ch and will

, ,
more readil y all ow th e ir peopl e t o ent er th e Chur ch .
Experience al so te ach es th at P rotest an t paren t s pl ace gre at con

fidence in th e m ethods O f instruction and in th e com petency of th e
C athol ic instructors and convinced of th e excell ence of C athol ic
,
school s they send their childr en pr efer ab l y t o these in stitu tion s True
, .
it is th at th e Protest ant preacher s do their u tmost to prevent th e

attendance of Pr ote st ant s at C athol ic school s and in th eir pub l ic ,
addresses an d se rm on s they inv ei gh b itte rl y again st C ath ol i c educa
tion al in stitu tion s b ut th eir cal um n i es h ave often pr oduce d r esul t s

,
O ppo sit e to th ose th e y int ended M an y Prote st ant s b egan t o vi sit th e

.
Cathol ic school s and seeing th e b e au ty and order of such institutions

, ,
th ey conclude d th at th e pre achers h ad in dul ged in sl an derou s asser

tions and determ ined to send their chil dr en to C athol ic coll eges Th e .
good order an d di sciplin e of th e coll eges i s in n o m anne r immired

b y th e presen ce of th e non C athol ic studen t s E very f ath er an d moth er
-
.
wh o pl ace th eir son in th e coll ege are at once m ade acqu ainted with
th e rul es O f th e in stitu ti on and i f th ey are un wi ll in g to sub m it th e i r
,
son to such d i scipl in e th e stu de n t in qu e stion i s n ot accepte d Non

, .
C athol ic students are n ot ob l iged to attend instruction on C athol ic

264 Th e Na t iona l P e r iod
call ed th e Am e can P ri
rot t n t A oci tio Th i ti n w r pon ibl
es a ss a n . e assoc a o as es s e
f or arou in g s ant
goni m b etween Prote t n ta d C th ol i
s an d it s agent s a s an a cs s
were in good m re to b l m e f or th p bl i ri ot in M y d Jul y 1 8 44

easu a e u c s a an , ,
in whi ch th irt e it ize wer kill d ov r fifty w ded n d tw f Phil

e n c ns e e , e ou n ,
a o o a
delph i C athol i c chur hes b rn d Th e c n tit t i on of th i a ci ti n

’
a s c u e . o s u s sso a o
wh i ch f ll ows w s typ i cal f th

o m ero
a or g niz t i n f thi kin d wh i ch
o e nu us a a o s O s
were a tively at work g in t th Ch rch thro gh t th e c ntry p t th

c a a s e u u ou ou u o e
C i vi l W r S our e : R y Al l en B ill i n gton Th P t t t C

a . c a d 1 8 00 ,
e ro es a n r usa e,
1 8 6 0 A S t dy f th O ig i
: u f Am i o N ti i m ( New Y ork : T h M
e r ns o er ca n a v s e ac
m ill an Co ; re i d in 1 9 5 2 b y Ri eh rt
4 38 —4 39 Co ssue n a
.
, pp . .
,
New York .
Where as we b el ieve th e system of Popery to b e in it s prin cipl es

, ,
and t endency sub v er siv e of civil a nd r eli gi ou s l ib erty an d destru ctiv e

, ,
to th e spir it ual welfar e of m en we un it e for th e pu rpose O f defend ing ,
our Pr ot est an t int er est s again st th e gr eat ex ertion s n ow m akin g t o
propagate th at sy stem in th e Unit ed St ates; an d adopt th e foll owin g

con stitu tion :
Articl e I This Society sh all b e call ed th e American Protestant

.
A ssociation .
Articl e II Th e O b j ects of its form ation an d for th e att ainm ent O f

.
,
which its eff ort s sh all b e d ir ected are ,
l Th e un i on an d en cour agem en t of Prote st ant mi ni ster s O f th e

.
gospel t o give to th eir sev er al congr egation s in structi on On th e diff er

,
emees b etw een Pr ot est anti sm an d Popery .
2 To call attention to th e necessity O f a m or e exten sive di strib u

.
ti on an d th or ou gh stu dy O f th e H ol y Scri ptu res

, .
3 Th e cir cul ation O f b ooks an d tr act s ad apt ed to give inf orm ation
.
on th e v ari ou s e rr or s of Pope ry in th eir hi sto ry t enden cy an d de si gn , , .
4 TO awaken th e attention O f th e comm un ity t o th e d anger s whi ch

.
threaten th e l ib erties and th e pub l ic and dom estic in stitu tions of

, ,
these United States from th e assaul ts of Rom ani sm .
Article III Thi s A ssoci ation sh all b e composed of all such person s
.
as agree in adoptin g th e pu rpose s and pr incipl es O f thi s con stitu tio n
an d con trib ut e to th e fu nds b y whi ch it i s supported .
Articl e IV Th e O fli cers of th e A ssoci ation sh all b e a President

.
,
three Vice Presidents a tr easur er a corresponding secret ary a record

-
, , ,
ing secret ary and two l ay dir ector s f rom e ach denom in ati on repre
,
sented in th e A ssoci ati on t o b e el ect e d ann uall y ; t ogeth er with all th e

,
mini ster s b el ongin g t o it ; wh o sh all f orm a B oard for th e tr ansaction

of b usiness O f wh om any sev en at a m ee ting du l y conv ened sh all b e , ,
a qu orum Th e st ated m eetin gs of th e B oar d to b e qu arterl y

. .
German C a th ol ic I mm igran ts 2 65
Articl e V Th e Board O f m anagers sh all at th e fir st m eeting aft er

.
. ,
th eir el ecti on appoin t an execu tive committee con si stin g of a mi ni ster

, ,
an d l aym an from e ach O f th e denom inati ons r epr esented in th e associ a
tion of which th e secret aries and treasu rer sh all b e ex ofli cio m emb ers
,
- .
Thi s comm ittee to m eet as O ften as th ey m ay find necessary for th e

tran saction of th e b usin ess committed to them and to report qu arterly ,
t o th e B oar d of man ager s .
Articl e VI Th e duties O f th e B oard shall b e to carry out in every

.
, ,
w ay most expedi ent in th eir vi ew th e ends and pu rpose s f or whi ch ,
thi s A ssociation i s organ ized ; and to aid and encour age th e form ation
of sim il ar associ ation s in th e v ari ou s p art s O f th e Uni t ed St at e s ; an d
to r en der an ann u al r eport O f th eir pr oceed ings to th e A ssoci ati on at

“
their ann u al m eeting on th e second Tu esday in Novemb er .
Articl e VII Th e B oard of m anager s sh all have power to enact su ch

.
b y l aw s as m ay n ot b e incon sistent with thi s consti tution an d to fill all

-
,
vacancies th at m ay occur b etween th e annu al m eetings .
Articl e VIII This con stitution shall b e sub j ect to amendments onl y
.
at th e ann u al m eetings of th e A ssoci ation b y a vote O f two th ir ds ,
of th e m emb er s present at such m eetin g .
A Rural Col oniz ation Project for G erm an

C ath oli c Immi gr an ts O ctob er 1 2 1 8 43 , ,
t i i i r t wr fi i i i r i y
BY 1 8 40 C a h ol c mm g an s e e n d n g l fe nc eas n gl un pl easan t in
t r iti r
th e eas e n c es b y eason of th e b eitt r i
cam p a gn s w t iv i t
aged b y t h e n a s s
i t t ir r i i
aga n s he ri
el g on an d f o e gn b irth q
A s a con se u en ce a n u m b e of r
.
h hi ti r ii t th r r
P il adelp a an d B al m o e f am l es b an d e d oge e to f o m t h e G e m an r
h i r t rh
C at ol c B o h e ood wit i t i hi
h th e dea of es abl s ng a n ew ome at som eh
r t
em o e sp o t wh r t y w
e e he r r r i
oul d b e f ee f om eli g ou s and r i rj i
ac al p e u d ce .
h ir
T e r r r r t
l ead e s pu ch ased l a ge t ac s of l an d in wh t t y
a i s od a Elk C ou n , ty
yv i
Penn s l an a, an d th e a rrival of t h e wiv i r i r
e s an d ch l d en of th e p on ee s on
r r t th
D ecemb e 8 , 1 8 42 , p omp ed tt t
em t o call th e se l em en St M a ry s T eyh .
’
.
ri i y
h ad o g n al l con sul ed t wi th th r x r
F a e Al e an de s itk ovicz , ( 1 8 06
i r ri r t ri t
H un gar an b o n supe o O f th e Re dem p o s s in th e U n ed S a es,
-
it tt
t r vi it
wh o af e a s t o th e col on yrecom m en d e d th t t ri t v t
a th e R e dem p o s s in e s
r j t hi h
in th e p o e c T s w as d one an d sc ool s f or b o
. th y
b o s and g l s ir
w r r vi t ri t
e e p o d e d, b u t th e R edem p o s s l os tso h vi rt i
e a l y i n th e u n de ak n g
th t th y f l t com pelled t with dr aw in N v m b r 1 8 49 Th y w r suc

a e e o o e e , . e e e
d d b y th e G rm n B ned i ctin es f r m St Vi ent Pr i ory i W e tm r

’
cee e e a e o . nc s n s o e
l d C o nty wh o were m r
an u xperienced f arm r nd wh o i tim b r u gh t
o e e e s a n e o
th m i i on t o a fl u r i shi g t te Th e f l l owi ng l etter of s

e ss o n s a itkovi c t th
. o z o e
S o i ty f or th
c e Propag ti on of th e F ith o tl i ed th e O b j e ti ves O f th
e a a u n c e
col oniz er a d vi v i dl y d
s n rib ed th e p ril s of l i fe in th e f or ts of rth
esc e es no
Th e Na t ion al P eriod
'
266
western Penn ylv nia t th e tim e St Mary s was typical O f m ny rur al
s a a . .
’
a
col ni
o ti on pr j e t of th G rm C thol ic imm igrants b efore th e C ivi l
za o c s e e an a
W ar ,per i od
a t d f o om e r th er b izarre b a kwoods comm uni tarian
no e r s a c
exp rim ts w ll S r e A l d l P p g ti n d l F i X VI
e en as e . ou c : nn a es e a ro a a o e a o ,
40 1 —4 0 6 .
ti
B al mo re , O ctob er 1 2 , 1 8 4 3 .
Dear Mr resident
. P ,
After h avin g given a m ission in Detroit I returned di r ectl y to ,
B al timore wh ere there aw aited m e duti es apparentl y l ess apostol ic .
A great n umb er of our Germ an b rother s of B al timore and Phil a

delphi a seeing all th e diff eren t sect s with whi ch our ci ti es are
,
o
p p ul at e d an d t,h e gr e at d an ger f o r th em an d f or th eir chi ldr en O f
l osing f aith proposed to f orm an ex cl usivel y C ath ol ic comm unity ;
,
and to th at end they pu rch ased l ast year at a v ery m oder ate price a ,
piece of w aste l an d in th e n eighb orh ood of thirty six th ousan d acres

-
.
Som e of th e f aithf ul b efor e entering into th e association con sul ted

.
, ,
me on th e proj ect which f orced m e to ex am in e th e l aw s; an d as I

,
soon perceived th at it would r em ain withou t r esul t and th at it woul d
soon b reak u p I str ai ght forw ardly sai d so to those wh o spoke to

,
-
me ab out it expl aining to th em th e re asons whi ch prompted my

,
advi ce . Neverth el ess b efor e my departure for Eur ope th e colony

,
seem ed to m ake som e progr ess ; m an y f am il i es eagerl y j oin ed it : b ut
so on this fal se appear ance O f success di sappea red and on my r eturn ,
to America th e ente rpri se w as at th e poin t of de ath Ar oun d thirty

, .
e ight famil ies h ad al r e ady qu it th e comm uni ty ; it s prin cipal m emb er s
an d th e tw enty six f amili es wh o w ere still th ere

-
seeing th e im pos ,
sib ility of r estori ng it to l if e an d f ear in

g to l ose all th e capital th ey
h ad al ready expende d in th e first till age wh ich woul d h ave ruined
a hundr ed f amil ies r em emb ering m y
prediction sent some del egates to
, ,
m e in or der th at I might ai d th em with my coun sel and my credit .
I pitied their condition especially since th e honor O f Reli gion was ,
at st ake for al re ady th e h eretics and th e infidel s trium phin g at th e

,
d i ssol ution mocked th e coloni sts in th e ir newspaper s Some concl uded

, .
th at C athol icism was powerl ess to found l asting estabh shments others ,
have so l ittl e union and fraternity with our coreh gioni sts th at th ere
i s r arel y f oun d am ong th em m en with enou gh ch arity to interest
them selves in th e fate O f their unf ortunate b rother s I therefore went .
to th e col on y where I was received b y th e twe nty six f am ili e s wh o h ad -
b een vegetating ther e f or a year with as m u ch l ivel y joy as if my

presence al one was capab l e of ch anging thi s l an d of m al ediction into
their own l an d; I b el ieve that I can see in th e new est ab l ishm ent th e
future refuge wh ere this inf an t Chri sti anity sh el tered from th e cor
ruption of th e world and perversion O f h eresy will increase in knowl ,
edge with out l osin g virtue and w ill fu rni sh generous v ocation s am on g
which God will b e pleased to choose Apostl es for America It seem s .
to m e th at th ou sands O f C ath ol ic s will yet r all y aroun d th e cross

as around th e r el igiou s sym b ol O f tr u e l ib erty I alr eady foresee a .
n ascent congr egati on a hum b l e d aught er of th e univ er sal Chu rch

, ,
flowerin g in th e desert b eneath th e divin e b enediction ; I assist in

spirit in th e hol y cerem on i es O f it s sol emn m y st erie s Th er e i s th e .
p l ace, I thi n k th at
, h en cef o rth w e wi ll p oin t ou t t o th e G e rm an
Cath oh cs wh o arriv e on th ese di st an t shor es an d wh o r em ain in th e

citi e s of th i s country onl y l on g en ou gh to ob t ain th e n ecessary m on ey
t o acqu ir e a pi ece O f l an d ; it is th er e th at th ey will b e ab l e t o ear n

their l i vin g and at th e same time preserve their f aith and save their
soul s Fin all y I al so see th er e a peaceful retreat for our own M i s
.
sion aries wh o h aving spent their strength in apostoli c works will

, ,
b e ab l e to settl e down to th e exer ci ses O f th eir st ate and th e pr actice

O f th eir rul e
.
Such w ere my preoccupations at ni ght and in th e m ornin g I f oun d

,
m yself h appier th an if I h ad enj oyed a l ong and comf ort ab l e sl eep .
With th e d awn w e b egan again as on th e previous day our l ab orious

work with th e same courage for as th e days passed we fel t m ore
,
exh aust ed f r om th e h unger an d f ati gue ; w e l ik ewi se O ft en th ou ght
that we would faint entirel y especi all y when we were viol entl y assail ed
,
b y th e snow r ain an d gal es th en it w as n ot onl y stren gt h whi ch

'
, , ,
f ail ed ; b ut wh at to do wh en th e humi dity and th e cold seized th e

b ody and penetr ated to th e m arrow O f th e b one wh en th e winds ,
u prooted ev en th e
greatest tr ees en m asse and th e w orkm en h ad t o ri sk
b eing cru shed in th eir fall .
F or six weeks I l ived thi s trul y In d i an l if e pretty nearl y lik e th e ,
Mi ssion aries wh o l ive am ong th e savages .
B efore my departure from th e col ony I tr aced out once more th e

pub li c roads as th ey are m arked b y th e governm ent so th at at presen t
, ,
those wh o oftentimes ch ance al ong are ab l e to penetrate into these

waste s with ou t danger of getting l o st M ore th an once some C atholics
.
have alr eady strayed for several days under th e terrib le dread of
not b e ing abl e to get out an d a Prot est an t m ini st er wh o w ent h un tin
, g
th ere disappeared forever O ne still finds t hem remarkab l e forests in
.
great numb er s even in th e most civili zed regi on s of th e New World ;

,
those wh o wi sh to foun d new settl ement s ought n ot to pl un ge into

R evival ism on th e Fron t ier 2 69
these dist ant regions since there th e prim e necessities of l ife are
nat ur all y r arer and th e danger s gr eat er .
Th e l an d O f which I speak i s in Penn syl v an i a th e d iocese of ,
Pitsb u rg [ sic] ; it i s fertil e it ab ou nds in str eam s and spri ngs O f whi ch
,
th e w at er i s pu re and good ; th e cl im ate so mu ch l ike th at of Germany, ,
furn i sh es all th at i s necessary for a comfort abl e l ife ; it i s th e refore a

pl ace v ery well chosen f or a col ony .
O n returnin g to B al tim ore I foun d my conf r ere s in th e greatest

,
con ste rn ation ; as I h ad n ot b een ab l e to write to th em du ring my
long ab sence th ey h ad m ade a th ou sand conj ectur es ab ou t m y death ;

,
they b el ieved it to b e cert ain th at h aving l ost my self in th e depth

of th e for est s I h ad d ied th ere of hu nger Or h ad b een eat en b y th e
, ,
b e ars ; so th at I w as received b y them as one ri sen from th e de ad

wh o was even yet onl y h alf al ive B el i evin g m y self to b e in good
.
heal th I l au gh ed at their taking m e for a w alking skel eton ; b ut

,
I soon found ou t th at th e f atigues of this trip h ad so exh au sted m e

th at my days of active l ab or seem ed passed God did not j udge th at .
thi s Was yet enough sacrifice; a fter an ill ness of three weeks h e so ,
restored my strength as to enab l e m e to exercise again my m i ssionary

fun cti ons Pl ease Heav en th at I m ay b e ab l e to est ab l i sh sim il ar
.
col on i es at thi s pri ce ! I wil l gl adl y consen t to l ose f or e ach of th em .
not Onl y my h e al th b ut even hf e it self .
I h ave th e honor to b e etc , .

,
Alex andre Czwitkowietz [sic] General S up erior ,
o f th e R edemp toris ts M issionaries in A m erica .
Bish op Spal din g s Impression s of Prot est ant

’
Revivalism on th e Fron tier 1 8 44 ,
NO T l ong aft e r
fir st M aryl and C athol i c f am ili es h ad i mm igrated to
th e
K entucky in th e 1 780 s th at area w as overru n b y a seri es of Protestant
’
revival i st m eetings that created tu m u l t on th e K entu cky frontier for al most

a gen er at i on Th e pr i m e m oti ve f or these u nu su al gath er i n gs h as b een state d
.
b y one h i stori an as f oll ows : Wh en t h e godle ssness of th e b ackwood m en

“
s
b egan to b e a m atter O f con cern t o th e m i ssi on ari es an d th e c ir cu i t r i ders ,
drasti c m easu re s we re u ed t o b ri ng convi cti on of sin repentance an d

s , ,
conver si on ( Al i ce F el t Tyl er F reed om s F erm n t [ M i nn e apol i s

” ’
e
, p , .
Th e K entucky C athol i cs were am zed at what they wi tnesse d am ong

a
som e of the i r Prote tan t n ei gh b or s an d o e of th em

s , M art i n J Spal d i ng
n , .
( 1 8 1 0—1 8 7 2 ) wh o d i ed as A rchb i shop of Bal ti m ore devoted a ch apter of ,
on e of h i s earl y b ooks t o a d escr i pti on O f th e str an ge ph enom en on Spal d i n g .
h ad h ad a great deal of experi ence w i th Protestants as a rel i gious deb ater

and as ed itor of th e Cath lic A d v ate a weekly paper whi ch h e fou nded o oc ,
in F eb ru ary 1 8 3 5 A t th e t im e h e wr ote th e b ook f rom wh i ch th e f oll owi ng

, .
-
p assage i s taken h e w as vi car gen er l of th e D i ocese of Lou i svil le a d f our n

-
a
years rem oved f rom hi s consecr ti on as C oadju tor B i shop of Lou i svill e a .
Sou rce : M J Sp al din g S k t h e

. .
f th E ly C th l ic M i i , f K e c s o e ar a o ss o ns o en
tuc ky ( Lo i svi ll e B J W eb b
u Brothe r : pp 8 2—8 3 1 0 1
. . 1 0 4 —1 0 6
, .
, ,
.
B efo re we proceed f arther in ou r rapid sketch of th e earl y history

O f th e C ath ol ic m i ssions in K entu cky it m ay b e well to pause a l ittl e , ,
in order t o su rvey th e contempor ary hi sto ry O f th e principal Protest an t

sect s Th ese O ften cam e in t o col l i sion not onl y wi th each oth er b ut
.
, ,
with th e C athol ic chu rch D iff erin g in ahn ost all el se they uni ted in .
,
th e prin cipl e O f h atr ed O f th e C ath ol i c r el i gi on A n d we cann ot fu ll y .
u nder st an d th e earl y hi st ory of th e l atte r in ou r St at e with ou t ex amin , ,
ing th e corre spon din g ph ases in th e hi story of th e f orm er .
O ur sketch confin ed as it n ece ssaril y m u st b e t o one ch apter will

, , , ,
b e ve ry b ri ef an d summ ary em b r acin g onl y som e O f th e p rincip al ,
facts an d fe atu res in th e hi story of th e m ost con spicuou s am ong th e

earl y sect s of K entu cky W e sh all st ate n othin g whi ch i s n ot un doub te d .
,
and l ittl e th at c annot b e sati sf act oril y prov ed f rom r e spect ab l e Pr ot es
t ant authority To show th at we m e an to b e i mparti al we will f arth er

.
,
rem ark th at our chief authority will b e a work Of som e antiquity an d

, ,
of consider ab l e wei ght am ong t h e sect s them sel v es [ Spal ding

1
. .
then treats th e rel igiou s revival s among th e Kentucky Protest ants in

th e e arl y ye ar s of th e n inete en th cen tu ry ]
Thi s same gr eat r eviv al w as trul y an aston i shi n g an d pr eci ou s
work ”
th e m ost astoni shin g perh aps if n ot th e m ost precious th at , ,
ev er w as witnessed in thi s w orl d! It m ar ked an era in th e Pr otest an t
chu rch hi story O f K entucky It was on th e whol e so very singul ar .

,
that we will b e pardoned f or dwelli ng on it in som e det ail [He .
then quotes from th e work of th e Protest ant writer Will i am Stone , ,

2
wh o wrote criti call y of r el i gi ou s decepti on s in M a tth i as an d H is I m

p ostu es ( New Yo rk
r ,
T O un der st an d m ore full y h ow ve ry preci ou s an d aston i shi ng thi s

gr e at r evival was w e m ust f arth er refl ect : l st Th at it produced not
, .
,
Th b
1
k i q
e ti
oo w A O tlin f th H i t y f th C h
u es on h i th
as n u ne o e s or o e urc n e
St t
a e f K t ky dit d b y R b t H Bi h p ( L i gt
o en u c , e e wh i h o er . s o ex n on , c c on
t i
a ne d th m m i e f th R e d D i d Ri
o rs O P b yt i mi i t
e b evere n av ce , a re s er an n s er, orn
i Vi gi i
n r i 1 7 33 m i g t d t
n a, n K t ky i 1 78 3 , d d i d th i 18 16
ra e o e n uc n , an e ere s
Sp ldi g q td g l y f m Ri m m i
.
h pt
’ ’
a n s c a er uo e e n erous ro ce s e o rs .
W il l i m L St
2 a ( 1 792 .j li t
o ne d hi t i dit f th N w our n a s an s or an , e or o e e
Y k C m m i l A d ti l t xp d th f d f M i M k i h i
or o er c a ve r se r , a er e ose e rau s o ar a on n s
l m
vo u M i M k
e, ar ad th N y f th H é t l D i
on (N w Y k
an e unn e r o e e eu e or ,
27 2 Th e Na t ional P eriod
O ne of th e m ost
rem ark ab l e fe atur es perh aps of these exercises , ,
i s th e apparentl y well au th enticated f act th at m any f ell into th em

, , ,
b y a k in d of sym p athy ah n ost in spite of th em sel ves an d som e even

, ,
positivel y again st the ir own wi ll ! Som e wh o vi sited th e m eetings to

l augh at th e proceedin gs som etim es c au ght th e cont agion th em sel ves
,
.
Th er e seem s to h av e th en existed in K entucky a kind of m ent al and

mor al epidemi c a sh o rt O f con t agi ou s f ren zy which spread r apidly
from one to anoth er .
Y et th e ch arm was n ot so stron g th at it c oul d n ot b e b roken as ,
th e foll owin g incident r el ate d to u s b y a highl y in tell i gen t Pr otest an t

,
gentl em an cl e arl y prov es Som e y oung l adi es O f h i s acqu ai n t ance cam e

,
.
fr om one O f th ese m eetings t o pass th e n ight at hi s f ath er s h ou se

’
.
Th ey w ere l ab orin g un der great n ervou s ex citem en t an d in th e , ,
cou r se O f th e evenin g b egan t o jerk m o st vi ol entl y Th e f ath e r one

, .
,
of th e m o st in tell igen t m en in K entu cky sever el y r eb uke d th em and

, ,
tol d them bluntl y th at h e woul d h ave n o such b eh avior as thi s

,
“
in h is h ou se Th e reproof w as eff ectu al an d th e jerking spi rit w as

”
.
,
exe rci sed !
S am u el M azzu ch elli O P on th e C ath oli c , . .

,
Tem perance S oci eti es 1 8 44 ,
ALTH O U GH th e v
e an gel cal i tr r t t ti ri
in A m e can P o es an sm of th e ea l y
en d s r
i t th t r
n n e een cen u y h ad h ttl e i n c omm on wi t ri t ii
h A m e can C a h ol c sm , e cep , x t
rh ri r hi ri
pe aps, du ng th e p eac n g O f th e p a sh m ss on , i i th y h r
e s a e d an n ere s i t t
r i ti vi i t r i i
in th e e ad ca on of th e e l s O f n em p e an ce B e g nn n g in th e l a e 1 8 3 0 s t .
’
t i t r i ti r r i
C a h ol c em pe an ce soc e e s sp ead ap dly Th e A m e can our ( u ne , ri t . J
v r ri i t r
1 8 4 9—N o em b e , 1 8 5 1 ) of th e f am ou s I sh C apu ch n em p e an ce c u sade , r r
h
T eob al d M a e th w ( 1 79 0 v
ga e th em f e s r hi t w
m pe u s, an d h en a n a
i
t ion al u n on of th r r ti r
ese g ou p s w as f o m ed at B al m o e in F eb u a r ry
, 1 8 7 2 , th e
ti rw t r vr
m ee ng d e d el ega es f om o e 20 0 soc e es O n e o f i ti th
ose wh o h ad g ea r t
.
i r ti
adm a on f or th e wr o k of th e t r i ti
em pe an ce soc e e s w as th e r r
em a k abl e
i i ry hr
m ss on a , S am u el C a l es M azzuch el l i ( 1 8 0 6 hi t i
T s I al an b o n r -
i i it tt
D o m n can cam e t o th e U n e d S a es in 1 8 2 8 an d f or n ea l f o r y rty y rea s
r ti r
l ab o e d h i i t
el essl y in b e al f of th e I nd an s o f t h e M dd l e W es , i n es abl sh t i
ri h tt r w i i i i
in g p a s es f or th e n ew se l e s in I o a, Ill n o s, an d W scon s n , in f ou nd
t hi i t rh i i
in g a eac n g s s e ood of D om n can nu n s, t o say n o thi i i
n g O f b u l d n g th e
i ’
r i q i i
b sh op s es d en ce in D ub u u e, des gn n g th e fir t
s it
cap ol at I o w a C , i ty
vi h i
an d ser n g as c apl a n t o th e fir t t rrit ri
s e i t r i
o al l eg sl a u e O f W scon s n I n i .
1 8 43 h e m ade h is onl y vi it h
s i it
om e t o M l an , th e c y o f h i s b , irth
an d
th r wi y r
e e in th e f ol l o ng ih
e a h e pu bl s ed a v ir
ol u m e of m em o s O f h is A m e ri
x ri
can e pe en ces with v wa q i ti t i with
i e to ac u a n n g I al an s r r
th e p og ess of th e
h it tt r rvi
C urch in th e U n ed S a e s an d of p ese ng cer a n d ocum en a ti t ry t
ma e
C a th ol ic Tem p erance Socie t ies , 1 844 27 3
ri l s for it hi t ry M
a s s o . azzu ch ell i s
’
r i ti on O f th e A m eri
app e c a c an Ca th l i
o c
t m p r n o i ti w
e e a ce s c e es as deep n d si n re ev n if i t w s t
a ce , e a oo o pt i m i st i c
ab o t t h e p e rm n n y of
u a e c th e re l t ob t i n d S
suH istor ical
s rce : M m i
a e . ou e o rs
a n d E d ify ing of a M iss io n a ry A p os to l ic of th e O rd er of S a in t D om in ic
a m o ng Var io us I n d ia n Tr ib es a nd a m o ng t h e C a th o l ics a nd P ro tes ta n ts in
th e U n i te d S ta tes o f A m er ica an sl a e d b y S s e tr
M a Bene d c a K enne d ,
,
t itr ry it y
. . . hi
O S D ( C cago : W F H all P n n g C o . .
pp 2 8 2 ri t i
—28 4 co
; p g .
,
. yri ht
i i itr
Th e D om n can S s e s o f S n s n a a, W scon s n i i w i i .
Very r sons in th e United States cul tivate th e vine or m ake

f ew pe
wine to any extent so this b ever age form s one O f th e O b j ects of
,
com merce with F r ance Spain an d It al y whil e th e di st ance im posi

, , ,
tion of duties etc r ender it not onl y costl y b ut al so very scarce

, .
, ,
.
B u t to suppl y th e l ack of th e vi ne in A m eri ca exten sive u se is m ade ,
O f str ong spir it s extr act ed f rom In di an corn which grows there in ,
prodigi ou s qu an titie s and can b e h ad at a ve ry l ow price M any O f th e .
peopl e are addicted to th e ab u se of thi s strong l iquor to su ch a degree

as t o f all unh appy vi ctim s of intoxi cati on .
A gre at numb er of th e emigr ants from Irel and notwith st anding th e ,
F aith th e generosity th e h on esty th e in dustry an d all th e oth er

, , ,
virtu es th at so emin entl y distin guish th e r ace were often too we ak ,
u pon thi s o ne poin t givin g them sel v es up in b ondage to th e vi ce O f

,
intemper ance Th e m ore zeal ou s among th e Protest ant s especi all y

.
,
th e Pr esb yt e ri an s took occasion from this to hu rl b itterest t e

,
proach es an d inv ectives again st th e C ath ol i c Chu rch which th ey ,
accu sed O f b e ing f ar f rom th e Ev angel i cal san ctity sh e professed ,
whil e sh e held within h er own b osom so m any l eading scandal ous

l ives B u t God wh o O ften m akes u se of His very en em i es as instru
.
m en ts to carry out th e in scrut ab l e de sign s O f His gr ace rai sed up ,
our f ar f am ed F ath er M atth ew [ sic] in Irel and to b ani sh th e dem on

-
of d runkenness from th at i sl and and to enroll mill i ons of hi s com ,
patriots in th e Temper an ce Societi es b y virtu e of whi ch they pl edged

th em selves to taste no b everage that cou ld in toxi cate .
Th e Iri sh wh o compri se m ore th an h alf of th e C ath ol ics of th e

Uni ted States foll owed th e ex ampl e of their b rethr en in Europe and
, ,
Temper ance Soci eti es w ere founded in eve ry city an d vill age of th e
l and It coul d b e asserted now th at th ese ch il dren O f th at Sain t
.
Patrick to wh om Irel and owes h er conver si on to th e F aith are n ow

with very few excepti ons mod el s of temper an ce Th e C ath ol i c Cl ergy .
exe rted them sel ve s to th e u tm ost in Am e ric a t o b rin a b u t h

g o a c an ge ,
so m arv el ou s and so necessary to th e adv ancem ent of th e F aith

; th e
F aith th at h ad retrogr aded am ong m an y Cath ol ics throu h th e v ce
i
g
27 4 Th e Na tio nal Period
Of intemper ance A r of th e B ishops and nearly all O f th e Priests

. num b e
are zeal ou s m em b er s of thi s Soci ety
If th e tr ee i s to b e j u dged b y its fr ui t s th ere is no doub t as to th e ,
Rel igious influence ex erted b y th e Temper ance Society in tru th ,
we m ust ascrib e th ereto these wonderful eff ects th e conver sion of a ,
gr ea t n u m b e r o f si nn e r s h ar de n e d in Vi ce f o r y e ar s w h o app r oach e d ,
th e trib unal of penance onl y after they h ad prom i se d to give up

entirel y th e u se O f in t ox i c atin g l iquo rs F rom th e y ear 1 8 3 9 wh en th e
'
Soci eti es h ad b ecome e st ab l i sh ed in th e v ari ou s M i ssion s r ecorded

in th ese M emoirs piety actu all y m ade vi sib l e progress from d ay to
,
d ay in proporti on as th e virtu e of Temper ance won it s b l e ssed vic

,
tories am ong th e peopl e ; peace and plen ty reigned in th e f am ilies ,
Cathol icity won th e respect and reverence O f its very enem ies and ,
th e F aith spre ad am on g th e m ore sincer e o f those ou t si de th e Chu rch .
Many of th e C athol ic Iri sh ab an doned entirel y th e d ange rous trafli c in

intoxicating drink and sou ght m ore honorab l e m eans of sub si stence .
A Report to th e Lu dwig M ission sverein on -
C ath olicism in Wi scon sin April 2 3 1 845 , ,
rt t i fi ti i it
A M O N G th e m os m po an agen c es f or n an c al ass s an ce t o t h e A m e ri
h rh
can C u c wi ih
was th e Lu d g M i ssion sver ein , f ou n de d at M u n c in D e cem-
r tr i i v ri
b er, 1 83 8 , u n de th e pa on age O f K n g Lou s I of B a a a f rom wh i t
om ,
de riv i j t
ed its n am e T h e sp ec al O b ec s O f .thi i i ry i t
s m ss on a soc e y s b e n e f ac
’
ti ns in th e U n it d Stat w r th e G erm n C ath ol ic i mm i gr t N nt r

o e es e e a an s . O ce e
o f G erm n C th ol i a tivity w m re pr m i t th n th D i
a c ac of as o o n en a e ocese
M i l wauke whi ch h d b n r t d
e N v m b r 2 8 1 8 4 3 a d wh i h
a ee e ec e on o e e , ,
n c
i l d d th e ntire st te f W i con in with it

nc u e e a q r m il W h n
O s s s s ua e es . e
John M artin Henn i ( 1 8 0 5 th fir t B i h p f M ilw k e rrived e s s o O au e , a

in h is ity in M y 1 844 h e f o n d nly f o r pri t t
se e c a , r f r th , u o u es s o ca e o e
C th ol i a tt r d thr gh t th t t Th f t th t b y 1 8 5 0
cs sca e e ou ou e s a e . e ac a
th re w r over
e e e C th l i in W i n i n wi th f orty thre pr i e t
a o cs sco s -
e s s
will giv om e i d a f th r pi dity f gr wth f th S e f M i lw k

e s e O e a o o O e e o au ee .
B twe 1 8 3 8 n d 1 9 2 1 th L dwi g M i io
een a r in g v n rly m il l i n
e u -
ss n sve e a e ea a o
d l l r t th A m r i n m i i
o a s o e nd th e D i e e f M i lw k
ca w m g
ss o n s a oc se o au ee as a on
it pri n i p l b efici r i
s c a Le th n y r ft r h i rriv l H nni nt
en a es . ss a a ea a e s a a e se a
r port on reli gi
e n di ti o to th R v r d J
ou s co ph M ell r g n r l ns e e e en o se u e , e e a
m n g r f th e M u n i ch o i ty in wh i h h
a a e O i l d d m e i nt resting
s c e ,
c e nc u e so e
o b serv ti n s o th e s c l r
a o e en vn t ti i p ti g th St L wr n
e u a sc n , e e o an c a n e . a e ce
W terway S r : S l i
a . m XXXV II ( A pr il
ou ce 8 24 8 5 tr
a es a n u l t d ,
-
, an s a e
b y A gu ti ne C B eig n d d t d b y P t r L
u s . r Joh n a e i e e e eo n so .
cl asses investigate our teachi ngs and principles; they a re th e fir st

to
ones wh o f oll ow th eir con vi cti on F or thi s re ason t o b e h onest I .
, ,
h ke th em b etter th an all oth er Protest ants L atel y I r ece ived D r Hun t . .
an excell ent phy sici an int o th e chu rch S ever al oth er s are t aking .
instru ctions A good C athol ic priest is cert ainl y more respected than
.
'
th e num erou s pr each er s In spit e of m y pov erty as b i shop ev ery on e

.
of ou r ou t st andin g st at e offi ci al s wi sh ed to get acqu ainted with m e .
At present I am ab ou t to arrange an O l d fram e b uil ding for a

tempor ary sem inary I h ave thr ee semin arists a Germ an an Irishm an
.
, ,
an d an It al i an th e l atter of wh om h as stu died f or som e tim e in

,
Am erica and upon whom I will soon conf er m aj or orders Th r ee

,
. .
oth er cl erics I expect tow ar ds th e end O f Au gu st fr om th e Jesu it coll ege
in C i ncinn ati and a fou rth one f rom M ontreal C an ada , .
Good F ath er B oesw al d is still w aiting for a Germ an b ishop to

2 “
c arry out hi s gr and pl an as h e l at el y wrote t o F athe r Hei ss F ath er 3

.
Heiss whom I did not keep in th e dark ab out my pl ans regar ding th e
sem inary m ade h im acqu ain t ed with it In th e m e anwhil e I ende avor t o .
g et th e R e v B oesw ald h
. er e if o ur pl an shoul d b ecom e a r eali ty I .
b eli ev e th at h e would com e if h e sh oul d re ali z e th at C ovin gton h as not

mor e Germ ans th an M il w aukee Sou th of th e O hio (river) among th e .
Negroes Germ ans will never settl e Their m ain settl ements in f act .
are in th e northw est ern st at es Y e s th e m aj ority O f th e dom i cil ed .

,
Germ an s are there ; th ere onl y th e poor f armer f rom Eu rope can
acqu ir e th e de sired l and at a l ow pri ce It i s al so easier for h im to .
come to M il w aukee f rom New York th an to Cin cinn ati B esides onl y .
two or thr ee ye ar s m ay el apse till th e Engl i sh shipping Well and can al -
will conn ect Queb ec with Lake Erie Then ships from Liverpool ( and .
from th e Rh ein and Trieste if you wi sh) sh all enter th e h arb or of ,
M il w aukee D o not sm il e de ar f ri end Th e tim e when th i s sh all h appen

. .
is n ot f ar O ff .
However I do not wi sh th at your b ox packed with th e diff erent

chur ch u t ensil s sh oul d w ait till th en Unf ortunat el y I am not acquaint ed .
with anyb ody on one of th e seaports to whom you coul d send th e

goods i ntended for m e F or th e pr esent I h ave to ask to in qu ir e [sic]
.
of th e Liguori an s [ Re demptori st s] wh o cert ainl y h av e shipping agent s
everywh er e h ow and to wh at pl ace to send th e goods Even in New

, .
Ch l B w ld w f Imm l t C pti Ch h i L i ill

2 ar es p t
oes a as as or o acu a e o nce on urc n ou sv e .
Th B v i b Mi h l H i ( 1 8 1 8—1 890 ) w p t f St M y
’
3 e a ar an -
orn c ae e ss as as or o . ar s
Ch h C vi gt
urc , o K t ky wh
n on ,h vl t d t
en uc , mp y H en i t e o un eere o acco an e nn o
M il w k au i ee 1 8 44 H l t
n b m th fi t r t
. e a er f St F eca i S mi y
e e rs ec or o . ranc s e n ar ,
M i lw k 1 8 5 6—1 8 6 8 ; fi t Bi h p f L Cr 1 8 6 8—1 8 8 0 ; d H i ’
au e e, rs s o o a osse , an e nn s
succe r i th S f Milw k
sso n e ec o au ee .
Cath o l ic ism in Wisconsin , 1 8 45 27 7
York their i ty might b e th e surest agent al so for m e I sh all inf orm

soc e .
th e Rev Rum pl er O f thi s B ut I kin dl y ask you n ot to send my goods

4
. .
with any b elonging to th em .
With joy we are l ooki ng for th e arrival of th e Rev Schrau denb ach . .
5
Shoul d y ou b e ab l e to find on e or th e oth er pri est or th eol ogi c al student ,
I woul d b e very well pl eased I need al so two priest s wh o speak French .
very well for thi s reason I sh al l write to th e b ish op of Str assb urg
,
.
L ast fall I received at l ast from Lyon s fr an cs Wh at h elp thi s .
w as you m ay im agine Perh aps you w ould do w ell t o order for sever al
.
1 00 fl orin s som e vestments f rom th e f actory you spoke of Sh oul d .
they b e che ap and come up to our expect ations some more coul d b e
or dered Coul d you perh aps get a su it abl e m itr e for m e? For all thi s
'
I authorize you to h andl e in my n ame th e money granted b y th e

b oar d of d irector s .
W e are inf orm ed th at Eur ope h ad a very severe win ter We h ad .
h ardly any snow In f act I h ave never lived through a m ore pl easant
.
winter No doub t th e clim ate here is th e heal thiest in th e United States

.
e speci all y f or Eu r opean s Peopl e wh o com e sickl y f rom south e rn

.
regions gr ow here heal thy and strong I h ave al so to conf ess th at th e .
Spiritu al lif e h ere is a comf ort t o me Sin ce th e enl ar gem ent of m y .
fr ame cath edr al and a b etter arr angem ent of th e divin e services an
excell ent spirit m an ifest s it self aroun d m e ev en am ong th e Prot est ant s ,
.
I h ave b een inf orm ed th at Mi ss Lin der of B asle was received in to

th e chur ch and th at sh e i s l iving in Muni ch Should thi s b e th e case .
kin dl y give h er my b est regards an d t ell h er th at th at I still gr atefull y

rem emb er h er kin dness tow ards m e Sh e gave me a b e autiful paintin g .
representing Chr i st Unf ortun atel y I h ad to l eave it at Cincinn ati wher e

.
it adorn s a side al t ar in Hol y Trin ity church If M i ss Lin de r still .
devotes h er time t o p ain tin g I woul d li ke to ask h er for a pictu re of

St F r anci s de S al es D ear f rien d in doing so u se y ou r own good
. .
j udgment .
M ay God b estow hi s bl e ssin g on us and gr an t th at our friends in

Muni ch you your self an d canon Speth m ay wor k for a l ong time
, ,
for th e di st ant m i ssi on s .
4Th eR d m pt i t fi t
e e m tor s sth U i t d St t
rs i J
ca 1 8 32 f m
e o e n e a es n u ne , ro
A t i t y th y ti d t b
,
u s r a an d ll th gh th a i t th
r ou e n ne een f th cen ur e co n nu e o e one o e
l di g
ea n l igi
re g g ti t d v t it l b
ous con re a t thons G m im mi g t
o e o e s a ors o e er an ran s
G b i l R m pl B l tim
.
a r e u w p t
er , f S t A l ph Ch h i
as as or o . o n su s u rc n a ore
a t th i t i m
s e .
Ch l S h d b h w p t f St I g ti h R i Wi i
5 ar es c r au en ac Ch as as or O . na us ur c , ac ne , sco n s n .
27 8 Th e Na t ion a l Per iod
C on secration o f th e C ath edral of St P eter in .
C h ain s Cin cinn ati Novemb er 2 1 8 45

, , ,
vi r t ri
O N E of th e e den ces of th e m a ked g ow h of A m e can C a ol c sm in th i i r
i t
t h e M ddl e W e s in t h e m id n ne een th t ry
cen u i r v q ity
w as th e m p o ed u al -
i t
in b o th i t ri
d e s gn an d m a e al s of th e c u c h rh i i r t
b u l d n gs e ec ed f or d ne
_ iv i
se rvi t t r wi
ces A m on g th e f as e s
.
g o n g of t h e w tr i i ti
es e n sees was C n c nn a
w r t r wr
h e e b y 1 84 5 h e e ti t
e e an e s m a e d th i
C a ol cs in a d ocese i
se rv ed b y s ixty ri t
six p es s I n 1 840 B s op
-
ih J h o n B r
Pu cell ( 1 800—1 8 8 3 )
. .
tr t i th r tr
b egan con s u c on of th e n ew C a ed al of St Pe e in C a n s, an ed ce h i ifi .
whi h c ri
w as d esc b ed a cen u t ry t r h
l a e as one of th e an dsom es an d m os t t
t
m onu m en al of G eek Rer viv h
al c ur ch es t i
( Talb o H aml n , Greek R e vival
A rch i tec tur e in A m er ica [N ew Yro k, p i t t th t
H aml n s a e d a .
r hi t t
th e a c ec r
was p ob ab l y H en ry tr t r
W al e s Th e ca h ed al was con sec a ed rt .
y v r t
on S u n d a , No em b e 2 , 1 8 45 , b y S am uel Eccl es on , S S , fi rh ih
fth A c b s op . .
ti r r
o f B al m o e , in th e p esen ce O f e g i ht i r
b sh op s and a l a ge gath e ng of ri
ry
cl e g an d l aity r y
Th e u nu su al ce em on f or
. th y ri
ose d a s w as de sc b ed in
i i ti th i w y w
C n c nn a s C a ol c
’
eekl r
ne sp ap e , of whi h th r w r
c F a e E d a d Pu cell , r
r t r ih it r it ri
b o h e of th e b s op , w as e d o , in an ed o al en l ed “ ti t r ti
Con sec a on of
tr
St Pe e s C a ed al
. th r
’
r v r
S ou ce : C a th o l ic Te l egrap h , N o em b e 6 , 1 8 45
. .
Thi s l ong xpected and gr atifying ceremony took pl ace O u l ast

e .
Sun day Th e cl er gy O f th e d i ocese h ad b een in r etre at for e ight d ay s

.
previ ou s under th e spiritu al direction of V R ev D r Spalding of

l
. . .
,
Kentucky and with very few exceptions all th e Engli sh C athol i cs

, ,
of Cincinn ati receive d th e Hol y C omm uni on in th e O l d C ath edr al to ,
prepar e th eir soul s for cel eb r ating with proper di sposition s th eir ,
j oyou s entrance in to their new and m agn ificent Church Th e day was .
chill y and damp b ut th e crowds in attendance wer e v ery gr eat and

, ,
th e utm ost decorum w as O b se rved b y all b oth ou tsi de as well as in ,
th e in terior of th e b u il din g Th e m ost Rev Dr Ec cl eston Ar ch B i shop . . .

,
-
of B al t im ore w as th e con secr atin g Prel ate ; wh en th e processi on entered
th e Chur ch b earing th e r el i cs th e f oll owin g B i shops attended their ,
metropol itan Th e Rt Rev Dr.Pl aget B i sh op of Loui svill e ; Rt Rev

, . .
, . .
D r Portier B i shop of Mob il e ; Rt Rev Dr Ch abr at CO adj utor

.
,
. . .
,
-
B i sh op O f L oui svill e ; Rt Rev D r Henn i B i sh op of Mil w auki e [sic] ;

. . .
,
Rt Rev Dr Hail andi ere B i shop of Vincenn es; Rt Rev Dr Mil es

. . .
, . . .
,
B i sh op of Nashvill e ; Rt Rev Dr Mccl osky [ sic] C oadj utor Bi sh op of

. . .
,
New York an d Rt Rev Dr Pur cel l O f Cin cinn ati . b eing al togeth er
. .
nin e B i sh ops eight of whom h ad l ef t th eir di st an t h om es moved b y

, ,
1 M a ti J Sp ld i g ( 1 8 1 0—1 872 )
r n . a d d Pl g t
n B i h p f L i vil l i su ccee e a e as s o o ou s e n
1 8 50 nd di d
a th A h b i h p f B ltim e
e as seven rc s o o a or .
2 80 Th e Na tion a l P eriod
Hel d ( 1 7 9 9 rovi ci al of th e B l gi province t whi h th Re

p n e an , o c e
d em ptorists A m e rican m i s ions were ub j ect It w
’
p r i d wh n there w
s s . as a e o e as
a gr eat deal of ri ti i m in G erm an and A u tri n C th oli circl b o t th
c c s s a a c es a u e
m o ey th ey g ve thr o gh t h e L dwi g M i ion s e ein
n a u n d L op ld inen u -
ss v r a e o
Sti ft ng f r th i r com patri ot s in th e U it d State b ein g ch a
u o e l ed O ff t o n e s, nn e
n on G erm an proj ect
-
b y Iri sh A m eri c n b i hop s In answer t o report -
a s s . s
b r gh t b ck b y m en l i ke Salz b h er an d de H el d W imm er com po ed th e
ou a ac , s
d c m e t th at f ol l ow an d h d i t p b l i h d an onym
o u n s l y F i re d b y h i
a l u s e ou s . s zea
f or th e m i ssi on in th e New W orl d an d havi ng e r d th e perm i i on f h i
s , s cu e ss O s
sup r i or
e W im m er set out in Jul y 1 8 46 with f our eccl e i a ti l t d nt
s, , , s s ca s u e s
a n d f o rt un y n g l ym e
ee w h de i r d to m b r
ou a th e B en d i ti n lif in
n o s e e ace e c e e
th U n i t d St tes A ccepti g th ff er of M i ch ael O c onn or ( 1 8 1 0

’
e e a . n e o
fir t Bi sh p of Pi ttsb urgh t h v h i l ittl om m nity ettl on om e h rch

s o , o a e s e c u s e s c u
l an ds in W estm rel n d C nty h o i nv t d h i i ghtee comp i on with

a ou , e es e s e n an s
th e rel i gi h b i t on O ct b er 24 1 846 and th in u gurat d h i gre t

ou s a o , , us a e s a
w rk Wim mer O pe ed
o . ll g an d sem i n ary i n 1 8 4 8 at St V i
n a co nt
e e a . n ce
’
s
Pr i ory and in A gu t 1 8 55 Pope Pi u IX gr ted h i p ti ti

s , , nd r i d us an s e on a a se
hi f oun d ti n to th e r nk of n b b y
s a o d at th e m e t im e m de W i mm er
a a a e an sa a
presi de t f th
n n ewl y f
o n de d A m er i c n c n gre g t i n of B n d i ct i
e ou a o a o e e n es .
D u ri ng h is f orty y e r of n cea i g l b ors h e se t ut m i s i on ri e f rom

a s u s n a n o s a s
St Vin cent wh f o n ded i f t re abb y : S t J h in M i n t ( 1 8 56 )

’ ’
. s o u s x u u e s . o n s n e so a
St B en ed i ct s in K an s B lm ont in N rth C r l i n St
’
. sa e o a o a .
Bern ard in Al b am St Pr copiu i n Ill i n oi s n d H ly

’ '
s a a . o s a o
C r s in C ol or do
os b esi d s n m r
a m ll er m i si on s i n p r i he e u e ou s s a s a s s
in twenty five st tes wh i ch b y 1 8 8 5 were m i n i t ri g t

-
a ver l s e n o o sou s,
e p ci al l y
s e m ong G rm n I ri h
a n d I tal i n i mm i gran t
e a By th e t i m h e
,
s , a a s . e
d i ed W i mm er h d m re th n f l fill ed th dre m ab
a o t whi h h e h d writt
a u e a ou c a en
over f orty year b ef ore in doc m ent wh i h i in m ny w y th e h rt r

s , a u c s a a s c a e
of t h e A m er i c n B en e d i ct i nes si n
a th im d m th d i t emb odi ed wer ce e a s an e o s e
c n i sten tl y and succe sf ll y dev l oped i

o s th U n i ted St tes S
s u r e: A g e n e a . ou c u s
b rg P tz it g N vemb r 8 1 8 4 5 Th i d ocum nt w
u os e un , o pri nted
e , . s e as as an
a pp n d
e i x in C ol m n J B rry W a h ip d. W k
a S t J h ,
A b b y o rs an or . . o n s
’
e
an d U i i ty 1 8 5 6 4 95 6 ( C l l eg vi ll
n vers , pp 34 5 —3 5 1 o e e, . .
Every C ath oh c wh o h rishes h is f aith must take a deep interest c e
in m i ssion ary l ab ors; b ut reli gi on as well as patri oti sm dem ands th at

eve ry Ger m an C atholi c shoul d t ake a speci al int er est in th e m i ssion s
of Ameri ca To us it cann ot b e a m atter of indiff erence h ow our

.
coun trymen are situ ated in Am eri c a I for my part h ave not b een .
, ,
ab l e to r e ad th e v ari ou s an d gener all y sad repo rt s on th e desol ate
condition of Germ an s b ey ond th e ocean with ou t deep compassion and
a desire to do som ething t o all evi ate th eir piti ab l e condition Th u s I .

,
h ave given much thought to th e question of h ow th ey m ight b e prac

ticall y assisted It is not difli cul t to un derstand wh at shoul d b e done
.
mor e Germ an speaking priests should b e found l ab oring for th e sp iritual

-
welf are O f our countrym en in Am e rica Th e onl y question is h ow .

B en edict in es in th e Un ited Sta tes 28 1
ri t
to get p es s an d what kind
pri e s t s wi
Of ll d o t h e w or k m o st su ccess
full y Th e an swer to th e second qu estion will al so gi ve th e sol ution

.
for th e first I do not wi sh to off end anyone b ut my opinion i s th at

. ,
secul ar p ri est s are not th e b est adapte d f or m i ssion ary l ab or s Hi st ory .
show s th at th e Chur ch h as not av ail ed h er self O f their services to
an y gre at ext ent in m i ssi on ary un dert akings I do n ot m ean to say

.
that a secul ar priest cannot l ab or eff ectu all y within a limi t ed territory
in Am erica for th ere are m any wh o l ab or succe ssfull y ev en at th e
,
p r esen t d ay B u
. t th e y cann ot sa ti sf y th em se l v es T h ey are in gr e at .
dan ger of b ecom ing carel ess an d wo rldl y mi nded I cannot agree with
-
.
D r Sal zb ach er when h e say s th at th e spir itu al need s of our coun try
.
men c an b e provided b y per am b ul ati ng mi ssion aries wh o go ab out

“
l ike th e W and erin g Jew from for est to f ore st from b u t to b u t ; for ,
unl ess such a mi ssi on ary b e a S ain t not m uch of th e spiritu al m an
would rem ain in hi m and even then b y su ch transient visit s not m u ch

,
l astin g good coul d b e accompli sh ed Th e mi ssi on ary m ore th an any

.
,
other pri est st and s in need O f spiritu al r enew al f rom tim e t o tim e
, ,
consol ati on an d advi ce in tri al s an d difli cul ties H e m u st therefore

.
, ,
h ave some pl ace where h e can find su ch assistance : th is m ay b e

given b y hi s b i shop b ut h e will fin d it m ore secu rel y in a reli gi ous
community in th e m idst O f hi s conf rer es .
He should al so h av e a hom e to r ece ive h im in h is O l d age or when

h e is oth erwi se incapacit ated f or m i ssi on ary l ab or s; h e sh oul d h ave
no worl dl y car e s otherwi se h e m ight negl ect or ev en for get hi s own
,
and other s spirit ual welf are All thi s can b e h ad onl y in a r el i gi ou s
’
.
comm un ity For th i s re ason th erefore religion s are b etter adapted

.
, ,
to mi ssion ary wo rk th an secul ar p ri est s In a comm u nity th e experi

.
em ees of th e ind ivi dual b ecom e comm on pr operty ; all h av e a common
interest st and togeth er and h ave th e sam e O b j ect in vi ew A v acancy

, .
cau sed b y death or oth erwi se can b e fill ed m or e r eadil y and h aving
fewer temporal c ares they can devo te th em sel ves m ore excl usivel y
,
to th e spiritu al in terests of th em sel ve s and other s Th u s all oth er .

,
things b eing equ al a rel igiou s priest in a comm u nity should b e ab l e

,
to work more eff ectivel y on th e m i ssi on s th an th e secu l ar priest wh o

st an ds al one .
Th e next que sti on i s : Wh at rel igiou s O rder i s m ost ad apted for

th e Ameri can mi ssions not to con vert th e n ative In di an s b ut to provide
,
for th e spiritu al nece ssiti es of Germ an imm igr ants?

A s far as I know th e onl y Rel igiou s in th e strict sen se of th e word
now foun d in Am e rica are th e J esu it s an d Redem t ori st s Th e mi s
p .
sion aries O f th e M iddle A ges th e B en ed ictin es D omini can s and F r an

, ,
2 82 Th e Nationa l Pe riod
ciscans are repre sented in th e New Worl d except b y a few

not yet ,
individu al s wh o do not l ive in monasteries Th e J esu its devote their .

1
ener gi es princi pal l y to t e aching in coll eges; the ir student s are mostl y
f rom the h i ghe r cl asse s of soci ety and m an y of them b el ong to

Protest an t f amil i es M an y J esu it s are al so doing excell ent work am ong
.
th e In di ans an d o th e rs h av e ch arge of congregati ons in cities ne ar

,
their coll eges B ut whil e they accompl ish so much in the ir sphere
.
of l ab or s th ey can do l ittl e for Ge rm an s b ecause few of th em spe ak

, ,
their l anguage Th e Redem ptorists are doing nob l e work for our
.
countrym en in th e St ates : in citi es and thickl y settl ed coun try di strict s
they have l arge congregations and al so do what they can for others ,
as t r av el l ing m i ssion ari es Som e secul ar priest s lik ewi se go ab ou t am ong

.
th e scatter ed C ath ol ics doin g good b u t th ey n atu r all y an d n ecessaril y

,
concen tr ate in cities wh ere th e re i s a l arge C athol i c popul ati on .
We see therefore th at much i s b eing done in Am erica; very mu ch

, , ,
indeed when we consider th e sm all b and O f priests an d th e diffi cul ties

,
under which they l ab or B ut as yet nothi ng h as b een done for th e

.
st ab il ity of th e w ork no provi si on h as b een m ade f or an incre ase of

,
Germ an speaking priest s to m eet th e growin g dem and for m i ssionary

-
,
l ab orer s It i s not difficul t t o see th at secul ar p ri est s whose l ab ors

.
,
exten d over a d i strict l arger th an a d io c ese can do nothing to secur e ,
reinforcement s to their own numb er But why h ave th e Redemptori sts .
an d Jesuit s not accompl i shed m or e in thi s line? B y hi s vows neither
th e J esui t nor th e Redempto ri st i s b oun d to an y particul ar pl ace b ut ,
h e must al ways b e pr epar ed to l eave hi s present position at th e com

mand of hi s superior s an d m ay al so request if not dem and hi s rem ov al
, , ,
for weighty reasons Th i s h as m any adv antages b ut for Am erica it

.
,
seem s to m e al so to h ave di sadv an t ages F or th e successor O f th e one .
wh o h as b een r emoved will r equ ir e a l ong tim e t o b ecome acquain ted

with all th e circumstances with whi ch h is predecessor was f am il iar ,
and even th e u ncert ain ty as to h ow l ong h e wil l r em ain at an

y par ti cul ar
pl ace will b e an O b st acl e in hi s w ay M oreove r th e f act th at J esu it s .
,
gener all y rece ive onl y th e ch il dr en O f ri ch er f am il ies m any of wh om ,
are Protest an t s int o th eir in stitu tion s b ec ause th ey de end u on th em

, p p ,
for th eir sustenance and th at th e Redemptorist s are b y th eir statutes

.
required to devote them selves to m issionary work an d can therefore , , ,
not b e expect ed to t ake ch arge O f semin ar i es gives u s no r eason to ,
hope that th e spiritu al w an ts of Americans particul arly of Germ an ,
1
W immer w as u n aw are t
th a
Edward D Fenw ck O P ( 1 7 6 8 . rs i , . . fi t
i
B sh op of i i
C nc nnat , i i
h ad opened St Rose Pr ory ne ar Spr ng el d , K entucky ,
. i fi
as t h e fi t rs D om n can i i i t
co nvent i n th e U n te d St a es as e arl y as D ecem b er , 1 8 0 6 .
Th e Na t ional Per iod
it can very readil y adapt itself to all tim es and circumstances .
Th e contempl ative an d pr actical are h arm on iousl y b l ended ; agri

cu l tur e ,
m anual l ab or l iter atur e m i ssionary work education
, , , ,
were dr awn into th e circle of activity which St B enedict pl aced .
b efor e h i s discipl es Hence th ey soon f el t at h om e in all part s

.
of E u rope and th e sam e could b e don e in A m e ri c a .
When we con sider North Am erica as it is today we can see at a ,
gl ance th at th ere i s n o oth er coun try in th e w orl d which O ff er s gr e ater

opport uni tie s f or th e e st abli shm en t and spre ad of th e B enedi ctin e
O rder no coun try th at i s so m u ch hk e our O l d Eur ope was Th er e are

,
.
found imm en se forest s l arge uncul tiv ate d tr act s of l and in th e inte ri or
, ,
m ost fertil e l ands which comm and b ut a nomin al price ; O ften for
m il es and m il es no vill age i s to b e seen n ot to spe ak of cities In , .
coun try d i strict s no school s n o chu r ch es are t o b e f ou nd Th e Ge rm an

, .
col oni st s are scatt e red u ncu l tu re d

,
i gnor ant hundreds of m ile s aw ay
, ,
from th e n ear est Germ an speaki ng pri est f or pr acticall y th ey can

-
, , ,
m ake th ei r h ome s wh ere th ey pl ease Th ere are no good b ooks n o

.
,
C atholic papers no hol y pictures Th e destitu te and unf ortun ate have
, .
n o on e t o off er th em a h o spit ab l e r oof th e orph an s n at ur all y b ecom e
th e victim s O f vi ce a n d ir r eli gion i n a wor d th e con d ition s in ,
Am erica today are like th ose of Europe 1 000 ye ars ago when th e ,
B ened i ctin e O r der attai ned it s fu ll e st devel opment and eff ectiveness b y
its wonde rful adapt ab il ity an d st ab il ity .
O f cour se th e B enedictine O r der w oul d b e requ ired to adapt it self

,
again to cir cu m st ance s an d b egin anew TO acqu ir e a consi der ab l e

.
tract of l and in th e in terior O f th e country upon which to foun d a ,
m on aste ry w ould not b e very difli cul t ; to b ring u nder cul tiv ation
,
at l east a portion O f th e l and and to er e ct th e m ost necessary b u il d in s

g
woul d give employm ent for a few years to th e first Benedi ctine col ony ,
which should consist of at le ast two or thr ee priests and ten to fifteen
b roth ers skill ed in th e m ost nece ssary tr ades .
O nce th e col ony i s self supporting which could b e expected in

-
,
ab ou t two ye ar s it shoul d b egin to expand so th at th e in creased

,
numb er of l ab orin g h an ds m i ght al so increase th e

product s an d
revenues to b e derived from th e estate A printing and lithogr aphing .
est ab l i shm en t w ou l d al so b e v e ry desir abl e .
Since th e Hol y Rul e pr escrib es for all not onl y m anu al l ab or and ,
th e ch an tin g oi th e D ivine O fli ce b u t al so th at th e m onks sh o

.
, ul d
devote sever al hou r s a day t o stu dy thi s tim e coul d b e u sed b y th e

,
F ath ers to in struct th e B roth ers thoroughl y in arithmetic G erm an ,

Be n e d ic t ines in th e Un ite d Sta tes 285
g r amm ar etc thereb y fitting them to te ach school to give catechetical

, .
, ,
in struction and in gener al to assist in teaching chil dren as well as

grown per son s .
Such a m on astery w oul d from th e very st art b e of gre at adv ant age
to Germ an settl er s at l east to th ose wh o wou l d l iv e n ear it Th ey
,
.
woul d h ave a pl ace where they coul d depend upon h earin g M ass on
Sunday s and h ear a se rm on in th eir own l angu age ; th ey w oul d al so
have a pl ace where they coul d al ways b e su re to fin d a priest at hom e
”
to h e ar th eir conf e ssi on s t o b l ess th eir m arri ages to b aptize th eir

, ,
ch il dr en and to admi ni st er th e l ast sacr am ent s t o th e si ck if call ed
in t im e .
O ccasion all y th e Supe ri o r m ight send ou t ev en th e B roth er s two

b y two to hun t up f all en aw ay C ath ol ic s to in str u ct chil dr en for th eir
-
,
first Comm union etc A ll sub sequent m on asteries th at might b e est ab

.
h sh ed fr om th e m oth er h ou se w ou l d n atur all y exerci se th e same

influence .
SO f ar th e services ren dere d b y th e B enedictin es w oul d not b e

,
extr aor d in ary ; any oth er pri est s or r el i giou s cou ld d o th e sam e ex cept ,
th at they woul d not li kel y b e ab l e to support them selves with ou t assist

an ce fr om Eu r ope ; wh er e as a comm u n ity of B en edictin es wh en on ce ,
firml y est ab l i shed would soon b ecom e self—su st ain ing .
Bu t such a m on aste ry if j u di ci ou sl y l ocat ed w oul d n ot l on g r em ain

i sol ated ; all r eports from Am erica inf orm u s th at th e Germ an im
m i gr ant s are concentr ating th em sel ve s in pl ace s wh ere ch u rch es h av e
b een er ected o r wh er e a Germ an spe aki n g prie st h as t aken u p hi s
-
re sidence Thi s woul d al so b e f ou nd and to a gre ater extent if there

.
, ,
were a m onastery som ewh ere with a good school In a short tim e a .
l arge Germ an popul ation w ould b e found n ear th e m on aste ry j u st as ,
in th e M iddl e A ges vill ages town s and cities spr ang up n ear B ene
, ,
dietin e abb ey s Th en th e m onks coul d expect a l arge num b er of

.
childr en for th e ir school and in th e cou r se of tim e

, as th e nu m b er ,
of pri est s i n cre ases a coll ege with a good L atin cou r se coul d b e
,
open ed .Th ey woul d n ot b e depen den t upon th e tu it i on fee O f th e

stu d en t s f or th e ir su
pport whi ch th ey coul d dr aw fr om th e f arm and
,
th e mi ssion s (th ou gh th ese wou l d n ot b e a sou r ce of m u ch in com e in

th e b eginn in g) Thu s th ey cou l d d evot e th ei r en e rgi e s t o th e educat i on
.
of th e poorer cl asse s of b oy s wh o cou l d

pay l ittl e or n othin g and si nce ,
these b oys w ould dail y com e in cont act with th e pri e st s and other
m onks it coul d scar cel y b e oth erwi se b u t th at m any of th em woul d
,
de vel op a desire of b ecom in g p ri est s or ev en reli gi ous I am w ell aw are .
that to m an y reader s th ese hopes and expectations wil l appear too

286 Th e Na t ional P eriod
sanguin e, i all eff o rt s at secu rin g a n ative Am e rican cl e r gy h av e

s n ce
hi therto fail ed so signall y B ut we in u st rem emb er th at th e ann al s O f

.
_
th e m i ssi on s as w ell as th e o r al r epo rt s of pri est s wh o h ave l ab or e d

in A m erica in form u s th at th ese eff ort s were m or e theoretical th an
,
p r acti c al th,
at there w as a desire of m akin g such eff o rt s b u t th ey they ,
were not reall y m ade and th at those wh ich were re all y m ade were more
,
or l ess r e stri cte d t o th e E n gh sh —spe akin g cl e rgy an d th at in gener al ,
there were neither sufficient means nor sufli cient te ac h ers to tr ain a
n ativ e Ge rm an spe ak ing cl e rgy It i s sai d th at th e y oung Am e ri can i s
-
.
not i ncl in e d to devot e him self to th e sacr ed m ini stry b ecau se it is so
easy f or h im t o secu re a wif e an d h om e ; th at th e Am e ri c an h as nothing
in vi ew b u t to h eap up th e rich es of thi s worl d ; th at f ath er s n eed th eir

sons on th e f arm s or in th e w orksh ops and th er efore do not car e to , ,
see th em stu dy B ut l et m e ask i s it not th e sam e h er e in E u rope? A re

.
, ,
th e rich al w ay s pl e ased wh en th eir son s stu dy for th e prie sth ood? A re

all G erm an s in A m eri ca well t o do Or rich ? A re they n ot as a ru l e th e
- -
very poorest and t o a cert ain extent th e meni al s O f th e rest ? M oreover ,
i s th e fir st th ou ght of a b oy d i rected to m atrim ony ? I s it an y won der

that h e should show no incl ination for th e priesthood when h e sees
a pri est scarcel y on ce a y e ar ; wh en divin e servi ces are hel d in chu rch es
which resemb l e hovel s r ather than churches withou t pomp and cere ,
mony wh en th e pri est h as t o divest him self of hi s prie stl y di gnity O ft en

, ,
tr avel s on hor se—b ack in disguise looking more like a drumm er than
, ,
a pr i est wh en th e b oy se es n othing in th e l if e O f a pri est b u t sac rifice

, ,
l ab or and f atigue?
But all thi s woul d b ecom e qu ite diff eren t if b oy s coul d come in
dail y cont act with priest s if th ey r eceived instr uctions from th em
, ,
if th e pri est coul d appear to adv ant age b ette r dressed an d b e tter ,
hou sed than th e ordinary settl er if young m en coul d l earn from

I
O b serv ation to r eali ze an d appr eci ate th e adv ant age s of a comm un it
y
l if e if th ey could l earn to un der st and th at whil e th e l ife of a pri est
,
re qu ires self deni al an d sacrifice hi s hopes of a great rew ard are al so

-
, .
well grounded Y es I do not doub t b ut th at hun dreds especiall y O f

“
.
, ,
th e l ow e r cl asses w oul d pr efer to spen d th eir l ives in w ell regul ate d

,
monasteries in su i tab l e and reason ab l e occupations th an to gain a ,
m eage r livehh ood b y in cessant h ard l ab or in f orest region s Let u s .
rememb er that here in B avaria from th e year 7 40 to th e year 7 8 8 not

l ess th an 40 B en edictin e m on asteri es were f oun ded an d th e com m un i tie s
were composed ahn ost entirel y O f n atives from th e free cl asses wh o h ad ,
enj oy ed th e adv an t age s of f reedom in th e w orl d an d coul d h ave ch osen
th e m ar ri ed st ate with ou t any difli cul ty or h i ndr an ce Why shoul d we .

furth er th einter ests O f Germ ans in gener al and our countrym en in

p a rti cu l ar ? C ou ld a b e tter u se O f su ch contrib u ti on s b e m ade or
coul d anyt hin g appe al m ore l ou dl y t o ou r n ation al patri oti sm ? I s it
right that we should continuall y l ook after th e interests O f strangers

an d f orget ou r own coun trym en ? M oreover wh atever w oul d b e done ,
for th e Germ an s woul d adv ance th e well b eing of th e en tire Chu rch in -
Am erica We mu st not stifle our feel ings of patriotism Th e Ger

. .
m ans we h e ar it often enou gh l ose th eir national ch ar acter in th e

, ,
secon d or thir d gen er ati on they al so l ose their l anguage b ecause

, ,
li ke a l ittl e rivul et th ey di sappear in th e mi ghty stream of th e

Anglo American popul ation in th e St ates I s this not humil i ating for
-
.
u s G e rm an s? Woul d th i s sad con dition of aff ai r s continu e if h ere and
there a Germ an center were estab l ished to whi ch th e stream O f ,
em igr at i on f rom ou r country could b e sy stem aticall y direct ed if ,
Germ an in struction and serm on s w ere given b y priest s going fo rth

f rom these center s if Germ an b ooks papers an d periodi cal s were
, ,
d i strib u ted among th e peopl e if Ge rm an b oys could rece ive a Ger

,
m an e ducation an d tr ainin g which woul d m ake th em sel ves f el t in

,
wider circl es?

Let us th erefore no l onge r b u il d air castl es for our coun trym en
, ,
111 A m erica Let u s provide for th eir rel igious interest s then th eir
.
,
dom estic aff air s will t ake c ar e of th em sel ves B enedictine m onasteries .
of th e O ld styl e are th e b est m eans O f ch ecki ng th e downw ard
ten dencies of our coun trym en in soci al political and rel igiou s matters , .
Let J esu it s and Redem ptorist s l ab or side b y side with th e B enedic

tin es; there is room enou gh for all and plenty of work If every .
Rel i giou s O rder dev el ops a h e al thy activity within its sph ere th e ,
resul t will b e doub l y sur e and gre at North A merica will no longer .
depend upon Eur ope f or its spiritu al welf are an d th e d ay m ay ,
com e when A m eric a will r epay u s j ust as En l an d conv e rt ed b

g y th e ,
B ene dictin e s repaid th e continent of Eu rope

, .
Th e Inauguration O f th e First C onf eren ce O f

th e S oci ety O f St Vi n cen t de P au l in th e U nited
.
States, Novemb er 20, 1 845

ti
O N E of th e m os m po an agen c es O f p rt t
a e c a i
y in th e U n te d S a es ri v t h r i t tti
it . i t
i s th e Soc e y of S t V ncen d e Paul F oun ded in Pa s in 1 8 3 3 b y F d c. ri ré éri
O zan am ( 1 8 1 3 a oun g p of esso y r
of l e a u e in th e S o b onne , r it r t r r it
r i
h ad an im rnediate appe al and ap dl y sp e ad hr ough ou th e Ca h ol c o l d r t t t i wr .
Soc ie ty o f S t Vinc en t de
. Pa u l 28 9
T hrough John Tim on C M ( 1 7 9 7 fir t Bi shop O f Buffalo wh o

, . . s ,
wi tne ed its b enefi ent res lt on a vi sit to Fr nce th e i de w a b ro ght

ss c u s a , a s u
to S t Lou i s whi l T i m o w
. till worki g in M i o ri Father A mb ro J
e n as s n ss u . se .
He i m ( 1 8 0 7 F r n h b orn i t nt p tor in th e O ld c th dral

a e c -
ass s a as a e
p ri h took i t p
a s ,d w n th e i mm d i t pp rt f a sm l l grou p of
u an ol e a e su o o a zea ou s
l ym en w h o hel d th i r fir t m t i n g in th
a hool r om O f th e O l d c thedr l
e s ee e sc o a a
o n N ovem b er 2 0 1 84 5 A w k l t r on N ovem b er 27 , secon d m eet i ng

. ee a e a
th e m i n tes o f wh i h re gi ven b el ow
u worked t th e det i l s to th e
c a ou a s a
proced r th ey wou l d em pl y in r l i evi ng t h e c i ty C thol i c poor F r m

’
u e o e s a . o
these h m b l e b eginn i g th u i ty f ed out acros th e co ntry ntil n s e soc e ann s u u
today i t i recogni d f t r of n m r p ri hes nd em b r ces th o

s a ze ea u e u e ou s a s a a u
sa n d s of C th ol i c l ym n i n i t m m b r h i p S ou rce : M i nu te B ook St Lou i

a a e s e e s .
, . s
O ld C th dr l Co f r n a St Vi n e t d e P l S i ty p 2 6 q ote d in
e a n e e ce , . c n au oc e , .
, u
D i el T M c l gan A C t y f C h ity Th F i t O
an . c o H ,
d d Y en ur o ar . e rs ne un re ea rs
o f th S i ty f S t Vi
e t d
oc e P l i th U it d S t t
o ( M i lw k
. nce n e au n e n e a es au ee :
Th B r P b l i hi g C
_
e u ce I 79 8 0u s n o .
, ,
— .
At a second m ee tin g O f th e St Vi ncent de Paul Society hel d at .
th e C ath edr al Sch ool Room on th e Th u r sday even ing O f th e 27 th

ul tim o th e m inutes of th e prec edin g meetin g were re ad b y th e
,
Secret ary and approved .
Dr Linton on th e part of th e comm ittee appointed to wait upon

.
l
th e ri ght R everen d B i sh op to appri z e h im of th e organi z ati on and 2
pur poses of th e Society read a l etter r eceiv ed b y th e comm ittee from

h im full y approving of th e organ iz ation an d O b j ect s of it b eing ,
designed to r el ieve an d all evi at e th e suff erin g and w ant s O f th ose in a

poor an d destitu te conditi on du ring th e in cl em ent se ason O f th e y e ar
_
.
Th e Vi sitor s sel ecte d at th e previ ous m eeting to ascert ain th e par

ticu l ar cases in th e n e i ghb orhood of th e ir r espectiv e Pari shes r e qu irin g
imm edi ate attention and assi st ance on the part of th e Society m ade ,
their report s in which several cases O f suff ering and destitu tion were
,
portrayed th at appeal ed th o roughl y to th e l ib e r al and ch arit ab l e feelin gs

of th e m e eting .
O n m otion it w as resol ved and c arri ed th at a coll ection b e imm edi

atel y t aken up in fu rth er an ce of th e ob j ect s h ad l n V1 ew in th e
fo rm at i on of th e soci ety ; in order to pl ace f unds in th e h an ds of

th e Vi sitor s wh ereb y i ndivi du al su ff e ri n g for w an t of m e ans m a b e
y
rel ieved to th e extent at l east of th e m eans pl aced b y th e Society at
th e d i sposal O f th e vi sitin g comm ittee .
Th e coll ecti on am ou nted to th e sum of twenty doll ar s forty seven

M
1
L Li t oses( 1 80 8 fi t p i d t f th
. n on i ty w v t rs res en O e soc e as a con er
C th l i i m f m di i i St L i U i r ity
,
t
o a d p fo c s an a ro essor O e c ne n ou s n ve s
P t r Ri h d K i k ( 1 80 6—1 89 6 ) w th
. .
d bi h p d fi t A h
2 e e c ar enr c as e secon s o an rs rc
b i h p f St L i
s o o . ou s .
and a h alf cen s t which t added pr eviou s

to th e sum coll ec ed at th e
m eeting m ade ,
th e tot al
sum of thirty seven doll ar s sev en teen and a
half cents was pl aced in th e hands O f th e Treasurer .
O n m otion i t w as r esol v ed an d c arri ed u n anim ou sl y th at h alf th e

funds coll ected sh ould b e e qu all y d ivided am ong th e diff erent P ari shes ,
givi n g t o e ac h a n e qu al r
p po o rti o n : a n d th at on e f ou rth b e appl i ed -
to th e imm ed i at e r el ief O f th e c ases j u st m ention ed to th e m eeting ,
an d th e r em ai ni n g fou rth b e kept on h an d f or contin gency .
A m otion w as m ade and carried th at a comm ittee of three b e

appointe d to dr aft a l etter O f comm u nication t o th e p arent Society
in P ari s wher eu pon th e Pr esi den t appoin ted th e f oll owin g gentl emen
,
as th at C omm ittee Ju dge Mull anph y J udge M ann ing Revd M r 3

. .
, ,
Heim .
A m otion w as m ade and carried th at th e fou rth O f th e funds for

pr e se n t d i stri b u ti o n b e n u m e ri c all y d ivi,
d e d am on g th e vi sit or s p r e sent
wh o were acqu ain ted with th e l oc al i ty wh e re th e di stress w as t o b e

fou nd wh ereu pon th e Pr esident appo int ed th e fol l ow i n g gentl emen
as d i strib u t or s of thi s fu n d :
Mr Everh art .
Mr O Neil .
’
M r O K e ef e
.
’
M r Ridener (Reidener ?)
.
A m otion was then put and carried th at th e sever al visitors ap

pointed should sev er all y r eport th em sel ve s to th e Pri est s an d dis
trib u te th e funds entrusted to their c are according to their sense O f
propriety t aking in to con sider ation th ose m ost in need O f th eir
,
assi st ance whereupon th e President appointed as th e Visiting Com

,
m ittee (one Vi sitor for each O f th e f oll owing)

1 ) For th e P ari sh of St Vin cent d e Paul .
2) F or th e C athedr al
3) F or th e P ari sh of Sain t Fr an ci s X av i er
-
4) F or t h e P ari sh O f Saint P atri ck

3By M l l ph y ( 1 8 09—1 8 5 1 ) w
r an u an j dg f th Ci i t C t wh i as a u e o e rcu our o n
1 847 b m M y ec a f St L i H w
e th
a or O ly f th w l th y m
. ou s .h t e as e on so n o e ea erc an
an d ph i l th pi t J h an M l l ph y ( 1 7 5 8
ro s , o whn g u ity b gh t
an ose eneros rou
b
a ou t th fi t C th l i h pit l i th U it d S t t t St L i i N m b
e rs a o c os a n e n e a es a . ou s n ove er,
1 8 2 8 b id
, g es gift t es th J it th R l igi
e n er ou s f th S
s od H at e esu s, e e ous O e acre e r ,
an d th S i t ef L tt Sp k i g f th
s er s o ld M ll ph y d th i A g t
ore o . ea n O e e er u an
’
s ea n u us
1 8 3 3 J h E R th W ith h im d i d th b l t C th l i l ym
,
, o t in t t d . o e ns e ne r s a e , e e no es a o c a an
St L i h
.
k w ( H i t y f th A h d i f st L i [St
'
. ou s as ever no n . s or o e rc oc ese a . ou s .
Lo i u s, I A t hi d th i ,1 8 5 1 th y g M l l ph y l f t
s ea n e ou n er u an e one
th ird f hi O t t vl d t b t
s es a e , t
a ue t f d t f i h li f
a a ou as a rus un o urn s re e
to p imm ig t p i g th gh St L i t ttl i th W t
oor ran s ass n r ou . ou s o se e n e es .
2 92 Th e Na t io na l P e riod
United States and is situ ated upon a comm andin g eminence on th e

,
verge of two picturesqu e and comm odiou s L akes which with th e , ,
river St Joseph and th e surrounding country present a most m ag

.
,
nificent pro spect Th e room s are spaci ous wel l ventil ated an d fur
.
,
n i sh ed ,
with every thing conducive to regul arity and comf ort .
Th e Infirm ary i s in tru sted to Si ster s sim il ar in th eir In stitute t o

th e Si ster s of Ch arity ; th e ir well kn own kin dness and skill are a
su ffi ci en t gu ar antee th at th e inval ids will b e attended to with all
,
th e dil i gence and car e which d evotion an d aff ection can su ggest
,
.
Th e d i scipl in ary gove rnm en t i s m ild y et su ffi ci entl y en ergetic to

, ,
pr eserve th at good or der so essenti al to th e well b eing of th e In stitu

-
,
tion Th e m or al s and gener al deportment of th e pupil s are w atched

'
ov er with th e gr e at est assi du ity and sol icitu de ; th e ir per son al comfort
receives th e m ost pate rn al attention and no pains are spared to ,
prepare th em for ful fil l ing th eir r e spective duti es in society In th eir .
d ail y recre ations th ey are al w ay s accomp anied b y a m em b er of th e

,
Institution ; all b ooks in their possession are sub j ect to th e in spection

of th e Pr efect O f Stu di e s; an d n on e ar e all owe d c ircul ation with ou t
h is approv al Corpor al puni sh m ent s will n ever b e inflicted b ut m ore

.
,
con cil i atory an d eff ectiv e m ean s O f correction are j u d iciou sl y u sed ;
sh ou ld a pup il prove r ef r actory and in corrigib l e h e will b e di sm i ssed

, , .
Th e f acul ty i s form ed of th e priest s O f th e Hol y Cross: a m emb er

i s annu all y sent to Eu rope to compl ete wh atev er contin gent circum
st ances m ay r equ ir e In th e recepti on of pup il s n o d i stin ct i on O f
'
cree d i s m ade an d th e p ar ent s of th ose n ot professing th e C ath oli c

, ,
f aith m ay rest assu red th at ther e wil l b e no interfer ence wi th th eir

,
rel igiou s t enet s; they are required onl y to attend to th e rel igiou s
e x er ci ses with decorum this b eing in conf orm ity with th e rul es O f
,
all th e cath ol i c coll ege s in th e Unite d St ates .
TERM S,
r w ashin g and m edical attendance with th e Engl ish Course

B oa d, , ,
emb r acing all th e b r anch es o f a pr acti cal edu cation ;

'
O rth ogr aphy Readin g Writing Ari th m etic Gr am m ar and C omposi

, , , ,
tion to which particul ar attention is paid; Geography An cient and

, ,
Modern Hi story ; th e m ost approved meth ods O f B ook—keeping Sur ,
veying M en su r ation M ath em at i cs A str onom y th e u se of th e Gl ob es

, , , , ,
Rh etoric Vocal Music &c F r ee adm itt ance to th e Museum l essons

, ,
.
,
of n at ati on and
E questri an ex erci se s &c .

$
1 00 per ann .
Half B oarder s , 40
Un iversity Of No tre D am e 293
D ay h
sc ol a s vr r
in th e ab o e cou se
Th e sam e in th e prepar atory School ,
Th e cl assic al cour se of L atin and ,

Greek an
tional sum of
Th e F rench , Germ an l angu ages are t aught at an e xtra

h rge of
c a 12
Instrum ent al Mu sic and D r awin g 20
Pi an o 40
Cl ass b ooks St ationary [sic] and Medicines furnish ed at th e

,
, ,
usu al r ates .
Th e paym ent s mu st b e m ade sem i annu al l y in adv ance ; f rom thi s -
rul e th ere can b e no devi ation wh atever as th e ch arges are b ased ,
upon th e l owest e stim ate th e O b j ect of th e In stitu tion b e ing t o

,
increase th e facil ities O f instruction withou t any view to pecuni ary ,
rew ard .
Th e di strib uti on of Premi um s t ak es pl ace on th e 1 st Tuesd ay of

Augu st and th e comm encement of th e schol astic year is irr evocab l y
,
fix ed on th e 1 st Friday of O ctob er .
Th e Instituti on b eing in possessi on of all th e pow er s and privil e ge s

o f a U n iv er sity : d egr ees will b e conf err ed af t er th e pub li c ex am in ation .
NO b oarder will b e received for a sh orte r te rm th an h alf a y e ar ,
and n o deducti on m ade for ab sence ex cept in case O f sickn ess or ,
dism ission .
E x am in ations t ake pl ace at th e end of each Quarter and r eport s ,
are f o rw ar ded semi annu all y t o p arent s inf orm ing th em of th e progress
-
, ,
heal th &c O f th eir chil dren Pub l ic ex ami nations b efore th e distrib u
, .
, .
,
tion of premium s will t ake pl ace in th e l ast week O f J ul y in every year

, .
D I RE C T IO NS F O R PA RE NTS .
E ac h i t b e provided with b ed and b edding (if fu rn ished

pup l m us ,
b y th e In stitution th ey form an extr a ch arge ) six shirt s six pair of

, , ,
stockin gs six pocket h andkerchi ef s six t ow el s ( all O f whi ch m u st b e

, ,
m arked ) a knife and fork a t ab l e and t ea spoon a h at and cap

, , , ,
two su it s of cl oth es an ov er coat a pair of sh oe s an d a pair O f b oot s

,
-
,
f or winter ; three suit s of cl othin g and two p air of shoe s f or summ er .
NO adv ances will b e m ade b y th e In stitu tion for cl othin g or other

expen ses .
Th e pupil s will n ot b e all owed to h ave m oney in th eir possessi on

their pocket m oney mu st b e deposited in th e Treasur er s hands in ’
,
2 94 Th e Na t ion a l Pe r iod
o rder r
t o gu a d aga n s i t Institution to appl y
ab u ses, an d t o en ab l e th e
th e m on ey as an incen tive to v i rtue an d in du stry Wh en par en ts wi sh .
to h ave th eir chil dr en sen t h om e th ey m ust give tim el y n oti ce settl e , ,
all accou nt s and suppl y m e an s t o defr ay th e ir tr av el ing expenses

,
.
Vi si tors cannot b e permi tted to in terrupt th e pupil s du rin g th e

hours O f study Th e m id day recreation comm ences at h alf past 1 2
.
-
an d en ds at h alf past on e O cl ock Thi s is th e m ost appropri at e tim e

’
.
for th e vi si ts of par ents and fri en ds .
m
y A ll l etter s to pupil s or m emb er s O f th e In stitu tion mu st b e
post pai d .
Rev E SO RIN Pr esi den t . .

,
Notre D am e du Lac St J oseph ,

.
County Indi an a J anu ary l st

, , ,
References to th e Rt Rev B i sh op of Vincenn es and to th e Rt Rev

. . . .
Bi sh op O i D etroit Rev Mr B en oit F ort W ayne I a [sic]

'
-
. . . .
, ,
Th e A ct O f Fou n dation for th e Fir st P erm anent

Trappi st Mon astery in th e U nit ed S t at es,
O ctob er 23, 1 8 48
O N E of th e m os e t xtr r i r v
ao d n a y de el op m en s i n t ecen r tC a ol c sm h as th i i
r wt t tiv r i i i
b een th e g o h of th e con em p l a e el g ou s l f e am on g Am e can m en ri .
A s f ar b ack as 1 80 2 a p a rty r it t
of T app s s, h un e d ou t O f F an ce b y th e r
w r v ti
an ticl eric al l a s O f th e e ol u on an d N ap ol eon I , h ad com e t o th e U n e d
-
it
tt r r hi r
S a es u n d e th e l eade s p O f U b an G u ll e ( 1 7 6 6 i t B u t epea ed r t
tt t t ih
a em p s t o e s ab l s r t
a pe m an en f ou n d a on inti v ri rt
a ou s p a s of th e cou n y tr
i i
n cl u d n g t h e y r
e a s 1 8 0 5—1 8 09 n ea r r t it
th e p esen s e of th e A me can ri
t r y
m o h e abb e in K en u cky t i r
en de d i n f a l u e an d in 1 8 1 4 th e m onk s re
t r r
u n ed t o F an ce Th i rty r y r t r
-
.f ou ea s l a e ri r
t h e su pe o of th e Abb ey of O ur
ry r t fi i h
Lady O f M el le a n ea N an e s, n d ng h is ou se o e c o ded an d vrrw o ed w rri
ab ou t t r v ti r r
th e eff ec s of th e e olu on of F eb u a y, 1 8 4 8 , dec ded upon an i
ri ti
Am e can f ou n d a on A p a rty of f o
. rtysom e m onk s a rriv
ed in K en u cky in
« -
t
r t r i
D ecem b e , 1 8 4 8 , an d ook up es den ce on a f a m l oca ed ab ou r t f een
“
t fit
i t t r t w i vi
m l es sou h e as of B a ds o n , g n g t o h e t ir hou se th e n am e of O ur Lady
of G e th sem ani O f its ea l

. ry y r h rt
ea s T om as M e on h as sa d,
“
iTh e de l does vi
i t ri
n ot l ke m on as e es, e spec all i y tcon em pl a ti v
e one s H e h as spen a un dr e d . t h
y r tryi
ea s i t r r w it
ng to n e f e e t
h G e h sem an i r
an d in th e e a l y d a s th e b a l e y tt
t t r i v t
was n ot al oge h e t o h is d sad an age ( Th e Wa ters of S iloe [New
”
o k, Yr
p . th i h wvr r r
G e sem an , o e e , en du ed an d b ef o e th e en d of th e .
t ry
cen u t r r it
tw o o h e T app s h ou se s r r
f ou n ded f om I el and an d C an ada
t ih r q w r vi
h ad b een e s ab l s ed n e a D ub u u e , I o a, an d P o dence , R ode I sl an d h .
Bu t it is ou r own d ay th t i
a h as se en th e amaz n g de el opm en v O f th e con t
i wi h
tem pl ative l f e t ri h
th e A m e can C urch now h vi
a ng el e en T app s v r it
296 Th e Na t ion a l P eriod
r
to p ospe r and increase in numb ers th at they m ay them selves one day
,
b e ab l e to est ab l i sh oth e r h ouses th ereb y f acil itating th e sal vation

,
of m any soul s .
O ur dea r rethren will secur e happy resul ts if they persevere in

B
th e spirit of th eir hol y vocation which will l e ad th em to m ake a
speci al stu dy of th e virtu es of Ch arity O b edience Purity Poverty
, , , ,
Mortification and Patience Let O ur B rethr en never cease devoting

.
them selves to th e spirit of pr ayer ; for then they sh all b e h appil y sur
p ri sed to se e th e r
p go r e ss th at th e y wi ll m ake in virt ue pr ovi ded ,
onl y th at th ey per sev er e in thi s h ol y ex erci se Let perfe ct uni on reign .
in th e ir midst Th e worl d and th e d evil will b e un ab l e to achieve

.
anythin g again st th em so l on g as th ey r em ain united Let them .
rememb er : every house divided against itself sh all fall ; l et them

“
l ove th eir Superior reverentl y and with w arm he art s Let th em consol e .
him in hi s sol icitu de s b y un ion an d ob edience Let th em on no accoun t .
adopt an attitu de th at mi ght com pe l th e Superior t o tone down hi s
o r der s to sui t th em C on si de r ing th eir own mi sery l et th em b e humb l e

.
,
of m ind and h e art D O th i s my de arl y b el ov ed Brethren an d you

.
, ,
sh all l iv e Am en A m en
. . .
Giv en at O ur Ab b ey of M ell er ay un der O ur seal and th at O f O ur

,
Secret ary on thi s 2 3rd d ay of th e m onth of O ctob er in th e year 1 84 8 ,
th e eve of th eir departu re .
F r M axim e O C Abb ot . . .
Fr Ser api on Secret ary .

, .
Th e C ath oli c Mi ssion s in th e Far North we st ,

Janu ary 1 2 , 1 849
WH ILE m i ssi onari es in th e S ou t es hw t w r tr i
e e s u ggl ng aga n s i t fl
oo ds an d
r tt
a l esnakes th ire t r rt
cou n e p a s i n t h e f ar N o h es rt w t w r
e e con en d n g t i wi
th
itt r y
th e b e l col d wi t r t
n e s as on e of h e c ef ir hi h i
an d cap s But in e e sec onv ry ti
.
i ii i i
th e I nd an m ed c n e m en , ep dem cs, an d gen e al dep r
a on riv ti w r th ir
e e e l ot .
r i t th i i i
A m on g th e e a l es C a ol c m ss on ar es in th e No i es rthw t w r
e e th e O bl a es t
r t
of M a y Imm acu l a e wh o a rri v e d i n S ep emb e t
1 8 47 , r wi t i h
h B s op M agl o e
, ir
h t wh
B l an c e en h e cam e t o t i i
ak e p o sse ss on o f h i s n ew D ocese of W all a
W r t
al l a, e ec ed on J yul y
24 , 1 8 46 , on l a m on h af e th e r eat tr t ty tw
b e een th e
it tt r t ri t i tt
U n ed S a es an d G ea B a n h ad se l ed th e O egon b ou nd a y d spu e r r i t .
In th e pa rty whi i
ch h ad Pascal R c a d , O M I hr as su pe o
. ri r w r
e e Eu gen e
.
i ir
C as m J
Ch irou se an d ean F Pan d osy w h o
. wr r i
e e o da n ed o n J
an u a y 2 , r
1 8 4 8 , th efi r t ri t
s r i
p es s to b e o d a n e d in a wh t
Wou l d b ecom e W as n g on hi t
Territ ry o y r tr
in 1 8 5 3 A ea af e h is o d n a on C h irou se
. r i ti o e a le e wr t to tt r
ih
R c ar d in whi ri
ch h e d e sc b e d th e a ds h r hi i
ps O f h is l fe in th e No h es rt w t ,
M issions in th e F a r North wes t 297
b ut ri r
go ou s as w as h e em a ned it r i
e e u n l th e O bl a e m ss on s e e th r ti t i i wr
cl ose d in 1 87 8 Th e A c d ocese O f O e gon C
. rh i
h ad b een es abl s e d i n r ity t ih
J y wit
ul , 1 8 4 6 , h W all a W all a as a suff agan see an d in th e em en d ou s a ea r tr r
t th r w r
o f b o h sees e e e e in 1 8 5 0 onl y C a h ol cs wh o e e se ed b y t i w r rv
ab ou t tw ty ri t
en r
p e s s S ou ce : A nna les d e la P ro p aga tion d e la F o i
. III XX ,
7 5— 8 0 .
Holy Cross of Simkoné [sic] , J anu ary 1 2 , 1 8 49 .
My Reverend ther Fa ,
A few days after m y retu rn from Nesqu ally I wen t to th e c amp ,
of K am ay arken wh er e I h av e b u i l t a sm al l c ab in wi th th e aid of
good B rothe r Ver n ey an d som e sav age s S ain t J oseph i s th e patron .
whom th e B ish op wi shed to give to this poor h ttl e hou se and

1
, ,
th at gre at saint protected m e unti l th e winter Th e col d comm encin g .
to m ake i t self fel t th e chi ef and all h is In di an s pr epar ed to l e av e

,
for th e i r sn ow encam pm en t on th e Y aki m a Ri v er a d ay s j ou rn ey

’
from St Rose Th ey b egged m e to go an d spend th e sev er e season

. .
2
with them I acceded to th eir requ est only on con dition th at th ey

.
-
b u il d m e a second c ab in wh ere I coul d b e sh el t ered f rom th e win ds

an d snow s I n l ess th an a m on th th e h ou se was b u i l t fr om tr un ks O f
.
popl ar trees M y n ew dw ell in g thirty f eet l on g b y fif teen w i de gaVe

.
, ,
m e enou gh space to h av e two r oom s on e f or m y self an d one f or ,
th e assem b l y of th e In di an s f or pr aye r It i s th e r e Rev er en d F ath e r .

, ,
th at th e troub l es th e sorrows and t h e crosses of everyone fall on

, ,
m e l i ke h ail u pon a young pl an t wh i ch i s comm encin g t o b u d Th at i s .
why I call m y new r esidence b y th e n am e O f th e Hol y Cross a sweet ,
n am e whi ch al w ay s inspi r es m e with th e

proper con duct in th e t ri al s
of thi s l if e .
At this m om ent savage s from n earl y all th e neighb oring nation s

are assem b l ed at H ol y Cr o ss I count sixty cab in s in m y vill age
.
,
ar ou n d one hu ndr e d f am i l i es Th er e I h ave Y e ll o w S e r en t

p
.
[ chi ef of -
th e Yakim a trib e] with hi s f oll owing as an oppon en t He hi m self .
pre si de s at all th e ab omin at i on s whi ch are spoken or comm itted in hi s

inf ernal den A n O ld trickster does his b est to help h im to emb arr ass
.
m e : irrit ated b ec ause m y in struction s are contr ary t o h i s m axim s and

d i ab ol i cal acts h e h as in v en ted thi s str an ge calu mn y in or der th at
,
I m ight b e put to de ath : Th e Bl ackrob e h e says catches r attl e

“
,
”
,
snakes and m akes th em v om it a b l ack

, poi son with whi ch h e poi son s
1
i i t
A u gust n M agl o re B l anch e ( 1 7 9 7— 1 8 8 7 ) w as rs B sh op of fi t i W al l a W all a
i Y ki m
.
2
St Ro se , l ater c all ed St R ose O f S m coe , w as l o cate d o n th e
. .
a a River
ab ou t wh ere i t m e et s t h e C ol um b a i .
29 8 Th e Na t ional Pe r iod
th e tob acco with th e intention of killing eve ryone Th at is th e reason .
I no l onger give tob acco to anyone Th e resul t of th at resolution h as.
b een a ve ry h appy one : I th u s con se rv e my sm all suppl y of tob acco

for myself and all th e m en are f uri ous again st th e ol d cal umni ator
,
.
I am afr ai d of only one thing and th at i s th at th ey will h an g him

,
at th e fir st opportu n ity .
In spite of all th e sh aft s of th e en emy I h ave onl y th anks to ,
render to th e Lord and to congr atul ate myself on th e num erou s

b l essin gs whi ch h e h as b estowed on my feeb l e eff ort s In th e space of a .
m onth or two I h ave b een ab l e to b aptiz e over thi rty chil dren and
sev en adu l ts well enough instructed in th e principl es of our hol y
,
Rel i gi on M ost of ou r new Chri sti an s of St Rose h av e come t o

. .
spend th e wint er at Hol y Cr oss wh er e th ey h av e edifi ed m or e b y
their good ex ampl e th an I h ave b y my pre aching .
U p to th e present I h ave b een ab l e to vi sit withou t fe ar th e sav ages

of m y vill age and to in stru ct th em pub li cl y M ost of them now h av e .
th e fever or th e gr ippe In each cab in th ere are som e de ad or dyin g

. .
In l ess th an fif teen day s more th an thirty peopl e h av e d i ed fr om thi s

p l a gu e .F u rth e rm or e th e co l d i s s
,
o in t en se th at sev er al of ou r h un t e r s
have b een frozen in th e saddl e; th e anim al s succumb to these rigors

u n it ed to th e scarcity b ecau se f am in e h as added evil s to su ch a
,
degree th at th ey ov erw helm my poor neophytes O ne h as a treat when .
h e h as a h or se a dog or a w olf t o eat Th e publ ic c al am ity does not

, , .
spar e m e R F ath er an d I con sider m yself very fo rtunate to st ill

,
.
,
h ave in reserve a dog an d two wol ves for food I hope th at will l ast .
m e until th e end of th e carn iv al and th at at th at tim e th e goo d God ,
m oved with compassion f or us will send us some v eni son or b e ars

, .
In th e m i dst of thi s desol ati on I h ave r est neith er d ay nor ni ght .
Du rin g th e d ay I run f rom one cab in to anoth er to b aptize th e

chil dr en t o instruct th e adul t s wh o wi sh to h e ar m e an d t o b ur y th e
, ,
n ew Chri sti an s whom de ath h as t aken from us At ni ght I b aptize .
agai n th en I say m y o
,
ffi ce if th e fir st r ays of th e sun do not su rprise
me at th e b edside of som eone in agony At thi s m omen t I h ave near .
m e a l ittl e angel wh o sl eeps th e sl eep of th e j u st ; I say a l ittl e angel

b ec au se h e i s yet onl y six m on th s ol d Yeste rd ay I pu rifi ed hi m with
.
b apti sm al w ater and thi s m orn in g at d ayb reak hi s b eautiful soul wen t
,
to h e aven Thi s evenin g I sh all accompany h im to th e cem etery F ive

. .
of m y newl y b aptized h av e r ef used th e di abol i cal min i stry of th e

-
deceiver ; according to m y advi ce wh i ch th ey took eagerl y th ey h ave

, ,
per spired and th ey now enj oy perfect h eal th Th e deceiv er furiou s .

,
b ecau se h e is not ab l e to cu re any of th e sick in spite of h i s infern al ,

300 Th e Na t io na l Pe riod
n eedl e, I have not b een ab le to find another in my Quir in al pal ace .
Meanwhil e it b eing n ecessary to sew up th e hol es in my old b l ack

sou t ane wh at was I to do? I took off th e h ead of a pin an d m ade a
,
n eedl e ou t of it Thi s in venti on succeeded : th e n eedle i s coar se b u t

.
,
sol i d ; it b end s b u t nev e r b reaks I h ad in all ab ou t a dozen n ail s for

.
th e con stru ction of m y hou se of th e Hol y Cr oss an d they h ave b een ,
stol en fr om m e Send m e some trin kets which pl ease th e sav ages I

.
,
will use them to gain them to ou r holy religi on B y th e enticement of .
rewar d they assemb le for work an d one profits b y these gatherings ,
to in struct them Th anks t o Go d I m ake m y self un der stood well

.
,
enough and th e gr e at er part of t h e adul t s ar e v ery attentiv e when I

,
speak t o th em Th ere i s r e all y m uch to do at S ai n t J oseph of Simkon é ;

.
b ut poor li ttl e Ch irou se will n ever b e ab l e to cl ear thi s fi el d al one ; at

l east two F ath er s an d two B roth er s are needed h ere I h ave b een al one .
here for over four m onths; I am not ab l e to speak f am ili arl y with
anyon e ex cept my cat an d m y dog; with th e sav ages th ere i s great
reserve ; f am il iarity would spoil everythin g Th e great chief comes .
of t en to vi si t m e ; b u t wh at a pl easu re t o ente rt ain oneself with n ake d
prin ces wh o onl y kn ow h ow to ask f or a sm oke or for f oo d!

Think then of m e R F ath er an d sen d m e R F ather Sempfrit an d
,
.
, .
B roth er S are au ; we will do wonder s h ere

4
.
I earnestly recomm end m yself to your fervent prayers an d to those

of all our B r other s and F ath er s of Nesqu all y and b eg you to acce t
p ,
th e h om age of my respect .
C Chi rouse O M I .
,
. . .
C ondi tion s in th e Diocese of C hi cago ,
D ecemb er 1 3 1 8 49 ,
D U RIN G th e 1 8 40 s app o m a el
’
r xi t y
C a ol c m m g an s en e e d th i i
i r t tr
it
th e U n e d S a es Al tt ou gh m an
. of th y th tt
em se l ed in th e eas e n s a es, o e tr tt th r
th ou sand s m ade th e tr r
ek ac oss t h e m ou n a n s n o t h e ap dl t i i t
de el op ng r i y v i
tt i
s a e s o f th e M ddl e W e s e e ey f ou n d t wh r th
o k on th e can al s and wr
a l ri
roads, i n t h e ri i
s n g o n s, an d on th etw c ri h r
f a m l an ds I t p o e d p ac call r v r ti y .
i i ih r vi ri
m poss b l e f or th e b s ops t o p o de p es s ch u c es, an d sch ool s f as t , rh t
t i r i
en ou gh t o accomm o d a e th e n c ea se , an d s n ce m os of th e m m g an s e e t i i r t wr
v ry
e r fi i r
poo th e n an c al aid of t h e Eu opean m ss on a y soc e es w as all th e i i r i ti
r w hi
m o e el com e Th e See of C cago h ad b een e ec ed on No e mb e 2 8 , 1 8 4 3 ,
. r t v r
r
and emb ace d t h e e n tir
e s a e of I l l n o s tt i i
s ua e m l e s ) am es 0 q r i J . .
Van de V el de , S I ( 1 79 5
. . t h e secon d B sh op of C cago , w as con i hi
4N id tifi ti
o en ca on of F ath er S em pf rit and Broth er S arean w as f ou nd .
A d ven t o f B ish op Lamy 30 1
secrate d on ruary 1 1 1 8 49 nd t n m onth l t r h wrot th f ll wi ng

F eb , , a e s a e e e e o o
l tt r to th e
e e i ty f or th e Prop g ti on of th F i th aft r h h d m pl t d
So c e a a e a e e a co e e
h i fi r t v i i t t i on t r A t t h
s s s a ti m th r w r
ou .C th l i c in th e e e e e e a o s e
d i e e served b y fi f ty
oc s v n pri t It is diffi lt t i m gi e w th t th
-
se e es s . cu o a n no a e
A r hd i ce
c o f C h i g wi th it n rl y tw m i ll i
se o ca o C th l i w im s ea o on a o cs as so
pover si h ed it w as l i ttl ov r en t ry
as a go Y t th n d it i n d
e ri b d
e a c u a . e e co o esc e
w typ i c l f m t f th d i
as a o os f th M i ddl e W t at th m id c nt ry
o e oce ses o e es e -
e u .
S rc : A
ou e l d l P p g ti
nna es d l F i XX II
e a 3 1 3— 3 1 4
ro a a on e a o ,
.
Since m y c on sec a on , r ti
I h ave vi sited alm ost a third of m y n ew
h i
d i ocese T i s ep scopal j ou
. rney which corresponds to twel ve hundred ,
F r en ch l e agues h as rev e al e d to m e all th e m i se ry of th e fl ock entrusted

,
to m y car e Y ou will j u dge it S ir s b y thi s simpl e pictu r e wh ose di s

.
, , ,
tressin g ex actness I h ave verifi ed with m y eyes .
In gen er al th e em i gr an t s wh o arriv e in thi s coun try and wh o f orm

, ,
al m o st all th e C ath ol i c popul ation are b ey on d th e st at e of t akin g ,
c are of the ir particul ar n eeds Pov erty i s so exten siv e th at th er e i s .
not one p ari sh ev en am on g th e oldest which h as provi ded th e m o st

, ,
n ecessary things f or th e cel eb r ati on of th e h ol y l it urgy O ne pri est .
som et im e s h as ei ght chu rch e s t o t ake car e of an d sin ce f or th ese ,
d iff eren t st ation s h e possesses onl y on e ch al i ce on e m i ssal one , ,
ch asub l e on e alb
, on e al t ar st on e h e mu st c arry al l th ese things
,
-
,
with h im wherever h e goes no m atter h ow tirin g or h ow l ong th e ,
j ou rney m ay b e A s for osten sori a an d cib ori a these types of articl es

.
,
are al m o st u nkn own in thi s d i ocese Until th e present t im e I h av e seen

“
onl y thr ee o st en sori a an d five c ib o ri a in all th e p ari sh es whi ch I
h ave visited over a space of , En gl i sh m il es In l i eu of th ese .
sacr e d v essel s th e M o st Hol y S acr am en t i s kept eith e r in a corpor al

, ,
or in a tin b ox , or i n a porcel ein [sic] cu p, etc .

, etc .
After these det ail s I v it , b el i e e supe rfluou s to give you a description

of m y epi scopal r esi den ce It i s . 111 h arm on y with th e r est I do not .
know if it i s th e m ost hum b l e in th e worl d b u t at l e ast it i s ce rt ainl y

,
n ot th e poor e st in Am e ri ca .
Th e Advent of Bi sh o p y
L am t o th e S ou thwest ,
Jun e 29 1 8 5 1 ,
t ttr tiv i i r i h
O N E of th e m os a ac e m ss on a y b s ops o f th e n n e een c en u i t th t ry
J
was oh n B ap s Lam ( 1 8 1 4 ti t y H e h ad com e o g n all f om F an ce ri i y r r
i
in 1 83 9 t o th e D ocese of C n c nn a i i t i wh r
e e h is su cc ess ecom m en d ed h im r
ri r v r
to h is supe o s an d on N o em b e 24 1 8 5 0 , h e w as con sec a e d as s V ca , rt fir t i r
30 2 Th e Na t io nal P e r iod
t i xi
A pos ol c of New M e co I t w as Lam y s col o fu l ca ee in th e Sou h e s
.
’
r r r tw t
t ti ir i th r hr i v
h a n sp ed W l l a C a e s c a m n g n o el , D ea th C o m es f or th e A rch b ish op
’
( New o k, Yr r ti wi
t i
F oll o n g h i s con sec a on h e l ef f or New M ex co
r tr i i x th
b y w ay of New O l ean s and T e as, an d af e b e n g l a d u p som e m on s in
t i r t i t r h t
S an A n on o as th e esul of an acc den , h e eac e d San a F e in th e sum m er
i r ry
o f 1 8 5 1 N ew M ex c o h ad f o m e l
. rt i r
b een p a of th e D ocese of D u ango in
i xi r yw r
M ex co and som e of th e M e can cl e g i e e n ot d sp ose d t o b ow t o Lam y s
’
au th r it
o i tt q ti j i i ti r
y H e d ec d ed to se l e th e u es on of ur sd c on b y a pe son al
.
vi i t
s ih J é r i ri
t o B s op os A Lau ean o d e Zu b . r tr v i
a at D u an go , r
a el n g th e m o e
th an i h tt r th t
m l es e ac w ay b y mu l e pack I n t h e l e e w a y
f oll o s Lam .
ri t i rh ih r x ri
desc b ed f or A n o n e Bl an c, A c b s op of N ew O l ean s h is e pe en ces ,
on h i s fi r t ri
s t w t
t p to th e S ou h e sr S ou ce : A m e rica n C a th o l ic H is to r ic al
.
ri
R ese a rc h es, X V ( A p l , 1 3 6 —1 3 7 .
El Passo del No rte , Mexi co , June 29 , 1 85 1 .
Mon seigneu r
After a j ourney of six weeks on th e pl ains we arrived here Th e .
cou nt ry we saw h as n oth ing v ery in t er esting b arren pl ain s b arren ,
mount ain s with th e exception of a few pl aces Th e l ast week there .
w as a gre at sc arcity of w ate r an d gr ass Th en we gen er all y tr av ell e d .
at ni ght W e h ad b eau tif ul w eath er

. som e day s r ath er t oo w arm b u t
, ,
th e ni ght s were del i ghtful ; w e gener all y preferr ed to sl eep ou t th an

in our tent W e did not use it much except for M ass W e h ad th e
. .
con sol ation to off er th e D ivin e S acrifi ce at l e ast on e o f u s al m o st , ,
ev e ry d ay Th e fir st week I fel t r ath er stiff f rom l yin g on a m ere

.
b l anket b ut I soon got u se [sic] t o it and I never enj oyed my r est

, ,
b ette r
.
Th er e are three fin e vill ages near El P asso on th e Te x as side Wh en .
th e peopl e h e ard of my arriv al th e y c am e sever al mil es t o m eet u s

, .
I n on e pl ace parti cul arl y call ed Succoro I h ad a gr an d r ecepti on w i th

, ,
mu si c n ation al gu ards arks of tri umph etc Circum st ances ob li ged

, , , .
m e th e next morn ing to m ake m on p rem i r de b ut in publ ic en la langua e
de D ios to a crow ded congregati on W e are now at th e h ou se of th e .
cu r a d E l Passon wh o kindl y off er ed u s h ospit al ity Thi s vill age of

’
, .
El P asso i s trul y a b eau tiful spot Th ey h ave h e re all ki n d s of f ru it s ;

.
they m ake good wine It r ains very seldom ; it h as not r ained to any
.
conse quence th e se two y ear s b u t irr i gati on sup l i e s th e w ant of r ain

p ,
water This is a pl ace very m uch scattered It cont ains at l east eight
. .
th ou sand inh ab it ant s Th e peopl e seem to b e good an d docil e Their

.
houses are mud ; they call it I think adob e b u t very cl ean inside ; it
, , ,
is so w arm th at m an y go h al f n aked Th e f ew chu rch e s th at I h av e .
seen are of th e sam e m ateri al s as th e h ou ses b u t the y m i ht b e ke t

g p ,
in b ette r order with very l ittl e troub l e .

304 Th e Na t io n a l Pe r io d
M other Superior Loreto d ied al so of th e chol er a on

of th e S s e s of itr ,
b oard th e ste am b oat K ansas th e 1 6 th of J ul y ; th e sam e d ay an oth er ,
S i st er w as t aken si ck and i s yet v ery l ow I h ave b een ob l iged to .
l eave for In depen dence to m y gre at regret Tw o m or e Si ster s were .
al so att acke d b y th e sam e d re adf ul ep i dem ic b u t th ank G od th ey , ,
g o t o v er it M y M exi c an.
p ri est h as b een v e ry si ck a n d n o w h e i s ,
j u st ab l e to tr avel in a carri age ; b esi des I h ave l ost n in e of my b est ,
anim al s Y ou know th at we h av e to tr av el thr ou gh th e pl ain s with

.
c ar av an s an d th at e v e ryth i n g h as t o b e b rou ght b y w agon s B esi de s

, .
som e an im al s I h ad h er e I b ou ght a f ew m or e b u t I h av e l ost a gr e at

, ,
n um b e r of th em I h ave b een very much f atigued m yself b ut still

.
,
God h as giv en m e th e gr ace to b ear all with pati ence and my strong ,
con stitu tion h as st oo d th e l ab or an d th e care I h ad on m y m i n d I .
hope to t ake a f air st art tom orrow for th e pl ains; we are onl y two or
three m iles from th e b ou ndaries b etween th e St ate of M i ssou ri and
th e In d i an Territory I h av e twen ty —fi ve per son s in m y com pan y t en
.
,
w agon s or oth er c onveyances M y expen ses are very great ; b ut sti ll .

,
with God s h elp I hope to m eet all in on e or two ye ar s Recommend

’
, .
ing m y self t o y ou r pr ay er s I h av e th e h on or t o b e
“
, ,
You r m ost gr ateful f ri end and ob t serv t ’ ’

.
4 J O HN LAMY Vic A p of N M exi co

4
, . . . .
Th e C h u rch in San Franci sco in th e D ays of

th e Gol d Ru sh J u n e 1 5 1 8 53 , ,
ti
A T N O m e i n th e n n e ee n h cen u t ry w re th r i t gh t
tiv b r pri t e e e en ou na e- o n es s
it tt r
i n t h e U n e d S a e s t o c a e f or t h e r pi dly i n r i g C th ol i p p l ti a c e as n a c o u a on .
N f r ig
o o e try w m r g r i pplyi g pri t f th A m ri
n c ou n as o e en e ou s n su n es s or e e c an
C h r h th
u c Ir l d an nd i ti t t i
e an f th t l
, a d nt o m no y t th ns u on o a an se s an o e
A m ri n m i i
e ca A ll H ll w C l l g
ss on s as D b l i n wh i h h d b a tb
o s o e e, u ,
c a een es a
li h d
s e mi i
as ary m i n ry i n 1 8 42 A m ng th b t k wn f th
ss on a se a . o e es no o e
A ll H ll w m i n th U i t d St t O c ll ( 1 8 1 5
’
a o s en w E g e n e a es as u ene o nn e
H h d
e a m t t
co C l if r i f
e ou th fi r t ti m i 1 8 5 1 t
o a o n a ll t f d or e s e n o co ec un s
b t w
u i d d b y Bi h p A l m y t r m i
as n uce d
s i t h im with h i i
o e an o e a n an a ss s s n
f t m i n ry O c ll r t r d t t h f l ty f A ll H l l w in 1 8 5 4
’
an .
se a . o nn e e u ne d o e acu o a o s an
r m i d th r
e a ne ti l 1 8 6 1 wh h w pp i nt d th fir t V i r A p t li
e e un en e as a o e e s ca os o c
o f M ry vi ll
a C l if r i
s In 1 8 6 8 h e w
e, a m d fir t B i h p f G r
o n a . V ll y as a e s s o o ass a e ,
a se e th t w th pr d
a asr t t h p r nt D i
e e f S r m
ecesso t Th o e e se oce se o ac a en o . e
f oll wi ng l tt r t F th r D vi d M ri rty pr i d nt f Al l H ll w
o e e o a e a o o a ,
es e o a o s, c n
t in m pi t r q d t il n th typ f rro di ng in wh ich th

a s so e c u es u e e a s o e e o su un s e
C h r h operated i S n F r nci o in th ye r i m m di t l y ft r th g l d
u c n a a sc e a s e a e a e e o
Th e C h urch in Sa n F ra nc isco , 1 853 3 05
ru sh . S ou rc e: A ll H allo ws A nn ua l [ 95 3 — 1 9 5 4 , ( D u b l i n : Browne an d N ol an ,
Ltd 1 5 2—1 5 3
.
, pp . .
S an F r an ci sco .
J une 1 5 th
My d ear F ather Mori art y You r welcom e l etter af ter an unsuc , ,
cessful search ab out th e sol itu de of S ant a Yn ez } re ach e d m e a f ew
days ago in thi s noisy city How th en can I expre ss to you m y gr atitud e .
for y ou r kin d in vit ation to A ll H all ow s after m y w an de rin gs in th e

F ar West ? I onl y await th e arriv al of one of th e six m i ssi on ari es wh om
Dr Al em any expect s f rom Al l H all ow s previ ou s to m y departure
.
2
.
Y ou woul d r eall y pity th e poor B i sh op w ere you to see th e fl uctuat

in g soldiers h e h as to fi ght hi s b attl e ; like Dr Wh el an of Virgin i a .
3
,
h e was ob li ged t o m ake th e two sem inari ans h e h as swear to r em ain

with h im Therefore u n de r these circum st ances I pre sum e on you r
.
, ,
l eave to r em ain .
Y ou mu st I m sur e h ave r eceived l etter s fr om D r Al em any since

’
.
, ,
M arch 5 th which shew you th e urgen t n eed h e h as of Iri sh cl e rgym en

and th e pr ovi sion h e i s m aking to secu r e a con st an t su ppl y fr om A ll .
Hall ows now in order to keep up an u nb roken succession in thi s

,
d iocese of A ll H all ow s m ission aries F or th e present h e can do no .

,
m ore for th e in stitution th an h e h as done in con sequ ence of b eing ,
en gaged in b u ildin g S t M ary s C ath edr al which it is calcul ated will ’

.
,
cost — a wo rk h e i s b o u n d
( u t dicunt A m ericani ) t o get
thr ough with for m any re asons b u t principal l y to secu r e a fir e—proof
, ,
chu rch in th e n eighb orh o od th at h e him sel f and h is cl e rgym en m ay b e ,
without th e d ail y and n ightl y apprehen sion of b eing b urn t o u t O wing .
to th e scarcity of ston e in thi s c ou n try and th e de arn ess of b rick

b u ildings m ost of th e h ou se s h er e are con structed of wood and th e
,
six or sev en fi res th at h av e al r e ady occu rr e d h av en t t au ght m any

’
_
to m ake an eff ort to b u il d b rick h ouses S ince th e B i sh op tr an sferr ed .
m e from Sant a Ynez to thi s city ab out three or fou r m onth s ago ,
there h as b een a fir e alm ost every m onth and th e v alue of thou sands
of doll ar s con sum ed .
Th e t em por al b u rn in gs of which I am speaking n atu r all y remi nd ‘
me of th e ev erl asting ones which they presage to thou sand s of th e
i i
Th e d ocesan sem n ary , o f w h ch O c o nnell w as rector w as rst est ab l sh ed
1
i ’
,
fi i
v
at S ant a I ne z an d m o ed e arl y i n 1 8 5 3 to M ss o n D o l ores in S an F r anc sco i i i .
2
J
oseph S A l em any , O P ( 1 8 1 4. b or n in Sp a n w as nam ed rst A r ch
. . i , fi
i i
b sh op of S an F ranc sco six w eeks af ter O c o nnell s l etter w as wr tten
’ ’
i .
3
i
R ch ard V Wh el an ( 1 809 —1 8 74 ) w as fir st B sh op of Wh eel ng
. i i .
30 6 Th e Na t io n a l P er iod
c itizen s of San F rancisco unl ess th ey stop in their career of iniquity ,

.
Th e r age for du ell in g th e passi on for gambl in g and b aref aced deprav
,
ity prevail to a f rightful degree Venu s h as numerous templ es .
e rect ed t o h er self in thi s c ity b u t th ank God th e C athol ic chur ch i s , ,
n ot de serte d all th e whil e Th e two C athol ic chu rch es are crow ded .
e ve ry Su n day and notwith st an ding th e enl argem ent of on e of th em

,
b y Architect O c onn or ( neph ew of th e B i sh op ) it is full to over

’
,
flowing Will iam Hamil l form erl y of M aynooth is th e teacher of th e

.
,
4
,
B i sh op s Engl i sh sch ool vice D octor B arry wh o w as tr an sl ated to

’
,
th e D ol ores sem in ary with a sal ary of $ 5 0 a m onth Mr H am ill s

’
. .
sal ary i s $ 6 0 a m onth in con sid er ation of hi s acting as Sexton to th e

chur ch in f act $ 5 0 a m onth i s th e sal ary even of cooks in thi s
country .
I don t know wheth er you are aware of some of our Calif orni a
’
l ib e rti es whi ch b e at th e Gall i c an on es h oll ow T ake for ex ampl e th at .

, ,
of eating m eat toti es q uo ties on eve ry F ri day ex cept th e Fri day s in
Lent and don t inf er fr om this th at th e finest salmon in th e worl d

’
don t ab ound on our shores! Th ere i s again th e univer sal cu stom of

’
sm oking cigar s ( secl uso scan dalo ull o ) so th at it i s r ath e r sin gul ar ,
to b e seen with ou t a ci gar save at M ass or at m e al s Th e onl y scan dal .
to my kn owl edge giv en b y a sm oking cl ergym an was owing to hi s

h aving repeatedl y put th e ignited end into hi s m outh in stead of th e
opposit e extr em e Hen ce you perceiv e it i s neith er th e simpl e f act of
.
sm oki ng p er se nor of d rinkin g p er se b u t th e unl u cky comb in ati on

, ,
o f b o th b y a cl er gym an whi ch m ake s him conf ound b oth en ds of a
l ighte d cigar Th en an d not till th en do th e l adies and gentl em en

.
, ,
receive a sl ight shock !

O h my dear F ath er and b r other s pl ease all pray for m e and my
, ,
speedy r etu rn to Al m a M at e r wh er e I h ope to fin d rest f or m y soul , .
Adieu dear F ather until then

, , .
’
Eugene O connell .
Th e C onversion to C ath ol ici sm of Eliza Allen

S tarr, Feb ruary D ecemb er, 1 854
—
TH E num b e of con er s to C at ol c sm in th e U n e d S a e s i n th e e a s
v t r
h ii it tt y r
i ty t i i th t
1 8 40—1 8 60 w as su ffi c en l n o ab l e to occas on th e b el ef a th e O f o d x r
v t i t i t t i tr th h
M o em en m gh b e d upl ca e d in h s cou n y A l ou g th e en d ne etr . vr
Will i m J H m ill b
4 a i C ty A t im I l d iv d i S
. a , orn n ou n n r , re an , arr e n an i
Fr anc sco
m th fi t di t f th M it S i ’
i 1 85 1 ; h l t
n b e a er eca F e e rs e or o e on or, an ran c sco s w eekl y
C ath l i ow p p N i d tifi ati

c ne f Ba y
s a er l d be f
. do en c on o rr cou ou n .
30 8 Th e Na t ioha l P eriod
on e , an d u se d to a ttend Mr J s chu rch It i s strange f rom under wh at . .

’
.
2
di ff eren t st ar s and in fluences th e convert s of y ou r f aith h av e come

ou t b u t I wi ll not troub l e y ou with any of m y specu l ation s on th e
,
su b j ect as I f e el th at n oth in g I m ay say c an ev er strike y ou v e ry

,
f avor ab l y so l ong as I refu se all egi ance I am certain th at to your .
ear s on e ej acu l ation of b eh ef w ould sou n d sw e ete r th an v ol um es
of m u si c al phil osophy or pr acti cin g .
I am sorry I am not f eel ing b etter to day smee I h ave comm ence d -
, _
a l ett er to you b u t I do n ot know h ow l ong I m ay w ait if I put it off

,
u ntil b o dy an d m i nd are in tun e My dr awin g fu rn i shes me with .
th e m o st sal u t ary occup at i on wh en eve r I c an atten d t o it an d wh en ,
I find m y eye s actu all y ti red of seeing my dull e ars tired of even
th e l i ttl e th ey h ear and m y m in d w e ari ed with agi t at i o n s I t ake m y
, ,
kn i ttin g t urn b y b ack t o th e l ight and with dr aw l ike an oy st er into

, ,
i ts sh ell M y cousin s h er e are all on th e oth er side Wh at will

. .
y o u th i n k wh e n I t ell y o u th at I am in th e m i d s t o f t ab l e ti pp ings
-
,
r appin gs speaki ng and wri ti ng m edium s and such wonders as are

, ,
en ou gh to m ake on e s h air st an d on en d or tu rn gr ay of a n i ght? I

'
h ave no doub t you wi ll i m m edi atel y concl u de th at I am up t o th e ears

in thi s d elu si on as I h av e so often m an i fested a p ench an t for such
,
v ari et i es B ut for once I h ave e scaped Th e fear of l eaving my wits

. .
h as b een a powerf ul m ot i v e and th en I cou ld n ot shu t my ey es to ,
cert ain pr actices al l u d ed to with t erm s o f n o m e asu r ed r epreh en si on
in th e O ld Test am ent su ch as th e r ai si ng of spirit s b y th e Witch ,
of En dor et c Hardly a night passes th at th e tab l es are not consult ed

3
.
,
in th e h ou se b u t I h av e n ever yet b een presen t du rin g such m an i

,
f estations I r esol ved u pon thi s cou r se l ong ago th ough with l ittl e
I
.
,
exp ect ati on of eve r b eing call ed t o ex erci se m y re sol uti on Wh en .

,
however I found h ow th e B altim ore cu rrent was tur ning I consul ted
, ,
th e Ar chb i sh op an d hi s opini on c on firm ing m e I h ave b een saved

, ,
n o l ittl e perpl exity Will you tell your sister L th at I h ave read
. .
th e fir st v o l um e of th e C onvert ed Chri sti an I rem emb er wh at sh e

“ ”
.
sai d of th i s b oo k l ast win t er and I b el i ev e sh e w ant ed m e to r ead it , .
2 O t ne i g p i t i M i St
u rn n l if
o n m wh n h tt d d ss m by
arr s
’
e ca e en s e a en e a ser on .
Th d
eo P k
ore ( 1 8 10 ar e r th f m l ib l U it i mi i t f B t e a ou s er a n ar an n s er o os o n ,
i J
n u ne ,1 8 4 5 i th m p y f Ri h d H i l d th ( 1 8 0 7
, n e co th
an hi t i
o c ar re e s or an,
an d h i wif wh w
s e l d gi lh o d f i d f m th i d y i D
as an o fi ld Mr oo r en ro e r a s n eer e , assa
c h u sett M i St
s . l t id th t
ss arr h li t d t th
a er sa m f P k aI as s e s e ne o e ser on o ar er ,
“
fou n d h im d m l i h i g ey f od ti s t f my
n l i gi
ever f i th dou n a o ns o ne o re ou s a , an ev e n
h p o e . F m th m m t I l f t th m i h l l f l d B t
ro e o en th t b i gh t
e e us c a o o os o n o n a r
J m i g i 1 8 4 5 th i q t f
u ne or n n n th i d f ith w th q t f m y
s u es or an au or ze a as e u es o
lif (M G
”
e c p it pp 34
overn , o . c .
, .
3 1 Ki g if
n s .
E l iza A llen S tarr 30 9
Th e volume is upon cerem onies so th at I w as not as sorry

second ,
as I wou l d oth erwi se h ave b een wh en th e Ar chb i sh op sai d it was
mi ssing I presum e it will b e qu ite tim e for m e to attend to th e

.
ceremoni al s wh en I sh all h av e accept ed th e do gm as I h ave not b een .
to th e c ath edr al at all I do not l ike to go to h e ar th e fin e mu sic of

.
,
which I hear so much for th e same r eason th at I go to a concert To

,
.
a C ath ol i c I kn ow it i s som ething m ore an d u n til I can giv e m y self ,
up t o it f ull y I do not wi sh to tortu re m y self with b al ancing my
emoti on s an d tryin g t o m ake th em con si st en t

,
.
Comm en ding myself to you r patience and l ove ,
Your i
aff ect on a e cou sin , t
Dec 23 , 1 854
. .
My Dear Cou sins

I h ave something so j oyf ul to tell that I cannot addr ess m yself to
anyone of y ou Y ou will all b l ess G od an d th e angel s will rej oi ce
.
wi th you for now they can rej oice Thi s m orn ing near 1 2 o cl ock th e
, .
’
Rt Rev B i sh op F itzpatrick r eceiv ed m e to you r h ol y M other Chu r ch

. .
4
in th e sacr am en t of b apti sm and on Chri stm as D ay I am to m ake ,
my fir st communi on I do not feel th at I n eed say anything more for

.
,
wh at is al ready said covers everything el se I wrote to our saintl y

'
Archb ishop K enrick som e thr ee weeks ago perhaps longer b ut , ,
received a note saying th at h e h ad not return ed yet from Rome I then .
saw M i ss Met calf hopin g I coul d im m edi at el y see th e B i shop b ut h e

, ,
h as b een ab sent an d I did n ot see him un til Thu r sday l ast an d it w as

, ,
not cert ain wh en I could b e r eceiv ed u ntil thi s m orn ing I w as so .
de sirou s h owev er to b e received b efore Chri stm as th at th e B i sh op

, ,
gr atifi ed m e I h ave not yet seen y ou r si st er and Aunt Lyd i a Sh e does

. .
n ot know th at I h ave h ad any i de a of do in g wh at I h ave d one or ,
rather wh at th e goo d Lord h as enab led me to do I h ave reserved to

, .
m yself th e pl easu re of tell ing h er and I sh all writ e to h er this after ,
n oon Th e w e ath e r h as b een too severe f or h er to com e o m e an d m

.
t y ,
intense occupation of m ind to prepare for my reception together with ,
my dail y an d necessary avocati ons an d th e vi sit m y dear f ath er i s

m aking with us and l ittl e M ary h as m ade it impossib l e for me to go ,
to h er and I would not all ow any one t o tell h er b u t m y self I h ope to

, .
J h B Fit p t i k ( 1 8 1 2—1 8 6 6 ) w
4
o n . z ar cr t d b i h p i M h 1 8 44 as consec a e a s o n arc ,
f B t f m 1 8 4 6 t h i d th
,
an d l d th S
ru e e ee o os o n ro o s ea .
310 Th e Na t io nal Per iod
be m ak e my comm uni on Chri stm as morn in g

ab l e to with h er and Mi ss
Metcalf at th e Si ste rs littl e ch apel
’
.
Do you thi nk I can forget all th e pr ayers you h ave all offered f or
m e? I still ne ed them for gr ace to keep m y b apti sm al v ow s and in ,
you r th anksg1vmg rem emb er me Y ou will I kn ow feel wh at I cann ot .

, ,
write m ore now I sh all write to th e Ar chb i shop a li ne to m eet hi m

.
at hi s r etu rn St A gnes i s my p atron saint

. . .
In th e humb l e joy of a convert ,
Your aff ectionate cousin ,
Y ou kn o w b etter th an I do wh o h as b een pr aying f or m e all th e se

six years , in which God
’
s p atience for me h as not f al tered Give to .
them if you can a word of gr atitu de from m e I h ave forgotten to

, , .
tell you th at my reception was as private as it could b e It is such a .
real thing that th e l ittl e circum stances o f it seem nothing .
Asiatic Ch ol era in th e Diocese of S avann ah ,
Augu st 2 9 1 854 ,
A LL thr ou ghi eteenth centu ry th e U ited States continued to b e

th e n n n
vi sited b y peri odic ou tb reaks of cholera and yellow f ever Th e th ird m aj or .
epi dem i c of A si ati c ch ol er a w as b rou ght i n o i mmi grant ships enteri g n n
New York harb or in 1 8 5 4 O n ce m ore heroi c eff orts were pu t f orth b y

.
b i shops pri ests an d rel i gi ou s t o all evi ate th e suff eri ng an d d i tress of th e
, , s
popu l ace an d as a con sequence th e l oss of per sonn el to th e Church w as ve ry

,
heavy In l ate A ugu st F ranci s X G artl and ( 1 8 0 5

.
, first B i shop of
.
S avann ah descri b e d con d it i ons in hi s see ci ty where h e w as b e i n g assi ted

, s
b y h is f r ie d Edwar d Barr on ( 1 8 0 1
n ,
f orm er Vi car A p ostol i c of
U pper G u i n ea wh o h ad interrupte d a hol i day in th e North an d ru shed to
,
.
G eorgi a when h e he ar d of th e scou rge there Tw o weeks af ter G artl an d h d . a
writte th e fol lowing letter B i shop Barron w s tri cken and di ed on S p

n a s e
tem b er 1 2 in th e m i dst of a h u rricane wh ich h ad hi t Savann ah and bl own

th e roof off t h e c athedr l a d b i hop resi de ce nd ei gh t d ys l ater G art ’
a n s s n , a a
l an d h i m l f su ccu m b ed t o th e d read d i se ase S ou rce : A m e i an Ca th l i

se . r c o c
H i t ic l R
s or a he V I I ( J anu ary
esea rc s, 33 , .
Sav h A ug 2 9 th 1 8 5 4
’
. .
My D ea F r riend
We are in a sad cond ition still very sad God al one knows
when a fa vorab l e tu rn will take pl ace Two of my priest s are s ck i
pub l icity and n owhere m ore th an in D onah oe s P il t b u t th e opposition of

,
’
o ,
ce rtai n eastern ch u rch m e t h e d i in cl i n ati on o f th e I r i sh th em selves t o

n, s
sep ar ate f rom rel at ive s a d f ri e d s and t h e di ffi cu l t i e s o f western tr avel

n n ,
al l op er ated t o preven t th e m ovem e t f rom ever attai n i n g t h e su cce ss wh i ch n
th e B uff al o del egates h ad hoped : S ou rce : B o ton P il t M arch 1 5 1 8 5 6

'
s o , ,
.
To th e Ed itor of Th e Pilot :
D ear Sir : It h as b ecom e m y du ty to communi cate to you th e foll ow
in g proceedings of a m eetin g hel d in th e C ath edr al in thi s city on , ,
Thu r sday ev eni ng l ast to h ear th e r eport of th e del egates from thi s
,
p l ace t o th e B u ff al o C o n v e n ti on an d t o o r ga n iz e a soc i ety f or th e,
u
p p r os e of a i d in g a n d e n co ur a in
g g C ath o l i c s ettl em en t s in I ow a Th e .
Ri ght R ev B ish op Lor as kindl y ten de red th e u se of th e C ath ed ral

.
for h old ing th e m eetin g an d ch eerfull y vol unteer ed hi s cc operati on

,
-
t o f u rth e r th e ob j e ct in v i ew Aft e r th e m ee tin g w as c all ed to order .

,
J udge Corkery w as ch osen tempor ary ch ai rm an and M B Mulk em ,

. .
,
secret ary Th e ch airm an gave a v e ry in te re sting accoun t of th e doin gs

.
an d pr oceed in gs of th e B u ff al o C on v ention Th e feel in g which per .
v aded th e whole Convention w as trul y comm endab le ; every del egate

wi th whom h e came in cont act appeared to b e actu ated more b y a
desire t o rel i ev e hi s l ess f ortun at e nei ghb or s f rom th e soci al restric
tions wh i ch they endure th an to acqu i re any personal advant age ,
.
Men of capit al in th e E astern St ates expressed their will in gn ess t o

em igr ate t o th e We st if som e pr ovi sion could b e m ade for th e m asses
, ,
b ut n ot othe rwi se He st ated th e pl an of action proposed an d al so th at

.
,
this meeting was in accordance with th e cour se recomm ended b y that

conv ention At th e close of Ju dge Corkery s rem arks on m otion of ’
.
,
th e Rev J F arvey [ sic ] a comm ittee of three consi sting of J D

1
. . .
.
, ,
J enn ings Rev P McCab e an d D r N B Matthews were appointed

, . .
,
2
. . .
,
to nomin ate pe rm anent ofli cers f or th e m eeti ng wh o w oul d al so ,
continu e ofli cer s of th e cont em pl at ed o r gan ization Th e commi ttee .
m ade th e f oll owing n om in ation s : f or President Rt R ev B ishop , . .
Loras; Vice Presidents J am es M ull in and Dr M atthew s; Treasur er

-
,
.
,
Ch arle s Corke ry ; Secret ary M B Mulkern ; A gent M McLaughlin ; , . .

, .
D i rector s R ev P M cc ab e P Q u i gl ey F D oyl e D r W R M c
, . .
,
.
, .
, . . .
M ahon and O wen K eenan O n m otion of th e Rev J F F arvey Dr

, . . . .
, .
M atthew s was appoin ted t o condu ct B ishop L or as to th e ch air A s .
f or t akin g h is pl ace as pre si den t of th e meeting h e sai d th at h e ,
1 Th i w as prob ab l y F ath er
s oh n V ah ey , p astor of S t A n drew s J .
’
C h urch ,
Be l l evu e , I ow a .
i
Patr ck A M cc ab e w as a p astor o f S t Raph ael s C ath edr al , D u b u
.
’
. q
ue .
C a th o l ic I m m igran ts to th e M idd le
—
West 313
felt very great pleasure in presiding over a m eeting convened for so

worthy an ob j ect and composed of so m any good and worthy citizens
,
.
He spoke of hi s own l ab or s in thi s m i ssion for th e l ast ni neteen y ear s ,
an d th e aff ection ate m ann e r in w h ich h e h ad b een treated b y th e

Irish Cathol ics with whom h is spiritu al l ab ors b rought h im in contact .
O f thi s kin dness h e w as gl ad to h ave an opport un ity t o e vin ce b y

appr eci ati on an d h e knew of no b ett er way to do it th an t o co oper ate
,
-
with those wh o were l ab oring to rescue th eir C ath olic b rethren from
oppr ession and per secu ti on and b ring th em t o a coun try ri ch in ,
resou rce s and congeni al to l ib erty l oving m en Th e B i shop s address -

.
’
was very touch ing and h is words were spoken with an earnestness th at
,
sh o we d th e f ath e rl y sol i citu de with whi ch h e en tered upon thi s gre at
m ov em ent O n th e m otion of th e R ev J F F arvey seconded b y th e

. . . .
,
Rev P M cc ab e J u dge C orkery J D J ennings and Hugh V Gil deo

. .
, ,
. . .
were appointed a comm ittee to dr aft re sol utions Whil e th e comm ittee
,
.
were preparing their report th e Rev F ather Tr acey [sic] addressed ,

.
3
th e m eetin g at con si der ab l e l engt h .
H e spoke of th e proceedin gs of th e B uffal o Conv enti on with gr eat

sati sf acti on R arel y or n eve r h ad h e seen a b ody of m en possesse d
.
, ,
of hi gher t al ent or an im ated with a n ob l er f eel i ng In th eir ze al f or

, .
th e gen er al good del egates carefull y av oi de d in tro ducing any qu e sti on

,
of a l ocal ch ar act er h ence th e action of th e C o nv enti on w as m arked

, ,
with th e strictest unanim ity of feelin gs and h arm ony He w as trul y .
gl ad th at th e apathy of form er y e ar s h ad given way to a spirit of

active ente rp ri se an d th at a di spo siti on w as spreadin g on th e part
,
of Iri sh m en to sub m it no l onger t o a st at e of dru dgery in t h e E ast .
Th e m ovem ent h e w as confi dent w oul d resul t in givin g th ou san ds

, ,
of our poor countrym en a h om e a h om e though not b l essed b y ,
th e f oot prin t s of a St Patri ck yet one in whi ch th ey coul d enj oy

-
.
,
th e b l essings of fr eedom in all things t empor al and spiritu al , .
Here Judge Corkery on b ehalf of th e com mittee on resol utions , ,
reported th e foll owing :

Resolved — Th at we he rt ily ppr v of t h ti on f th C athol i a a o e e ac o e c
C onventi on rec ntl y hel d at Buff l o N Y f

e th f rm t i o f C thol i c a ,
. .
, or e o a n o a
settl em en t in th e i nter ior

s .
A t thi tim J m i ah F T y ( 1 823—1 8 89 ) w f St P t i k

’
3 s e ere p t . ree c . as as or o . a r c s
Ch h G
urc ,y w I w
arr o I i h im m ig t l y th t h d b
en , o f t
a, d an r s r an co on a a ee n os ere
b y Bi h p L s o F th r T y w
or as . f th m t a ti p m t
e f C th l i
ree as o ne o e os ac ve ro o er s o a o c
l i ti i th W t d f w w k f t th b
co o n z a on n e p t w
es , w i tt
an h a e ee s a er e a ove re or as r en e
l d
e p ty
a f I w
ar ttl t N b k T it y wh h t b l i h d St
o o a se er s o e r as a err or er e e es a s e .
P ti k
a r c C l y O
’
s t ip t th E t i M h 1 8 57 t f th th
o on . n a r o e as n ar c , , o ur er e cau se
o f w t l i ti T y
es ern co o n z a t d th p l pp i ti
on f A hbi h p
r ec encou n ere e erson a o os on o rc s o
J h H gh f N w Y k
o n u es o e or .
14 Th e Na t iona l P er iod
Resol ed v h t th i i ti
T a C a ol c soc e e s b e f o m ed r thr h t
ou g ou tt
t h e S a e of
w r ti v j t j t
I o a f or th e p om o on of th e ab o e ob ec , sub ec to th e d ec on s of i r ti
r ir t r r t
t h e Sup e m e D ec o y c ea ed b y t h e Bu ff al o C on en on v ti .
v
R e sol e d t t i q
Th a t h e C a h ol cs of D u b u u e n ow f o m r th v i t
e m sel e s n o a
S oc ei ty r tr
o f th e ch a ac e v
n am ed ab o e , an d th t
a i i r i ti t t
all s m l a soc e e s, ha
m ay hr tr
e e af e r i
b e o gan z ed th
r ou gh ou t tt
th e S a e are r
ecom m en d ed t o ,
r i t i
eco gn ze h s, an d co ope a e r t with it -
, as t h e p a er t i ty
n S oc e i
of th e D oce se .
v ht i i ti t i
Resol e d — T a an n a on f ee of an d a m on hl t y ri t i
su b sc p on
of tw ty
en t ti t t
five cen s, b e th e full su m n ecessary t o con s u e a m em b e s p ;
-
r hi
but a y r i v
e a , if p a d in ad an c e wi
ll b e deem ed an e u al en q iv t .
v
Resol e d — T h a t this soc ei ty h r r ti
ol d i t s egu l a m ee ngs on t h e fi t
rs M on
d ay of e e v ry th
m on , an d at su c o e h th r ti ir t r
m e s as th e D ec o s or m a o j rity
of the m m ay deem n ecessa ry i t r hi
; b u t appl can s f or m em b e s p m ay b e
r
e nroll e d as m em b e s b y fi i t ir
l ng h e i ti
appl c a on s wi th r rr
t h e T easu e , and
yi t i r i iti ti
pa n g h e n a on f ees .
Th e ab ove re sol u tion s wer e un an im ou sl y adopted after wh ich th e ,
secre t ary procee de d t o t ake th e n am es of th ose pr e sen t wh o de sir ed
t o b ecom e m emb er s of th e S ociety Th e B i sh op as a f urth er pr oof

.
,
of h i s int erest in th e ob j ect f or wh ose f u rth er ance th e Soci ety w as
organ i zed enr oll ed him self as a m emb er and pai d in twenty five
, ,
-
d oll ar s F ath er Tr acey pai d t en dol l ar s b ut th e giving in st an ces of

.
,
generosity on th e part of those presen t woul d occupy too much of

.
your space Th e meetin g was l arge and enthusi astic and aff orded a
.
,
ch ee rin g in dic at ion of th e su cce ss th at aw ait s th e eff ort s th at are now
b ein g put forth E ast and W est North and Sou th on b eh alf of t h e
, , ,
poo r C atholi c immi gr ant .
It w as m oved b y F ather Tr acey and secon ded b y C apt M M

, , . . .
Hoyden th at th e secret ary fu rni sh an accou nt of th e proceedings

,
of th at m eeting to th e American Cel t and B oston Pil ot for pub

“ ” “ ”
, ,
l ication Thi s motion w as unanim ously adopted

. .
At th e clo se of th e b usiness of th e m eeting th e vener ab l e Ch airm an ,
v acated th e ch air and J udge Corkery w as called thereto when a

, ,
vote of th anks was tendered to th e Rt Rev B i shop not onl y for th e . .

,
effi ci ent an d sati sfacto ry m anner in whi ch h e pr esi de d over th e _
m eeting b u t for th e deep intere st h e h as m an if ested in thi s cause

,
since it w as fir st agit ated A ft er going thr ou gh som e few oth er uni m

.
port ant m atter s th e m eetin g adj ou rn ed to th e fir st M on d ay in April

, ,
u nl ess call ed to geth er b y th e Pr esi dent .
Y ou will pardon thi s in tru sion upon y our space and b el i eve me , ,
to rem ai n v ery tru l y an d r espectfu ll y y ou r s

, ,
M B M ULK ERN S ec e ta y
. .
,
r r
316 Th e Na t iona l P e riod
I ob ained t a p rom ise from th e Coun t Felix de Mérode of th e l
su m of be tween and fr ancs toward s found ing a Coll ege

for th e M i ssion s in th e Uni ted St ates in any city of B el gium of
,
my ch oice .
His Em inen ce th e C ardin al Archb i shop of M al ines and several ,

2
oth er Pr el at es with wh om I h ad th e honor to speak on th e sub j ect ,
assur ed m e o f th eir warm est sympathies an d promised their co

oper ation .
A sub scription in aid of th e foundati on of th e estab l ish ment will

b e opened in th e col umn s of th e C ath ol i c j ou rn al s of B el giu m as ,
soon as I can assu re th em th at th e Ri ght R ev Bi sh ops of th e .
United States (or some of them) are earnestly engaged in promoting

th e go od w ork .
Th e Rector of th e Univer sity of Lou v ain ( th e city sel ected f or 3
th e C oll e ge ) h as prom i se d hi s ai d an d i s pr epared t o gr an t all we ,
m ay r eason ab l y r e qu ire of th e Univer si ty to secur e th e success an d ,
prosperity of th e contem pl ated in stitu t i on .
F rom th e ab ove Yo ur Lord shi p will e asil y per ceive th at th e ob j ect

,
of th e In stitu tion in B el gi u m woul d b e l st To serve as a nur sery , ,
o f pr operl y educat ed and tri ed cl er gym en f or our m i ssion s; and 2 d t o .
provi de th e Am eri can B i sh ops with a coll ege t o whi ch som e at l e ast
of th e ir st u dent s m ight b e sen t t o acqu ir e a superi or eccl esi asti cal
i n struction and a sol id cl erical train ing withou t m uch expen se as th e , ,
Coll ege will requ ire no other Professor s th an those for th e Engl i sh
and Ge rm an l anguages .
Th e b asi s of th e gove rnm en t of th e i n stitu ti on will b e th at of th e

Prop agan d a at Rom e and e ach D i ocese of th e Uni ted St ate s will
”
,
profit of its f ru i ts in p roportion to th e am oun t it m ay h ave fu rn i sh ed

towards the foundation etc For it coul d not b e reasonab ly expected , .
th at th e C ath ol ics of th e Uni ted St ate s should h ave n o sh are in th e

'
F éli
1
d Me d W t l
x e ( 1 79 1 —1 8 5 7 ) b l g d t
ro e- es er o o f th m t di e on e o o ne o e os s
ti g i h d f m il i
n u s e i B l gi m H
a h ld
es n iv ly th p tf li f f ig
e u . e e succe ss e e or o os o ore n
a ff i w
a rs, d fi i th
ar , an bi t f Ki g L p ld I H w
n ance n th
e ca f th f ne s o n eo o . e as e a er o
F é dé i F X d M e d
r r c .
-
( 1 820
. e A hb i h p ro f M l it
e wh fig d rc s o o e e ne , o u re
p mi
ro tl y i
n en th g m t f th P p l St t
n e overn d Pi IX Th
en old d e a a a es u n er us . e e er e
M é d di d b f
ro e h l
e d th t th p j t f
e ore e wh i h h
e arne h d ff d th a e ro ec or c e a o er e e
m y w
o ne t b m
as l i ty T h i l
o eco l f t Ki d k
e a r ea w i th ly . t s oss e n e e ns on o
t t th
s ar ll g e co m wh i h h h d b
e e, a su gi i q l h c b y Bi h p e a ee n ve n n e ua s ares s o s
Sp l d i g
a d L f
n an e evere .
2E g lb t St n e k ( 1 79 2— 1 8 6 7 ) w
er erc xm d A h b i h p f M li i 1 8 32 d as a e rc s o o a nes n an
a car di l i na1 8 38 n .
3
Pi F X d R m ( 1 8 04
erre .
-
. e di t i g i h d h
a h hi t i w th a s n u s e c urc s or an , as e
fi t t f th C th l i U iv ity f L v i wh it w
rs rec or o e a o c t d i 1 8 34
n ers o ou a n en as res ore n .
A rch b ish op Hugh es a nd Western C o lon iza tion 317
honor and m erits of founding an institution designed excl usivel y for

their b enefit .
Will You r Lordship b e kin d enough to inf orm m e at you r e arl iest ,
conv en i ence wh eth er you d e sir e t o t ake part in th e w ork and if so

, , , ,
wh at am ount y our diocese m ay possib l y fu rn ish b y coll ection in ,
th e v ari ou s congre gati on s or b y any oth er w ay y ou m ay thin k pr oper

, ,
tow ards th e proposed Institu tion .
You r Lordship i s al so requested to nom in ate th e per son whom you

m ay wi sh t o ch arge with th e ex ecution of th e work and to b ecom e
th e Rector of th e I n st i tu ti on at l east f or th e tim e b e i n g A n e arl y
, .
repl y is urged as necessary as I m ust writ e to th e Cou nt de M erode

,
to inform h im wh eth er th e desi gn i s en ter ed upon b y th e B i sh ops of

th e Unit ed St at es in a m anner worthy of success or wh eth er it m ay ,
n ot b e n ecessary to ab andon th e proj ect an d l e av e h im f r ee t o a

ppl y
h is alms tow ar ds b u il di ng a Chu rch in B ru ssel s as w as h is ori ginal
intention Y ou will ple ase al so to off er any suggestion s wh i ch you
.
m ay j u dge proper on th e sub j ect .
Ar chb i sh op Hu gh e s O ppo smon t o We stern

’
C ol oni zation for C ath ol ic Imm igrant s ,
M arch 2 6 1 8 5 7 ,
i t t ce tu ry repe ted effort were m de t b ri g

TH R O U G H O U T th e n n e e en h n a s a o n
ab ou t r i ti of C athol i c i m m i grants on th e ch e p l and
a l a ge scal e col on z a on
-
a s
of t h e W e t A l th ou gh a
s . m b r of thes eff ort m et wi th su cce s th ey
nu e e s s ,
n ever m t er i l i e d to th e d gree o f m ak i n g a
a a z ppreci abl e d e t i n th
e n a n e
m as i g of th i m m i gr t i n th l r ge ci ti es O e f th pri ci pal r
s n e an s e a o s . n o e n eas n
w a th e oppo i ti o o f J h H ghes ( 1 7 9 7
s s n o n first Ar chb i h op of New
u s
York w h o co l d ever b e w on to th e i d a F i fteen ye rs after H ghes

, u n e . a u
’
d e th t h e Ir i h C thol i c C ol o i at i o A soci ati on w as or gan i ze d at C h i go

a s a n z n s ca
i th e pri ng of 1 8 7 9 and o
n s o f it s ch i ef f ou n d er
ne w as J oh Lan c ster s n a
S pal di ng ( 1 8 4 0 B i shop of Peor i Spal d i n g expresse d a vi ew th at a .
h as b een comm only hel d whe n h e sai d Th t A r chb i hop H u gh es b ecam

“
, a s e
th e opponent of col on i ti on is I am persuaded m o t u fortu nate No other

za , , s n .
m n h as ever h d su ch i nflue nce over th e Ir i sh C thol i cs of th e U n ite d

a a a
St te s
a n d n o oth er m an co l d h ve d o e so m u ch t o m ake th em real i e
, a u a n z
th t their i terests f r ti m e d eter i ty requ ired th t they ho ld m k

a n o an n a s u a e
hom es f or them selves on th e l nd ( Th R ligi s M i i a

”
f th I i h e e ou ss o n o e r s
P pl
eo ed C th l i C l iz ti
an a o [N ew Y ork
c o on a p on T h e f act , .
that to day there are in th e U n ited States 6 44 co nties in th e ru r l are u a as
in wh i ch ther e are n o C athol i c pr i ests te d s to em ph i e h ow t h e p ol i cy ,

n as z
of a centu ry ago h as eff ect ed th e devel opm ent of th e C hu rch in t h i s cou n

318 Th e Na t io nal P e r iod
try A . tt
s a em en t of h
iti on is contai ned in th e f oll owing docum ent
H ug es
’
pos
whi ch h e wrote out i n ro
raft b t never pub l i shed Source : A rchives
u gh d u .
of th e A r ch d i ocese of New York e d i ted a d pu b l i sh ed i n H enry J Brown e ,

n .
,
A r ch b i h p Hu ghes a d W ester n C ol oni zati on

“ ”
s o C th ol i H i t i l R
n ,
a c s or ca e
i w XXXVI ( O ctob er
v e , 2 69 — 2 7 3 , .
here is n o people in th e worl d wh ether at hom e or ab road so

T , ,
ov er dose d with cou n sel and advi ce as th e Iri sh Th eir f ri en d s advi se .
them the ir enem i es advise them those wh o are indiff erent ab ou t

, ,
their welf are advi se them in l ike m ann er .
Th e l ast gen tl e advice th at h as b een ren dere d t o th em in thi s

cou n try em an at es f rom wh at i s call e d th e B uff al o C onv ention Th e }
good intention s of th ose wh o com posed th at spon t aneous an d self

con stitu t ed assem bl y it is u nn ecessary to qu esti on Th ere is one
,
.
thing in its favor that a con siderab le numb er of th e C athol ic clergy

, ,
wheth er of th e United St ates or of C an ada wer e present and prob ab l y ,
took part in th e del ib er ations of th e so—call ed Convention .
Withou t qu estioning th e purity of m otives of any one connected

with th i s m eeting one m ay b e all owed to say th at it w as a m ost
,
superflu ou s unn ecessary and u nprofit ab l e assemb l age

,
It h as added .
no singl e new i de a to th e com m on st ock of inf o rm ation b y whi ch
individu al em igrant s m ight b e gu ided in th e selection of th eir future

h om es It h as repe ated wh at w as known b efore th at there is a great
.
,
d eal of w aste l and fertil e with al in th e E astern and West ern

, ,
p r o vin c e s o f C a n a d a a n d o n th e W e ste rn b oun d ari es of th e pr esen t

United St ates It h as al so procl aim ed wh at was suffi cientl y kn own
.
b efore th at in th e E astern l arge citi es wh e th er of th e se ab oard or

, ,
o f th e imm edi at e n eighb orh ood of th e i nt eri or there are great num ,
b er s of Iri sh em igr ant s wh o h av e to stru ggl e again st all th e m i se ri es

incident to their condition It h as ann ounced in sub stance what can .
n ot b e den i ed b y any one th at th e con diti on s of such per son s coul d ,
h ardly b e deteriorated phy sicall y rel igiousl y or m or all y b y any transi , ,
tion from E ast to West H aving said thu s much we h ave ab ri dged .
th e whol e am oun t of new l i ght whi ch th e d i scussi on of th e qu esti on

in th e Buff al o C onventi on h as sh ed on thi s very im port ant t opic .
1
O F b n y 1 2e—1 5 1 8 56
ruar g p f C th l i , i t tdi w t , a l i
rou o a o cs n eres e n es ern co o n
za ti f
on im m ig t h d
or m b l d i D dl y H l l B ff l
r an s a asseN w Y k Th e n u e a , u a o, e or e
ti i ty fi d l g t i l l fifty tw f m th U i t d St t
.
c onve n d w on re n ne -
ve e e a es n a ,
-
o ro e n e a es
an d f ty th or f m C
-
d
ree i l di g th i g
ro an a a,l f th Di f
nc u n e v car s - e n er a o e oce ses o
B ff l
u C hi g
a o, Pitt b gh ca o , d Wh l i g d th
s ur C di, Di an f By ee n , an e an a an oceses o
t w
o Ki g t
n, d T
n s on , t w ll
an tw ty fi pri t wh
oro n o , w as i g e as en -
ve es s o ere serv n
on th al mi ssio s
e rur n .
320 Th e Na t io n a l P eriod
pe ce r ive th at if th is advice i s good for their neighb ors it shoul d not

b e good for th em sel ves al so ?
It must not b e inferred th at th e wr iter is opposed to th e diff usion

of em igr ant s in t o th ose porti on s of th e cou ntry in which l and m ay
b e ob t ained and in which l iving is che ap and l ab or h as it s fair

recompen se B ut th ere i s a natur al process b y which this resul t is
.
p per e tu all y g o ing o n P oor .em i gr an t s no t fin d ing e mpl oym e n t in one
p l a ce se ek it i n an oth er A nd th en wh en th ey go w estw ar d e speci all y

.
,
acqu ir e a ce rt ain pr act i cal kn owl e dge of th e production of th e soil
or th e m in es in th e n e i ghb orh oo ds in wh i ch th ey fin d th em sel v es .
With thi s necessary knowledge as a far m ore import ant capital than ,
t h e l im i ted am ou nt whi ch th ey m ay h av e econ om i ze d f rom th eir

l ab or s th ey som etimes acqu ire a titl e to l an ds or in oth er in terest s
, ,
b y wh i ch th eir tem por al prosperity i s in cre ased But th e i dea of .
di stu rb in g th e m ind s of th ose wh o m ay b e alr eady est ab l i shed wh ether ,
in th e E ast or in th e West b y a gilded an d ex agger ated report of

theoretical b l essings which are in reserve for th em provided they
, ,
can acqu ire th e n om in al own er sh i p of 6 0 or 1 0 0 acres of uncul tiv at ed
l an d n ot u nf requ entl y teem ing with f ever an d ague

,
rem ote from
th e ch u rch rem ote from th e school rem ote [from ] th e Post O ffi ce
rem ote from th e phy sici an rem ote from th e neighb ors this i de a '
i s dangerous j u st so f ar as any C ath oli c emi gr an t i s l i ab l e to b e mi sl ed

,
and dece iv ed th er eb y Th en b esides our conv ention h av e [ sic] under

.
,
stood th at c apit al m o re or l e ss w i ll b e nece ssary f or th o se wh o sh all

, ,
b e foun d sim pl e enough to f oll ow their advi ce Thi s b ein g th e case .

,
th at advice i s ten dere d to th o se wh o wh erev er th ey are l ocated wh eth er

“
in th e E ast or in th e West h av e b een al r eady to som e extent successful

, , ,
in their in du stri al eff ort s O n e m ight suppose th at if th ey are doing well

.
,
it woul d b e unwise for them to give up th e cert ain ty which they have
for th e uncert ain ty wh i ch i s proposed to them .
B ut passi ng fr om thi s cl ass our attenti on i s d irected t o anoth er th e ,
cond ition of which h as exer ci sed th e deep refl ection and r oused th e
b enevol ence of th e Buf C onvention W e m e an th e hundreds and

. .
thousands wh o in New York Boston Phil adelphi a and New O rleans , , ,
are li vi ng in th e pr overb i al wr et chedn ess u su all y associ ated with th e
i de a of a resi den ce in cell ar s and in garret s Now thi s cl ass could not .
b ut im prove th eir con dition b y a ch ange to th e O pen fi el ds of th e

3 t t i
Th e f ac th a th e sess o ns in Buff al o w ere condu cte d in sec ecy and th a
‘
r t
Hu gh es did not know th e b ackgrou nd of th e person s in a tend ance m ay accou n t t
ti
for h s r ath er u n gen erou s j u dgm ent co ncer n ng th ese m en a nu m b er of wh om i ,
w ere veteran m i i
ss o n ar ie s i n th e W est .
A rchb ish op H ugh es and Western C ol on iza t ion 32 1
r di stri ct s th en vention ab l e to de vise

'
ru al . Bu t th e con h as n ot b e en
any pr a cti cal sy st em o f w ay s an d m e an s b y whi ch thi s [ si c] cou l d be
transported to b etter hom es even if they them sel ves were will ing to
,
go A gr eat m aj ority of th em are entirel y u nfit b y any sudden tr an siti on

.
to en t er on th e m u l tif ari ous i ndu stry which a settl em ent on wild l and
pre supposes They know not h ow to u se th e axe if th e l and i s t o b e

-
.
,
cl e ared of tim b e r Th ey kn ow n ot h ow to h ew an d sh ape th e l ogs

.
necessary for th e con str u cti on of th eir fir st r u de c ab in Th ey know not .
h ow to gui de th e pl ough in th e pr airi es Th ey are in expert in alm ost .
ev ery el em en t n ece ssary t o carry ou t th e i mpr acti cal i de al of th eir
B uff alo advi ser s B ut ev en if thi s wer e n ot th e case th e Buff al o Con

.
vention h as n ot su ggest ed any ade qu ate m e an s eith e r f or th eir tr ans

‘
portation to th e west or for th e m eans of l ivin g th ere until th e

,
comb in ed f ruitful ness of th e earth an d th eir own l ab or sh ould fu rni sh
them with th e su stenance of l ife Suppose they were skilf ul in cl earing

.
th e wil d l an d of tim b e r th e B u ff al o C on vention h as n ot t ol d us wh o

,
sh all provi de th em with an ax e wh o sh all con struct th eir fir st cab in

wh o sh all provi de th em with a pl ou gh and oth er n ecessary f arm in g ,
u t en sil s.
Th ey h av e indeed in th e u ngr aciou sness of b enevol ence ,
th at there are here and there C athol ics wh o b y in dustry and enterpri se
h ave b ecome weal thy and they h ave m odestly su ggested that a
porti on of thi s we al th wh i s n ot th eir s m i ght b e appropri ate f or th e
.
d i sb ur sem ent of expen ses to b e in curr ed b y th e Gener al Comm ittee

in c arrying ou t th e proj ect recomm en ded b y th e B uf C onventi on . .
Th ey h av e al so di scover ed th at th er e are m ill ions and m ill ions of d oll ar s

own e d b y C ath ol ics an d emi r an t s de osit e d in th e savin s b an ks of
g p g
l arge citi es and h av e in sin u ated th at if th e se fun ds wer e pl aced in th e
h an ds of th e gener al comm ittee for carrying ou t th e phil anthropic
purposes of th e conv ention th e pr oj ect wou ld n ot tu rn out to b e
,
so i dl e a specul ati on as we h av e su
pposed Th ere i s onl y one m i st ake .
,
and th at i s th at th e convention in all u d in

, g to th ese r esour ces un der
took to di spose of property which th ey h ad not earned whi ch did not ,
b el ong to th em and of which with ou t speci al pe rmi ssion from it s

,
own er s th ey h ad n o right eith e r to di s ose of or to all u de t o as th ey

,
p ,
have done .
32 2 Th e Nat ional P e riod
Chi ef J ustice Tan ey s Reflection s Sl avery

’
on ,
Au gust 1 9 1 8 5 7 ,
R O G E R BR O O K E TA NE ( 1 7 7 7 — 1 8 64 Y
) was th e descendan of tw o ol d t
ii ry
f am l es of th e M a l an d gen y a tr th t
h ad b ecom e C a ol cs in t h e e a l th i ry
i t t t ry
e gh een h cen u In p ol cs Tan e i ti was at y
.s fir t
a F e de al s , b ut af e r it tr
i ti th t
th e d ssol u on of a rt v
p a y h e ga e h i s all e g an ce t o A n d e i ack son rw J .
tt r r
In 1 8 3 1 h e w as n am e d A o n ey G en e al of th e U n e d S a e s, two ear s it tt y
l t r S r t ry f th e Tr
a e ec e a ry d i 1 8 3 6 h w n m i t d b y J k
o e a su , an n e as o na e ac son
to c ed J h n M r h ll
su c e o C h i f J ti a s a f th e U n i t d S t t
as eD ri g us ce o e a es . u n
th n rl y thi rty y r s th t h
e ea rv d on th pr m e b n h h wr te nd
ea a e se e e su e e c e o a
parti i pated in m y i m p rt nt d ci i n s b u t th m o t f m o
c an o a ne w
e hi s o , e s a us o as s
D r d S ott d i i on wh i h w s h n d d d own
e c ec s c M r h 6 1 8 5 7 tw o d y
a a e on a c , ,
a s
a f t r th
e i n gu r ti on f B h n
e au a pr i d nt I n i t T n y rul d th
o uc an a as es e . a e e e
Mi ssou ri C mpr m i of 1 8 2 0 s c stit ti o l b y t ti g th t D r d S ott

o o se a u n on u na - s a n a e c ,
b r o n a s a e,l v w u bl t in
as f d r l
na e rt n r w h is st t lt r d
o su e a e e a cou , o as a us a e e
m r l y b ec h h d p d i t th e f r e t rri tory of M i ot
’
e e au se e a e sca e n o T y e e n n es a . an e s
vi w n sl v ry w r i fl
e s o a e d b y th e e th r r r l vir nm nt in whi h
n u en c e e sou e n u a en o e c
h h d b en r i d P r
e a e l ly h e h d m
a se . m i tt d h i
e son a w l y r a an u e s o n s a ves ea s
b f r
e o e, co op r t d wi th t h
-
A m ri n C l
e a e i ti S i ty in h l pi g t
e e ca o on z a on oc e e n o
se ttl fr N gr s in Lib ri nd v n p r h d l v t p t th m t
e ee e oe e a, a e e u c ase s a es o u e a
l i b rty B t h w
e . u tr gly pp d t th b l iti i t m v m t d h
e as s on o o se o e a o on s o e en an e
f l t th t th
e a l ti n of th pr bl m h ld b l ft t th p pl d i r tly
e so u o e o e s ou e e o e eo e ec
con ce n e r d M r v r i t w T y b l i f th t th e c rt h o l d r f l ly
. o eo e ,
as an e
’
s e e a ou s s u ca e u
g rd g i t
ua a a ns ro h m t of t h f d r l g v r m t
en c ac en s th v r i g ty
e e e a o e n en on e so e e n
o f th t t T ney w
e s a es . f ith ful C th l i
a as l l thr gh h i l i f
a a i pi t a o c a ou s e, n s e
o f th f r q e t em b rr m t h h d t ff r fr m tho w h di l ik d
e u en a ass en s e a o su e o se o s e
th e Ch r h u ch th K w N th i g I h i l t y r h t ld
su c as e no -
o i n s . n s as ea s e o a cou s n ,
“
M t th kf l I m th t th r di g r fl ti n t di
os an u a a e d
ea p ri n , e ec o , s u es, an ex e en ce
o f a l g lif h v
on tr gth n d d
e a e sfirm d m y f ith in th C th l i
en e e an con e a e a o c
C h r h wh i h h
u c ,
vr c d t t h h
as n e e h il dr n h w th y h l d
cease o e ac er c e o e s ou
l iv n d h w th y h l d di ( S m l Tyl r M m i f R g B k ”
e a o e s ou e a ue e ,
e o r o o er ro o e
T a ne y [ B l tim r a p o e, Th R v r d S m l N t t . C ngr e e e en a ue o , a o e
g t ion l i t m i n i t r
a a s f W r h m M s e o h tt a e tT y a , py f assac u se s, sen an e a co o a
p m phl t h h d wri tt
a e e th a l v ntr v r y i
en on whi h h h d i l d d
e s a e co o e s n c e a nc u e
a n ly i
an a f th D r d S tt d i i on I
s s o e e r ply th ld hi f j ti
co ec s . n e e o c e us ce
e al b r ted o h i ph i l
o a phy of l v ry in
n s l tt r wh i h r v l d h i
oso s a e a e e c e ea e s con
se rv a ti e v i w
v h i j d i i l t m p r m nt
e s, s u d hi
c a l rity f m i d S r
e e a e , an s c a o n . ou ce :
P r oc e e di g f th M
n s h
o t t H i
e t i l S
assa c i t y 1 8
u se7 1 — 1 8 73 ( B t
s s o r ca oc e , os o n :
P b u l i h d
s e b y t h S i ty e pp 4 4 5
oc e —4 4 7 ,
. .
qu ier White Sulphu r Springs Vir ginia F au , ,
Au gu st 1 9th 1 8 57 , .
Sir — I r eceived som

,
e ti m e ago y ou r l ett er and pam phl et on ,
Sl avery an d th e Rem edy which you h ave b een kind enou gh to ”

, ,
send me Th ey w er e r e ce iv ed wh en I w as much ou t of h eal th

.
and ,
sl a ve is t ampered with b y ill —di sposed per sons; and h is lif e is u su all y
cheerfu l an d cont ent ed and fre e f r om any d i str e ssing want s or anx i eti es
, .
He i s well t aken car e of in inf ancy in sickness and in ol d age Th ere

, , .
are in dee d ex cepti on s p ainf u l ex ception s But th i s will al w ay s b e th e

, .
case where power com b ined with b ad passi on s or a m ercen ary spir i t i s
,
on one side an d w e akn e ss on th e othe r It f requentl y h appen s wh en

,
.
b oth parti es are of th e sam e r ace al though th e weaker and dependent

,
on e m ay n ot b e l egall y a sl ave .
Unqu estion ab ly it i s th e duty of every m aster to watch over th e

reli gi ou s and m oral cul ture of hi s sl aves and to give them every com ,
fort and priv i l ege th at i s not in compatib l e with th e continued exi st ence
of th e rel at i on s b etween th em A n d so f ar as my kn owl edge ext ends
.
,
this duty is faith q y performed b y th e gre at b ody of heredit ary sl ave

hol der s in M aryl and and Virgini a I spe ak of th ese St ates onl y .
,
b ecau se with r espect to th em I h ave per son al kn owl edge of th e sub j ect .
But I h ave no re ason t o suppose i t i s oth e rwi se in St ates f arth er sou th .
A n d I kn ow it h as b een th e de sir e of th e statesm en of M aryl and to

secure to th e sl ave b y l aw ev ery pr otection fr om m al tr e atm ent b y
th e m aster th an can with safety b e given and withou t im pair in g th at ,
degree of au th ority wh i ch is e ssen ti al to th e in tere st and well b ein g of -
b oth B ut thi s qu estion i s a very d el icate one and must at all tim es
.
,
b e approach ed with th e u tm ost cau tion Th e saf e an d tru e l in e must

.
al ways depend upon e x i stin g c ir cu m st ances and they m u st b e thorou ghl y,
inquired in to an d under stood b efore there can b e any safe or useful

l egi sl ation in a St ate .
Th e pains whi ch h ave u nh appil y b een t aken for some years past
to produ ce d i scontent an d ill feel ing in th e sub j ect r ace h as r endere d
-
,
any m ov em en t in th at dir ecti on st i ll m ore d i ffi cul t F or it h as n atu r all y .
m ade th e m aster m ore sensit i ve and j e al ou s of any new restriction

u on th e pow e r h e h as h e retof ore ex erci se d an d whi ch h e h as b een
p ,
accu st om ed to think e ssenti al t o th e m ain t en an ce of h is au th ority as
m aster A nd h e al so f eel s th at any step in th at directi on at th e present

.
time m ight inj uriously aff ect th e m inds of th e sl aves Th ey are for th e .
most p art weak credul ou s and e asil y m i sl ed b y stronger mi nds A n d

, , .
if in th e pr esent state of things additional r estrictions wer e pl aced on

th e authority of th e m aster or n ew privil eges gr an ted to th em they
, ,
woul d prob ab l y b e told th at th ey were wrun g f rom th e m aster b y their

Northe rn f riends ; and b e t aught to regard th em as th e fir st step t o a
speed y and uni ver sal em ancipation pl ac ing them on a , perfect equal ity
with the white r ace It is easy to foresee wh at woul d b e th e sad resul t
.
of such an impr e ssion upon th e m in d s of thi s weak an d cr edul ous r ace .

A p os to la te to th e Ne gro , 1 85 8 25
You r review of th e deci sion in th e case of D red Scott i s a f air one ,
and st ate s tr ul y th e op in ion of th e C ou rt It will I h ope corre ct som e .

, ,
of th e m i srepresent at i on s whi ch h av e so indu stri ou sl y b een m ade ; an d
made too I fear b y m any wh o must h ave kn own b etter B ut I do not

, ,
.
m ean to pub l i sh an y vindication of th e O pin i on ; or of my own con

si st ency or th e con si st ency of th e C ou rt F or it w ou l d not b ecom e th e
,
.
Supreme C ou rt or any m em b er of it to go out side O f th e appropri ate

, ,
sph er e O f j u di ci al pr oceed ings; and engage in a contr ov er sy with any
on e wh o m ay ch oose f r om an y m otive t o m i srepre sen t it s O pin i on Th e .
opin i on m u st b e l eft to speak f or it self A n d it i s for th at r e ason th at .
I hope y ou will pardon m e for requestin g th at you will n ot permit

“
thi s l etter to b e pub l ished in th e new spaper s or otherwi se Not th at I .
am n ot perf ectl y r e ady on all prop er occasi on s t o say pu b l i cl y e v e ry
thin g I h ave said in th is l etter B u t in th e j udicial position I have th e

.
honor to occupy I ought n ot to appear as a volunteer in any pol itical

,
d i scussi on ; and still l ess would it b ecom e m e out O f Court an d O ff th e

b en ch to di scu ss a qu esti on whi ch h as b een th ere determ in e d A nd I .
h ave written to you (althou gh a str anger) thus freel y from th e personal
re spect with which th e peru sal of your pamphl et h as in spired m e I ~
.
am n ot a sl av eh older M or e th an thirty y ear s ago I m anu m itte d ev ery

.
sl av e I ev er o wn ed ex cept tw o wh o wer e t oo O l d wh en th ey b ecam e

, , ,
m y pr operty to pr ovide f or th em sel ves These two I supported in com

, .
f ort as l on g as th ey l ive d A n d I am gl ad to say th at n one of th ose

.
whom I m anumitted di sappointed m y expectation s b ut have shown ,
b y th eir con du ct th at th ey we re w orthy of f reedom ; an d kn ow h ow

to use it .
With great respect I am sir , , ,
Your ob t serv t ’ ’
,
R B Tan ey . . .
Th e Rev Sam u el Nott

d
,
Wareham M ass , .
Bi sh op El der On th e Apostol ate to th e Negro

Sl aves in Mi ssissippi 1 8 5 8 ,
t i t i i
O N E O f th e m os d ffi cu l m ss on a y p obl em s f or th e C u ch in th e r r h r
t t t r
ni n e e en h cen u y w as th e sp r u al ca e of t h e Ne i it
g o sl a es in t h e sou h r r v t
tt
ern s a e s t r r
I n n o o h e a ea of th e cou n
. w as th e C u ch poo e i n ty h r rr
r
n u m b e s an d r
e sou ce s so a r th t i t
w as O f en m p oss bl e t o p o de p ope
, t i i r vi r r
i iti v
f ac l e s f or e en th e f ew an d sca e ed e C a h ol c s Th ee tt r
ea s b e f o e whit t i . r y r r
th e ou tb r ivil W ar th e th ird B i shop of Natchez W i ll i m Henry

e ak of th e C , a
El der ( 1 8 1 9 ou tl in ed in a d et ai l e d w ay f or th e S oc i e ty f or t h e
Propag ti on O f th e F aith th e d i ffi cu l ti es O f th e N gro postol te i

a M is e a a n
si ssippi Th e f ol lowi g l tt r giv

. n p i ctur e wh i ch m t ti m t di w as
e e es a u a s u an s
d e cr ipt ive of co d i ti o s i ev ry outh ern d i ocese d r in g th e l ast y r O f

s n n n e s u ea s
sl ve ry S ou r ce : A r ch iv s O f t h e D i oce
a . e O f N at h e ph otostat copy se c z, .
Gentl em en
Th e b u s n ess i Of my D iocese h as m adery for me to spend it necessa
mu ch tim e in tr avellin g I h ave now b een ab sent f rom h om e nearl y

.
two month s continu al l y in th e spring li kewi se I was nearly t wo

,
m on th s aw ay H ence i t h as b een im possi b l e f or m e to write to you

.
earl i er as I h ad int en ded ; ev en n ow I cann o t gi v e you th e f ull
in teresting account of our mi ssions wh ich I h ad hoped to prepare ,
b oth from w ant O f tim e on m y own part b ecause I h ave not got ,
report s from th e Pastors on th e v ariou s point s on which I woul d desi re

to inf orm you M or eov er b ein g ob l i ged ev en now to Write at v ar ious
.
,
tim es in v ariou s pl aces with ou t th e f acili tie s which I shoul d h ave

,
at h om e f or r en dering m y l ett er int o Fr ench you m u st par don [m e ] ,
for sim pl y writin g to you in En gli sh .
I b eg O f you to send m e a numb er of copie s O f th e sheet you h ave

printed cont aining th e head s on whi ch you desire inf orm ation I h ave .
onl y f oun d on e b y acci den t n ot in t im e t o ask of th e P astor s

,
inf orm ation on those po i nts I sh all foll ow them however give you.
th e b e st inf o rm ation at p resen t in my p ossessi on .
Th e D iocese O f Nat ch ez com pri ses th e St ate O f M i ssi ssippi h as ,
an are a O f squ are m i l e s or ab ou t squ are l e agu es .
Th e Num b er of Cath olics w as st at ed in th e A lm an ac sever al y ear s

ago to b e ab ou t ten th ousand I h av e n ot b een ab l e t o l e arn h ow th at
, .
estim at e w as m ade n or h ow m uch r el i ance can b e pl ace d u on it

, p .
I b el ieve that if all th e C athol i cs coul d b e counted wh o are scattered ,
throu gh th e interior of th e country th e num b e r woul d b e m uch greater , .
I hope that next year we shall know m ore ab ou t it .
Th e wh ol e Popul ation of th e St ate accordin g to th e C en su s t aken

m 1 850 was Speakin g gen er all y we m ay say th at all O f th em
prof e ss to b e Chri sti an s A gre at m an y h ow ev er do n ot b el on g to any
.
parti cul ar D enom ination ev en am ong th ose wh o do a consi der ab l e

, ,
numb er h av e n ev e r b een b aptize d Th e B apti st s expressl y r ej ect th e .
pr actice of b apti zing inf ant s very few Protestant s l ook upon it as
,
necessary for sal v ation .
Th e m ost prev al en t sect s are th e M eth odi st s an d B apti st s Pres .

to th e good things world to come I say O ften b ecau se O ften

Of th e .
again th ey are so ent i rel y ani m al in th eir incl in ation s so engrossed ,
wi th th e senses th at they h ave no regard for an y thing ab ove th e gr ati

,
fications O f th e b ody B ut even am on g su ch as th ese th e mi ssion ary

.
,
oft en find s a good so il for th e seed of r el i gion b ecau se th eir sensual ity ,
ar i ses n ot so m uch f r om m al ice as f rom th e w ant of r eli giou s in st ru c

,
tion th e want of knowing th at there is anything b etter th an this

worl d within their reach It is true when from this ignor ance they
.
,
h ave formed hab its of sin they are not al way s ready to ab andon them
,
when b etter in structe d ; b ut patient per severin g instruction exhort a

tion together with th e use O f th e Sacr am ent s will commonl y succeed
, ,
at l ast in b rin gi n g th em to a b e tter lif e .
F or th e n egro i s n atu r all y incli n ed to b e dep en dent on oth er s ; th ere

for e h e i s d i sposed to l i sten b el i ev e wh at h e i s tol d b y h is superior s .
When h e resi sts th e teachings of religion it is n ot so m u ch from ,
stub b ornn ess as from w e akn ess of m ind will Th i s weakness O f m ind .
m ake s it h ard for h im t o un der st and an argument ; hi s we akn ess O f

will m akes it h ard to resi st tempt ation stil l h ar der 1 0 b r eak b ad
,
‘
h ab it s It m akes him al so l i ab l e to great fickl eness Thi s is one of th e

. .
hard trial s of a mi ssionary among them It i s not u ncommon for a .
ne gr o to att end r el igious in struct i on f or a con si der ab l e tim e with gr eat
fidel ity a l ivel y interest y et drop off b efore receivin g th e S acr a

,
m ent s S om etim es th ere i s no appar ent cau se b ut j ust fickl ene ss of

.
,
ch ar act e r or perh aps secr e t t em pt ation B u t m ore gene r all y it m ay b e

, .
traced to som e irregul arity in th e in stru ct i on or som e l ittle n eglect ,
wh ich b egets an indiff eren ce on th ei r part Th ey are very m uch .
cr eatu res O f f e el i n g If th ey are atten de d to r egu l arl y

. if th eir instruc
tor t akes gr e at i nter est in th em get s th em to r e al ize th e v al u e O f
,
their soul s h e can do a gr eat deal with them for th e glory of God
, .
A n d h e m ay h av e th e u n speakabl e con sol ation O f fin din g am ong th em

vocations to a high degr ee of sanctity Th e hu mil i ty of their condition
.
th e docil ity of th e i r ch ar acte r t ake aw ay m an y O f th e ordi n ary

ob st acl e s to t h e workings O f gr ace ; where other cir cumstances are
f avour ab l e these l owl y ones in th e eyes O f th e world som etim es ri se
,
very high in th e f avour of God I h ave known a case of a servan t girl s

.
’
b eing r eall y rev er ed as a saint b y th e f am il y in whi ch sh e h ad b een

reared , where sh e was working wi th all simpl icity fi delity in th e
l owest O fli ces .
O h ! wh at a h arv est O f soul s am ong th ese n egr oes : every
one of th em im m ort al m ade t o th e im age

, l ikene ss of God redeemed ,
b y th e Pr eciou s Bl ood of th e Son of God ! O h ! wh at a fri ghtf ul h avoc

A rch bish op Hugh es on A merican Lib erty 32 9
Sat an i s maki ng am ong th em ! Wh at numb er s of children die with ou t

b apti sm ! h ow m an y gr own per sons l ive die in ignor ance of God,
an d st ill w or se , b u ri ed in m i ser ab l e sin s h ab its O f sin s, which they
neith er know n or care to fr ee th em sel v es fr om O h ! for a b an d of .
Apostl es l ike Fr Cl aver to devote them sel ves to th e service of th e

.
,
1
n egro Not su ch servi ce ind eed as b e r ender ed to th em with so m u ch

.
heroi sm ; for our b l acks are n ot O ften in th at b o dil y wretch edn e ss wh ich
call ed forth so m u ch of h is ch arity Th ey nee d service s l ess r epu gnant
.
to fl esh b l ood y et
,
n o t l e ss f ru itf ul in th e savi n g of soul s prom o t
ing th e gl ory of God Th ey need in structi ons. th e Sacr aments Th e .
M aster s provide for th eir b odies ev en in a great m e asu re f or their
ext erior condu ct A re th ere not Pri est s of G od

. at l e ast in th e
generou s Apostol ic l an d of F r ance are th ere n ot still som e th e re ,
wh o are r eady to put th e sickl e into thi s ab und an t fi el d? It will cost

p ain s p a ti en c e b u t t h e con sol ati on s will b e v ery gre at
, as th ey ,
ga t h er th o se ri ch sh ea v e s O f m o r e th an g ol den fru it into th e gr anary

of h eav en E un tes ib an t <5 fle b an t m itten tes sem ina sua: venien tes
.
;
au tem venien t cum exal ta tion e p ortan tes m anip u los suos .
Archb ish op Hu gh es Interprets Am erican

Lib erty an d I ts Ab uses to th e Holy See ,
M arch 2 3 1 8 5 8 ,
THE sp i ri t
an di t t
n en ri
of A m e can l b e i rty t rv i
of en p o e d puz zl n g t o th e
y
H ol S ee an d th w r
ey e e n oti r q ty i i t r t
n f e u en l m s n erp e ed at Rom e T a ht .
th hv
i s sh oul d a e b een tr r ri i
u e w as not su p s n g in th e l g i ht of t h e sh am ef u l
tr t t
e a m en r i
acco de d P us IX s r r t ti v
ep esen a h ih t
e , Ar c b s op G ae an o B e d ini
’
( 1 80 6 ) t r t i
—1 8 6 4 on h is ou O f h s cou n tr J
y, u n e , 1 8 5 3 —F eb u ar ry, 1 8 5 4 Th e .
t i fi r ri h rh
m os com m an d n g gu e in t h e A m e can C u c at th e m id cen u t ry w as -
Jh h
o n Hu g es ( 1 7 9 7
'
fir t r h i h
s A c b s op of New Y ro k H u gh es w as a .
r
b ol d def en de of th e C u ch sh r ri t i t ti i t
gh s aga n s th e n a v s s, th e p ess, an d
’
r
o th r riti
e c q
cs, an d as a c on se uence h e w as in th e thi ck of m os t o f th e
r vri ii t th t i r ti r
_
c on t o e s es of th e d ay Real z ng th e eff ec
. a f al se n f o m a on f om
t tt
th e U ni ed S a es m g i ht h v i ri
a e on th e O ffi c al s of th e Rom an C u a, H u g es h
r r r t r rt
p epa ed an el ab o a e epo i ti rh i
in 1 8 5 8 on con d on s i n h is a c d ocese in
whi h ic yi
h e n cl u de d an an al s s of th e tr t
u e c on cep o f l b e i rty am on g A m e r
i can s an d th e ab u ses to whi r
ch f eedom i n thi tr
s cou n y h ad b ee n su b ec e dj t
r v ti ry
b y e olu on a t r r
el e m en s f om ab oad wh o w r h ti
e e t tr t
os l e t o th e b es in e e s s
r tt
of C h u ch an d S a e Th e f ol l o wi x r t r i h
. n g e ce p f u n s es a v ivi i t r
d p c u e of an
t ri
aspe c of A m e can C a th i i t
ol c l f e in h ese y r th t
ea s h i
a i s sel d om em p a s zed .
1
St P t
. Cl v
e er ( 1 58 1
a er a Sp i h J it wh p f m d h i m i
an s esu , o er or e ero c s
i
s on a ry l b m
a ors a g th onN g t C t g
e i p
e r oes a t d y C l mbi
ar a e na n f m
re se n -
a o o a ro
1 6 1 0 to hi s death .
330 Th e Na t ion a l Period
r
S ou ce : H en ry J r w
B o ne .Th e Ar hd i ese of N ew York A c oc C en t ry
u
. i
A go A M e m o r O f A ch b r i hop H gh 1 8 3 8— 1 8 5 H i t i l R
s u es, s or ca ec o rd s an d
S tud ies IX —X L
, XXX 1 6 8—1 74 .
We com e n ow to th e Re ol u v
tions in Eu rope Du rin g th e pe riod .
l ast under con sider ati on [ imm edi atel y ab ov e Hugh es h ad b een depl oring -
th e excessive imm igr at i on of th e pr evi ou s twenty y ear s] th e ir r eb ou n d

on New Yor k was m o st peril ou s to th e f ai th and m or al s O f th e p eopl e
comm itt ed t o m y ch ar ge ,
I cannot help regarding it as a singul ar
.
p r ot ec ti on o f A hn i h
g yt G o d an d a si n gu l ar evi den ce of th e inter
p o siti o n O f t h e B l e sse d Vir gin M ary u n der wh ose p atr on age thi s ,
Diocese h ad b een especi all y pl aced from it s ori gin u nde r th e titl e of ,
th e A ssumpt i on now u nder that of th e Imm acul ate Conception

“
,
”
,
“
,
”
th at we h ave escaped th e ordeal wi th so l ittl e inj u ry to th e prin cipl es

of our Rel i gion In thi s Coun try Lib erty is th e watch word th e “ ”
.
, ,
b oast th e pri de O f all m en Th e gener al tone of th e C ountry woul d

, .
seem to r e qu ir e th at e v ery m an sh ou l d t ouch h is h at wh en ev er th e
word L ib erty i s pr on ou n ce d in h i s pr esen ce Thi s y ou c an e asil y

“ ”
.
,
im agin e appl ies especi all y to all aspir ants for pub l i c ofli ce and to th e
, ,
very num erous an d ub iquitous cl ass of professi on al poli ti ci an s Sen sible .
m en thou gh im b ued in h eart w ith th e sam e f eeli ng yet oftentim es ,
ridicul e thi s extr avagan t di spl ay of it am ong th e cl asses to whi ch I

.
have referred .
Lib erty in this Country h as a very cl e ar and specific m eanin g It is

, , .
n ot u nder st oo d in E u rope as it i s h e re He r e it m ean s th e vin di cat i on

, .
,
of per son al right s; th e f air su pport O f pub l i c l aw s; th e m ainten an ce at ,
all h az ards O f pub li c o r der accor di n g t o th ose l aw s ; th e ri ght to ch an ge

, ,
them when they are found to b e ab su rd or oppr essive Such in b rief .

, ,
i s th e mean i ng O f th e w or d l ib e rty as u nder stood b y th e peopl e O f th e ,
Unit ed States O f course you will think O f th e exce sses that have
.
,
b een comm itte d f rom tim e to t im e b y m ob s l ynch l aw s &c as m arr in g

“ ”
, ,
th e corr ectness O f th e for ego i ng st atem ent B u t I can assu r e you th at .
these excesses are regarded here as outrages and viol ati on s of li b erty
, , ,
th e sam e as th ey w ou l d b e in Eu r ope B u t in Con tin ent al E u r ope .
Lib erty is under stood to mean th e overthrow O f all existing governm ents ,
recognizing th e prin cipl e of M on archy It is th e geniu s of destru cti on .
and b l ood sh ed : ferociou sl y b en t on pu ll ing down wh atev er ex i st s

“
withou t th e fore sight or capaci ty to sub sti tute an y thing as good or

-
b etter .
Thi s di stinction did n ot stri ke th e Am erican peopl e at th e ou tb re ak

of th e l at e r evol u ti on s in E u r ope as it does now Th eir n ational pri d e , ,
332 Th e Na t ion al Pe r iod
Repub h cans Of Europe . I

flock upon their
b egan ea rl y to put my
g ua r d n o t b y a d ir ec t a s sa u l t u p o n l i b erty b u t against its ab u se , ,
indirectl y and to a measured extent whenever an O pportunity presented ,
i t self I h ad m ost to apprehend f rom th e spu riou s patrioti sm of th e

.
“
Young Irel ander s Y ou know h ow fond is th e attach ment which .
”4
Iri shm en cheri sh f or their n ative l an d and thi s att achm ent seem s to ,
g r o w s tr o n g e r t h e f a rth e r th e y are r em o v e d f r o m it s sh o r e s an d th e
l onger th ey h ave b een ab sent Th ey h ad b een wrou ght to a hi gh pitch .
of expect ati on and hope for th eir coun try s freedom b y th e b omb asti c
’
, ,
rhetoric of th e Dub l in Nation an d other j ournal s of th e sam e type .
When these hopes were suddenl y d ashed in thi s C oun try b y th e resul t
.
O f Mr Sm ith O B rien s cam paign th ey wer e b r oken d own an d alm o st

’ ’ 5
.
,
ash am ed of th e so il O f th eir n ativity Th i s f eel in g w as t aken adv an t age .
of and tu rn ed int o b itte rn ess b y som e O f th e Iri sh Ref ugees wh o on , ,
reach ing these shores pretended to give a full accoun t of th e recent ,
efl ort s in which th ey h ad b een engaged Th ey ch arge d t h e f a il u re on .
th e C atholic Cl ergy as enemi es t o th e Irish people denounced

“
,
th e hi erch y [sic] an d prie sth ood of Irel and procl aim ed th at if any of ,
them shoul d show his f ace on thi s side of th e Atl an tic h e shoul d b e m et
with hi sses in stead of th e ordin ary signs O f reverence an d respect
“
,
”
.
O ur poor peopl e were not in a fr am e of mind to di scrim inate and ,
to detect th e m al ice O f th ese cow ardl y an d unj ust accu sations whil st
I
th e Ref ugee Patri ot s from F r an ce Germ any Ital y did not hesitate , ,
to procl aim O penl y th at th ere was n o h O pe O f f r eedom f or th e down

, ,
trodden peopl e O f Europe un til th e Cathol ic Church and its clergy ,
f rom th e Pope downw ards sh oul d b e overthrown an d if n ecessary , , ,
anni hil ated .
Th e first e vent which opened th e eyes of th e C ath ol ics was th e shout

of joy which r an g th rough ou t th e C ountry wh en it w as ann oun ce d
th at th e Holy Father h ad b een driven away from Rom e Th e j ub ilee .

6
O f ou r enemi es m ade th e C athol i cs sad Th ey coul d not f oresee th e .
Th Y g I l d g w r ti wi th th il i t y p li i f D i l
4 e ou n re an ers re es ve e conc a or o c es o an e
l l t w i th f d m f I l d b k f m hi l d h ip i
’
O Co nne o n e ree o o 1 8 40
re an , ro e ro s e a ers n ,
es a t b li h d th N ti
s e e th i a g i 1 842
o n as d p d th p li y f vi l
e r or an n , an es ou se e o c o o e nce
to wi th i g l
n e r oa .
W il li m Sm ith O B i
5 a ( 1 8 0 3—1 8 64 ) w
’
r en f th p i ip l l d f th as o ne O e r nc a e a ers o e
Y g I l d A i f g i
ou n re an ers . im ser es p i f I l d f th
o a r ar an cr e s, su s ens on or re an o e
h ba eas cor u s acp t d th w f th
, an l ti e ne th ti
s o t p m pt d e revo u ons on e con ne n ro e
an u p i ir s n
g i T i pp n y i J l y A g t 1 8 4 8 wh i h th
— erar n uB iti h t u p q i kl y
us , , c e r s r oo s u c
crus e h d Th . l d e w t p t d t V Di m
e a ers ere L d b t
r ans or e mb o an e en s
’
an , u a nu er
o f th m e d d i
su ccee pi g e d h i g th U i t d St t
n esca n anwh e th y
re ac id n e n e a es er e carr e
on th i e rgit ti a f I i h f
a on d m or r s ree o .
Wh
6 th M en ei i p bli i d R m Pi IX fl d N v m b 2 5
azz n an re u cans se z e o e us e on o e er ,
1 848 t G t i th Ki gd m f th Tw Si ili
, o ae a n e n o o e o c es .
A rch b ish op Hugh es oh A m e ric an Lib er ty 333
'
final resul t O f th e m easures which th e u surpers in th e Etern al City h ad

p u t in t o e x ecu ti on T h e f u t u r e l oo k.e d d ark and th ey we re downh e arted ,
.
With a view to cheer them and at th e same time to give their thou ghts , ,
a b ette r directi on as w ell as to with dr aw th em f rom associ ation with

,
th e Red Repub l icans wh o wer e among us and th e ab ettor s of th eir ,
p rin c i p l e s h e r e I p r e ac h e d ,
wh a t m i ght b e c all ed a pol it ical se rm on in
my Cath edr al on th e Sunday next f oll owin g th e r eceipt O f th e new s

, ,
th at th e H ol y F ath e r h ad b een ob li ged to quit Rom e Thi s b ecame a .
tu rning p oi n t in th e th ou ght s of my own peopl e with th e excepti on

.
of a v ery few wh o were incu r ab l e b u t wh o ce ased fr om th at tim e t o

'
h ave any influence I send you a copy O f th e discou rse which was t aken
.
down b y a Reporter of one of th e secul ar parent s [sic] an d pubh sh ed ,
th e ne xt day .
7
Y ou can e asil y u nder st and th at f rom th e pe ri od of its publ i c ation

I b ecam e O ff ensive to all those wild and unprincipl ed Republ icans .
Th ey did not spare m e ; b ut n eith er did th ey convert m e: and th e

words which I uttered from tim e to time and on various occasions , ,
were publ ished not onl y here in New York b ut thr oughou t th e Country
in som e paper s out of enm ity in oth er s to l et th eir reader s know , ,
what I thought in regard to passing events I h ave reason to know that .
these publ ication s h ad a great influence in keepin g th e C athol ics steady ,
and l ittl e b y l ittl e b ringin g R ed Repub l icanism into u tter contempt

“ ”
,
am ong protest an t s as w ell as C ath oli cs .
Th e en thusi asm an d admi r ation in whi ch K ossuth w as h eld b y

th e Am erican peopl e were alm ost b oun dl ess Wh en r el e ased fr om pri son ?
b y th e Sul t an thi s Governm ent sent a vessel of w ar to receive him

,
and b rin g hi m to th e Un it ed St ates Wh en h e r eached Sou th am ton

p .
,
in Engl an d h e t ook occ asi on t o m ake a gr an d speech an d in it to

, , ,
H gh pr h d hi m Th P t P it i f Pi
7 u es e ac e s ser IX i
on St
on e rese n os on o us n
P t i k C th d l J t t f Lw
.
’
a r c s a e ra y 3 1 849 Fon th anu ar K h , . or e ex c . a rence e oe
C m p l t W rk
o e e f th M t R
o s o J h H gh e(N w Y k os I l l —2 1
ev . o n u es e or , ,
d f t f th H g i v lt L i K s th ( 1 8 02—1 894 ) fl d
.
8 Aft th
er e e ea o e un ar an re o ou s o su e
to T k y iur eA g t 1 849 O
n u D
us mb , 5 1 85 1 h iv d i N w Y rk
. n ece er , , e arr e n e o
wh r h we e giv
e t m lt
as en aw l m B t ft
u it b m l th t K th
u u ou s e co e . u a er ec a e c ear a ossu
h d a m t th U it d S t t
co e o e t n k m ey d pp t fa es h i r v l ti o see ry one an su or or s e o u on a
c au se th i l ti i t tim t f Am ri
e so a on s b r gh t
sen h g en s f ttit d
o e cans ou a c an e o a u e
t w d h im d wh h d p t d i J ly 1 8 52 th w
o ar an en e e t i gl p
ar e n u , , ere as no a s n e erson
a t h d t b id h im f
an o w ll T h t K th w are r l ly i g p i t f th
e . ati o ssu as a a n o n or e an
C th l i
a o tivi t i thi
c na s s t y th n i d bt d it h
s cou n r b m k d ere s no ou an as een re ar e
f h i fi t d y i th U i t d St t th t h i th ti r pti w d i “
o s rs a s n e n e a es a s en usi as c ece on as ue n
p t t f t th t h w f P t t ti m f l ib t y
”
ar th
o e ac ym b l
a e w ll
as a s o o ro es an s as e as o er
( R y All
a B ill i gt
en Th P t t t C
n on , d [N w Y k e ro es an
p r usa e e or , .
H ghu es t d g i t th H g i n r v l ti i t q ti b ly h rt th l tt
’
s an a a ns e u n ar a e o u on s u n u es o na u e a er s
’
wi th Am i C th l i hb i h p t gg t d th e ’
cau se er can b t th a o
cco cs , u e arc s o s a un exa era e
t t f hi i fl
ex en o s in th i
n uence g d s re ar .
334 Th e Na tiona l P e r iod
com pl im ent Engl and for its protestant feel i ng whil st h e denounced at
th e sam e t ime th e Pope an d th e J esu i t s as th e sw orn enem i es of
'
hum an l ib erty A r eport of thi s speech appear ed in our newspaper s

.
b efore K ossuth s arriv al in thi s City an d in a pub l ic m eetin g of

’
C athol ics convened for th e pu rpose of rece iving th e Rev D r Donn elly . .
and th e Rev D r D e vl in wh o h ad j ust arrive d as C oll ect or s f or th e

. .
,
“
Iri sh University I took occasion as it were in ci dent ally in th e
,
”9
,
cour se of my addr ess to critici se K ossu th and to denou n ce hi s prin

,
cipl es I d re ade d th e influen c

. e which hi s r ecep tion h ere m i ght ex erci se
on th e C athol ics and wi sh ed th em t o b e fore— w arned Next day ?0

, ,
I was assail ed in th e new spapers for my denunci ation of K ossuth ; I

h ad to r epl y and j u stify m y self ; and thu s my O pini on s of K ossu th were
spre ad all ove r th e Country and hi s m i ssion b ec am e a com p ar ative
, _
f ail ur e pr eci sel y for th e r eason th at th e C athol i cs kept al oof wh er ev er

h e passed E ven in New York th e gr an d or ati on th at h ad b een arr an ged
.
for him tur n ed out to b e a f ail ure b ecau se th e C ath ol i cs wou ld h av e

nothi n g to do with h im Thi s w as n ot ed down b y th e pol itici an s as a
.
hint that their attentions to Kossu th m ight b e rememb ered much to

their di sadvantage; and wherever th e Hero of Hungary passed h e was
all owed t o pl ace him self in th e h an d s of pro test an t Cl ergy m an and
Anti Cathol ic b igots He fel t this deepl y and compl ained O f it b itterly
-
.
, .
He took occ asi on af te rw ards to m ake som e rem arks com pl im en t ary to
th e C ath oli cs b ut it was too l ate and h e fel l so r api dl y in pub l i c
e stim ation th at h e w as ob l iged within six m onth s t o l eave th e coun try
cl ande stin el y u nder th e n am e O f

“
A lex an der S mi th .
I shoul d not give you an i dea of th e excitem ent whi ch prevail ed

during th e period n ow un de r consi der ation if I did n ot m ention th at
so strong b ecam e th e f orce of pu b l ic O pin ion in f av or of wh at w as
Eu r opean l ib erty that it shook th e firmness of not a few ”

call ed th e ,
O f th e C ath oli c C l er y an d th at f r om on e Rev eren d

g , pen at l e ast I w as , ,
cal l ed t o an accou n t in th e secul ar j our n al s for h avin

g mi srepresent ed
th e sen tim ent s of th e Chu r ch on th e sub j ect O f pol iti cal l ib erty
“
In short dur ing th e paroxy sm ab ou t E ur opean freedom

“
, an d th e ,
ove rthrow of Kingl y Gov e rnm ent s in Eu r ope it w as as m u ch as one

“ ”
,
9 t i
Th e C a h ol c U n vers y of I rel and w thi it
oh n H e nr y New m an as rector i J
i
op ened f or cl asses in D ub l n o n No em b er 3 , 1 8 5 4 Th e den v
y O f Do nne ll y and . i tit
i i
D evl n w as not est ab l sh ed , b u t th e m os rece nt sch ol arl y h s ory of th e Ir sh t it i
i it
u n vers y no e s th e f ac t t t
th a A m er can C ath ol cs contr b u ted t o th e f u nd i n i i i
1 8 5 1 th e su m o f ( Fergal M cGr ath , S J , Ne wm an s Un iversity I de a an d
’
. . .
R ea lity [London, p .
1 ° Hu h es’ s eech a a ns
g p g i t
K o ssu h w as del vered at Stuy esan I nst u e, New t i v t it t
Y ork, on No em b e v
1 8, 1 8 5 1 r .
336 Th e Na t io n a l P e r iod
M ICHAEL C O NNO R b y th e gr ace Of God and th e favor of th e

’
O ,
Apostol ic See
Bi s hop Of i ttsb u rgh
P .
To th e Cl ergy and Fa ithf ul of th e D i oce se of Pi ttsb u r gh .
Gr ace u nto y ou ,
an d pe ace f rom God our F ath er an d f rom ,
th e
Lord J esu s Christ .
Th e Archb i shop of B al im o t re h avin g appointed th e Sunday within

th e O ct ave O f th e t Of Fe as th e Imm acul at e C oncepti on D ecem b er ,
1 2 th as th e d ay on wh i ch wil l b e m ade in th e A rch diocess [ sic] th e

, , ,
fir st coll ect i on for th e Am eri can C oll ege at Rom e it i s our wi sh th at ,
th e same d ay a coll ect i on b e t aken u p f or thi s O b j ect in all th e , ,
Churches of our Diocess [sic] .
Y ou are aw are th at th e Prel ates O f th e Un ited St ates h ave f el t

d eepl y in t er ested in th e est ab l i shm ent O f a Nation al Coll ege at th e
centre O f C ath ol i c u n i ty Th e w i sh es of th e B i sh op s in thi s m atte r
. ,
h ave b een full y sh ared b y their fl ocks ever since it b ecam e generall y
un der st ood th at su ch a m e asu r e w as in con t em pl ati on Th e C ath ol i c .
Pr e ss h as adv ocated th e u ndert ak ing with zeal and per sever an ce an d ,
som e C ath ol i c gentl em en O f m e an s in th e h ope O f i n su rin g it s spe edy ,
con su m m ati on h ave pl edged them sel ve s to contrib ute l ib er all y to its
,
support Th e l at e ci rcul ar of hi s Em i nen ce th e C ar di n al Prefect of th e

.
,
Propagand a whi ch you h av e r ead in th e pu b l i c prin t s gives th e pl easin g

, ,
assu r ance th at thi s m o st desir ab l e in stitu ti on m ay soon b e e st a b li sh ed

on a f ooting in ev ery w ay worthy of th e cou n try it i s d estin ed t o
represent in th e E tern al C ity By thi s l etter O f his Eminence C ar din al .
B arn ab o we are inf orm ed th at our pre sen t ill u stri ou s Pontiff h as
,
p u r ch ase d an d p l ac e,
d at th e d i spo sal O f th e B i sh op s of th e U n i t e d
“
St ates a l ar ge an d sui t ab l e b u il ding to b e u sed b y th em for th e

, ,
pu rpose of an Am eri c an C oll ege .
Th e situ ation O f th i s e difice i s as desir ab l e as any o th e r in R om e .
It is at once centr al and healthy and in th e im mediate n eighb orhood of ,
th e sch ool s which th e stu dent s will fre qu en t St i ll th e h ouse i s of .

, ,
cou r se w antin g in al l th e appointm ents indi spensab l e to a Coll ege

,
.
As it i s pre sum ed th e in stitution wil l O pen with a v ery con si derab l e

nu m b er O f stu dent s it will b e n ecessary fr om th e v ery fir st to f urn i sh
, , ,
it ou an extensive scal e b esi des provi di ng it with a su it ab l e lib rary

.
,
.
Th e f act too th at th e b u ilding w as not originall y intended for a

, ,
coll ege will n ece ssi t at e al t er at i on s in it invol ving a l arge ou tl ay It i s

, , .
to defr ay th ese u n av oid ab l e expen ses and to cr eate a fund for th e ,
m ain t en ance of th e est abl i shm ent y ou r ch ari ty w i ll b e appe al ed to on ,
th e appr oaching 1 2 th O f D ecemb er You r l i be r ali ty on th at occ asi on .

North A m er ican C o ll ege at Rom e 3 37
will we feel assured b e worthy O f th e O b j ect in b eh alf of which it will

, ,
b e invoked and fitly corr espond t o th e n ob l e gen erosity O f th e Sovereign

,
Ponfi fl wh ose first off erin g t o th e good w ork h as b een so muni ficent
,
.
Th e adv an t ages of an eccl esi astical tr ain ing in Rom e especiall y in ,
a Nation al est ab l i sh m ent wh ere thi s di scipl in e w i ll b e speci al l y su it ed
to th e ch ar acter O f our you th an d pr epar e th em for th e fiel d in which ,
they are to l ab or c an h ardl y b e ove rr ated In th at city th e cl erical

,
.
studen t i s surroun ded b y ev ery thing th at can el ev at e th e t ast e enl ar ge ,
th e m in d an d strength en th e f aith H er gall e ri e s an d chu rch e s spr ead

,
.
ou t b efore him all th at is excel l en t in P agan an d Chr i sti an art Her .
l ib r ari es th e b e st in th e w orl d pl ace within h i s re ach all th e st an dard

, ,
works of positive and ab stract science together with m any other sources ,
of knowl e dge n ot f oun d el sewh ere H er m useum s ri ch in m onum en t s O f

, .
,
th e past whil st th ey gre atl y f acil it ate [ si c] giv e a m ost l iv el y inter est
, ,
t o h is hi storical an d arch ae ol ogi cal stu dies H is l au dab l e amb i ti on of .
d i stin ction is h er e sti m ul ated b y th e n ob l e impul se of patrioti sm ; for at ,
Rom e h e m ust m e asu re h i s intell ectu al strength with com petitor s

,
from all n ati on s H er num erou s coll eges m on ast eri es and academics
.
, , ,
aff ord him f requ ent O pportun i ti e s of l i stening to di spu t ati on s on th eol ogy
an d phil osophy an d to th e l ec t ur es O f d i stingu i sh ed sch ol ar s

,
on ,
l ite r ature hi story an d sci ence H e i s m ade acqu ainted with th e organiza
, .
tion and u sages of th e different cour ts O f appeal to which are referred

, ,
difli cul tie s an d di spu te s on m att er s of doctrine an d di scipline all ove r , ,
th e Ch u r ch His pr ofessor s are al w ay s m en of pr ofou nd l earn ing and

.
, ,
n ot inf requ entl y of w orld wi de r epu t ati on His cou r se of stu di es i s l ong
,
-
.
an d ri gor ou s and em inentl y c al cu l at ed t o b eget h ab it s of deep th ou ght

, ,
an d cl ose c ritici sm A nd sin ce at thi s cen tr e of gospel li ght all min ds

.
, , ,
se em to b e ill u m i ned an d ill u m in ed [ sic] his const an t f am il i ar in ter

, , ,
cour se with m emb e r s of th e R om an cl ergy a ccu stom s him t o r egul ate ,
his vi ew s on ordin ary topics b y hi gh pri ncipl e s of C ath oli c truth

, .
A nd at Rom e wh at does h e not see to excite his devotion and

, , ,
gl o ry in th e cross? H er nume rous ch ariti es th at re ach every w an t an d ,
infirmity of th e poor and th e sick; th e piety O f h er peopl e; h er many

festiv al s; th e spl endor of h er chu r ch es; th e gr andeu r O f h er cer em oni es ,
give h im a l asting sense of th e du ti es and th e di gnity of hi s rel i gion .
His piety is enkindl ed at th e shrin es of h er saint s; and h e i s fill e d with

Christi an fortitude at th e tomb s of h er m artyrs and apostles Her ru ins .
show him th e strength O f Chri sti an f ai th and th e col ossal

proporti on s ,
of th at powe r which l ab ored f or centuries to de stroy it : whil st th e m u te

, ,
b ut el oqu en t witnesse s th at h ave ari sen and ari se from h er cat acomb s , , ,
tell him wh at men m ay suff er for th e Kingdom of He aven In Rome .

,
33 8 Th e Na t ion a l Pe riod
too, as no where el se h e is m ade to real ize th e fact that th e Church

, ,
i s th e onl y organiz ation th at does or can suppl y redem ption th r ough , ,
Ch rist to a f allen world Th e thou san ds from all n ations th at vi sit

,
.
, ,
h er sanctuari es; th e mi ssionaries th at l eave h er to carry th e Gospel

to di st an t l an ds or retu rn to give an account O f th eir l ab or s; th e voice
,
of th e Suprem e Pon tiff speak ing au th orit ativ el y to th e chur ches O f

,
Chri stendom ; th e Bishops th at com e at st ated tim es to pay their h om , ,
age to th e Ch air of Pet er giv e h im th e m o st ex al t ed i dea of th e Chur ch s

’
un ity an d C ath ol icity .
B ut th ese adv an t ages ven er ab l e an d b el oved B re thren for th e m ost

, ,
p a rt , p e cu l i ar t o a R om an e cc l esi asti ca l tr ain ing th ou gh v al u ab l e on , ,
accou n t of th ei r [sic] l e arn in g an d kn owl e dge th ey d i rec tl y f o ster are ,
ch iefly so b ecau se O f th eir eff ect s in th o se am ongst whom th eir

, ,
recipient s are af terw ards call ed to l ab or They wh o h ave dr awn deepl y .
at th e source O f Apostol ic tru th will b e h kel y to c arry th at tru th pure , ,
and in pl en ty to oth er s They wh o h ave l e arned to l ove Rome not

,
.
,
onl y f r om pri ncipl e b u t al so fr om th e t enderest hol i est l ocal att ach

, ,
m ents will b e l ikel y to b ind th e f aith and aff ecti on s of oth er s to thi s
,
sacred i mm ov ab l e centr e of ev an gel i cal tru th

,
.
Rom e is th e c apit al O f th e Chri sti an wo rl d ; th e n ew J eru sal em of th e

p pe o l e o f G o d S acrifi
. ce i s n o w off er e d u p : f rom th e rising O f th e “
sun to th e goin g down O f th e sam e Bu t th e A rc [ sic] of th e Cov enan t

”
.
, ,
and th e Hol y of Hol ies are at Rom e O f Rom e too we m ay say with .
, ,
th e Proph et : Th e l aw sh all com e forth f rom Sion an d th e word O f

“
,
th e L or d from J e ru sal em It is th e m ission of th e Chur ch of Rome to

.
instruct all other chu rches in soun d doctrin e ; to enli ghten their doub t ;
to l e ad th em in difli cul ty an d d an ge r F or in the per son of th e
,
.
,
Rom an Pont iff Pet er feeds th e entire fl ock of Chri st b oth pastor s and
, ,
peopl e With th at C hurch all th e oth er chur ch es h av e li ved and mu st

.
, ,
l ive in th e un ity of f ai th ; and in thi s unity fin d th eir saf ety an d the i r

, , ,
p r o sp e rity S e.v er e d f rom Rom e th e m ost flouri shing churches h ave ,
f all en in to h er e sy an d ev en in to b arb ari sm

, .
Th e n ation al pri de th at woul d l ead m en or n ations to su spect , ,
u n ion in f aith with Rom e o r t o d i sr egard wh at ev er t end s to pr om ote

, , ,
or pr eserve it i s a pr ope r f eel i ng carri e d to u nwi se ex ce ss Th er e i s

, , .
b ut on e sun to ill u m i n ate al l l an ds; th ere i s b ut one tru th to enl i ghten

all m i n d s Th e C h u rch O f C hri st is necessaril y on e an d of all n ati on s
.
, .
Her gov ernm ent th en m ust b e one and of u niver sal j uri sdiction
, , , .
To th e se at O f th at governm ent wh erever e st ab li sh ed i s due th e hom age , ,
of tru e b el iev e r s all ov er th e worl d .
Th at an Am erican Coll ege in Rome is necessary to impart a sound

340 Th e Na t ion a l Pe r io d
m i s ions if
s t ri st wo ld open an Engl i h pe king ho s which
th e Redem p o s u s -
s a u e
w ld b
ou ce t r f o
e a th e E gl i sh m i i on
n e W ith th i s in m ind nd wi th
r n ss s .
, a
th e en o rag m c u t of Bi h p B yley of N wark nd A r h b i h p Hugh e O f
e en s o a e a c s o s
N w Y rk H ck r w n t to Rom in A gu t 1 8 5 7 s th e pok m n f
e o , e e e h is e u s , , a s es a or
i t t l y th e prop ition b fore th e Redemptori t r tor m j r

assoc a e s, o a os e s ec a o .
Th r d y
ee ft r h is rr ival h w s expell ed wi th t
a s a e a h r i ng f h v i g
, e a ou a ea or a n
m d th e j o rn ey wi th o t th e ecess ry perm i i n H ck r f o n d
a e u u def dern a ss o . e e u a en
i A l es n dr C rd i n l Barn b o Pr f ct of th e C on greg ti on de Pr p g da
n sa o a a a , e e a o a an
Fi d wh o t ok h is c e t P i
e, o DC It w s thus that th e P l i t F th r
as o us . a au s a e s
ca m e i t exi st ce in J l y 1 8 5 8 an d f rom that ti m

n o en u til h i d th thi rty
, , e un s ea
y r l t r Hecker rem ained th

ea s a e peri r gener l H w a n i nt n el y e su o a . e s a e s
ac tive m wh o wrote v r l b ook g Q ti

an sef th S l ( N ew Y rk
e a s, e . .
, ues o ns o e ou o ,
1 8 5 2 ) an d A p i ti f N t
s ( New Y rk
ra on s o f d d th e C th l i
a ure o , ou n e a o c
W ld i 1 8 65
or n rg i d th C th l i P b l i ti n S i ty th f ll wi ng
, o an ze e a o c u ca o oc e e o o
y r td
ea , ac e th ol gi n f A r hb i hop Sp l di g of B lti m re t th
as e o a or c s a n a o a e
V tia C o n ci l — i
c an u l l of wh i h h e k pt n pp rm o t i n h i m i d th
a c e u e s s n e
d m i nt m t i v
o na f h i pri tl y l i f
o e O th wi ni ng f A m eri c Prot t t
s es e, e n O an e s an s
to th C thol i f i th Thre ye r
e a c f t r h i d th one of h i s conf reres
a . e a s a e s ea ,
W l t r Ell i tt
a e o p b l i h d Th Lif
, f F th H k
u ( N w Y ork
s e e e o a er ec er e ,
1 8 9 1 ) wh i h pp r d in c Fr
a h tr l ti on i 1 8 9 7 nd b c m th
ea e a en c an s a n a e a e e
nte r of th l gi l ontr v r y b th i d f th A tl ti d r th
“
ce a eo o ca c o e s on o s es o e an c un e e
n mea f th O l l d h re y f A m r i
e so - ca e i m Th f ll wi g l tt r writt n
e s O e can s . e o o n e e , e
a y r ft r th t bl i hm t f th P l i t to F th r A dri en Em m n l
ea a e e es a s en o e au s s, a e -
a ue
R q tte ( 1 8 1 3
ou ue p o t wr i t r n d I n d i n m i si on ry of Lo i i n
e ,
e , a a s a u s a a,
g i v e
es an x l l e t p i tcer f H eck
n r p l nd
c u e O pi r ati n f r t h fu t r e
’
s an s a as o s o e u e
of h i s n w on gr g t i
e c So r A r h ives f th e P l i t F athers ph to t t
e a on . u ce : c o au s , o s a
o f ri gi l in th
o na r h iv f t h A r h di
e a c f N w O rl e
es o e c ocese o e an s .
New York , Jul y 24 , 1 859

Rev . D ea r F riend .
Six m onth s and m ore

h ave el apsed since th e reception of you r l ast
l etter so full of kindred sym pathy and h ope In it you say : I will ? “
write to you soon my end my m e ans th e degree of success which , ,
I h ave al ready attained An d al so th at you woul d write to me more .

”
at l ength an d in tim atel y you throw out th e suggestion th at one

“
d ay we m ight m eet in th e same vocation Your l etter h as b een l ying ”

. .
on m y t ab l e e v e r sin ce I h ad b ut to gl ance at it to awaken my ,
sym pathies and enkindl e m y enthusi asm I will not d isguise to you .
th at your l ast suggestion h as more th an once al so occu rred to my

th ou ghts For I cannot refu se to recognize th e sam e aims thoughts
.
, ,
sentim ent s which occupy y ou r m in d al so occu py m ine A pparentl y .
our w ay s d iff er b u t as you r em ark th ey ar e not so diff er ent in r e al ity

, , .
C r po d
1 or es b tw F th
n e n ceH k d R q tt e h d b g ee n in a ers ec er an ou ue e a e un
N v mb e 1 8 58 lt f i g w d w itt b y R q tte in “ ”
o e r, m h , as a resu o so e c eer n or s r en ou ue
th e N w Y k F m l
’
e J or r ee an s o urna .
F ath er He cke r and th e Pau l ists 1
Your attrait [sic] for sol itu de sil ence pr ayer contempl ation is no , , ,
g r e at e r th an m y o w n T h er e w as a ti m e wh
. en m y S uperi or s h esit at ed
whether it were not b etter for m e to ch ange my st ate ent er a ,
cont em pl ative order D u ring my y ear s O f stu dy th e gr e at er part O f my

.
time was given to such a l if e one ye ar of thi s pe ri od w as wh oll y ,
g iv e n to it a n d th e ca r e o f th e si ck N ot as a m atter O f cho i ce b u t .
of in ab il ity to appl y m y self to scien tifi c stu di es A m ong th e so m any .
p r es s in g o c cu p a ti on s at p r ese n t I ch e ri sh th e sam e attr ait act ,

2
,
al w ay s with r el u ct ance f rom a sen se of duty But wh en un ab l e to .
study m y attention ab sorb ed in cont empl ation I was at th e tim e awar e

th at th e grace of God was preparing m e onl y for a more inten sive
ext en siv e action th an all studi e s cou ld h ave done Whil e m ost h el pl e ss .
an d b y oth er s r egarded a s a fool it w as m y m ost intim at e convicti on ,
th at God s Providence was preparing m e for a great work th e con

’
version of our countrymen A nd when compell ed under ob edience at .
th e tim e to give in writin g an expl an ation of m y st ate I di d n ot h esit ate ,
to expr ess this conviction Th e sam e convi cti on prompted sub sequ en tl y ,
s
Questions of th e Soul and A sp irations of Nature Th e position in which

“
I am at present pl aced 1 cannot regard in any other l ight than in view

of thi s convi ction as a speci al provi dence of God
, .
Th e c onv ersi on of th e Am eri can peopl e to th e C ath oli c f aith h as

ripened into a conviction with m e which l ies b eyond th e reign of
doub t M y l if e my l ab ours and m y death i s [ sic] consecr ated to it NO
.
, , .
oth er aim as an end ou t side O f m y own sal v ation and perf ection can
“
occu py m y attention a m om ent B u t all oth e r thin gs in vi ew of thi s .

,
art sci ence l iter atu re etc etc en t er i n as a p art of th e m ean s and
, , ,
. . .
,
comm and m y inter est dem and all th e encour agem ent within m y
,
reach In th e union of C athol ic f aith and A me rican civil ization a new

.
b irth await s th em all and a futu re for th e Church b right er th an any

,
past Th at is b riefly my Credo

“ ”
. .
Individu ally th e f aith h as b een identified with Am erican lif e O ur .
eff ort i s to i dentif y C ath ol i city with Am e ri can l if e in a r el i gi ou s associ a
tion I feel confident O f its pr acticab ili ty I entertain th e hope of our

. .
2 H k ec f h
er re ers t th g i ti ere f th P l i t F th
o e or an z a ii gm y on O e au s a ers, ra s n o ne
for a n e w h h cd u rc v t d th f l fil l m t f h y m i i
an con e n , an h d l e u en O a e av ss on sc e u e
w t th i ttm t t i ll R d m pt i t
.
3 H k ec er ro e M y 30 1 84 8 w hi l
s s a e en on a , , e s a e e or s
t d
s u en t t W itt m H ll d I it h t t d I b l i v th t P id
a e , o an . n ll e s a e :
“
e e e a rov en ce ca s
m t e o ti
an ac l if ; f th r th t h
ve ell m t A m i
ur e t , v t a t i e ca s e o er ca o con er
-
a cer a n
l
c as s o f p m g t wh m I f
erso ns a d m y lf b f
on s myo i ; I b li v
ou n se e ore conv ers on e e e
th t I h l l b th vil i t m t wh i h h will m k
a s a e . e e ns ru f f enth v i c e a e u se o or e c on ers on
o f am l ti t d u f th u e o h ppy l wh pi
ose u n a ft t th w i th t h i g th
sou s o as re a er ru ou av n e
m eans t iv t d p
o arr e it ( A hi
a an f th P li t F th
ossess H k
”
rc ves o e au s a ers, e c er
Papers ) .
342 Th e Na tion a l Pe r io d
O penin g a r to our you ng men wh o aim at consecr atin g their h ve s

doo .
t o G od Rel i gi on and O f ou r Institution b ecom in g in th e h and s of

,
D i vin e Provi dence a m e an s of spre adin g th e F aith am on g ou r peopl e .
Thus f ar God s b l e ssin g h ave accomp anie d ou r l ab or s n ever were

’
,
they m ore successful Th e l ocation secured for our comm un ity could.
not b e m ore su it ab l e its v al ue h as in crease d doub l y sin ce it s pu r ch ase

4
.
,
O ur hou se i s l arge and n ow alm ost r e ady for it s r oof ; in O ctob er

we expect to occupy it A f ew appl i cation s b y pr i est s to j oin us h av e .
b een m ade ; an d sever al b y young men b ut th ese w e are not y e t p re ,
p ared t o r eceive A few d ay s ago I r eceived from C ard in al B arnab o

.
th e pe rm i ssi on to in cre ase our numb er s

O ur instituti on i s b ased on th e v ol unt ary prin cipl e w
.
ith th e idea O f ,
pr acticing all th e reli gi ous virtu e s in th e sam e degree of pe rfecti on as

those under th e vows These are our practical measures . .
Y ou will perceive M y D e ar F ri en d th at I h ave t aken up y ou r O ff er ,
to writ e to m e mor e at l ength in timatel y fulfill ed it in re spect to

you rself whi ch I tru st will sugge st a r eciprocal confidence
, .
Wi th gre at esteem
You r devoted fri end Servant in X t .
I T HECKE R . .
J am es A McM aster s C ritici sm of th e Lin col n

’
.
A dministration J un e 8 , 1 8 6 1 ,
ri t i r tr
TH E A m e c an C a h ol c p ess o f th e mi d an d l a e m n eteen th cen u y w as t r
a f ar l iv i r t r r i t
el e en e p se i i t i w r
h an th e off c al C a h ol c n e spape s of our d ay .
I n an era wh
e n f am ou s New Y r
o k e d o s l keit r i J r
am es G o d on B enn e of tt
r
th e H e ra l d H o ace G eel e
, r y
of th e Tr ib u n e H en ry J y
Ra m on d of th e , .
Ti m e s,d C h rl
an A D a f th S es w re m ki g n w p p r h i t ry in
. an a o e un e a n e s a e s o
thi try th
s c ou n v rt ditor f th N w York F m
e con e -
J e l J m O e e re e an s
’
o ur n a , a es
A M cM t
.
( 1 8 2
as er 0 —1 886
) ex h g d d i t ri l b l ow with th e b t f th em c an e e o a s es O .
T h w ekly F m h d b n f d d i 1 8 40 d M M t b c m
’
e e re e an s a ee ou n e n an c as er e a e
the e d i tor i 1 84 8 F r th fir t f w y r h
n . nfi o d h i m l f m i ly t
e s e ea s e co ne se a n o
fi ghti g th C h rch b ttl

n e d r m i n d r l ti v l y l ar f p l i ti
u
’
s a B t
es an e a e e a e c e o o cs . u
gr d lly h b e m i v lv d i th
a ua e ca l v rye tr v r y d in J ly 1 8 5 6
n o e n e s a e con o e s an u ,
A r h b i h p H ghe wh o d iff r d wi th h im wi th dr w h i
c s o u s, ppr b ti n f r me e , e s a o a o o
th e F m
re e d i oc
an s
’
n rgan nd in J ly 1 8 59 t t d h i w
as a esa o a u , , s ar e s o n
M t p li t d P i d th gh h w t th i r b ff M M t i
’
e ro oR an e co r . a ne ou e as a s e u , c as er s n
d pen dent m i d
e d tron g v i w wo l d n ot p rm i t h im t o q i t
n an s d h e s u e u an e
b r vely c rr i d n
a a til h i h rp d p r i t t riti i m f th Li l
e o un s s a an e s s en c c s s o e n co n
Th i p p ty w
4 s ro l t d
er 6oth S t t w t
as f 9 th A
oca e d w on ree , es o ve nu e , an as
bou gh t f or
344 Th e Na t io nal P er io d
regul ar army Gen Winfiel d Scott M r A b e Lin coln wh o h as no .

?
.
,
more auth ority t o d o so th an Mr D ogb erry K enn edy O f th e New York .
Pol ice h as n am e d M aj or G eorge B M cCl ell an a v e ry m erito ri ous

2
.
, ,
C apt ain of th e Uni ted St ates C aval ry ; B enj amin F B utl er? an unusu all y .
cl ev er B rigad i er of th e M assachu sett s St at e M il iti a; and som e other s to ,
b e M aj or Gener al s of th e United St ates Army

-
th at is to fill O fli ces ,
th at do not exist b y th e l aw m aking power — Congress — whi ch can -
a lone creat e th em accor din g t o th e C on stitu ti on of th e United St ates

,
.
Th e C on stitu tion of th e Uni te d St ates conf ers no such power on

Mr Presi dent Lin coln Th e contempor aneou s writings of th e fram ers
. .
of th at C on stitu ti on say wh y th ey did not Th ey say th at th ey with h el d .
su ch power s b ecau se hi story showed th em th at a peopl e

“
, in p rop ortion ,
as th ey are free will di sarm th e E x ecu tive of th e infl u ence to ex erci se

,
a w ar m aking propen si ty
”
-
.
I n th e l ight O f th e Con stitu tion O f th e Uni ted St ates an d of th e ,
au th o rit ative expositor s an d comm ent at or s O f th at in strum ent there ,
can b e b ut one j u dgm ent th at Lincoln h as sought to ab sorb and

conf ound in hi s own acti on th e l egi sl ativ e an d th e ex ecu tive f uncti on s ,
which th e Constitution of th e United States with such pre eminent ,

-
care h as di stingu i sh ed an d pl ace d in separ at e h an ds

, .
It appears al so th at Mr Ab e Lincoln as chief Execu tive of th e

, , .
,
United States h as directed variou s m ili tary Comm andants at their

, ,
di scretion or in case of cert ain em ergencies to suspend th e Writ O f

, ,
Hab eas Corp us It is difli cul t in a country so b l essed as our s h as b een

.
4
,
f or thr ee qu arter s of a century t o attr act popul ar attention to th e ,
f undam en t al guar an tees of th e pub h c secu rity Perh aps H ab eas Corp us .
seem s hk e an ab str acti on or a pettifogger s tri ck B u t it i s th e sym b ol

’
.
,
of ou r ri ght s as freem en It is n ot simpl y a guaran tee for personal

s .
l ib erty dem an ded and gained f rom Ch arl es II b ut in essence an d in

, .
, ,
virtue it i s th e char acteri stic O f our free and superior civil ization In
, .
sub st an ce it w as r ecogni ze d in th e M agn a Ch arta an d h ad its o ri gin ,
f ar b ack of th at in th e O ld F ran k law W e call attenti on to th e docu

, .
1
W i nfiel d
Scott ( 1 78 6 al th ou gh Virg n a-b orn, rem a ned l oy al to th e i i i
i r
U n on and as comm ande of th e U n ted S ates Ar m y m ad e th e p rep ar at o n s f or i t i
i
def e n d ng W ash ngt on i .
2 G eor e B
g M cc l ell an ( 1 826
. an offi cer of th e O hi o Vo l u n eers w as t ,
i
appo nt ed a m aj or gener al of th e re gu l ar arm y on M ay 1 3 , 1 8 6 1 , and pl aced
i n com m and of th e D ep art m en of th e O h o t i .
3 Benj am n F i t
Bu l er ( 1 8 1 8—1 8 93 ) w as n om nated a m aj or gener al on M ay
. i
t vi
1 6, 1 8 6 1 , af er h a ng b een ch osen to o ccu py B alt m ore wh ch h e h ad done i i
it
p eacef ull y w h 9 00 roop s th ree d ay s b ef ore t .
4 On J i
u l y 2 , 1 8 6 1 , L n co l n em p ow ered G e neral S co to suspend th e pr v l ege tt ii
of h ab e as corpu s .
C rit ic ism o f th e Linc ol n A d m in is tra t io n 34 5
ments we f urni sh in ano ther

th i s sub j ect From th em it willcol umn on .
appear so f ar as h as b een ascert ain ed

,
th at Lincoln having b een ,
consti tu tio nally el ect ed b y a m in ority v ote to th e ex ecu tive O ffi ce of
President h as at one and th e sam e tim e th ou ght h e could ab sorb th e

l aw m aking power an d set at defi ance
-
,
as h e d id ev en in h is
in augur al th e j udici al b ranch of th e Gov ernm ent Th e Constitution .
d ivides our Gov ernment into three di stin ct and co ordinate b r anch es -
th e L egi sl ative th e J u di ci al an d th e Execu tive Th e l atter assume s t o

, ,
.
disp ense with th e other two and t o exert au tocr atic power as com , ,
p l etel y as a ny A si ati c or Tu r ki sh d espo t cou l d do o v er a n ation of ,
sl av es .
W e h ave no p arty qu arrel to w age again st any one Al as we h ave .

, ,
now n o p arty to su st ain O ur wi sh ab ov e all th in gs i s th at Lin coln s

’
, .
, ,
Adm inistration could an d then would adopt a course which as loyal

, , ,
American freemen we can sustain Th e present cour se of th e Execu

,
.
tive is unconstitu ti on al ou trageou s an d an op en re b ellion against th e

, ,
United States Governm ent as estab l ished and recognized We cann ot .
sust ain it in thi s cou r se an d we will n ot W e decl are and pro test on,
.
,
th e contrary with th e Chi ef J usti ce of th e Un ited States th at it 5

, ,
sub ve rt s all l aw as recogni zed b y f reem en and att em pt s to pl ace our ,
per sons our property l ib erty and h fe at th e will of one or another

, , , ,
arm y offi ce r .
W e h ave O ften adverted to th e f act th at under anti sl avery as a ,

-
th e ant i D em ocr atic coal iti on known as h ave “

cry ,
-
Repub li cans ,
b een seekin g th e sub stitu ti on O f a c en tralize d desp o tism in pl ace of

th e Constitu tion al Gov ernm en t O f th e Un ited St ates Th e v ery ridicu .
l ou sness of th e controll ing el em ent s O f thi s coal iti on i s an occasion

o f d anger If we cite th e Red Repub l ican r avings o f th e Tri b un e an d - 6
.
Post ”
it i s repl ied : Wh o regar ds such b r an b read soci al ist s an d
,
“
-
poet asters! If w e cite th e D aily Tim es w e are told th at th e write r s

” 8
,
nob ody h eeds th em If we hun t up a copy O f th e

“
are ni nnies .
Co urier and E nq uirer it r ai se s a l au gh B ut b e it rem emb ered it

, .
, ,
was th e influence of th ese paper s and oth er s n o whit m or e r espect ,
ab l e th at b rought into execu ti ve O ff ice Ab r ah am Lincoln and h is

,
5Roger Brooke T aney ( 1 7 7 7— 1 8 6 4 ) w as C h ef i J ti

us ce Of i
th e U n ted St ates
t
Suprem e C ou r f rom M arch , 1 8 3 6 to h is death , .
6
Hor ace Greel ey ( 1 8 1 1 —1 872 ) w as ed it or of th e New Y ork Tr i b un e at th e
7 W ill i am C ull en Bry an t ( 1 794—1 8 7 8 ) w as ed it

or of th e New Y ork E ven ing
Post .
3
Henry J . Ray m on d ( 1 8 20 ed it or of th e New Y
Tim es, w as th e
ork
m os t t s eadf as t of all th e New Y ork e d it ors in th e i
r support of L ncol n i .
34 6 Th e Na t io n a l Pe r iod
co et rie O f incapab l es Th e m istake is m ade of supposing th at th e .
danger s of th e coun try com e f rom able or f rom great m en Its d anger s . .
and it s ru in are to b e fou nd in weak an d li ttl e m en where great

men ought to b e D espoti sm is a p e tty thing an d petty fell ow s are
.
,
they wh o exercise it .
Th e D aily Tim es on e day l ast week el ab or at es an arti cl e to show

'
, ,
that we mu st hereafter keep up a l arge standin g army even when

, ,
p e ace i s r est o r e d A l ar ge st an d in g arm y

. in ti m e o f pe ac e — th at i s , ,
a hu ndr ed th ou sand m en or so
.
st anding i dl e with m u skets in their , ,
h ands at th e b eck of th e Gove rnm ent th at pays them — woul d b e

,
th e d e ath kn ell O f pol iti cal l ib erty Thi s i s too pl ain

-
h as b een t oo .
ofte n in si ste d on b y ou r gre ate st st at esm en to r en der it n ecessary

to ar gue it It seem s th at th e m in ori ty wh o h ave cli m b ed to powe r
.
, ,
thr ough l icentious presses and desecr ated pu lpi ts pl aying on th e ,
ign oran ce and fan ati cism of th e country recogni zes th at th e Ameri
can peopl e if l eft fr ee will t ake good c ar e th at th ey neve r att ain a
, ,
secon d nor an oth er t erm O f admin i str at i on It seem s th at th e del ib er

, , .
ate pu rpose h as b een form ed O f su b verting from top to b o ttom , ,
th e Am erican sy stem O f governm en t an d of trying to ru l e thi s peopl e ,
b y an arm ed de spoti sm We do not say th at th e accu r sed proj ect m ay .
not b e accom pl i sh ed b ut we do say th at th e cow ardl y an d incapab l e

,
cl iqu e wh o in au gu r at e th e sy st em will inevit ab l y pay th e forfeit of ,
their crim e l ike Rob espierre and D anton in their own b lood
, , .
We h ave sai d th at our chi ef danger i s from th e in capaci ty th e ,
m ental and mor al weakness of th e f action now attem pting to rul e

n ot f rom th eir str ength
,
us Thi s will b e our apol ogy for qu ot i ng .
th e f oll owing fr om a b omb asti c articl e of Webb in hi s Courier and ,

9
Enq uirer pub li sh ed a f ew d ay s b ef or e h e w as appointed M ini ster

,
t o B r azil It is h is off erin g O f incense to th e attempted m il it ary

.
.
despoti sm whi ch h e will h elp b y keeping hi s B ri gadie r Gener al ship

,
ou t of h ar m s way whil e pl aying court i er at a South Am er i can

’
cou rt He say s
.
Th war m y e n p w y w m y h v q i k nd vit l b ttl

a soo ass a a e a a e a u c a a a e
fi l d d th North prov it pr w
e , an e rt i ly i t wi ll ; b t th truth
e s o ess, as ce a n u e
of tina l ity a d p w
o na th t th e ev t h v given e d r
un n o er a es en s a e ,
n u es
com b i e d n nd n d— t t d i
co my e d sey c o n ce n ra e n ar an na v .
W h ll k th q ti n e s a W hy l l t h
as S t t li ? W hy
e ll
u es o a ese a e n es a
th is n eed less, c u m b erso m e, in tr ica te e n ta ngl e m en t o f d ifie re n t p o w ers to

'
m ake law a nd to d ec ree j u dgm e n t ? We ca n a fio rd n o w to e fiace th e o ld
9 1 am es W W eb b ( 1 8 02—1 8 8 4 ) w as ed tor of th e
. ew ork C our ier and i N Y
i
E nq u irer f rom th e t m e h e m erged th e two p apers i n 1 8 2 9 to h is re rem ent ti
i n 1 8 6 1 H e w as n am ed M n ster to Braz l o n M ay 3 1 , 1 8 6 1
. i i i .
con trover y nd th C ivi l W r B t that did not m n th t th r were n ot

s a e a . u ea a e e
deep ct i o l d iff er c
se na f pi ni n m n g th C th l i c of th N rth n d
en es o o o . a o e a o s e o a
th S o th on th e i s e
e u t t ke Th e d i ff r n es w re h i gh l i ght d f
su s a th
s a . es e e c e -
e or e
g n r l pub l i when th N w Y rk M t p li t
e e a c R d f S p t m b er 7
e e o e ro o an e c or o e e ,
1 8 6 1 p b l i h d n xch g
, u s e f corr p n d a b tw e P tr i k N Ly h
an e o es o e n ce e ee n a c . nc
( 1 8 17 B i h p of C h rl eston d A r h b i h p J hn H gh
s o of N w a , an c s o o u es e
York n r p ib il ity f or th e w r Ly h h d tl ined h i vi w f H ghe

o es on s a . nc a ou s e s or u s
in l tt r on A gu t 4 and th e l tt r t k th e
a e e u sm wh t n , l t p of a e oo so e a u u su a s e
replyi ng thro gh h i wn ew pap r on th gr nds th t b y rea

u s o f th e
n s e e ou a , son o
d i r p t i n of t h m i l i t w h is only ch n of cknowl edging Lynch ’

s u o e a s, as a ce a s
c om m n i c ti n H u d ci d d th r fore to pr i nt h i reply of A gu t 2 3 an d
a o . e e e , e e ,
s u s ,
h e tol d th B i sh p of C h rl ton witho t spe i l perm i i p bl i h “

as e o a es , u c a ss on u s
y o r l tt r at th e s m ti m e I n th i w y i t m y h pp n th t d r i g th e
u e e a e . s a a a e a u n
war or afterward m y n wer wi ll c m

, d r y r i n p t i n ( L wr e e
s, a s o e un e ou s ec o a nc
K h ee o C mp l t W k f th [ M t R
o J h H gh
e e A hb i h p
or s o e os ev . o n u es, rc s o
o f N w Y k [N w Y rk
e or II Ly nch m y h v l
e o r e d of
, , a a e ea n
H ghes tio b h rtly th r ft r h e pub l i hed th e f l l t xt f h is

’
u ac n ecau se s o e ea e s u e o
l tter t o th e r hb i h op in h i own d i o
e a c n p ap r T h
s exch g b tw n s cesa e . e an e e ee
th e prel t e ttr ct d wi de pr d tt nti n nd com plete text f th e l tt r

a s a a e s ea a e o a s o e e s,
t gether with
o om p ny i g di t r i l
acc wr rri d b y th N w Y rk
a n e o a s, e e ca e e e o
H ld T im n d T ib In it i of S pt m b r 4 1 86 1 J m
'
era , es, a r u ne . s ssue e e e , , a es
G ordon B nn tt H ld t ted th at th e t te m l ik vi ew nd dm ir bl
’ “
e e s era s a s a s an e s a a a e
t m per of th rr pond n e wi ll ob t i n f o i t wi d pr d d tt ntiv

e
”
e co es e c
“
a r a es ea an a e e
on i d r t i on b oth here d b ro d ld ed itor i l t k i ”

Th e H
’
c s e a an a a . e ra s a oo occas o n
t o r ad a l e t r t o
e m f th Prot t nt l ergy wh
c u e so xtr m t t m t
e o e es a c ose e e e s a e en s
were in striki ng contr t t th c lm d t mp r d pi i n of Lyn h nd as o e a an e e e o n o s c a
H ghe r mm ending th e b i hop l tt r to ll th b ol iti ni t d ’ “

u s, eco s s e e s a e a o s an
ece si n i st p r throu gho t th e co ntry So rce : Ch rle to C th l i ”

s s o n a so s u u . u a s n a o c
M i ll ny S pt m b er 1 4 1 8 6 1
sce a , e e , .
Most Rever end t y paral yzed

D ea r Sir: Th e m ail s are so compl e el
that it is h ard to get a l etter from out side th e Confederacy Papers are .
scarc el y ev er seen Th at how eve r J eff er son w ould thin k a b l essing on

.
, , ,
th e gr oun d th at h e wh o i s sim pl y i gnor ant i s wi ser th an th e one

“
that b el ieves error A par agr aph which h as gone th e rounds of th e.

”
Sou th ern paper s st ates th at you r Gr ace h as spoken stron gl y again st

,
th e w ar pol icy of th e Gov e rnm en t of th e Un ited St ates f r au ght with ,
much pr esent suff erin g and not cal cul ated to attain any real advan ,
tage Wh at a ch ange h as come over these St ates since I wrote you a

.
l ong l etter l ast Novemb er and even since I h ave h ad th e pl easur e ,
of seein g you l ast M arch All th at I anticipated in th at l etter h as .
come t o pass an d m or e th an I l ooke d for A l l th e h opes ch eri sh ed

, .
l ast sprin g of a peaceful sol ution h av e v ani sh ed b ef ore th e dreadful

real ities of war Wh at is b efore us wh o can say? Missouri Mary
.
, ,
l and an d K entu cky are nearer sece ssion now th an Virgini a North ,
C arol ina and Tennessee were four month s ago Mi ssouri is a b attl e .
Th e So u th for Se cession 34 9
’
s C ase
fiel d I think th at President D avi s af ter th e victory of Stone B ridge

.
, ,
wi ll prob ab l y thr ow a col umn into M aryl and K entucky will ere .
,
l ong b e dr awn into th e stru ggl e and th e Unit ed St ates will in l ess
, , ,
th an ten month s b e divided in two n ot unequ al part s m ar sh all in g

, ,
hun dreds of thousands of m en agai n st each other .
Thi s war i s gener all y d ated from th e b om b ardm ent of Fo rt Sum ter .
Th ere we fired th e fir st gun and th e r esponsib il ity i s ch arged on u s,

.
But in re ali ty th at re spon sib ili ty f all s on th ose wh o rende red th e

,
conflict u nav oid ab l e Th e South y ear s ago and a hu ndr ed ti mes , , ,
decl ared th at th e triumph of th e ab ol ition or anti sl av e ry pol icy -

,
woul d b reak up th e Union They were in earnest Wh en th at party . .

,
appeal ing to th e p eopl e on th e Chi cago pl atf or m el ect ed th eir c and i ,
date b y every f ree St ate v ot e ( excepting New Je rsey which w as ,
divided ) South C arol in a seceded and oth er St at es w ere pr eparing

, ,
to do so Th e y were in e arnest Y et as th e peopl e di sb el ieve d it

. .
, ,
or heede d it not at th e b allo t so C ongr ess h eeded it not at W ashing ,
ton and stood doggedl y on th e Chicago pl atform en dor sed b y th e

,
peopl e This consumm ated success Th e Conf eder ate Governm ent
. . .
w as f orm ed Th e dogged ob stin acy of th e B l ack Repub l i can s at

.
Washington l ast winter m ade all th e South secessionists Still there .
w as pe ace Th e new A dmin i str ation prof essed an in t enti on t o prese rv e

.
it Peace gave time and tim e can work wonders Th e Confederate

.
, .
Gove rnm ent did not put m uch f aith in th ose profession s Th e sam e .
hall ucination as to their power which rendered th e B l ack Repub li cans ,
arr ogan t and impr acticab l e in C on gress w oul d it w as appreh ended , , ,
l ead th em to attempt to c rush ou t sece ssion b y for ce A nd nothing .
w as l ef t u ndone to b e prepared f or thi s even t sh oul d it occu r .
Me anwhile Comm issioner s wer e at Washington to arr ange a peace

ful separation F avor abl e in tim ation s we re priv atel y given th em an d
.
,
th ey h ad hopes of success .
Nine Gov ernor s h ow ever it is said put th e screw s o n th e C ab inet

, , , ,
which resolved on a war poli cy and as silently as th ey coul d m ade , , ,
warlike naval preparations Then after a m onth th e Comm issioner s .

, ,
were ref used admi ssion or di sm issed an d it w as pl ainly announced ,
th at here would b e no negotiation At this tim e other facts were comi ng .
to l ight h ere in Ch arl eston wh ere our b atteri es h ad f or a m on th

, , ,
or m ore sil en tl y l ooked on Fort Su m t er D ur in g th e tim e of pe acefu l .
p r of essi o n s tw o spe c i al m e ssenger s ( F ox an d Lam on ) f rom Presi

1 z
1
G t v V F
us a u s ( 1 8 2 1 —1 88 3 ) w
. ox m d A i t t S t y f th N y as n a e ss s an ecre ar o e av
b y Li g v m t i A g t 1 86 1
’
l nco n s o er n en n u us , .
2W d H Lm ar ( 1 8 28
. a f m r l aw p t r f Li
on l i I lli i a or e ar n e o nco n n no s,
h d b
a t t Ch l t n th pr id nt per nal g t i M ch 1 86 1
een se n o ar es o as e es e
’
s so a en n l
ar , ,
3 50 Th e Na tio na l P e r iod
den t Lincoln visited Fort Sumter B efore b ein g al lowed to go thither .
they gave their word of honor t o our Governor th at thei r ob j ect

was re al l y peaceful Th e h ot el conv er sation of th e l atter w as very
.
fr ank it i s sai d Gen tl em en h ere supposed th at Presi den t L i ncoln

,
.
b efor e or derin g th e ev acu ation wi sh ed b y these per son al fr ien ds to , ,
see ,as it w ere p e r so n all y a,

n d n o t sim pl y t o l earn ,
thr o u gh ofli ci al
ch ann el s h ow m att er s stood at F ort Su m t er

,
Wh en tim e roll ed b y .
withou t su ch an order and it was rum ored th at th e C ab in et h ad ,
su ccu mb ed t o th e pr essu re of th e G ov ern or s th e m ail s w ere st opped ,
to an d f rom F o rt Sum t e r Am on g th e l ett er s se ize d w as on e f rom .
M aj or An de r son to Pr esident Lincoln di scu ssing th e det ail s of th e

3
p l an of r e i nf o r c em e n t f o rw ar d e d t o h i m f r o
,
m W ashi n gt on b y th ese
messenger s O ur au th oriti es were thu s m ade awar e of th e b r each of

.
f aith t ow ar d s th em an d of th e det ail s of th e pl an it self

,
.
Th en c am e th e speci al m e ssenger of th e Presi dent announ cin g th at ,
h e intended r evi ctu al ing th e fort qu i etl y if perm itted forcib l y if , , , ,
re sisted ; then th e account of th e sail ing of th e fleet from New York .
Th e fort w as at once att acked and t aken with ou t w aiting th eir arriv al .
Th e att ack w as n ot m ade un til th e off er of n ego ti ation an d pe aceful

arr angem en t h ad b een r ej e cte d and u n til th e Unit ed St ates Gov ern
,
m ent w as in th e act of sending an arm ed force But it i s of l ittl e

'
u se now t o in quir e on wh om th e r es onsib il ity r est s; we h av e th e

p
w ar on u s with all it s l oss of l if e an d l on g tr ain of evil s of every
,
ki nd It i s th e l atest perh aps th e str angest in st ance hi story give s u s

.
, ,
q uam p a va sap ien tia regi tur m undus Here w as a country v ast
r .
, ,
popul ou s pr osperou s and b l essed in all m at eri al i nter est if any

, ,
cou ntry w as Th e sou th producin g Cotton tob acco sugar rice an d

.
, , ,
nav al stor es f or th e su
ppl y as f ar as n eeded of th e North an d , ,
Northwest to th e v al ue of perh aps

, a y e ar an d export
, , ,
ing to forei gn coun tries ov er th e Northwest produ cing

chi efly gr ain and suppl yin g th e North an d th e Sou th
, an d wh en ,
th e Eu r ope an Cl ops f ail ed h avin g as l ast winter a l arge Eur opean

‘
, , ,
m arket ; th e North m anuf actu ring an d suppl ying th e Sou th and th e

Northwest and struggl ing to com pete with foreign goods ab road and
, ,
doing th e tr ading and comm erce of th e Sou th and th e Northwest .
Coul d th e m aterial interests of al l th e sections b e m ore harmoniou sl y

an d adv an t age ousl y com b in e d th an in thi s Uni on where e ach was ,
fr ee to dev el op to th e f ul l est extent th ose b r anch es of indu stry in

which it coul d excel an d coul d dr aw f rom th e others those product s
,
which it needed b ut cou ld not produce as well or as cheapl y as they

,
3
Robert And son ( 1 8 092 1871 ) w th U nion Comm ander at Fort S mter ;
er -
as e u
352 Th e Na tiona l P e riod
full b earing of their ac tion At . l e as t ,

l et them rt
u n de s and som e thing
of th is b efore all h O pe of appeal to them is ab an doned Well .
, South
Carol ina seceded other States were preparing to foll ow h er Th e .
m atter was t aken up in Congr ess M an y Sou th erne r s h oped th at th en .

,
when th e seriou sness of th e qu estions coul d no l onger b e doub ted ,
som ething m ight b e done How v ainl y they hoped th e C omm ittee s of .
,
C ongr ess showed Th e al tern ative was thus forced on th e South either
.
of t am e sub m i ssion or of r e si st ance Th ey did not h esitate Th ey . .
de sired to with dr aw in peace Thi s war h as b een forced upon th em . .
It was necessary in th e b eginning It b rings ruin to thousands in .
it s prosecuti on It wil l b e f ru itl ess of any good At it s conclusion th e

. .
p a rti es wi ll st an d ap a rt e xh au st ed an d em b itt er e d b y it ; f or ev ery
b attl e h owev er w on or l ost will h ave serv ed b ut t o wi den th e ch asm

, , ,
b etween th e North and South and to r ender m ore difli cul t if not , ,
im possib le any futu re reconstru ction Will it b e a l ong war or a

,
.
,
short and m ighty one ? Th e C ab in e t and th e North ern press h as
pronounced f or th e l ast Y et th i s i s l ittl e m ore th an an i dl e dre am

. .
Wh at could m en do?
I do not think there i s a G en er al on e ither side ab l e to fi ght
m en A nd th e North w ould need ei ght or t en su ch Gener al s
. .
Cert ainl y th e u nder M cD ow ell af t er five h our s fighting ,

4 ’
,
fou ght on m ech ani cal l y with out any gener al ship Th e higher ofli cers .
h ad com pl etel y l o st th e gu iding reins O n our side th e Sou th ern tr oops .
ought to h ave b een in W ashin gt on within fo rty eight hou rs But th e -

.
on th e C onf e der ate si de w as I apprehend too unwieldy a ,
b ody for our Gener al s D id not B onaparte say th at not one of his
.
M ar sh al s cou ld gen er al fif ty th ousan d m en in b attl e?

Soul t could b ring th em to th e fi el d an d pl ace th em properl y b u t
5
, ,
coul d go n o f urth er .
B ut withou t Gen er al s wh at cou l d m en do again st th e

,
South ? By f orce of num b ers an d a great l oss th ey mi ght t ake city , ,
aft er city B u t unl ess th ey l eft l ar ge

.
perm anen t garri son s th eir auth ority ,
woul d di e out with th e sound of their drum s Such an arm y m arching .
through a country covered with forests and thickets and occupied b y

a popul ati on hostil e to a m an an d wh ere even school b oy s can b ark -
“
_ ,
a squ irr el would b e decim ated every hundred m il es of its progress

”
,
b y a guerril l a w arf are again st which it coul d fin d no protection Th i s

, .
i
G eneral I rv n M cD owell ( 1 8 1 8—1 8 8 5 )
4
an d h is U n i on arm y w ere rou ted b y th e
t
C o nf edera e f orces at M an asse s u nct o n J i
V rg n a, on
, i i i J u ly 2 1 , 1 8 6 1 .
M arsh al Nicol as Je an de D ieu

-5 - - -
S ou l t ( 1 7 69—1 8 5 1 ) was one of the m os prom t i
nent of Napol eon s ge neral s
’
.
for S ecession 35 3
’
Th e Sou th s C ase
m od e of ttacking th e S outh can efl ect noth ing b eyond th e loss of

a
l ife it will ent ail an d th e t empor ary dev ast ation th at will m ark th e
,
tr ack of th e arm ies .
B ut it i s prob ab l e th at cir cu m st ances would again as they h av e ,
done ov errul e th e designs of th e W ashin gton C ab inet and m ake th e

, ,
war sl ow l ong and expen siv e

, on e to b e decided l ess b y b attl es ,
th an b y th e resou rces and endu r ance of th e comb at ant s .
Th at porti on of th e f orm er United St ates will snfl er m ost in such

a cont e st an d mu st fin al l y su ccum b whi ch is l east ab l e to dispense ,
with th e support it r eceived from th e oth er two section s How th e

'
No rth can do with ou t our Sou thern tr ade I presu m e it can j u dge ,
af ter thr ee or fou r m onth s tri al B u t it w ou l d seem th at th e f ail ur e to

’
.
sell to th e S ou th one h un dred an d twenty m ill i on s of th eir m an u
factur es e ach ye ar th e stoppage of so m uch of th eir shipping in terest

as w as engage d in th e tw o h undr e d an d twen ty m ill ion s of our f orei gn
export s and th e r et u rn im port ation s an d in our int ern al co astin g tr ade , ,
togeth er with th e l oss of th e profit s an d comm rssmn s on so vast a

b u sin ess m u st h ave a very seri ou s effect too th at I see no w ay of
, , ,
escapin g T rul y th e No rth h as t o p ay dearl y for it s whi stl e of Bl ack

.
Repub l icani sm Th e Northwest depen d ed p artiall y on th e Sou th for

.
a m arket f or its pr oduction s an d so f ar will su ff er f rom th e l oss of it

'
.
,
It m u st al so b e incidental l y aff ected b y com merci al emb arrassm ent s

at th e North Th ey will assu redl y h av e enou gh to e at an d t o w e ar
.
,
b u t th e fan cy prices of r eal est at e and stocks b y which th ey com

“ ”
,
p u te d th eir r api dl y in c r easin g w e al th m u st f all in a w a y t o ast oni sh ,
Wall street Should their own crops f ail as th ey sometim es do or

-
.
, ,
sh oul d th e Eu rope an crop s b e ab un d an t their comm erce will f all ,

.
Y et as th e m ass of th e poor will h ave all th at th ey ever get an y

,
where food an d rairnent an d th at withou t stin t th e Northwest

,
will suff er compar ativel y l ittl e .
How l ong will it f ar e with th e Sou th should th e w ar b e l ong and

so pow erful l y w aged as t o re qui re th e S ou th e rn C onfe de r ati on t o keep
say m en in arm s and if th e port s are stri ctl y bl ockaded ?

- -
,
Thi s i s an import an t qu e stion an d on e th at can b e an swered onl y ,
f rom a p r actic al kn owl edge of th e h ab it s resou rces an d di sposition of ,
th e Sou th ern peopl e O ur n ee ds will b e pr ovi sion s cl othin g m oney for

.
, ,
th e gove rnmen t an d w ar expen se s an d f or th e pu rch ase f rom ab road ,
of wh at w e ab sol u t el y r equ ir e and are n ot alr eady suppl ied with

, .
A s for provi sion s I am sati sfied th at thi s se ason we are gath e rin g
,
enou gh f or two year s ab u ndan t su ppl y E very one i s r ai sing cor n

‘ ’
.
,
wheat and stock O n th is point th e South need not envy th e North

.
354 Th e Na t io nal P erio d
west Again m anufactures are spr inging up on all sides: In this St ate
.
,
we are provi din g f or ou r w an t s f rom l ucif e r m atch es an d ste am

engin es to powder an d rifl ed cann on C lo thing t oo th ou gh of a ru der .
, ,
texture and sometim es inf erior qu al ity is ab undantl y m ade and easil y ,
p r ocu r e d Th e
. su pp l y of t e a an d coff ee will I p r e su m e in tim e run , ,
out Thi s wil l pu t u s t o som e tr oub l e b u t o th erwi se neith er for pro

.
, ,
vi sions nor for cl oth es will th e Sou th b e seriou sly inconvenienced

, .
Th e b l acks ( b y th e b ye m ore qu iet an d orde rl y now if possibl e

- -
, ,
th an b efore ) will rem ain devot ed to agricul ture whil e th e r apidl y ,
increasing dem and for hom e productions of every kind gives ready
empl oym ent t o th e poorer cl asses of th e whites .
Wh at am ount of gold and sil ver there is within th e Conf ederate

St ates I c an onl y gue ss at I suppose ab ou t - B ut as
th e gr eater part of ou r expen ses are at h om e any cu rrency we are ,
sati sfi ed to u se will do whether B ank b ill s Confederate b on ds or

, ,
Tr easury notes Wh en we go ab ro ad it m u st b e with gold or with

.
,
Cotton Thi s l ast is th e spin al colu mn of our fin an cial system Th e

. .
foll owing i s th e propo sed m ode of oper atin g with it : Tw o m ill ion s or ,
two an d a h alf of b al e s wil l b e conveye d t o th e C onf e der ate Gove rn

m ent to b e p ai d f or in b on ds or T reasu ry notes Thi s C otton w i ll
, .
b e w orth at ordin ary pri ce s one hundr ed m ill ions of doll ars If it
, ,
.
c an b e exporte d at once it i s so much gol d I f it i s r et ained it wil l

, .
,
form th e secu rity for any l oan th at m ay b e requ ired ab road Th e .
oth er thir d of th e C otton will b e sol d b y th e pl ant er s as b est th ey .
c an on th eir own accoun t .
Th e chief difli cul ty i s th e b l ockade which m ay prevent th e export ,
and sal e ab ro ad of th e Cotton A l oan on it as secu rity whil e it i s .

,
still u n shipped an d scatt ere d in num b erl e ss sm all w areh ou se s coul d

, ,
not easil y b e affect ed .
Up to th e present tim e an d for six m onth s m ore th e b l ockade

, , ,
so f ar f rom doin g any seriou s in j u ry h as on th e contr ary b enefitted , , , ,
and will cont i nu e to b enefit th e S ou th f orcin g u s to b e active and to , ,
do for ou r sel ves m uch th at we preferr ed form erl y to pay oth er s to

do for u s I presum e th at next J anuary with a crop of three and a
.
,
half or four mill ions of b al es on h and th e South would b ecom e very ,
restive under a strict b l ockade Sh o uld i t con tin ue twel ve m onth s .
longer p rop erty at th e S outh w o uld go down as th ey say i t h as in

New York .
But , b efo re th at tim e th er very seriou s compl icati on

com es, ano
arises h ow Engl an d an d F r ance will st an d th e cu ttin g off th ei r suppl y

of an art icl e on which de end tw o third s of th e m anufactu ri n i t r ;
p
-
g n e
35 6 Th e Na t io n a l Pe riod
Most Reverend wh at ash amed dear Sir, I am su rprised and som e
of th e l engt h to which m y pen h as run B ut th e ni ght i s h ot too .
h ot for sl eep I arose f rom m y couch and h ave spent a coupl e of

.
,
hours speaki ng to you as frankl y and u nreservedly as you have ever

kin dl y al l ow ed m e t o do A trip t o New York woul d b e agree ab l e .
for m or e r easons th an one B ut th at i s impossib l e Next to th at I . .
woul d l ike to see a fil e of th e Record Th at too is impossib l e .

8
, ,
.
Nothi ng seem s now to span th e ch asm b ut th at b ridge of C athol ic

uni on an d ch arity of whi ch y ou r gr ace spoke so el oquen tl y l ast ,
St Patrick s Day
’
. .
I must th ank you too for your articl e in my defence against Tracy , ,
.
He w as a poor m an with a growing f amil y wh om at Rev Mr , . .
O c onn ell s inst an ce B i sh op Reyn olds all ow ed to l ive on a pl ace

’ ’ 9 10
,
in Newb erry D i stri ct b el onging to him rent free and as an act of , , ,
charity I did not tr oub l e h im He say s I saw him th ere on ce year s .

,
ago Perh aps so I do n ot r em em b e r Th e fir st tim e I r em emb e r see in g

.
,
.
him w as h er e in Ch arl eston aft er hi s expul sion H e was driv en off

, , .
,
b ecau se h e w as su spect ed f or year s an d ch arged b y th e neighb or s ,
with steal i ng and b u ying stol en goods h ab itu all y

,
was once tri ed
an d convict ed an d af te rward s they were satisfied continued th e , ,
pr actice .
Commending myself to your hol y sacrifices I h ave th e honor to ,
rem ain m ost Reveren d dear Sir your Gr ace s sincere and re spectf ul
, ,
’
son in Chri st .
4 P N LYNCH D D SC 4 . .
, . .
, .
8 Hu gh es h ad t t
s ar ed th e M e tropo l ita n R e co rd in J ul y , 1 8 59 , t
af er f all i ng ou t
w thi McM aster of th e F reem an

’
s J ourn a l .
Th ere were two pr es s of h a

9 i t t t n am e in th e D i ocese of C h arl es t on at th t a
t
im e , erem ah J
and Lawrence P i J . . O c o nn el l
’
.
1 °
I gn a ti
Rey nol ds ( 1 79 8 1 8 55 ) rul ed th e S ee of Ch arl es on as its seco nd
us -
t
i
b sh op from 1 8 44 to 1 8 5 5 .
i i t
_
p of Ch ar l es on o n M arch
1 1 Patr ck N L nch w as con secr at ed as thi rd B sh o
y .
i
1 4, 1 8 5 8 I n th e sp r ng of 1 864 h e re ce e d an offic al comm ss on f rom Pres den
. iv i i i i t
J vi
efferson D a s t o go to Rom e w th t h e h ope th at h e cou l d w in recogn on f or th e i iti
C onf ederacy f rom th e go ernm ent of Po pe P us IX Th e m ss on e nde d in f a l ure , v i . i i i
v it i t t
_
h owe er, and w as not u nt l l ate i n 1 8 6 5 th a Ly nch w as ab l e to re u rn to h is

i t i
d ocese af er a pres dent al p ardo n h ad b een w on f or h im h rou gh th e efforts of i t
i
A rch b sh op M art n Sp ald ng o f B al t m ore i J . i i .
Hu gh es conclu ded h is l en gth y l etter t o Ly nch b y st at ng th at th ere rem a ned i i

ti
no h ng f or h im to add excep
“
th at th e C ath ol c f a th and C ath ol c ch ar y t i i i it
it
whi ch u n es u s in th e sp r u al order , sh al l rem a n u nb roken b y th e b oom ng of i it i “
i
i
c annon al o ng th e l ne s th a u n f o rt u n atel y sep ar a e a grea and o nce p osperous t t t r
it i i i i t ti i t
_
comm u n y nt o t wo h ost l e p ort o ns e ach array e d in m li ary s r f e aga ns th e ,

”
o th er ( Keh oe , op c it II . .
, ,
Wisconsin Cath o l ic ism in 1 8 6 1 35 7
Wisconsin C ath oli ci sm at th e O u tb reak of th e

Civil War Au gu st 30 1 8 6 1 , ,
IN TH E year that th e C ivi l W r b roke out th e D i oc e of Mi lwa kee a es u

f oun ded onl y i gh teen ye r b efore wi th b ou t
e C thol i
a s h d a a cs a
appr oxi m tely a C athol i c p eopl e In W i con i n th e G erm an were . s s s
th e dom i n an t C thol i c gr o p d th e f oll owi g r p ort wr i tten b y M i ch ael
a u , an n e ,
Hei s ( 1 8 1 8
s at th e t i m e rector of St F r nci S m in ry to th e . a s e a ,
d irector s of th e L dwi g M issi in u t M ni h sh ow-

m on g oth r
on svere a u c , s a e
thin g th e em ph i s whi ch th G erm ns pl ced p

s as p roch i l h ol S i e
e a a u on a a sc o s . nc
th ed i oce sti ll em b r ce d
se l l of W i n i n H ei a rep rt d on th e m ller
a sco s , ss o e s a
town and rural rea of pr ti lly ev ry cti on Th e ph nom n l growth

s a s ac ca e se . e e a
of t h e C h rch oon pr ve d t
u m h f
s b rd n f or one b i h p
o d ooo uc o a u e s o an n
M ar h 3 1 8 6 8 th e H ly S e r t d th D i
c , , oof G r en B y e nd L e ec e e oceses e a a a
C ro e t o t ke c re of th e n orth t rn d orthw t r p rti n f th

_
ss a a eas e an n es e n o o s o e
state So r S l i m XL ( O tob r
. u ce : a es a n u 1 69 — 1 8 0 tr n l t d b y
, c e , ,
a s a e
A u gu ti C Erei g
s ne d ed it d b y P t r Leo J ohn n
. an e e e so .
August 3 0 1 8 6 1 M il w aukee , , .
Prom pted b y sentim en t s of deep gratitu de th e M ost Rev B i sh op .
John M artin Henni h as in stru cted th e writer to sub mit a report to

l
th e gove rn in g b oard c on ce rn in g th e diocese of M il w au kee Th e di ocese .

,
for th e upb u il d ing of wh i ch th e Lu dwi g mi ssion sverein h as don e so -
m u ch compri ses th e entire st at e of Wi sconsin ne arl y as m uch terri

, ,
tory as at its erect i on in th e year 1 8 44 At th at tim e th e b i shop of .
Mil waukee h ad onl y six pri ests of h is own and in th e v ast territory ,
h ardl y m ore th an 9 C athol i cs wh o possessed onl y four in ,
e xpen sive and u nfin i sh ed chur ch es Now w e cou n t in th e sam e t erritory .
2 1 5 well fin i sh ed ch u rch es an d ch apel s an d b esi de s 23 oth er s under , ,
con struction with a tot al of 1 1 7 priest s and a C athol ic popul ation of

,
approxim atel y soul s Th e l ar gest p art of th e popul ati on con .
si st s of G erm an s and Iri sh wh o are ab ou t equal in nu m b er B eside s .
these we h ave some C an adi an D utch Bel gi an an d al so a few Pol i sh , , ,
an d B oh em i an pari sh e s and two m i ssion s am ong th e Ind i ans

, It is .
n ot difli cul t to un der st an d wh at ince ssan t ze al un tiri ng sol i citu de an d , ,
keen prudence are r equ ir ed to gov ern a n ew qu ickl y dev el oping and ,
ext en siv e d i ocese in or de r to pr ese rve peace an d h arm ony am ong th e
diff erent el em ent s an d to foster and prom ote C ath ol ic l if e E te rn al .
thanks and praise to th e Lord th at even if at times difli cu lties ar ose ,
1 J h M a t i H i ( 1 8 05— 1 8 8 1 ) w fi t Bi h p f Milw k ; h w p
o n r n e nn as rs s o o au ee e as ro
m t d t b m fi t A hb i h p f M i lw k wh th w i d t
“
o e o eco e rs rc s o o au ee en e see as r a se o
m tr p li t n
e o ko F ba y 1 2 1 8 75
ran on e ru ar , .
35 8 Th e Na t ion al P e riod
an d r eve ryt hin g went well again an d never b ack

sc an dal s appe a ed ,
war d b ut ever forward In th e ci ty of M il waukee th e episcopal see

.
, ,
th e C ath ol i cs h ave five chu r ch es b esi de s th e c ath edr al one f or th e , ,
Irish and thr ee for th e Germ ans b ut soon a n ew church will b e nece s ,
sary f or e ach of th ese n ation al i ties .
Alongside th e cathedr al st ands a room y and well b uil t orph anage

which hou ses m ore th an n inety orph an girl s of th e Irish parish es .
St Gall s chu rch un de r th e p astor al c are of th e F ath er s of th e

’
.
Soci ety of J esu s al so h as a sch ool B u t th e G erm an s in Mil waukee

, .
,
as ev e rywh ere m an ife st a spe ci al z e al f or th e Chri st i an e ducation of

,
the ir chil dren Th e school s of th e three Germ an parishes are in

.
ex cell en t con dition Th ey are m ainl y u n der th e c are of th e Sch ool

.
Si ster s [Notre D am e] f rom B av ari a A second orph an asylum with .

2
fif ty six orph an b oy s i s l ocated near t h e sem in ary A third one i s

-
.
un der con structi on n e ar St M ary s h ospit al which it self w as b uil t ’

.
,
som e two y ear s ago and b oth are un der t h e care of th e D au ght er s
,
of Ch arity .
Th e m oth erh ou se of th e B av ari an School Si st er s i s a parti cul ar

cre dit f or M il w aukee It i s in a flou ri shin g condition and sends it s
.
te achers to C athol ic parishes throu ghou t th e Union For th e past .
sev er al y e ar s f r om thirty to forty cand id at es h av e t aken th e v e il
ann u al l y an d as m any n ovi ces m ade th e ir pr of essi on each y e ar .
Th e si ster s are now ab ou t to enl arge th e ir conv en t consi der ab l y

'
B el ongi ng to M il w aukee th e epi scopal see th e di ocesan sem in ary , ,
must now b e m entioned It i s l ocat ed ab ou t five m il es fr om th e ci ty .
on th e sou th po in t of th e M il w au kee b ay Af te r it s p atron St Fr an ci s .

, .
de Sal e s it i s kn own as th e Sal esi anu m A s r el ated in a form er r eport

, .
,
th e e st ab l i shm ent of th e sem in ary w as deci ded in th e y ear 1 8 5 3 at

th e consecr ati on of th e cath edr al I n 1 854 th e pr epar ato ry work was .
done for th e erection of a m agn i ficent sem in ary b u il din g an d on Jul y ,
1 5 1 8 5 5 th e corner stone w as l aid Th e work was so speed il y pre ssed

, ,
.
th at th e entire b uil ding excepti ng th e ch apel was un der roof b efore

, ,
winter B y th e end of J anu ary 1 8 5 6 one section was al so interiorl y

.
,
fin ished so th at on J anu ary 2 9 th e feast of St Fr anci s de Sal es w e

, , .
,
were ab l e to open th e sem inary with an enr ollm ent of thir ty thr ee -
stu dent s Sin ce th en we h av e b een b u sy im proving th e t em por al an d

.
spiritu al conditi on of th e sem in ary O f th e student s wh o h ad m ade .
2 Th e fi t rs grou p of six S ch oo l S sters i of Notre D am e i

arr ve d i n th e U n te d i
t i J
S ates f rom B av ar a in u ly , 1 847 T h ey estab l sh e d th e r m o th er . i i h ouse in B al t i
fi t i
m ore and th e rs f ou ndat o n m ade f rom th e m o th er h ou se w as at M l wau ke e i n i
D ecemb er, 1 8 5 0 .
360 Th e Na t iona l P e riod
th at much l ab or h ad to b e spent to r ai se th e necessary funds for

such a b u ilding and f or th e su pport of th e stu d ent s B esi des th e .
ch arit ab l e h elp f rom th e Lu dw i g— m i ssion sverein which we enj oyed dur

ing th e fir st three year s of ou r u ndert akin g and th e contrib u tion of
f rom th e M o st R ev B i sh op Henni whi ch h e h ad m ade in .
,
spite o f th e m any oth er n eed s of th e d i ocese and th e epi scopal see ,
everyt hing h ad t o b e coll ect ed b y th e in def at i gab l e an d u ntiri n g
procur ator wh o l iter al l y b egged from h ou se t o h ou se H e coll ected not .
onl y am ong th e C ath ol ic s especi all y th e Ge rm an s in th e diocese

‘
, , ,
b ut al so ou t side of it Indeed we m ay say th at th e gen erosity of th e

.
,
Ge rm an s of Cin ci nn ati gav e u s th e m ean s wh er eb y w e coul d dare

“
construct such a spaciou s b u ild in g and th e Germ an s of St Lou i s b y .
their l ib eral ity b u il t our b e au tiful ch apel Though th e sem in ary h as .
b een er ected our t ask i s n ot en ded b ecause we are ob l iged t o pay

, ,
off th e deb t s whi ch en cu mb er i t Whil e th ese do n ot en d an ger th e .
sacr ed u ndert aking they h am per its efli cient working b ecause th e
, ,
yearl y diocesan collection is not su fficient to support student s th e “
m aj ority of wh om are n eedy and al so pay th e inter est B esides we , .
are obl i ged thi s su mm e r t o u nde rt ake th e b u ilding of a convent f or
a comm u n ity of Si ster s of th e Thir d O r der of St Fr an ci s B efor e th e . .
sem i n ary w as b u i l t a sm all conven t Of th ese si st er s exi ste d near th e
sem in ary l an d F ir st th ey took car e of th e childr en of th e orph an

.
asyl u m l ocat e d as al re ady m en t i on e d n ear th e sem in ary Then wh en .
th e sem i nary w as st arted th ey took ch ar ge of th e kitch en l au ndry

, ,
an d b ake ry and th u s ren dere d i t inv al u ab l e services.B u t b ecau se

,
th e sm al l con ven t b ecam e too l i mit ed an d al so b eyon d repai r w e h ad ,
to deci de to b u ild on e whi ch will cost ab ou t $ 3 0 0 0 for th e com

m unity wh ose services th e sem in ary c an not di spen se with For thi s .
reason we b el ieve that we m ay dare respectfu ll y to ask th e governin g

'
b o ar d for kin d assi st an ce t o com pl ete an u n dert akin g which at it s

b egin n in g enj oy ed your speci al con sider ation So thi s much will su fli ce .
in referen ce to th e epi scopal see an d th e semin ary .
Now a few rem arks will b e m ade ab ou t th e other parts of th e

d ioce se I st art with som ething I h av e ob served r ecentl y E ight days
.
.
af ter th e con secr at i on of th e sem i n ary ch a el th e Rev F ath er Wenin e r

p g .
,
S J conducted a week s retre at in G erm an an d in th e week f oll ow

’
.
,
.
,
ing th e Rev F ath er Sm arius S J . in Engl ish for th e diocesan , . .

,
5
,
cl ergy Th e fir st r etreat was att en d ed b y f orty eight and th e second

“
.
-
C
5
li Sm i
orne us S I ( 1 8 23 ar u s,w .
D tc
.
h b J it wh tt i d as a u -
orn esu o a a ne
f m
a e p h
as a d
re ac p l gi t ; h i b t k
er an w w k w
an a o o P i t f C
s s es no n or as o n s o on
t
rove rs y whi h fi t pp c d i 1 8 66
rs a e are n .
Wisconsin Ca th o lic ism in 1 8 6 1 36 1
b y forty-four .
Though
h exerci ses when m ade with a group h ave
su c
u su all y a b enefi ci al influence I th ought b e cau se I am at all t im es in

- -
-
_ ,
th e semin ary th at it would b e mor e b enefici al for me to make a r etr eat

,
al one som ewh ere el se So with th e appr ov a .l of th e M ost Rev B i sh op .
I went to th e C apuchin m onast ery at M t C al v ary Th e railr oad ru ns . .

6
n orth and i s tw el v e mil es di st an t f rom th e m on ast e ry To th e ri ght .
and l ef t th er e i s one C athol ic pari sh af t er another as for ex am pl e , ,
in Gr anvill e Germ antown Richmond [Richfiel d]

,
Schl esingervill e
, , ,
Horicon and so on How things h ave ch anged if I recall my first

, . .
years in Wisconsin O n Tu esday after Pentecost 1 844 I started out

.
,
f rom M il w auk ee on h or seb ack f or thi s sam e territory in o rder to

visit Germ an settl ements Near th e Mil waukee River on th e fir st day
.
I foun d a congr egation of ab ou t twenty f am il ies F arther n o rth in a .
very dense woods on th e following day at sunset I found five or six

f amili es newl y arrived from th e vicin ity of T ri er Here I w as t old th at .
I coul d not go f arther b ecause there was no path O pen For thi s .
reason I turned b ack and took a m ore w esterl y cou r se I di scovered

"
Germ ans b ut th ey w er e Prot est ant s and onl y at sun set did I find _
another C ath ol ic hom e H er e I w as inf orm e d th at b ey ond a n e arb y

.
m ar sh th er e w as a l arge settl emen t of G erm an C athol ics E arl y th e .
next m orn in g I st art ed out b u t sin ce I h ad t o ri de aroun d th e m ar sh

, ,
an oth er d ay was spent b efor e I finall y r each ed thi s settl em ent He r e .
there were ab out forty f amil ies wh o dwel t rath er f ar f rom e ach other .
F ifteen m il e s n orth of her e th ere w ere thr ee m ore f amil i es Here th e .
road stopped and I w as t old th at it w as so f ar to th e next hou se th at

I could not get ther e in a day and al so woul d b e ob l iged to spend
th e ni ght un de r th e open sky A s th e re w as n o qu estion of a chu rch .
or ev en a l og ch apel an ywh er e I h ad t o hold divin e servi ces in ,
th e poor est c ab in s whi ch th e n ewcom er s h ad h astil y b uil t Thi s w as .
th e con d ition at th at t im e At pr esent in th e sam e territory one congre

.
gati on foll ow s an oth er li ke St M artin s St M ich ael s St C ath e rin e s

’ ’ ’
. .
, , .
,
St Anth ony s St J am es St X avier s St B onif ace St Hub ertus St

’ ’ ’ ’
. .
, , . .
, .
, .
Joseph s St M athi as St Au gu stin e s St L awrence s and so on

’ ’ ’
.
, , .
, .
, .
Eve rywh ere th ere i s a chu rch an d n ow th ere are m ore pri est s in thi s
d i strict th an th e wh ol e d ioce se h ad th en .
O n thi s trip h owe ve r I did not stop at any of the se congregati ons
b ut sped thr ough th em on th e ir on h or se until I l eft th e tr ain at ‘
Fon d du Lac whi ch i s ab ou t six ty m il es f r om M il w aukee Th e f o rm er

, .
i s a city of ab ou t 4 or 5 00 0 inh ab it ants of wh om Cath ol ics are th e

H ly C M t M y Wi i w t b l i h d b y tw
6 o t y
ross t C l
on as er a ou n a v ar , sco ns n , as es a s e o
p i t f m Swit
r es s ro l d i 1 8 57
z er an n .
3 62 Th e Na t iona l P e riod
l arger numb e r rtunatel y they are of diff erent n ational ities

, bu t unf o ,
th e m ost num er ou s be ing th e Iri sh b ut th er e are al so m any Germ ans ,
and C an adi an s [ F rench ] A ll attend th e sam e ch u rch and are c ared

.
for b y on e pastor a Fre n ch m an wh o speaks Engl i sh well b ut G erm an

, ,
p o o r l.y A s pac i ous f ou n d at i on h as b een l ai d f or a new chur ch t h e ,
con str ucti on of whi ch wil l b e fin i sh ed n ext y ear Al though onl y a .
sm all p art of th e en tire C ath ol i c con gregat i on th e Ge rm an s al on e ,
p o s s e ss a sch oo l b u i l d in g an d m ai n t ain therein a good C athol ic school

for th eir children .
F rom F on d du Lac I went on to th e C apuchin m on aste ry with a

f arm er wh o h ad h aul ed gr ain into th e city I h ad seen thi s section .
of th e country once b efore b u t sole l y b y n i ght an d th en no m on ast ery
exi sted on th e hill t op For thi s r e ason I w as pl e asantl y su rpri se d to

.
see at sun set on a l ittl e hill to th e ri ght th e conv en t of th e Sch ool
Sister s and th e C apu chin m on aste ry to th e l eft on a h i gh er and steeper

hill Cordiall y r eceived I spent eight day s there At present th e
.
, .
m on astery h ouses three priest s two cl eri cal an d fou r l ay b roth ers , .
Al ongside of th e m onastery stands th e old par i sh chur ch b ut pil es ,
of st one and timb e r are al r eady on th e

groun d s f or th e erection of
a n ew chu r ch whi ch wil l b e st art ed th i s y ear I w as v ery m uch edified .
b y th e strict ob serv ance of th e rul es of th e O rde r in th e m on aste ry .
M ay th e Lor d gr ant th at th e O r der wil l gai n a firm footing in th e

d i ocese I n an area of f rom five t o ten m i l es ab ou t th e m on astery
.
th e peopl e are n e arl y all C ath ol i c F iv e m i l es fr om th e m on as t ery i s .
St J oh n s a l arge p ari sh with a fin e chu rch and six m il es in an oth er

’
.
, ,
d i r ecti on i s St M ary s an d sev er al n eighb ori ng m i ssi on st ati on s B oth

’
. .
pl aces h av e a resi den t priest .
F rom C al v ary I h ad to retu rn t o F on d du Lac in order to get to

Gr een B ay th e desti nation of m y j ou rn ey M y first r ailr oad stop w as
, .
O shkosh a n ewl y f oun ded city which h as al re ady ab ou t

'
, ,
inh ab it ants Here there are two C athol ic churches one for th e Irish
.
,
and th e oth er for th e Ge rm an s b u t b oth are un de r th e adm i n i str ati on

,
of one pri est , wh o thou gh Irish spe aks Germ an pretty well Here
, , .
too th e Ge rm an s h ave a C ath ol ic sch ool I arrive d at six o cl o ck in .

’
th e m or nin g said hol y M ass and at 8 A M conti nu ed m

,
y tr i p on th e .
r ai l road thi rty m il es north to Appl eton where th e r ail road ends W e , .
passed b y th e two newl y foun ded citi es of M en ash a an d Neen ah

, .
B oth h ave C ath ol ic chu rch es which are t en ded from A l t A

pp e on ppl e .
ton i s now th e r esidence oi th e pastor Her e th e chu rch i s well .
f urn i sh ed h aving b oth an organ and a b el l I m e t th e

,
pri est a .
,
B el gi an wh o w as b u sy b uil di ng a pari sh h ouse A l t

,
pp on i s al so
e .
Neenah river flows from Appl eton gr adually b ecome sm all er towards
Green B ay so mu ch so th at onl y on on e side of th e wi de stream a
, ,
sl ight el ev ation appear s on whi ch [one page of th e original or of ,
th e photost at i s l acking],
.
S atu rday evenin g I ret urned to Mt C al v ary H ere th e C apuchin . .
Father s b egged m e to conduct a retreat for th em and th e b roth er s .
It appeared to m e preposterous th at a secul ar priest should preach

to m onks b ut b ecause th ey in si sted an d I did not kn ow of anyb o dy
,
wh o coul d t ake m y pl ace I con sented W e cl osed th e retre at on th e

,
.
feast of th e A ssumpti on of th e B l essed Virgin an d th en I pr eached

in th e pari sh church Th e next day I spent ex am ini ng sev er al b oxes
.
of b ooks which a pri e st h ad l e ft at th e m onaste ry b ecau se h e could
not t ake th em al ong with h im t o h is n ew ch arge I cou ld h ar dl y l ook . _
ov er a thir d of th em Th er e are e xcell ent v ol u m es on Chu r ch hi st ory

.
,
l i tu rgy an d canon l aw in cl u din g M ab ill on H ar dou in L apu s th e

, , , ,
B oll an di st s and so on Satur d ay I drove to F on d du Lac and th en

,
.
arrive d in M il w aukee ab ou t 3 o cl ock b y train

’
.
Now I sh all give a short n otice of other parts of th e d iocese To .
th e sou th n earest t o th e sem in ary on How ell ro ad i s th e pari sh of

New Coel n so c all ed b ecau se m ost of th e peopl e h ail f rom th e vi cinity
,
of Col ogne To it b el ong th e adj oining pari sh es on K ilb ou rn Road

.
an d in C al edoni a Th en th ere i s th e O ak Creek p ari sh whi ch i s t aken

.
car e of fr om th e sem in ary Ten m il es sou th i s R acin e with thr ee

.
chur ches of whi ch on e i s Germ an Th e l atest one b u il t [ St Patrick s]

’
. .
will b e b l essed b y th e M ost R ev B i shop next Sun d ay Again ten . .
m il es f arth er sou th situated l ik e Racin e on L ake M ichigan i s Kenosh a

, ,
with two chu rch es and two priest s West from here are B righton and .
Pari s with two chu rch es and on e pri est Ab ou t twel ve mil es from .
there is Waterford with its pri est an d chu rch Then comes B url ingt on .
where th e Rev Wisb au er of th e Linz diocese h as b een active for

.
8
th e l ast f ou rt een y ear s and tw o y ear s ago h e b u il t on e of th e fin est

chur ch es in th e d i oce se Six m il es south is Wh eatl and with a pri est
.
and chu rch which is l ocated on a b eau tiful hill in th e m idst of a

,
pr air i e and not far from th e b ou nd ary l in e b etween Wi scon sin and
Illinoi s To th e West from here on a b eautif ul l ake i s Geneva which
.
i s n ear sev er al mi ssion s F arth er westward i s B el oit with two pri ests
.
and th en foll ow J an e svill e an d M onr oe I n th e l atter pl ace a new .
chu r ch w as b l essed a f ew weeks ago In th e sam e westerl y directi on .
are Shull sb u rg an d Sin sin aw a M oun d wh ere th e D omini can F ath e r s
8
Mi ch ae l W isb au er w as pastor of S t S eb ast
. i an s
’
C h urch in Bur l i ngto n .
Wisconsin C a th o l icism in 1 8 6 1 36 5
have id site From th e hill at th e foot of which

a col l e ge on a spl end .
th e coll ege l i es one can vi ew f or a d i st an ce of five or six m il es th e

M ississippi v all ey which form s th e w estern b oundary of th e di ocese .
In th e inte rven ing region are th e rich l e ad m in es of Wi scon sin with

“
headquarters at Potosi and M in eral Point In this territory there are .
a numb er of pari sh es of which howev er I kn ow l ittl e In B enton ,

.
th e Rev M azzuch ell i a D om ini can b u il t a v ery b eau tif ul church

9
.
, ,
an d al so est ab l i sh ed a conv en t of th e Si ster s of th e Th ir d O r der of
St D om ini c In Potosi th ere are now two r esident priest s wh o are

. .
ob li ge d t o t end m any m i ssi on s In M in er al Poin t th ere i s a p riest and .
ch u rch F arth er north in Highl and th er e are tw o priest s of wh om th e

.
Germ an one h as to care f or sever al mi ssion s Wh er e th e Wi sconsin .
river empties in to th e M ississippi Pr air ie du Chien is located which ,
af te r Green B ay i s th e oldest C an adi an settl em en t in Wi scon sin B ut

.
.
l ike Gr een B ay it h as l agged b ehin d oth er citi es Ther e in th e y ear .
1 8 4 3 qu ite a sp aci ou s chu rch w as b u il t in th e h O pe th at Pr a irie du

C hien in stead of M il w aukee would b ecome th e see of th e prospectiv e
b i shopri c of Wi scon si n B ut whi l st M il waukee h as now . inh ab i
t an ts Prai rie du Ch ien h as h ardl y 3 0 00 La Crosse whi ch is h ardly .
,
ten year s ol d gr ew m uch l ar ger and h as alr e ady 7 0 0 0 in h ab itan t s so

, ,
th at it h as b een con sidered as th e see of a new diocese for northwestern

Wi sconsin At p resent there are two priests in La Crosse Farther
. .
nor th u p th e M i ssi ssi ppi I kn ow of onl y on e p ri e st re si den t in E au ,
de Cl air e wh o h owever h as m any m ission s I n Hudson and Chi ppew a

,
.
F all s th ere w e re pr i e st s form erl y b ut I do n ot know if any are th ere

now Ne xt w eek th e M ost Rev B i sh op will com e in t o thi s di st an t
. .
secti on a n ew fi el d of th e di ocese in or de r to Vi sit all th ese pari shes

, ,
in th e northwest and to adm inister th e sacr am en t of confirm ation in

m ost of th em Th ence b y r ail road f rom La Crosse h e will tr av el to
.
Port age City an d th en goin g north again h e will proceed to St even s

,
Point an d M ar ath on City on th e Wi scon sin river Here th ere are .
ext ensiv e pin e for e st s and so f or a l on g tim e numerou s saw m ill s h av e
exi ste d whi ch ship l arge qu antiti e s of l umb er to St Lou i s and New .
O rl ean s B etween La Crosse and Port age City th er e are sever al par
. .
ishes b ut of su ch recent origin th at I am unab le to give their n ames

, .
Th ere are al so sever al n ew settl em ent s west of Port age towar d
9 S m l Ch l
a ue M h ll i O P ( 1 8 06
ar es w
azzu c eb i M il
, It l y. d . as orn n an a an
m t th U it d St t f th m t f m mi i
,
ca e o ei 1 828 H w n e a es n . i e as one o e os a ou s ss on ar es
f th M i ddl W t i th m id t y ; h i gh l y wi i g v t
.
o e e es n f l ie -
cen u r su ccess u n nn n con er s
a m g th I di
on f M i h ig
e n d Wi i
an s o d f cdi g p i h
an an i I w sco ns n , an ou n n ar s es n o a,
I l li ino s,d Wi i H di d whi l p t f St P t i k Ch r h B t
an scon s n . e e e as or o . a r c
’
s u c , en on ,
Wi i f t b i g p d t b li d i m ki g i k ll t p i h i
scons n , a er e n ex ose o a zz ar n a n a s c ca o a ar s o ner .
3 66 Th e Na t io na l Pe riod
Nordport Wolf river and then at B eaver D am and Ri pon

on th e .
In th ese pl aces are thr ee or four pri ests wh o coul d t al k a gr eat dea l
ab out th e pre sent p athl ess w ilde rn e ss th e re Northw ard up th e Wolf .
river is th e m i ssion of th e Menominee Ind ians of whom ab ou t 8 00

are C ath ol ics O nl y ab ou t six w eeks ago th e son of th e p rincip al chi ef
.
O shkosh al l owed him self to b e b apti zed and for thi s r eason we hope
th at all th e M enom inees of ab ou t 1 2 00 soul s will b e converted O n .
th e northern b order s of Wi scon sin on L ake Superi or th er e i s ano th er

mi ssion am ong th e Chippew as Th e M ost R ev B i sh op h as pl aced thi s
. .
mi ssi on t empor aril y u nder th e j u risdiction of th e M ost Rev B ishop .
B araga of S aul t St e M ari e b ecau se it can b e t aken care of m ore

l 0
.
,
conv en ientl y f rom th er e .
A rail road conn ects b oth La Crosse and Pr airie du Chien with
M il w aukee T r avell ing f rom th e l atter pl ace we pass sever al p ari sh es
.
u ntil we com e to M azom anie wh er e a pri est i s st ation ed if I am not

, ,
mi st aken Ab out twel ve mil es northw ards on th e Wi sconsin river

.
Sauk City is l ocated where th ere i s a pri est and chu rch and in
, ,
ne arb y Roxb u ry the r e i s al so a pri e st Som ewh at sou th of M azom an i e .
there are two priest s in th e township of Cross Pl ains Fourteen miles .
f rom h ere b y r ail road you arrive at M adi son th e st ate capit al whi ch , ,
is well l ocated on a r ath er high hi ll in th e m id st of four l akes Th ere .
are two ch u rch es with r e si d en t p ast or s h ere O n a p romin ent site .
ne ar th e capit al a m agn ifi cen t chu rch of cut st one was st art ed som e
years ago and its wall s were fini shed up to a b it ab ove th e win dows ,
b ut it is st i ll u nfin i sh ed du e to l ack of m oney .
F rom M ad i son toward M il waukee on th e r ail r oad i s Whitew ater

w i th its p r i est and church and al so Eagle Center with a church which
is in ch arge of priest s f rom E ast Troy and Waukesh a In Elm Grov e .
nin e m i l es from M il w aukee th e School S i ster s of Notr e D am e h av e
b u il t an o rph an age with a b e au tif ul ch apel throu gh th e generosity

of hi s M aj esty K in g Lu dwi g of B av ari a At Whit ew at er th e r ail ro ad .
runni ng west is crossed b y one com ing from th e sou th out of Ch icago ,
and on this l i ne northw ard s J eff er son i s soon r each ed wh i ch i s ab ou t

,
fifty m il es from Milw aukee I h ad visited th e fo rm er pl ace in 1 8 44

.
. ,
and fou nd o nl y t en f am ili e s At that tim e th e ague was raging in

. -
th e vi ci nity so th at am ong th ese f amil i e s on on e occasion I b rou ght

Hol y Com m uni on at E astertime to ten of th e stricken wh o were l iving
1 0
i
Fre der c B araga ( 1 797— 1 8 6 8 ) b orn in S l ove n a i n th e A u str an Em p re, i i i
i
b ec am e o ne o f th e m o st accom pl sh e d stu dent s of th e I nd an l angu ages of any i
i i i i t
C ath ol c m ss o nary in th e U n ted S ates He w as rst V car A pos o l c of U pper
. fi i t i
i i fir i
M ch gan, 1 8 5 3- 1 8 57 and st B sh op of Saul t S a n e-M ar e and M ar uette f rom
, it i q
1 8 57 to hi s death .
368 Th e Na t ion a l P er iod
Th e Nur sin g Si st ers in th e Mili t ary Ho spit al s

of Vir gini a, J anu ary , 1 862— A ril , 1 8 65
p
O NE of th e m os i n spi i n g t
an d l r
l e kno n tr itt
ch ap e s of t h e C i vi
l W ar w
w itt
was r en b y th e n ea l 5 0 0 m emb e s of r ry en r r ti
or m o e con g ega on s of tw ty
r i i w
el g ou s om en w h o n u se d th e w r
ou n ded in th e m l ai it ry h it
osp al s of b o th
r t t r
th e N o t h an d S ou h A m ong th e m os p om in en of
. t th r ti
ese con g ega on s
wr tr
e e t h e D au gh e s of C a h ri t y of S tVi t
n cen d e P au l wh ose m o th r h
. e ou se
it r
a t Em m sb u g, M a ry i it t r
l an d , w as onl y a f ew m l es d s an f om th e b a l e el d tt fi
at G e tty r i
sb u g Speak n g o f . th t r
a m em o ab l e encou n e tr J in u ly , 1 8 6 3 S s eitr ,
i
C am l l a O K eef e ( 1 8 1 5
’
t r ry t t
a c on em p o a , s a ed
“
hy
T e f ou g ht t
u n il ,
v i v i
th e e en n g o f th e 3 r d, ad an c ng b y th i r v
e t r
m o em e n s m o e and m o e t o r
r
w a d s ou r p eace f u l V al e , soth t i i
a our b u l d n gs a n d th e v ry rt tr
e ea h em b l e d
r th ir
f om e can n on s
”
r h iv J h tr
( A c es of S t osep s C en al H ou se, Em m sb u g
’
. it r ,
“
t
N o es, p hr r r t
T e e i s eco d of at l eas 2 3 2 of th e D au g e s of
. ht r
h ri y
C a t w h o engaged in n urs n g th e i tr ri
o op s d u n g th e w ar O n S ep em b et r .
t tt fi ”
2 0 1 9 24 , a m onu m en t o t h e Nu n s of th e B a l e eld w as u n e l e d in
, vi
i t r tr t r tth w th r
W ash ng on ac o ss th e s ee f om S t M a e s C a ed al t o com m em o a e
’
. rt
th e d ee d s of th h r i w
ese e o c om en of th e m an y r ti
con g ega on s w h o ga e v th ir
e
se rvices t o t h e w ir
ou n d ed sol d e s Th e f oll o wi t
n g d ocu m e n of S s e
. itr A n gel a
t
H ea h ( 1 8 30 vi r J ry
wh o saw ser ce f om anu a , 1 8 6 2 , t o A p l 1 3 ,
'
ri
r y tr rr r
1 8 65 , f ou d a s af e th e su en de of Lee at A ppom a o , g es a good tt x iv
i i fi ti tr itr t y v r
d ea o f t h e d f cu l es en cou n e e d b y th e s s e s as h e m o ed f om one
it th r ri i
h osp al t o an o e du ng th e cam pa gn s of th e O ld D om n on S ou ce i i r .
A cr hiv es o f S t J h
ose p tr
.
’
it r
s C e n al H ou se E mm sb u g M a yl an d , r “
A nnal s o f
‘
, ,
th e C i vil W 1 861 ar, pp 95 —9 8 . .
Left Ri chm ond for M an asses on th e 9 th of J anu ary 1 8 6 2 at th e .

,
sol i cit ati on of D r Will i am s M edical D ir ector of th e Ar my of th e

l
.
Potom ac W e w ere five in numb e r

. foun d on t aki ng posse ssi on 500 , , ,
patient s si ck ,
wounded of b oth arm ies Mortal ity was very great as .
,
th e si ck poor h ad b een v ery much n egl ect ed Th e w ards w ere in a .
m ost depl or ab l e condition strongl y r esi st ed all eff ort s of th e b r oom

,
t o whi ch they h ad l on g b een str an ger s th e aid of a sh ovel w as ,
found n ecessary At b est th ey were b ut poor protection again st th e

.
,
inclem ency of th e se ason b eing scattered we were often obli ged to ,
go thr ou gh snow over a foot deep to w ait on th e sick F or our own , .
accomm od ation we h ad on e sm all room which se rved f or dormitory , ,
ch apel &c &c , when we were fortun ate enough to get a chapl ain
, .
,
th e hol y sacrifice w as d ail y off e red in a l ittl e co rn er of ou r humb l e

dom icil e Th e kitch en to which wh at we c all ed our refect ory was
.
, ,
1 An eff or t to id tif yen W i ll i am s f urth er w as u nsuccessfu l .

Nu rs ing S is ters an d th e Civil War 36 9
a tt ached was I do not think I ex agger ate when I say a qu arter of a

, ,
mil e from our r oom oft en it w as foun d m ore pruden t to b e sati sfied
,
with two meal s th an to tru dge throu gh th e snow for a third whi ch at ,
b est w as not ve ry inviting f or th e culin ary departm ent w as not under

, ,
ou r control b ut un de r th at of negroe s wh o h ad a deci ded aver sion for

, ,
cl eanl in ess O n an av er age ten d i ed every d ay

. of thi s nu m b e r I , , ,
thi nk I m ay saf el y say fou r we re b aptized either b y F athers Sm oul ders

, ,
[sic]
2
F eel ing [ sic] or b y ou r Si ster s It h appened sever al tim es th at
3
.
m en wh o h ad b een u n til then t ot all y ign or ant of our f aith

,
I m ay ,
say ev en of G od sen t t o u s in th e m i ddl e of th e ni ght

,
when they ,
found th at th ey were dying b egged for b apti sm which aston i sh ed

.
,
as w ell as con sol e d e dified us O n th e 1 3 th of M arch we receiv ed .
or der s fr om G en J ohn son [sic] to pack up qu ietly b e r eady t o 4

.
,
l eave on six h ou rs notice , as it w as f ou nd necessary to r etreat f rom

’
th at qu arter O h th e horror s of w ar ! We h ad scarcel y l eft our post

.
th an th e whol e camp w as one m ass of fl am e th e b odies of those wh o ,
d ied th at d ay wer e con su m ed O ur next fi eld of l ab or was th e m il it ar y

, .
hospit al at Gordonsvill e W e were b u t three in numb er foun d 2 00 .
p a ti en t s v er k si ck pn eu m on i a an d ty ph o i d f ev e r p r ev ail in g H er e .
again priv ations w ere n ot w an tin g Th e sick w er e v e ry poorl y provi ded .
f or al th ou gh th e m ort ali ty w as not as gr eat as at M an asses

,
.
F ath e r S wh o w as our ch apl ain at th at tim e rece ived ab ou t twen ty five

.
-
into th e comm uni on o f th e Chu rch some of whom died sh ortl y after .
O n e m o rnin g as Si ster A nn Estell e w as vi siting h er p atient s b efore 5
M ass one call ed from th e l ower end of th e w ard O h ! S ister Si ster

, ,
“
, ,
do com e sav e m e l et m e die in th e chu rch th at y ou Si st er s b el ong t o

, .
I b el ieve all that you b eli eve F ather S wh o was vestin g for m ass was .
”
.
,
at fir st u nwilli ng t o w ait on h im un til af te r b u t as Si ste r in si st e d th at ,
no tim e was t o b e l ost h e w ent an d b aptized h im as we knel t at

, ,
Et v erb um c aro f actum e st h e expired Th e approach of th e

“ ”
th e , .
Feder al s compell ed u s t o l eav e Gor don svill e on E aster Sunday we

'
retreated in good order to D anvill e

“
Here we found 40 0 sick ”
.
mu ch b etter provided for th an in M or Most of our patien t s were

“
1
. .
C athol ic at least in n am e f or m any h ad almost forgotten their duties

, ,
Eg d
2
i i us ( G il es ) Sm u l ders C SS R , . . .
( 1 815 w as a Dutch -b orn p r es , i t
ch ap l ai n of th e E gh th Lou i ii
s an a t
I nf an ry , w h o ser v t
e d throu gh ou th e e nt r e w ar i
m
.
3 Henr y Fehl i ngs ( 1 8 22 a G er an-b orn pr es , w h o w as d spe nse d f rom i t i

h is vow s as a Redem pt or s in
'
it M ay , 1 8 6 1 , an d d ed as p as o of St M ary s i tr ’
ti Y
.
Ch u rch , U ca, New ork .
4
J
o seph E J t
oh ns o n ( 1 8 0 7— 1 89 1 ) w as in comm and of th e C on f e derate troop s
.
t
in nor h ern Virg n a at thi s t m e i i i .
5 A n eff ort t o i en i f
d t
y h s rel g ous was not s uccessf u l ti ii .
37 0 Th e Na t io na l Per iod
as suc h b ut i t w as our consol ation to see them entering upon them

,
agai n w i th th e simpl i city of ch ild ren Th e ze al of good F athe r S l ed . .
m any to a knowl ed ge of our hol y r el igi on ab ou t 5 0 were b apti zed .

.
In Nov th e M edi cal Directo r rem oved our h ospi t al to Lyn chb u rg as
.
there was n o m eans of h eatin g th at in D anvill e O ur numb er h ad .
increased to five as th e hospit al w as l arger cont ained 1 000 pati ents ,
whom w e f ound in a m ost pitif ul condition Th e persons wh o were in .
ch ar ge h ad a v ery good will b u t not th e me ans of carryi ng it ou t

, , ,
al th ou gh th e f u nd w as ampl e th e poor p ati en t s w ere h alf st arv ed owing

,
ent i r el y t o m i sm anagem en t A s w e passed thr ou gh th e w ar d th e fir st

.
time accompani ed b y th e D r a m an from th e lower end cal led ou t

, .
, ,
“
Lady oh l ady for God s sake g ave m e a piece of b read To give
,
’
.
”
you an i dea of th e care th e sick h ad received i t will b e suffi ci en t to ,
say th at th ou gh th e wh ol e e st ab l i shm en t h ad b een cl eaned for our
recepti on som e of th e Si sters swept up th e ve rmi n in th e du st pan Th e

, .
doctor s soon pl aced everything under our control with a l ittle ,
e con om y th e p atient s w ere w ell provi de d for order b egan to pre v ail , .
F ath er Gache a zeal ou s , hol y Jesu it efl ected m uch good rem oved
6
,
m any prej u dices f rom th e m in ds of tho se wh om a f aul ty educati on h ad

m ade enem ies b itter enem ies of our h ol y f aith Dur ing th e three .
ye ars th at w e rem ained in L h e b aptized 1 00 Th e approach of th e

. .
Federal s pl aced our h ospital in imm in ent danger it was decided to

mov e th e sick & h ospit al stor es to Richm ond Th e Su rgeon Gener al .
of th e C onfe der at e Ar m y b egged th at we would t ake ch arge o f th e

7
Stu art h ospit al in th at ci ty which w e did on th e 1 3th of F eb 1 8 6 5 . . .
W e wer e then 1 0 in nu mb er as u su al we fou nd pl enty to do to pl ace

, ,
.
th e si ck in a comf ort ab l e situ ation whi ch w e h ad j u st accompl i sh ed ,
when th e city was ev acu ated o n th e 1 3 th of A pril th e h ospit al , .

,
b ei ng di spensed with we l eft R for our sweet v all ey home

, . .
Th e Eff orts o f A rchb ish op Hugh es to Keep

France Neu tral D u ring th e C ivil War ,
J anu ary 2 9 1 8 62 ,
r
TH E pe so nal f en d sh p b e e en A c bri i tw r h i h p H gh s nd
o u es a W i ll i am H .
wr
S e a d ( 1 8 0 1 —1 8 7 2 ) th t
a h ad d e el op e d du v ri g t h e l tt r ti m
.
n a e
’
s e as Go vr r
e no
6
i i
H ppol t e G ach e S I , . .
( 1 8 17 was a ch ap l a n i wh o e nt ere d th e ser vi ce
f rom Lou s ana ii .
7 Sa
muel P eston Moo r re ( 8
1 1 3—1 8 89 ) w as S u rgeo n Gener al of th e Confederate
Army .
372 Th e Na t ion al Per iod
My mind h as b een rel ieved

very gre at sol icitude b y th e speechof
of th e Emperor It was n ot in my power to determ in e b efore hand

.
,
eith er directl y or in directl y th e ton e of th at import an t documen t B ut

,
.
I have done all I could to b ring ab out th e resul t I knew thi s peopl e .
b efore I l eft h om e I kn ew th ere could b e n o gen er al hostil ity to th e

.
U States amongst them But at present th e Sovereign is Fr ance and

. .
if th e Sovereign h ad adopted anoth er styl e in hi s openin g speech F r ance ,
would have stood b y h im and Engl and woul d b e rej oiced at hi s ,
de term in ation A s it i s Engl an d i s compell ed t o pause b efore sh e

.
,
ent er s in t o a cont est with th e United St at es Still it will b e most .

,
irn port ant f or u s n ot to giv e any pretext for in tervention b y eith e r

Fr an ce or Engl an d or b o th un ited for hosti l ities from this side of
th e Atl antic .
In th e wi se prudent an d so f ar as I know perfectl y j u st poli cy of

, , ,
th e G ove rnm en t in d i sposing of th e l ate aff air o f th e Tr ent

“ ”2
Europe ,
h as b een caught in it s own tr ap Let Eu rope b e hel d stri ctl y t o wh at .

,
n ol en s v ol en s it h as b een ob l iged to r ecogni ze

, viz th e old prin
cipl e s of th e Am eri can G ov ernm en t as to m aritime an d n eu tr al ri ght s .
Perm it m e to st ate m y cour se as a l oy al citizen since I came to , ,
F r an ce I h ad no encour agem en t fr om our ofi ci al s B ut independen t

. .
3
,
of th e ir p atron age I h ave h ad as you m ay suppose th e entree to

, , ,
th e b est Society in Pari s as an America n B i shop At dinn ers .
soir é e s it h as com e up in v ari ab l y th at th e company eith e r b ef or e or , ,
du ring or aft er d inn er referred to m e for an expl anation of th e Civil

,
W ar th at is now exi sting b etween two sections of our once United

St ates I di d expl ain as well as I coul d perfectl y sat i sfied th at wh atever
.
,
I sai d would re ach th e e ar s of one or other of th e Min isters within

twenty four hou rs after its utterance B esides dur in g my in terview .
,
4
with th e Emperor I fel t no hesitation in st atin g wh at none of his

,
M in ister s woul d ventu re to say I mi ght almost add th at on th e sam e .
occasi on I h ad th e eff rontery even to give advice It i s gener all y th ou ght .
that certain m en are ab ove b eing influenced Th is is a m i stake If there . .
O n Novem b er 8 , 1 8 6 1 , th e Conf e der a e co mm ss oners to Grea Br ta n and

2
t i i t i i
iti
Fr ance were rem oved f rom th e Br sh m a l p acke Tren t b y th e A m er can w ar i t i
i i ti
shi p S an J ac in to th u s prec p t a ng a cr s s b e w een th e W ash ngt on an d London ii t i
gov ernm ent s .
3 Hu gh es all u de d several tim

in h is corr espo ndence w th Sew ar d to th e ge n
es i
i i
erall y cool re cept on h e h ad re ce ved f rom A m er can offi c al s in Fr ance A t th e i i .
i i
t ime W ll am L D ay ton ( 1 80 7—1 8 6 4 ) w as th e A m er can m ni s er
. i i t .
4 Th i iv
e arch b sh op w as rece ed i n au d ence b y Emperor N apol eon I I I and i
i
Empress Eu gen e o n D ecem b er 24 1 8 6 1 Hu gh es m em or andum of th e m eet ng
’
, . i
J
m ay b e read i n oh n R G H assar d , Life of th e M ost R evere nd J o h n H ugh e s
. . ,
F irst A rch b ish op of N e w Yo r k ( New ork pp 4 6 5-4 68 Y , . .

F rance Ne u tra l in 1 8 6 2 37 3
v r was a m an of such a type it woul d b e Gener al J ackson A nd yet

e e .
whil st General J ackson would di sregard under certain circum stances , ,
th e opini on of h is wh ol e C ab in et Gener al J ackson mi ght t ake u p an d ,
reflect upon a phr ase uttered b y th e b arb er wh o sh aved him At all .
event s I think w e mi ght h av e f are d w or se in F r an ce th an we h ave done

,
.
Sever al of th e B i sh ops f rom th e di strict s th at are suff e ring owing ,
to th e int erru ption of tr ade with Am eri ca call ed upon m e as th ey ,
su ccessiv el y arriv ed in Pari s T o th em al so I h ad an O pportunity of 5

.
rel atin g t h e state of th e case For th e m ost part they cam e to see th e .
Emperor on th e foll owin g day an d to expose t o him th e st at e of
destitu tion in wh ich their poor peopl e w ere suff ering Wh eth er th ey .
m ade known to th e Emperor th e view s which I comm uni cated or n ot ,_ ,
I have no means of ascert aining B ut at all event s I thou ght it no .
h arm to m ake them acqu ain ted with th e sub st ance of th e D espatch ,
a copy of whi ch you wer e kind en ou gh to confi de t o m e for priv at e u se .
I h ave j ust received your kind l etter of th e 9 th in st I am gl ad th at .
th e Pr esi den t does not deem it u sefu l or necessary for m e t o e x ecu te

th e pu rpose whi ch I h ad con ceived onl y on th e hypoth esi s th at it
mi ght b e u seful to th e C ountry B y th e b y in speak ing of th e Pr e si .
,
dent I m ay b e all owed to say th at in thi s c ou ntry at l east h e i s

, ,
winn ing gol den opin ion s for h is c alm unostent atiou s m ild b ut firm , , , ,
and energetic adm in i str ativ e t al ent s .
I int end to l eave next M onday for a short visit to R om e Af ter th at .
I sh all h ave to vi sit Irel and in conse quence of invit at i on s f rom th at ,
cou ntry and for r e ason s of my own From Irel an d I sh all sail for .
home as soon as th e severe win ter m onth s are over

, .
I rem ain My D ear Governor as ever You r devoted Fd servt

, , , .
X J ohn A b p of New Yo rk ><
A bl k d
5 f th
oc a e oth p ts w d l d b y th U i g
e sou ern m t i
or as e c ar e e n on ov ern en n
A p il 1 8 6 1
r , d it h d b , gh tan t ff i g t th F
a h t til i d t i
rou acu e su er n o e re n c ex e n u s r es
wh i h w l g ly d p d t p th
“
c ere so ar e tt
e en en u on sou ern co on .
H gh
6 w u i ll lik l ih
es d f
as i g h t p j t d v i it t M d i d t
n a e oo re err n ere o a ro ec e s o a r o
t y t
r ifl o th g v
n ue nce m t f I b ll II ( 1 8 30
e o er n Th en ity f o sa e a e n ecess o
th t i p t Sp i w
e r o b i t d by hi l t
a n f
as o v a e i R m w i th th S p i h s a er con erences n o e e an s
amb d
assa or d th tw w Sp i h
an di l
e M ig l G
o i C
ne t ( 1 80 3an s c ar n a s, ue arc a- ue s a
A h b i h p f C m p t ll d F di d d l P ( 1 808
‘
rc s o o o t os e a, an er n an o e a ue n e
A hbi h p f B g
rc s o o ur os .
37 4 Th e Na t io nal Period
Am eri can Dipl om ati c Rel ations With th e

P apal St ates S eptemb er 27 1 8 6 2 , ,
IN J U NE 1 7 9 7 th e U ni ted St t i g r t d o l r r l ti o with th
, , a es n au u a e c n su a e a ns e
P p l St t
a a A h l f century l at r Pr i d e t Polk
a es . a gg t d th e est b l i h m n t e es n su es e a s e
o f d ipl om ti r el ti n b etw e th tw c n tr i
a c a o in h i m e ag to C ongre
s e n e o ou es s ss e ss
o f D em b r 7 1 8 4 7 a d in p i te of b itt r ppo i tion f r m th e A mer i n

ec e , ,
n s e o s o ca
na tivi t th e pr p l w
s s rri d D ring th cri i of th e C ivi l W r nd
o osa as ca e . u e s s a a
th e t n i in It ly v r th R i gim t th Am ri c n l g ti on t R m
e s on a o e e so r en o e e a e a a o e
t k
oo n ew i n t r est
on i reflect d in th e i n tr cti on ( given b el ow ) of
as s e e s u
S ptem b r 27 1 8 62 f r m S ecretary f St te W i l l i m H S w rd t Ri h d
e e , , o o a a . e a o c ar
M Bl tch f rd ( 1 7 9 8 — 1 8 7 5 ) wh h ad r
. a o tly b en ppoi nt d m in i ter F ive o ecen e a e s .
years l t r n th e pr t xt of
a e , o nt ir el y f l e rum or th t th
e e h r h of th e an e a s a e c u c
A m r i c n Pr te t nt in R m h d b n or d r d o t i d e th ci ty wall b y
e a o s a s o e a ee e e u s e s
th p p l g v r m ent C o gr ss refu d t m k th e n ec
e a a o e n , ry ppropri tion
n e se o a e e ssa a a
an d th m i i on w s b r ou ght to n e d wi th th r i g ti n f R f u s K i ng
e ss a a n e es na o o u
as m i ni t r n J s e ry 1 1 8 6 8 wi tho t ven f rm l notifi c ti n t th e

o anu a , ,
u e a o a a o o
g v r m ent S rce : L o Fr i Sto k U it d S t t Mi i

’
o e s o e n ou e an c s c n e a es n s
p p .
te rs t th P p l St t
o e I t ti a a d D p t h 1 8 48 —1 8 6 8 ( W sh
a es . n s ruc o ns an es a c es, a
in gt n Th C th l i U iv r i ty of A m ri c Pr
o : e a o c pp
n 2 5 8 —2 6 0
e s e a ess, . .
D epa m en rt t of S t ate W ashi ngton

, ,
27 th Sep temb er , 1 8 62 .
S ir
T his Gov ernm ent h as it sel dom h as h ad any speci al tran s n ot n ow , ,
act i o n e ith er comm er ci al or pol itical

,
t o en gage th e attention of a ,
M i ni ste r at Rom e I ndee d till a very l ate period th e United St ates

.
,
were wi thou t any representation at that ancient and in tere sting capital .
Th e first col on i st s in thi s coun try w ere chi efly Protest an t s wh o not ,
m erel y recogni sed no eccl esi astical authority of th e Pope b ut w ere ,
very j eal ou s l est h e m ight exert some eccl esi astical influence here which
woul d b e followed b y an assumption of political power u nf avorab l e
to f ree dom an d self gove rnm ent on thi s con tin ent It w as n ot seen th at
-
.
th e pol i t i cal pow er o f th e C ath ol i c Ch u rch w as a pu rel y f or eign aff air ,
const i tu t i ng an i m port ant part of th e pol itical sy stem of th e Eu rope an
cont i n e n t Th e open in g of ou r coun try as an asyl um to m en of al l

.
rel i gions as well as of all races and an extension of th e tr ade of th e

, ,
Uni on in a short tim e b rought with them l arge m asses of th e f aithf ul

,
m em b er s of th at Chu rch of v arious b ir th and deriv ation and these , ,
m asses are conti nu all y augm enting O ur country h as not b een sl ow .
to l earn th at wh i l e r el igion i s with th ese m asses as it i s with oth er s a , ,
m atte r of con sci ence and whil e th e spi r i tu al authority of th e h e ad of

,
their church is a card in al articl e of th eir faith which must b e toler ated ,
on th e sou nde st p ri nci pl e s of ci v i l l i b e rty yet th at thi s f aith in n o ,

37 6 Th e Na tiona l Pe riod
r t
for th e p ac ice Of all th e d u es ti w i h r w
h c go out of th e el at ons O f
_
r i ,
-
tri i t r
th e two coun es as ndependen m emb e s of th e f am l of n a on s iy ti .
Y ou wi r rt t r r r i
ll find Rom e a eso an d empo a y es dence of n ell ec u al i t t
p er son s fr om a ll part s O f th e w or l d Am o n g th em ar e m an y w h o in .
,
various degrees exercise an influ ence upon th e O pinions and perh aps
, , ,
in some cases upon th e pol i cies of n ati on s It will b e a pl easing duty .
for you at thi s m om ent wh en our unh appy dom estic conflict is a ,
sub j ect of uni ver sal d i scu ssion to vin d icat e th e j ustice th e wi sdom and , ,
th e moder ati on of th e Governm en t an d l oy al peopl e of th e Uni ted

States against those wh o from i ntere st pr ej udice or passion are
‘
, , ,
directin g their eff ort s to th e ov erthrow O f a r epub l ic whi ch we must

continu e to think still hol d s in i ts keeping th e b est h opes of th e
hum an r ace .
A C ath olic Ch apl ain With th e U nion Armi es ,
Octob er 2 1 8 62 ,
EVER i C an adi an b orn F ather Lou i s E Lotb i n ere ( 1 7 1 5—1 7 8 6 ) w as

s n ce -
. i
mm i ssioned b y th e C on ti nental C o gress in J an u ary 1 77 6 to se rve as

_
co n , ,
ch apl ai n to C ol on el J m e s Li vi ngston s re gi m en t O f C an ad i an vol u nt eer s

’
a ,
C ath ol i c pri est s in o e capacity or a oth er have b een ren deri g sp i ri tu al

n n n
a id to th e A m eri can arm ed f orces E arly i t h e C i vi l W r Pre i de t Li col n . n a s n n
i nform ed A rchb i sh op H ughes of New York th at h e h ad appoi nted three

Protestant m in i ster s s hospi tal chapl ain s an d h e adde d
a I f y ou perceive , ,
n o O b j ecti o I will th ank y ou to gi ve m e th e n am e or n m es of o e or

n, , a ,
n
m ore su itab l e person of th e C athol i c C h u rch to wh om I m ay wi th pro

s . ,
p iety ten der th e sam e servi ce ( A rch i ve s O f th e A r ch di ocese o f New Y ork

r , ,
Lin col n t o H gh es W ash i n gt on O ctob er 2 1

u , Eventu l l y sixty eve , , a -
s n
pr i e sts were enr l l ed ch apl ai n s in th e fi el d wi th th e U i on an d C on f e der ate

o as n
arm i e s togeth er wi th a nu m b er of ho p ital a d volun teer chaplai s and

,
s n n
ne arl y 5 00 i ters from Over twenty ngregati ons wh o cared f or th e

s s co
w u n ded in h pital A mong th e U n i on chapl ai s F ath r Peter P C oo ey

o os s . n e . n ,
C S C ( 1 8 22
. . . w as o e of th e m o t prom in ent H e w as attache d ton s .
th e 3 5 th Regi m nt I n d i an a V ol u t er
e ,
f rom O ct b er 1 8 6 1 t o Ju ne 1 8 6 5 n e s, o , , , ,
a n d saw servi e i n K en tu cky T ec essee an d G eor gi a du r i g wh i ch ti m e

,
nn ,
n
b e conc ive d deep dm irati on f or th e p iety of G eneral W i ll i am S Rose

e a a .
cr an s ( 1 8 1 9 a conv rt to C athol i c i m f r om h i s d ays at W est Poi nt

e s .
an d i t w as C oo ey wh o received G e er l D avi d S Stanl ey ( 1 8 2 8 — 1 9 0 2 ) i t

n n a . n o
th e C h u r ch e rly in 1 8 6 4 T h e f ol l owi n g l etter d epi cte d f or h i s b rothe r ex

a .
perien ces wh i h h ave b een m et b y all chapl i n s wh o h ave seen active

c a
fi gh ting with th e Am erica arm ie Source : Thom as T M cA voy C S C n s . .

, . . .
T h e W ar Letters of F ather Peter P ul C oo ey of th e C o gregat ion a n n
o f H oly C ross R d f th e A m i
,
C th olic H i to i l S ie ty of
e co r s o er ca n a s r ca oc
P h il delp h i
a XLIV ( M arch
a, 6 7— 6 9 , .
With th e Un ion A rmies 37 7
Louisvill e , K en tucky
O ctob er 1 862
My dear B roth er
After a l ong i
I am h appy to h ave an O pportunity to write
s l ence
y o u a few l i
.
n es S in ce I l a st wr o t e m
.
y h eal th h as n ev er b een b ett er .
It seem s as if my heal th grows b etter as my h ardships and f ati gues

increase ; for all that I h ad to undergo since I entered on this new
field of duty coul d not equal wh at I h ad to endure l ast m onth .
W e started from McMinnvill e Tennessee on th e l ast d ay O f Au gust ,
an d w e h ave b een m arching n e arl y ev er since W e arriv e d h e r e a f ew .
day s ago h aving tr av el ed withou t stoppin g b ut [for] th e necessary

, ,
rests over three hundred miles and nearl y th e whol e tim e in a dense
,
cl ou d of du st so th at we looked l ike so m any m ill er s Th er e [ wer e]

,
.
b etween sixty and eighty th ousand sol di er s with us m aking a fe arful ,
arm y Wh en we arrived here Munf ordsvill e Kentucky we prepared

.
, ,
for a b attl e as th e South ern troops were nearl y as m an y as we were

,
at thi s pl ace and th ey h av e th e b en efit O f a strong f ort ifi cation W e .
stopped a d ay and a ni ght to prepar e for th e b attl e b etw een two l ar ge
arm ies I hear d conf ession s all th at ni ght

. n o sl eep I sat eight h ou r s .
without getting O ff my seat It was a very cool night ; for th e n ights as

.
,
a gene r al thing are col der in th e Sou th th an in M i chigan or In di an a

,
b ut th e d ay s are w armer Ab ou t twel ve O cl ock my l egs wer e perfectl y

’
.
,
b enum b e d until one of th e poor sol di ers b rought m e a b l anket t o roll

,
around m y thi gh s; f or th ey think mor e O f an inconv en ience to m e th an
I do m yself Y ou m ight hear th em whispering to one another words

.
of sym p athy f or m e Th ey l ittl e kn ew th e joy th at w as in m y b re ast

.
,
mi dst all th ese trial s wh en I considered h ow much God w as doin g

,
with th e hands of his unworthy son

_
.
If [you ] w ere to see my conf ession al th at night you w ould l augh .
In th e even ing one O f th e sol dier s cam e to m e an d said : F ath er will

“
,
you b e h earin g toni ght ? Indeed I will m y dear with God s help
“ ” ’ ”
, , ,
I answered and I j ocosel y asked h im in presence O f th e other s Did ,

“
y o u not kn o w I w as h e a ring all day? NO Father said h e very ” “

, ,
innocentl y and h e notice d the j oke onl y when th e next comm enced
,
to l augh I fin d it an adv ant age som etim es in cam p to cr ack a j oke

.
with th em ; it ch eers th em up and enl iven s th e m onotony O f c amp

lif e Wh at will you do Father sai d one for a pl ace to hear con
“ ” “
.
, ,
fessions in? (For we were in th e open fiel d) Never mind I

” “ “ ”
,
answe red com e thi s w ay f our or five of you Th ey cam e an d we

“
, .
m ade thr ee stacks of gun s fou r guns in each in thi s sh ape V [ and] , , ,
th e b ayonet s w ere l ocked in to each oth er Th en we got thr ee bl anket s .

,
378 The Na t io na l Per iod
v ring two side s h anging on th e b ayonets; the other covered th e
tw o co e
top l e avin g th e f ront open A nd in thi s I sat all night Thi s is a pi ece
,
. .
of ar chitectur e th at you wi ll n ot find in M onroe Here th e poor fell ow s .
cam e i mpresse d with th e ide a th at perh aps thiS would b e th e l ast

,
Z - .
‘
conf essi on O f th e ir l iv es Som e of th e O fli cers gave m e th eir will s and '
then went to confession B ut it w oul d t ake vol um es to tell all . .
Here de ar B rother in such pl aces l if e is v al ued as it ought as

, ,
worth nothing Th at ni ght I b aptized a non comm issioned O fli cer wh o

.
-
was to th at tim e an Ep i scopal i an But we cam e to Munf ord svill e th e .
next d ay an d th e r eb el s h ad run aw ay W e caught onl y th e hin d ones .
wh o coul d n ot keep up A l l th e m arch we w er e up at two o cl ock

’
.
in th e m orning; an d generall y it w as ten or el even O cl ock b efor e we

’
-
coul d get to b e d w i thou t t ent s b ut th e b road c anopy of heav en

,
I ,
.
al one h ad a t en t al ong b ut som e n ight s it w oul d b e five m il es b eh in d
in th e w agon tr ain So you see we h av e high l iving wh en you com e

“
.
to add to thi s th at th e m en h ad to m arch som e times e ight h ours

,
with ou t anything to eat .
Th e wh ol e arm y st arted y e sterd ay from h er e tow ard s B ardstown

f orty m il es f rom h e re to m eet th e enem y I foll ow them t omo rrow .
morning I sh al l t ake a trip hom e to rest ab ou t th e en d of th e month

. .
I thi nk th e dr afting sy stem is given up so you nee d not b e troub l ed ,
ab ou t i t Pr ay pr ay de ar B roth er for m e and for you r selves an d

.
, , ,
heaven sh al l b e our reward .
You r B rother ,
P P C ooney C h ap lain . .
,
3 5th Reg Ind Vol . . .
Write im m edi ately and l et m e know h ow m y m o e and all th e folks th r

are G iv e m y lo v e t o all
. D ir ect you r l ett er . to m e C h apl ai n 3 5 th Reg .
Ind Vol . Lou isvill e K entucky

.
, , .
F ath er
’
P urcell s S t an d in B eh alf of Em anc1
’
p a t i on o f t h e S l ave s Apri l 8 1 863 , ,
TH E ol d e s t i t wp pr
co n tin
th U it d S t t
u ou s C a h ol
i th c ne s a e 1n e n e a es s . e
C th l i T l g p h
a o c f C i n i nn ti whi h b g
e e ra
p b l i ti n
o O t b r 22 c a c e an u ca o on c o e ,
1 8 3 1 Li k it C th ol i
. o t m p r ri
e s th T l g p h om m
a c c t d fr ly n e o a e s, e e e ra c en e ee on
pol i ti l ff i rca d tha C i vi l W

a m e on it
s an d i t r F th er E dward
as e ar ca s e o , a
P r ll
u ce b r th r o f J oh B P r ll —1 8 8 3
) fi r t Ar h
o e n . u ce s c
bi h p f C
s o i ti b
o m m r t p k i h i pp iti to l v ry
1 n c nn a , eca e o e ou s o en n s o os on s a e .
It w t as n o y p l i y to p r e i
an b O de
e as t t e l i k O h i o nd
o c u su n a r r s a e , a as a
q P r ll h d t p y d rly i lo f pp rt f r m th r '
c o n se ue nce u ce a o a ea n ss O su o o sou e n
canno t rying out ignorance ab oli tion b ut b y friendly

b e done b y c ,
” “
,
di scu ssion Wh eth er we l ike it or not sl ave ry is extin gui sh ed in th e

. ,
United States and all that we have to do is to decide h ow we sh all

,
accomm od at e ou r sel ves to comi ng ev ent s

“ ”
.
W e h ave said an d we now repe at it th at sl ave ry and th e C atholi c ,
Church could never get al ong well together Th e Ch ui ch never tries .

'
to c orr ect evil s b y r evol uti on ary m ean s Wh en sh e h as n ot th e l egi s .
l ative power in h er h and s sh e i s patient l ong suff ering gentl e Wh at ,

-
, .
sh e c oul d n ot suppre ss sh e t ol er at ed B ut sh e f oun d sl av e ry li ttl e di s .
posed t o im it ate h er m eekn ess Wh en th e sl av e power predom inates .

,
rel igion is n omin al There is no life in it It is th e h ard workin g l ab ori ng

. .
-
m an wh o b u ilds th e church th e school house and th e orph an asyl um , ,
not th e sl aveh ol der as a gen er al rul e Rel i gi on flou ri sh es in a sl ave

, .
St ate onl y in proportion to its intimacy with a free St ate or as it i s ,
adj acent to it Th ere are m ore C ath ol i cs in th e C ath edr al con gr egati on
.
O f thi s city th an in North and Sou th C ar olin a and Georgi a ! Th er e are
m ore C ath ol ics in on e of our second r ate congregations th an in th e -
whol e State of Al ab am a! Lou isian a ought to b e a Cathol ic State b ut it ,
h as n ever sent a Sen ator or Represent ative to Congress wh o i dentified

him self with th e C athol ic cau se so far as we know Th e sl ave owner s , .
-
are n ot th e zeal ou s m en O f th e Chu rch in th at St ate .
What help is C ub a with all its riches to th e C athol ic cause? Th e

, ,
poorest Iri sh or Ge rm an c ongregation in th e f ree St ates does m ore for

rel igi on than Havana if we can rel y upon th e representations of those
,
wh o ou ght to kn ow an d wh ose ch ar act er forb i ds decepti on It appear s .
to u s th er efore th at sl av ery i s n ot fri en dl y to th e propagation of th e

, ,
C athol ic F aith or to its ch arity an d fe rvor when it happen s to b e

professed If for tell ing th ese pl ain truth s any sub scrib er wi shes to
.
with dr aw his patron age we h ope h e will do so at once An d if f or

, .
telli ng these truth s th e l adi es of a comm unity in a sl ave State choose

to b u rn our Paper again they h ave our li b erty if th at b e O f any , ,
con sequ ence to prove th eir ami ab il ity and pi ety b y doing so Th e time
, .
is near at h and wh en th ey will wi sh th at th ey h ad b een more tol er ant

to th e expre ssi on O f an O pini on .
But to our knowl edge O f eccl esi astical hi story : No one now ventur es
to doub t say s B alm es th at th e Church exerci sed a powerful infl uence
“
, ,
on th e ab ol ition of sl av ery : thi s i s a tru th too cl ear and eviden t to b e
questi oned It did all th at was possib l e in f avor of hum an l ib erty ;

.
if it did n ot adv an ce m or e r apidl y in th e work it was b ecause it could ,
not do so with ou t compromi sing th e u ndert akin with o t r ting

g u c e a
E mancipa tion f th e S laves
o 38 1
se rious ob st acl es to th e desired em ancipation Such is th e r esul t at .
which we arrive when we h ave thorou ghl y ex am ined th e ch arges m ade

against som e proceed in gs o f th e Chu rch Th at sl av ery endu r ed for a .
l ong tim e in presence of th e Chu rch i s tru e ; b ut it w as al w ay s d ecl in ing ,
an d onl y l asted as l ong as was necessary t o r e ali ze th e b en efit withou t
violence withou t a shock withou t compromi ttin g [sic] its uni

versality an d its con tinu ati on ) These f ew words from th e fif teenth
”
ch apt er of B ahn es incom par ab l e work sh ow th e ex act positi on

’
,
occu pi ed b y th e Chu r ch in r efer en ce to sl av ery To say th at sh e ev er .
f avore d th e sy stem is a cal mn ny Sh e procl aim ed m en s f r ate rn ity with

’
.
each oth er an d the ir equali ty b efor e God and th er efor e cou l d n ot b e

, ,
th e advocate of sl avery .
With r espect to th e words of St Paul so often qu oted we find a .

, ,
ful l j u stifi cation of our position He writes to Phil em on comm ending h i s

.
,
faith an d ch arity and h e say s wherefore thou gh I m ight h ave much

“
, ,
con fi dence in Chri st J esu s to com m and th ee th a t wh ich is to th e
p urp ose f or ch arity s sake I r ather b eseech th o u b eing such a on e

’
, , ,
as P aul th e aged and now al so a

pr i son er of J esu s Chri st I b ese
‘
e ch th ee ,
for m y son O nesim us wh om I h ave b egotten in my ch ains

, whom I
have sent b ack to thee A nd do thou r eceive him as my own b owel s
. .
Not now as a serv ant b ut in stead of a serv ant a m ost de ar b roth er

, ,
e speci all y t o m e ; b ut h ow m uch m ore to th ee b oth in th e fl esh an d ,

”2
in th e good?
A n y one wh o yt hing in th i s in f avor of sl avery mu st h ave
can find an ,
piercing O ptics Woul d St Paul h ave sent him b ack t o a He athen

. .
m aster or one wh o w oul d h av e th e pow er an d th e will t o despi se
him to sell hi s wife an d chil dr en in to sl avery ? Th e th ou ght is n ot

to b e entert ain ed of th e b l essed apostl e?
I f a fugitive sl ave in thi s country was to b e sent b ack to som e m aster
in M i ssi ssippi or Tex as b y a C ath ol i c B i sh op of ou r d ay s b e arin g su ch ,
an epistl e as th e ab ove h ow would th e m aster m ock and th e world

,
l au gh at th e B i sh op? Wh at a j oke it w oul d b e con si dered in th e South ?

B ut wh at did th e Popes thi nk O f sl avery ? Thi s will prob ab l y thr ow
som e l ight on eccl esi astical hi st ory P aul III in 1 5 37 an d Urb an VIII . .
, .
in 1 6 3 9 condemned in th e str ongest term s th e crim e of r educin g men

,
to sl avery separ ating th em f rom their wives an d children or in any

, ,
m ann er depriving th em of th eir l ib erty or upon any pretext t o preach ,
1
J am es Balm es P ro testan t ism a nd C ath o licity C o mp are d in Th e ir E ffects
, on
th e C i vi l izat ion of E urope ( Bal m ore, pp 9 1ti
—94 . .
2 Phil emon —1 6 .
382 Th e Na t io na l P e r io d
or te ach th at i t is l awf ul Pi u s II in 1 4 6 2 al so denounce s th e system

. .
,
in th e strongest term s Gr egory XVI wh o in hi s Apostol ic Letter of

. .
, ,
th e 3 d of D ecem b er 1 8 39 r efe r s to th e f oregoin g uses thi s veh ement

, , ,
l angu age on th e sam e sub j ect Wh erefore we desiring to turn away , ,
so gre at a repr o ach as thi s f rom all th e b oun d ari es O f Chri sti an s an d ,
th e wh ol e m atter b e ing m atu r el y w eigh ed cert ain C ar dinal s of th e ,
Holy Rom an Chu rch ou r vener ab l e b rethren b eing al so cal led in to

,
Counci l treading in th e footsteps O f our predecessor s with Apostol ic

,
au thority do v eh em en tl y adm on i sh an d adj u re in th e L ord al l b el i ev er s

, ,
in Chr i st th at n o one h er eaft er m ay d ar e u nj ustl y to m ol est Ind i an s

, ,
ne groes or oth er m en of thi s sort or to spoil th em of th eir good s or ,
reduce them to sl avery W e therefore with Apostol ic au thority do .

, ,
reprob ate all th e aforesai d actions as utterl y un worthy of th e Chri sti an

n am e ; and b y th e sam e A postol i c au thority do stri ct l y prohib it and
interdi ct th at any ecclesi astic or l ay person shall pre sum e to defend

th at very trade in negroes as lawfu l under any p re tex t or st udied exc use ,
or oth e rwi se to pr e ach or in any m ann er pub l i cl y or priv atel y to

, , ,
te ach contr ary t o tho se things whi ch w e h ave ch ar ged in thi s our ,
Apostolic Letter .
”3
Thi s is tol er ab l y showy l anguage Its import we thin k i s cl e ar .

, ,
en ou gh to any one wh o h as a hum an min d Th er e can b e n o pretext

“
.
or stu di ed excu se say s th e good an d gr eat Pontiff A re Cathol i cs

”
.
,
af r ai d or u nwilli ng to re ad th e adm on iti on O f th e Vi car O f J esu s Chri st ?
Bu t it will b e sai d th at Gr egory X VI all u ded to th e forei gn sl ave .
trade ! Thi s however is a pretext and h as not even th e digni ty of a

, , ,
stu d ied ex cu se W e h ave a word to say on th e po int

“ ”
. .
Sh ortl y b efore th e appe ar ance of thi s Apostol ic l etter a rel i gi ou s ,
orde r in th e Un it ed St at e s b y th e ir cl ose comm u nic ation with Rom e , ,
received inform ation of its exi stence and approaching pub licati on With .
m ore w i t th an piety th e Superior s of th at order col l ected togeth er a

l arge n u m b er of th eir sl aves an d sol d th em all to a Sou th e rn gen tlem an ,
we wil l c al l h im so wh o hur ried th em into Lou i si an a an d th ey wer e

, ,
sc att ere d ove r th e Sou th with ou t r ef e rence t o th eir r el ation shi

p on e to
anoth er Th e wh ol e C athol i c comm un ity was sh ocked at th e occu r
.
rence Pope Gregory s l etter appe ared soon afte r an d it did not
.
’
mode r ate th e feel ing of in d i gn at i on Wh en th e f act w as known in Rom e .

,
such w as th e em oti on f el t b y His Hol iness th at th e Superiors on , ,
whom th e re spon sib il ity rested were orde red fo rthwi th to proceed ,
3 Fo r th e tex t Of G regory XV I
’
s ap osto l c i
l e tter , I n su p re m o ap osto la ra s cf
t i M ari a i
‘
, .
A n on us Bernascon A cta G rego r ii P apac X VI ( Rom e , II ,
38 7—3 8 8 .
384 Th e Na t io n al Pe riod
i
s on wh i h th e U nited St t s h s to th e world b y re n f its uniq e f orm of
c a e a aso o u
go ver n m n t S rce
e O r .tes A
ou B r w
:n n Th A
es m i R.
p b l
o i I t C
so , e e r ca n e u c . s on
stit t i n T
u o d,
i d
en D t i y (N
en c es, a nw Y ork : P O sh
es ea 1 8n6 5 ) pp 3
e —7 .
’
, . .
E very l iving n ation h as an i dea given it b y Providence to real ize ,
and wh ose r eal i zation i s it s speci al work m i ssion or destiny Ev ery , ,

.
nation i s in som e sense a cho sen peopl e of G od

, ,
.
Th e United St ates or th e American Repub l ic h as a mi ssion and

, , ,
i s cho sen of God f or th e real iz ation of a gre at i de a It h as b een chosen .
not onl y to continu e th e work assigned t o G r eece and Rom e b ut to ,
accompl i sh a gr e ater w ork th an w as assi gn ed t o eith er In art it will .

,
p r ov e f al se t o i t s m i ssi on if it d o no t riv al G r ee ce ; and ih science and
phil osophy if it do not su rpass it In th e st ate in l aw in j u ri sprudence

, .
, , ,
it mu st continue and surpass Rome Its ide a is l ib erty indeed b ut .

, ,
l ib e rty w i th l aw and l aw with l ib e rty Y et its mi ssion is not so mu ch th e

, .
real ization of l ib erty as th e real ization of th e true idea of th e state ,
which secu re s at once th e au thority of th e pub l ic and th e freedom of

th e in divi du al th e sovere i gnty of th e peopl e with ou t soci al despoti sm ,
and in d i vidu al f re edom withou t an archy I n oth er words its mi ssion .

,
i s to b ring out in its l if e th e di al ectic uni on of auth ority and l ib erty ,
of th e n atu r al right s of m an and those of society Th e Greek and .
Rom an repub l ics asse rted th e st at e to th e detrim ent of indivi du al f ree

dom ; modern repub l ics eith er do th e same or assert ind ividu al freedom ,
to th e detrim ent of th e st ate Th e American repub l ic h as b een in stitu ted

.
b y Providence t o real ize th e freedom of each with advan tage to th e

oth er .
Th e re al mi ssi on of th e United St ate s i s to in troduce an d est ab l i sh a

pol itical con stitu tion whi ch whil e it retain s all th e adv antages of th e
, ,
con st i tu tion s of th e st ate s thu s f ar known i s u nl i ke an

y of th em an d , ,
secu re s adv an t age s whi ch non e of th em did or could

possess Th e .
Am erican con stitution h as no prototype in any prior constitution Th e .
Am erican form of government can b e cl assed throughout with none of

th e f orm s of gove rnm ent describ ed b y Ari stotl e or even b y l ater ,
au th orities Ari st otl e knew onl y f ou r fo rm s of

.
gove rnm ent : Mon archy ,
A ri stocr acy Dem ocr acy and M ixed Gov ernm ent s Th e Am erican fo rm
, , .
is none of these nor any comb in ation of them It is o rigin al a new

, .
,
c ontrib u tion to p ol itical s cience and seeks to att ain th e end of all
,
w ise and j u st governm ent b y m eans unkn own or forb i dden to th e

anci ents an d whi ch h av e b ee n b ut im erfectl
, p y compreh en ded even b y
American pol itical writers them sel ves Th e original i ty of th e Ameri can .
constitu tion has b een ov erlooked by th e gr eat m aj ority even of our own
Th e Va t ican C o u n c il 385
t t
s a esm en , wh o xpl ain it b y an al ogies b orrowed from th e
seek to e
con stitu tion s of oth e r st at es r ath er th an b y a pr ofoun d stu dy of its
own prin cipl es Th ey h av e t ak en t oo l ow a view of it an d have r arel y

.
, ,
if ever appreci ated its di stinctiv e and pecul i ar m erit s

,
.
A s th e Un it ed St ates h ave vin dicat ed th eir n ati on al unity an d

integrity and are preparing to t ake a new st art in hi story nothing
, ,
is m ore import ant th an th at th ey sh oul d t ake th at new st art with a

cl ear an d defin it e vi ew of th eir n ation al con stitu ti on and with a dis ,
tin ct underst anding of their pol itical m i ssion in th e future of th e world .
Th e citizen wh o c an h el p hi s coun trym en t o do this will r ender them

an im port ant service and de se rve w ell of h is country th ou gh h e m ay ,
have b een un abl e to serve in h er arm ies and defend h er on th e b attle

fiel d Th e work now to b e done b y Am erican st atesm en is even m ore
.
diffi cul t and more del icate th an th at whi ch h as b een accompl i sh ed b y

our own b r ave arm i es A s yet th e peopl e are h ardl y b ett er prepared
.
for th e poli tical work to b e don e th an th ey were at th e ou tb reak of th e

civil w ar f or th e m il it ary w ork the y h av e so n obl y achi ev e d Bu t with .
,
time patience and good will th e diffi cul ties m ay b e overcom e th e

, ,
-
, ,
e rr or s of th e past co rr ected an d th e G overnm ent pl aced on th e ri ght

,
tr ack for th e future .
Bish op McQuai d D e scrib es th e V atican

C ouncil April 24 1 8 7 0 , ,
V ti
D U RIN G th e a can C oun c l i whi
ch w as 1 11 se ssi on f om D e cemb e 8 , 1 8 69 , r r
J
to ul y 1 8 , 1 8 70 , f o rty
six A m u ican s -
six a c b s ops, rh ih
t -n ne b s op s, thir y i ih
an d one ab b o t wr r
e e n u m b e e d am on g th e n ea l 7 0 0 p el a es f om e e y ry r t r vr
rt
pa of th e w r
o l d wh o at on e m e or an o e ti
e e i n a en dan ce at h s th r w r rs tt t i fi t
i h i i
ecum en cal cou n c l o f t h e C ur ch s n c e a o f T en o e th t
300 ea s b ef o e r t vr y r r .
r ti fi i i
O n th e g ea ssue of de n n g papal n f all b l th e A m e can s i i ity
e e as d i ri wr
i r r hi t r ti
vi de d as th e h e a c es of o h e n a on s, an d on anu a 1 5, 1 8 70, en J ry tw ty
ih r it t t j i
one b s ops f om th e U n e d S a e s o n ed h ab ou 1 2 0 b s ops f om o e wi t t ih r th r
t i i
cou n ri e s in s gn n g a pet it ion again st t h e d e n on A m on g th e m os per fi iti . t
it t r
s s en m em b e s of th e m n o i rity rty
p a w as B e n a d M c Qua id ( 1 8 2 3 r r J
—1 9 09
).
rt
wh o h ad b een con sec a ed on ul J y 1 2 1 8 6 8 as s o d na of th e n ew
, fir t r i ry
h tr ri . i
See of Roc es e D u n g th e cou n c l M cQuai d r o e a nu m b e
“
of l engt w t r hy
tt r vr J
le e s t o th e Re e en d am es M E a l , ca gen e al an d
. r y vi r
ec o of St
-
r r t r .
ti th r h t r whi
P a r ck s C a ed al , Roc es e , in
’
ch h e d scou se d on cou n c l b u s ness, i r i i
as w i
el l as o n afi airs of h is d ocese H e a e d i n Rom e on No em b e
. rr iv 26 , v r
y tr r r
1 8 6 9 , and five d a s l a e h e em a ke d to E a l ry
i i hv
S nce com ng t o Eur ope I a e ea d m u c on th e ues on of th e h r h q ti
i i i ity
n fall b l of th e P ope , whi wi t
ch h u s in A m e ca w as sca cel al ked ofri r yt .
i v r tr
Th e feel n g i s e y s on g p ro an d co n It seem s ,
a th e J esu s. a e th t it h v
86 Th e Na t ion al P er iod
b een at th e b o tt of it
h v b e pr p ri g th p b l i m i d f o
om , an d a e e n e a n e u c n r
i t f th p t tw y r Th y h v
or e as t m d f r i n d f o th m lv
o ea s by . e a e no a e e s r e se es
th ur
e co th y h v f ll w d nd if i
se e y w y th h rm o y of t h
a e o o e , a n an a e a n e
C i l i di t rb d i t wi ll b b y th i tr d ti
ou n c s s u e f thi m t ry e e n o uc on o s os u nn e cessa
q ti n ( D m b r 1
ues o e ce e ,
M Q id r m i d opp
c ua e d t o t h d fi i ti
a ne t th ry nd d th d y
o se e e n on o e ve e an e a
b f or h l f t R m e h t l d E rly :
e e e e o e o a
T m rr w th p b l i
o o o i wil l b h ld i wh i h th fi l v ti g n
e u c se ss o n e e n c e na o n o
th I f l l i b i l i ty w i ll t k pl
e n a Th y h v d d b y m ki g th d fi i
a e ace . e a e en e a n e e n
ti b l t
o n as a d tr i t
so u e an i t w p ib l t m k i t: A s q c as as oss e o a e s a co n se u e n ce
al rg a pl
e n o n-t v t wil l b r rd d g i t i t W h t will b th
a ce o e e e co e a a ns . a e e c on
q
se l
u e n ce m f th
n E r p
so tri G d l y k w ( J ly
e o e se u o ean cou n es o on no s u
1 7,
Th e b i ho p
s pr d i t i
’
s f th e pl t v t c J l y 1 8 pr v d t b
on o e no n- ac e o e on u o e o e
w id f t h m rk
e o e l y tw f t h 5 3 5 b i h p pr
a , on t v ti g g i t t h e
o o e s o s e sen o n a a ns
d fi n i ti
e A l th
on .
gh h h d r i v d p rm i i
ou J ly 1 6 t r t r h m
e a ece e e ss o n o n u o e u n o e,
M Q id w
c ua ti ll i R m
as s th d y f th e fi l
n i b th b td
o e on e a o na se ss on u e a se n e
h i m l f on th t
se i Sh rtly ft r h i rriv l i R h t r how v r h
a occas on . o a e s a a n oc es e , e e , e
d l iv r d
e e e er m a s A g t 2 8 1 8 70 in h i
o n on th dr l i wh i h h m d
u us , , s ca e a n c e a e a
p b li
u pr l m t i o
c oc a f h i f i th i
a th n wl y d fi ne d d gm
n o So r e
s a n e e e o a . u c
M Q id t E rly R m A pri l 2 4 1 870 H nry J Br w

c ua o a , o e, Th , , e . o ne
“
e
L tt r
e f B i h p M Q i d f r m th V ti
e s o s o C ci l C th l i H i t i l
ua o e a c an ou n c ,
a o c s o r ca
R i w X LI ( J
ev e ,
ry 4 2 3 427
anu a ,
— .
R om e , April 24 , 1 8 7 0
D ea r F ather E arly :
I h ave j u st retu rned from th e fir st pub l i c session of th e Council ,
1
an d h a ving som e spare tim e I thou ght I w ou l d send you a few l ines .
Y ou will dou b tl ess h ave r ead all th at we h ave done in th e paper s

b efore th i s l ett e r reach es y ou T h e m atte r con si st s of an i ntrodu cto ry .
ch apter fou r ch apters with canon s att ach ed Ch ap I i s on God

, . . .
,
th e Cre ator of all thi ngs : Ch ap I I i s on Rev el ati on ; C h ap III on . . . .
F aith : Ch ap IV on F aith and R eason

. . .
The re are som e ob stru se m et aphy si cal point s which f ew c an f ath om

and cert ainl y wi ll n ev er tro ub l e th e b r ain s of an
y b ut a Germ an
Phil osoph er for wh ose especi al b en efit th ey seem to h av e b een m ade .
Th e rest i s qu it e si m pl e Th eol ogy Y et it w as wonderful th e care .
th at w as n eeded and th e pains t aken to m ake every th ing j ust as it

ou ght to b e .
Th e D ecrees an d C anon s w er e passed un an im ousl y I know of onl y .
one B i sh op wh o h avi ng ob j ecti on s to som e points an d not wi shi ng

,
l st i tl y p ki g th p b l i
r c s ea i h ld
n A p i l 2 4 1 8 70 w
, e th th i d
u c sess o n e on r as e r
t th fi t f th i l b t it w th fi t t wh i h d
, , ,
no e rs o e cou nc w p ,d Th u as e rs a c ecrees ere asse e

fi t p bli i t k pl 8 1 8 6 9 wi th P p Pi
.
rs u c sess o n D emb oo IX i n
ace on ec er , , o e us
attendance .
38 8 Th e Na tiona l Period
inclined to think th at it will pass in som e m odifi ed form Th e Hol y .
Father wishes it and l et s ev ery one see th at h e does th e J esu it s are

, ,
as b u sy as b ees of l ate an d th e F r ench B i sh ops of th at w ay of thi nkin g
are as enthusi astic an d ex cit ab l e ov e r th e sub j ect as th ey w ell can b e .
My hope is th at in th e definition th e Pope will in some [w ay] b e

connecte d with th e Chu rch I cannot con ceiv e of a l iving h e ad withou t
'
a b ody However I mu st not enter into th e vexed question which

.
, ,
h as b een such a di sturb an ce t o my m in d sin ce I cam e t o Rom e th at

on ce it i s d i sposed of on e way or an other I will never w ant t o h ear
of it s controver sy again .
Should th e d i scu ssion b egi n this com ing week th e cabl e will h av e
inf ormed you of it b efore this re aches you .
Mond ay th e 2 5th ,
.
I resum e my l etter this m ornin g Sin ce writing th e ab ove I l earn .
as ce rt ain th at th e n ext p oin t f or di scu ssi on i s t o b e th e old one of
th e l ittl e C atechi sm Som e are opposed to a uniform l ittl e C atechi sm

“ ”
.
for one r e ason oth er s f or an oth er It i s n ot a qu esti on th at trou b l e s

,
.
m e m u ch as th e C atech ism it self c an b e r econ structed as oft en as

,
they find it expedient until they get one th at will b e satisfactory Th e .
re ason all eged for a general one i s th at unif orm ity m ay b e ob t ain ed .
B ut whil st sayin g thi s th ey at th e sam e time contr adi ct th em sel ves

, ,
as e ach B i sh op will still b e all owe d to h av e l arger ones f or hi s own
D iocese and accor din g to it s pecul i ar needs Hence we at once get .
b ack to our ol d con dition So l on g as th e sam e f aith i s t aught th e

.
,
l ess interference in such matter s th e b etter is my j udgm en t Th e , .
rumor h as it th at th e Inf all ib ili ty que stion will foll ow next .
I have b een amu sed at reading in th e Freem an s Journal what h e ’
[ J am es A McM aster th e editor] h as to say ab ou t th e Coun cil H e

.
, .
d r aws all h is f act s or su ppose d f act s from th e L ondon Tab l et an d

Vatican M any of those facts am u se u s at th e power of in vention if
.
4
,
n ot of m al i ce they displ ay ,
.
No one h ere h as b een abl e to di scover th e represent ative of Ju s .

”5
4 Th e Ta b le t of London h ad b ee n ac u re d i n No em b er 1 8 6 8 b y H erb er q i v , ,
t
V au gh an ( 1 8 32 th e f u ture c ard n al wh o sh ared th e nf al l b l s i
ew s of , i i i i t vi
i
hi s su per or H enr y Edw ard M ann ng ( 1 8 0 8
, i
A r ch b sh op of W estm nster i i .
i i
By V at can M cQu aid w as ref err ng t o a ser es of spec al su ppl em ents b rou gh t
“
i i
i
ou t b y th e Ta b l e t u n d er th e t tl e of Th e Va t ic an: A We e kly R eco r d o f t h e
i i
C o unc il wh ch co n t a n e d d ocu m e nts an d reports f rom R om e b u t nev er pr nted i
any l ette r s o n th e s de o f th e i i
nopp ort u n sts o r oppone nt s of th e de n on o f i fi iti
i
p ap al nf all b l ty i ii .
5 “Ju s” w as one o f sever al an o n m ou s wr ters of th e New

y ork F r ee m an s i Y ’
Jo urna l wh om M cM aster h ad as f a r l y r egu l ar correspondents i

Jus w as th e .
Reverend Eu gene M O c al l agh an ( d 1 9 0 1 ) wh o h el d a num b er of pas o a es

.
’
. trt
Th e Va t ican C oun cil 38 9
We can y l au gh at th e tone of th e Fr eem an It is prob ab l e that

onl .
when h is agit ation dies out th at B ishops th em sel ves will t ake up
th e m atter and see wh at can b e don e i n j u stice to th e int er ests of ,
rel igion as well as of Priests Th e m atter onl y once cam e up in a .
meeting of th e American B i sh ops and on th at occasion th e onl y diffi

cul ty in th e w ay of givin g it ex am in ation w as M cM aster s agit ation
’
.
Bp Pu rcell l e av es for h om e in a few d ay s; worri ed alm ost to death

.
b y th e troub l e of th e Infalli b ili ty qu estion ; B p B ayl ey l eav es today ; 6 7

.
h e i s onl y t oo gl ad t o get aw ay f rom th e fi ght In f act some of th e .

,
st rongest oppon ent s of th e Inf alli b il ity are l eavi ng Th e American s 8

. ,
of cou r se c ann ot re tu rn sh ould th e qu estion com e up

,
whil st th e ,
Eur ope an s will b e b ack in time .
Af ter m any an effort I ob t ained th e receipt for th e m oney given

to th e Hol y F ath er b y th e D ioce se O n th e 1 8 th of M arch I r eceived . .
a l ett e r in r epl y t o th e add ress of th e Priest s I will fo rw ar d th e l etter .
and th e r eceipt b y F ath er Hecker wh o l eave s Rom e on Wednesday 9

.
i th D i
n e f C l v l d d i g th
o ce se o y I
e e an 1 8 69 h w p tur n f St ese ears . n e as as or o .
C l mb Ch h Y li t d th p t f A ht
’
o u as g t w u rc d b y 1 8 70 w
, ou n s o n , an as s e as e as or o s a
b l
u a, Ohi O c ll gh
o . h d t
’
b l wi th Am d
a a an R pp ( 1 80 1
a rou fi t e a eu s a e rs
Bi h p f C l v l d
s o o d w e e an f th l di g gi t t
, an f as o n e o i l l gi l e ea n a a ors or c an on c a e s a
ti on th t w a ld g l t th
ou l ti b tw
re u a e bi h p d th i p i t
e re a ons e ee n s o s an er r es s .
6J h B P l l ( 1 8 00—1 8 8 3 ) w
o n . ur ce t d i O t b 1 8 33 d
as co n se cra e n c o er, , as secon
Bi h p
s o f Ci i
o ti d b m
nc nn a fi t h b i h p f th t an i
eca J l y 1 8 50
e rs arc s o o a see n u , .
P urce ll w f th
as one o t g t i pp t i t m g th A m i d l g ti
e s ron es no or u n s s a on e er c an e e a on
to th e cou nc il d w pp d t th d fi i ti
, an as o f th d t i ose f i f ll ib i l i ty
o e e n on o e o c r ne o n a
it lf til it w l ly t t d wh t w m t A t
se un as c ear
“
pti
s a e wh i h w a g as ean . a rece on c as i ve n
for hi m i M t H ll C i i ti
n o z ar A g t 2 1 1 8 70
a ,
f w d y
nc n n a ft hi
, on u us , , a e a s a er s
t
re urn f m R mro h p b l i ly o d t h d fi it i
e, e d p f
u c d h i f i t h i it ;
r ea e e n on an ro esse s a n
h lik w i
e e w t se l tt t Pi
ro e a IX D mb
e 5 1 870 i g i f y i g h i
er o us pt on ece er , , s n n s acce
ance o f th d e ecree .
7J m R v lt B yl y ( 1 8 1 4—1 8 7 7 ) w fi t Bi h p f N w k 1 8 53
a es oose e a e as rs s o o e ar ,
1 8 72 , d i gh th A h b i h p f B l tim r
an e rc1 8 72—1 8 7 7 A t l l y B y l y
s o o a t d o e, . c ua a e re u rne
to R m o fte vi it t P i nd l f t th Et l City l y
a er a s o ar s J ly 1 8 i
a e e ern a on on u n
co m p y w ith M Q id
an c ua .
8S v e en Am i p l t i l di g M Q id gi t d
er can re a es, pl
nc u t i th n c ua , re s ere a non- ace n e
cruc a i l t i l t f th g
r a vo e l g g ti
o J ly 1 3 A t th fi l v t
e ener a con re a on on u . e na o e on
J ly 1 8 l l b t tw f th
u a u b t d th m l
o o m l y W ill i m G M c l k y
ese a sen e e se ves, n a e , a . c os e
( 1 823 Bi h p f L i ill s wh ov t d p l t d Edw d Fit g l d

o ou sv e, o o e a ce an ar z era
( 1 8 33 Bi h p f Littl R k wh v t d s o o pl t F it g e ld oc d Bi h p
, o o e n on - a ce . z era an s o
L i gi Ri i
u f C i
cc o i th f m
o Ki gd m
a azzo f N pl n w eth or l y tw er n o o a es ere e on o
a m g th 535 p l t
on e v ti g w h t d re a es pl t F it g
o n ld m d h i o re urne a n on- ace . z er a a e s
p f
ro ess on oi f f ith i th w ly d fi d d gm
a n h w t
e ne Pi IX p e ll y
ne o a, o ever , o us erson a
im m di t ly ft th l
e a e a f th p b l i
er e i J ly 1 8
c ose o e u c sess o n on u .
9I saac T H k C S P ( 1 81 9
. ec er, f d .f th P l i t w
. .
th l gi ou n er o e au s s, as eo o an
t A h bi h p M ti J Sp l di g f B l ti m
o rc s o ar n d i g th. a il H l
n o td a ore ur n e cou n c . e a so ac e
as a li i b tw
a son th Am i e bi h p
ee n d th G m e d h w
er c an p s o s an e er ans, an e as es e
i l ly l
c a t
c o seF i d i h C di l S h w
o r e b g ( 1 8 09
r c ar A hb i h p
na f
c arze n er rc s o o
P g r a ue , wh w f th m t vi g r
o as one o l d f th m i e ity whi h h d
os o ous e a ers o e nor c a
o pp d th d fi i ti
ose e f th i f l li b i l ity f th p p
e n on o e n a o e o e .
Y ou if you pl ease , h ave th e l etter tr ansl ated and pub li sh ed It

can, .
comes so l ong af ter d ate , and so l ong afte r oth er s pre sent e d at th e
sam e ti me that I feel b y no means pl eased

,
.
irect you r l etters to th e Am eric an College as I cal l there every

D
d ay and I am n o l onger at th e M in erv a h avin g l eft th e h otel l ast ,
week I h ave t aken th e room s occupied b y F ather Qu inn They are

.
}0
l arge and pl easan tl y si tuated Th e f am il y are kind ob li ging and not .

,
ob tru siv e I p ay b ut 6 f r ancs a d ay f or three r oom s At th e Hot el I

. .
p ai d 4 V f or o n e s
2m al l b ed r oom i n th e f ourth story h ere c al l ed ,
th e thi r d My b r e akf ast i s se rve d t o m e in my r oom and I go to a

.
,
rest au r ant for my dinner at ab out 3 o cl ock at a cost of from 2 to ,

’
4 fran cs accor ding to m y appetite or m y extr avagan ce

,
.
F ath er D e R egge ou ght to b e b ack with you ab ou t th e tim e y ou

n
r eceive thi s l etter There is an I tali an I intend to send to you I am

. .
undeci ded wh eth er I sh all sen d him at once or keep him until I go
myself It i s prob abl e th at I sh all send him in a f ew days

. .
Y ou are aw are th at F ath er O H ara passed h is ex ami n ati on an d

’ 12
ob t aine d hi s degr ee of D D Dr O H ara! h enceforth if you pl ease

’
. .
. .
,
Unfortun atel y j u st after all h is h ard stu dy on h is return from Naples ,
to which h e w en t for a f ew d ay s h e w as t aken down with th e Rom an ,
fev er He h as b een v ery si ck b u t i s at th e pr esen t out of d anger and

.
,
recovering rapi dly He h ad a gre at start out of th at pi ece of w aggery

.
in th e paper s appointin g a B i sh op to Syr acuse A s th e story was tol d .

1 3
to h im h e w as not ab l e to see th at it w as a j oke and att ach ed

importance to it .
D r Ander son o f New York h as al so b een qu ite ill i s getting

1 4
.
b etter F ath er Heal ey [ sic] l ate of Troy Sem in ary w as at death s 1 5 ’

.
_
,
door for d ay s h e i s n ow well H e w as confin ed to b ed for nearl y a

-
.
m onth Th ey tell u s th at such a wi nte r h as not b een kn own in th e

. .
m em ory of th at fam ous i nd iv i du al to b e found h er e as well as in ,
1 0 An eff ort to i d tif y

en Qu i nn w as u nsu ccessf u l .
1 1
i
H pp ol y te d e R egge w as p astor O ur Lady of V c ory C h ur ch Ro ch ester
of it , ,
a Fre nch co ngre gat on , i in 1 8 6 9 and w as n am e d ch ancell or of th e d o cese in 1 870 i .
1 2
Th i s w ou l d seem to h a v e b ee n J am es O H ara, p astor
’
of St . M ar y s Ch urch ’
in Syracuse .
1 3 Th e D i ocese of Sy racuse w as no t erect ed u nt il No v mb

e er 22, 1 8 8 6 .
1 4
W i ll i am H e nry A nd erso n ( 1 7 99 p rof e ssor of astronom y i n C ol u m b i a
C olle ge, N ew Y ork, h ad b een con ert e d t o C a h ol c sm i n 1 8 49 v t ii .
A l ex ander Sh erwood H eal y ( 1 8 3 6— 1 8 7 5 ) acted as h eol o g an to Bish op oh n

1 5
t i J
J i i i
W ll am s of Bo ston du r ng th e cou nc l He w as l ater rector of th e C ath e dral
. i .
of th e Hol y C ross and w h en h is b ro th e r am es A

, H e al y ( 1 8 30 w as , J .
i
n am ed seco n d B sh op o f Portl and i n F eb ru ary , 1 8 75 h e su cceed ed h im i n th e ,
t
pas or ate o f St am es C h ur ch . J
Bosto n , b u t d ed a f ew m onth s th ere af ter , i .
392 Th e Na t iona l Period
jority . t
ti m enti n d th e b j ect in thei r n tional pl tf orm th
Bo h p ar es o e su a a s, e
Rep bl ic n
u m in g o t f o
a s co n m en dm e t whi l e th D em ocr ts hedg d b y
u r a a n e a e
pro l i m i g thei r pport f p b l i d ti n b t leaving i t to th t t '
c a n su o u c e u ca o u e s a es
to r eg l ate S u r F r nk A Bu rr A N w O ig i l
. ou ces : a d A th ti R .
,
e , r na an u en c ec
ord f th Lif o d D d
e f G l U S G
e an t ( St P
ee s l Empyre l
o en era . . ran . au : a
P b l i hin g H
u s pp 8 7 1 —8 7 2 C
;
ou se , g i l R d 44th C on
. on r ess o n a eco r ,
gr s
e s, l t Se i on ( W hi ngt n
s ss IV 1 7 5 2 0 5
as o , , , .
Gr an t h
Army of th e Tennessee D es M oines
to th e
’
s Speec , _ ,
Septemb er 2 9 1 8 7 5 ,
.
In thi s cen tenni al y e ar of ou r n ation al exi stence I b el i eve it ,
i s a good tim e to b egin th e work of strength enin g th e found ation of

th e h ou se comm enced b y our patrioti c f oref athe r s one hun dre d y e ar s
ago at Con cord an d Lexi ngt on Let u s all l ab or to add all needful .
g u ar an t ee s f or th e m or e per f ec t secu rity of f r ee th ou ght f ree speech ,
an d f ree pre ss pu re m or al s u nf ette red r el i gi ou s sen tim ent s

,
an d of , ,
equ al right s and privil eges to all m en irr espectiv e of n ation al ity col or ,
or rel i gi on Encour age f ree sch ool s and resol ve th at n ot one doll ar
.
,
of money appropri at ed to th eir su pport n o m att er h ow r ai sed sh all , ,
b e appropri at ed t o th e support of any sect ari an sch ool Resol ve th at .
neith er th e st at e or n ation nor b oth comb ined sh all support in st itu , ,
tions of l earning other th an those su ffi cient to aff ord every child

growin g up in th e l and th e opportunity of a good comm on school
-
e ducati on unmi x ed with sect ari an p agan or ath ei sti cal dogm as Leave
, , .
th e m atter of r eli gion t o th e f ami l y al t ar th e chu rch an d th e priv ate ,
school supporte d entirel y b y priv at e contrib uti on K eep th e chu rch .
and st at e for ev er separ at e With th ese safegu ar d s I b el i ev e th e b attl es

.
whi ch cre ated th e Arm y of th e Tennessee will not h ave b een fou ght
in v ain .
Gr ant s Message to Congr ess D ecemb er

’
A s w e are n ow ab ou t to enter upon our secon d cent enni al com
m encin g our m anhood as a nation it is well to l ook b ack upon th e

past an d study wh at will b e b est to prese rve an d adv an ce our future
greatness From th e f al l of Adam f or his tr ansgr ession to th e present
.
day no n ation h as even b een f ree from thre atened d anger to its
,
prosperity and h appiness W e shou l d l ook to th e d anger s thr eaten in g

.
u s an d rem edy th em so f ar as l i e s in ou r
, power W e are a repub l i c .
whereof one m an is as good as another b efore th e l aw Under such a .
form of governm en t it i s of th e greatest import ance th at all shoul d

b e possessed of education a nd intel ligence enough to cast a vote with '
th e right u nder st an ding of it s m ean ing A l arge associ ati on of igno .
r ant m en cannot for any consider ab l e peri od oppose a successful

, ,
G rant a nd B laine on R e l igious Sch ool F unds 39 3
resistance to tyr anny and oppression from th e educated few b ut will ,
inevitab l y sink into acqui escence to th e will of intell igence whether ,
directed b y th e dem agogue or b y priestcr aft H ence th e education of .
th e m asses b ecomes of th e fir st n ecessity for th e preserv ation of our

instituti on s They are worth preserving b ecause they h ave secu red
.
,
th e greatest good to th e greatest propo rti on of th e popul ation of any

form of governm ent yet devi sed All oth er form s of gove rnm ent .
approach it j ust in pr oporti on to th e gen er al d iff u sion of edu cati on
and independence of th ought and acti on A s th e prim ary st ep th eref or e .

, ,
to our adv an cement in all th at h as m arked our progr ess in th e past

centu ry I su ggest f or y ou r e arnest con sider ation
, an d m o st earnestl y
recomm end it that a constitu tional am endment b e sub mitted to th e

Legi sl atures of th e sever al St ates for r atificati on making it th e duty
of th e sever al St ates t o est ab li sh and f or ever m aint ain f ree publ ic
school s ade qu ate to th e e du cati on of all th e ch ildren in th e rudimen
tary b ranches within their respective limi ts irrespective of sex col or , , ,
b irthpl ace or religions; forb iddin g th e teaching in sai d sch ool s of

,
rel igiou s atheisti c or pagan ten ets; and prohib iting th e gr anting of
, ,
any school f un ds or sch ool t ax es or any part th e reof eith er b y th e

, , ,
l egi sl ative m uni cipal or oth er au thority for th e b enefit or in aid

, , , ,
directl y or in directl y of any rel igious sect or denomi nation or in

, ,
aid for th e b en efit of any oth er ob j ect of an

y n atur e or kind
wh atever }
B l ain e s Proposed Amendm ent D ecemb er 1 4 1 8 7 5

’
.
, ,
R esol ved by th e S ena te and H o use of R ep resentati ves Th at th e ,
foll owin g b e proposed to th e sever al State s of th e Un i on as an amend

m ent to th e C on stit ution
Article XVI
'
No State sh all m ake any l aw r especting an est ab l i shm ent of r el igion

or prohi b iting th e f ree ex erci se th e r eof ; an d n o m oney r ai sed b
y
taxation in any St ate for th e support of pub li c school s or derived ,
f rom any pub l i c fun d th erefor n or any pub l ic l an ds devoted th eret o , ,
sh all ever b e u nder th e control of any r eli giou s sect nor sh all any ,
money so r ai sed or l ands so devot ed b e divi ded b etween rel igious

sect s or denom inati ons .
1
G t
ranm g t C
’
s g l
essa e t i d th f l l wing p p l I w ld
o on ress a so con a ne e o o ro osa : ou
su gg t th
es t ti fe l l p p ty
axa on q ll y wh th h h
o a p r ti
ro er e ua , e er c urc or cor o a on ,
exe m pti g l y th l t
n ti g p l
on f th d d
e as d p ibly with p p
res n -
ace o e ea , an oss , ro er t e
t i ti h difi Th N w Y k L g ti
”
s r c h
o ns, c urc e ces f th S p f e e or ea ue or e e ar a on o
Ch h
ur c d St tan f d d i 1 9 38
a e, i d it l tt h d pi t
ou n e n f G, t c arr e on s e er ea a c ur e o r an
a nd ph
a f m hi D
rase M i ro p h it l g
s es o nes s eec as s s o an .
39 4 Th e Nat iona l Pe riod
Th e C ath olic C h u rch I s Aw arde d th e Piou s

Fu n d o f th e C al iforni as Nov e mb er 1 1 , , 1 87 5
v t t
LA T E i n th e se en ee n h centu ry
th e e suJ i t i i ri r iv
m ss on a es ece e d a nu m b e r ,
of p ri v t ti
a e b enef ac on s to h fi
elp n an c e h e t ir i t i i
d fficu l m ss on s in Lo e C al wr i
f orn ia T h e f u n d g e
. rw r r rti
t o l a ge p op o on s an d wh
en th e e su sJ it w
er e ex .
i
pell ed b y Sp a n in 1 7 6 7 it t vr vr
w as aken o e b y th e go e nm e n an d it s ncom e t i
i r i i i
ass gn e d t o th e F an c scan s an d D om n c an s w h o h ad r
epl ace d th e esu s J it
i i xi r v t
in th e m ss on s I n 1 8 2 1 M e co e ol e d f rom Sp ain , secu l a z e d th e C al
. ri '
i
i i
f orn ia m ss on s in t h e 1 8 30 s, and p e ti ti
one d th e H ol
’
y
See f or th e es ab l sh t i
t i ri i r i ri
m en of a b sh op c in C al f o n a I n A p l , 1 8 40 th e D ocese of C al f o n a
. i i r i ,
r t i r i
w as e e c ed an d th e n com e f om th e P ou s F u n d w as ass gned to i it
a s th e
he ir i i r v ti
t o th e m ss on s Bu t d ue to a e ol u on in M e co and th e w ar
. xi h wi t
it t t
th e U n e d S a es n o su ppo rt rt i t
w as f o h com n g I n an eff or t o ad u s a nu m j t .
i t i ri vr
b er of d spu ed cl a m s of A m e can s e su s M e can s an d xi ce vi v r
e sa , t h e -
vr t i v ti
t w o go e nm en s s gne d a c on en on in 1 8 6 8 whi r t
ch c ea e d a comm ss on i i
f or h et i r j i ti
ad u d ca on tt t i i r
A em p s of th e comm ss one s to each ag ee m e n
. r r t
i i
o n t h e P ou s F u n d f a l e d an d th e c ase w as h en g en o e t iv vr
t o an u m p e ir ,
wr h r t
S ir Ed a d T o n on B riti r i t
sh A m b assad o t o W ash n g on I n 1 8 7 5 T h o n o n
, r t .
i vr r i xi i
dec d ed in f a o of th e C h u ch s cl a m s M e co p a d th e a a d b u t e fu se d
’
wr . r
t i tr t
t o p ay th e accu m u l a ed n e es i t r
Th e d spu e d agge d on u n l 1 9 02
. ti en wh
th e tw o p a rti r
e s ag eed t o su b m it t ir i r
he d ff e ences to t h e n ew P e m an e n r t
C ou rt t ti
o f I n e rn a on al A b r itr ti
a o n at Th e H ague In th e s fir t ii
d ec s o n o f .
i t r ti
th e n e n a onal tri t r j ti r
b u nal on O c ob e 1 4 , 1 9 0 2 th e u s ces ul ed a Me th t xi
,co
h
s ou l d p ay i tr t t tw
i n n e e s accu m u l a ed b e een 1 8 69 — 1 9 02 , an d
an annu al su m of r t ity
i n p e pe u i
t o b eg n in 1 9 03 Th e M e can xi .
vr t i i tr t
go e n m en p a d th e n e es and m ade th e annu al pa m en u p to an d in y t
i
cl u d n g 1 9 1 3 b ut n o f u
,
rth r y t h v
e p a m en s a e b ee n m ad e s n ce iha t t ti
me ,
th rt t tt r th tt ti
'
al ou gh t h e D e pa m e n o f S a e h as m o e an on ce c all e d a en on t o
th e m a e tt rS ou ce :
. r J am e s B o rw n S co tt Th e H ag u e C ou r t R ep o r ts
( N ew Y r
o k : O fx r
o d U n iv r it r
e s y P e ss pp 4 8 —5 3
,
. .
his case having b een r eferred to th e umpire for h is decision upon

T
a d i ff er ence in O pi nion b etwe en th e com m i ssioner s th e u mpire ren ,
dered th e fol l ow i ng deci sion :

In th e case of Th addeus Am at B i sh op of Monterey and J o seph
“ 1
, ,
S Al em any
. Archb i shop of S an Fr ancisco vs M exico No 49 3 it
,
2
. .
,
will b e impossib le for th e um pire to d iscuss th e various arguments

wh i ch h ave b een pu t forw ard on each side .
He will b e ab l e onl y to state th e concl usions which h e h as arriv ed
T h addeu s A m at , C M ( 1 8 1 1
1
of Sp ah ish b rt h , w as n am ed second
. . i
i
B sh op o f M o ntere y o n u l y 29 , 1 8 5 3 J .
2
J
ose ph S A l e m any , O P ( 1 8 1 4
. b o r n in Sp a n, w as consecrated B sh op
. . i i
o f M o nte rey o n J
u ne 30 , 1 85 0 , and pro m ote d to b e rst A rch b sh op of S an fi i
i J
Franc sco o n u l y 29 , 1 8 53 .
3 96 Th e Na tional Pe riod
Th e ious Fund of th e C al iforni as w as th e resul t of don ations

P
'
b y v arious priv ate per son s for th e pu rpose of e st ab l i shin g support ,
ing an d m aint ainin g R om an C ath ol ic m i ssi on s in C al iforni a and for ,
conve rting to th e Rom an C ath ol ic f aith th e h eath en s of th at r egi on .
Th e di sb ur sem ent s of th e proceeds of th ese donations w as entrusted

b y th e donor s to th e Society of J esus Th e ob j ect of th e donor s was .
without doub t principall y th e adv ancement of th e Rom an C ath ol ic

rel igion Th e donations were m ade b y private persons for particul ar
.
and expre sse d ob j ect s an d h ad n othing publ i c pol itical or nation al ,
in their ch ar acter O n ce perm i ssion w as gr anted to th e J esu it fath er s

.
S al v atierra an d K ii h u [ sic] t o e st ab l i sh m i ssions in C alif orni a t o

3 4
,
take charge of th e conver sion to Chr istianity of th e heath ens and ,
to soli cit alm s f or th at pu rpo se it does not seem th at th e Spani sh ,
Governm ent assi sted th em with any consi der abl e sum s if any at all , ,
and cert ainl y with n ot so much as alm ost any Governm ent w ould
h ave considered itself b ound to furni sh for th e b enefit of a region

ov er whi ch it cl aim ed dom in i on .
It can b e easil y under stood th at th e Spani sh Government was very

gl ad to av ail itself of th e rel i gi ou s f eeli ngs of its sub j ect s an d saw ,
with great satisfaction th at their donations wou ld powerfull y con

trib ute to th e political conqu est of th e C al if orni as; b ut th e ob j ect of
th e donor s was th e r el i giou s con qu est al one thou gh they too mi ght ,
h ave fel t some pride in th e consciousness th at they were at th e sam e

time contrib uting to th e exten sion of th e possessions of Spain .
Th e al m s h owever sol icited in th e fir st in st an ce b y th e J esuit

, ,
f ather s and th e don ation s sub se qu entl y m ade b y th e piousl y di sposed

,
per son s were neith er pol itic al n or n ation al ; th ey were directed to th e ,
rel igiou s conquest of th e C al iforni as and were th e gift s of private ,
per son s for th at particul ar ob j ect .
O n th e expul sion of th e J esuit s from th e Span i sh D om ini on s and ,
th e ab oli tion of th e O rder occu rrences which th e don or s to th e Pi ou s

'
Fun d coul d not h ave foreseen th e Spani sh Governm ent natu r all y ,
b ecam e th e trustee and caret aker of th at fun d b ut it took ch arge ,
of it avowedl y with all th e du ties and ob l igation s att ach ed t o it Th e .
mi ssions were confided to th e F r an ci scan O rder an d sub sequentl y ,
they were d ivided b etween this O rder and th e Dom inicans b ut ,
3
J M i S l ti
uan ar a SJ ( 1 648
a va erra, w f th p im l d
.
i as o ne o e r e ea ers n
th
e e v g li ti
an e z a on o f th I di t ib f L w C lif i
e n an r es o o er a or n a .
4 E bi
u se Ki
us S I ( 1 6 44
no , . .w f th g t t f ll th J it as on e o e rea es o a e esu
mi i i i l i l Am i Th p i ip l
ss on ar es n co on a f hi l b
er ca . w e i th r nc a scene o s a ors as n nor
er n M iex co d p an td y A i resen Ki-
d a ipti f hi
r z on a m . d no s
’
escr o ns o s nu erous an
w id pes read pl r ti
ex o a f hi gh i tifi v l
ons are o sc en c a ue .
P ious F und o f th e C al iforn ias 397
al though th e Piou s Fund w as administered b y th e Spani sh Govern

ment its proceeds wer e appl ied to th e m ain tenance of th e m issions
,
b el ongin g to b oth O rder s .
When Mexi co b ecam e independent sh e succeeded to th e trust whi ch

,
h ad b een h el d b y th e Spani sh Gov ernment and continu ed to appl y ,
th e proceeds of th e fund to th e m ai nten an ce of th e mi ssion s In .
1 8 3 6 it was considered desir ab l e to est ab l i sh a B ishopric which was

to compri se th e two C al if o rn i as .
A n A ct of Congre ss w as p assed for thi s pu rpose and th e sam e act ,
entru st ed t o th e B i shop wh o was to b e appoin ted th e admin i str ation

, ,
an d appli cation of th e Pi ous Fun d in accor dan ce with th e wi sh es of

’
it s foun der s .
O n th e 8 th of F eb ru ary 1 8 42 President S an t a Ann a repe al ed th e

, ,
s
l atter part of th e A ct of 1 8 3 6 and assi gned th e adm ini str ati on and
_
appl i cati on of th e fun d to th e M exi can Gove rnmen t b ut th e decree ,
which h e signed for thi s pu rpose al so decl ared th at th e ob j ect of th e

donor w as to b e carri ed out b y th e civil izati on and conver sion of
th e sav ages O n th e 2 4th of O ctob er of th e same ye ar another decr ee
.
w as i ssued b y th e ab ove m en tion ed Presiden t t o th e eff ect th at th e

-
real estate and other property of th e Pious Fund were to b e incor

porated in to th e n ation al tre asu ry and w ere to b e sol d at a cert ain
price th e tr easury r ecogn izing th e tot al proceeds of these sal es at
,
an interest of six per cent an d th e pre amb l e of thi s de cr ee decl arin g
th at th e assu mption b y th e Government of th e care and of adminis

tration of th e Pi ous Fun d w as for th e express pu rpose of scrupul ou sl y
carryin g ou t th e ob j ect s proposed b y th e foun der s .
Neith er b y th e Sp ani sh nor b y th e M exican Gove rnm ent w as it

ev er pret ended th at th e proceeds of th e fund w er e not fin all y to find
their way into th e h ands of th e eccl esi astical au tho rities in th e C ali
forni as or th at they were to b e appli ed to any oth er ob j ect s th an
,
those pointed out b y th e donor s Sub sequ entl y to th e decree of O cto

.
b er 2 4 1 8 42 th e M exi can Governm ent adm itted its indeb tedn ess
, ,
an d th e ob li gati on it w as unde r t o rem it th e proceeds of th e fund

,
to th e B i shop of C al iforni a b y i ssu in g or der s in h is f avor on th e

custom house at Gu aym as .
Thi s ob l i gati on is still fu rther acknowl edged b y th e A ct of Con gress

of April 3 1 8 45 whi ch restor ed to th e B i shop of th e C al ifo rni as
, ,
and t o hi s successor s ll credit s an d o th er p roperti es b el ongin g t o

a
th e P ious Fun d which were still un sold for th e ob j ects m entioned in ,
5A t ni Lop
n o o d S t An ez ( 1 79 5
e an a nti l eri
na l re l ti y an a -
c ca vo u o n ar
al t im di t t id t f M xi
,
was sever nd p
es c a or a res en o e co .
th e l aw of Sep em b e t r 29 , 1 83 6 , without prej udi ce to wh at Congress

m ight deci de wi th regard to those properties which h ad al ready b een
i t
al en a ed .
Th e ti oned credi ts m ust su rely h ave i ncluded th e in

ab ove - m e n
deb tedness of th e Gov ernm ent with r egard to th e u npaid in terest u pon
th e property sold th e procee d s of wh i ch h ad b een i nco rpor ate d i n to
,
th e n at i on al tr e asu ry Th e um pi re does not fin d th at any f u rther

.
l egi sl at i on h as b een e ff ected u pon th e sub j ect si nce th e D ecree of

April 3 1 845,
.
Such th en w as th e st ate of th e M ex i can l aws wi th r egard to th e

—
Pi ous Fu n d at th e t i m e of th e cession of Upp er C al iforn i a to th e

Uni ted St ates and th e u mpire i s cl earl y of th e opi ni on that b oth th e
,
act s of th e M ex i c an G ove rnm e n t an d it s decr ees ab ov e m en tion e d as
well as th e A ct of Congress of 1 845 are so m any adm i ssions that th e

Mex i can Gove rnment w as u n de r th e ob l igat i on to rem it to th e
B i shop of C al i forn i a and h is successors th e i n t erest on th e proceed s
of th e p rope rty b el on gin g to th e Pi ou s Fu n d whi ch w e re h el d in tru st
b y th e M ex i can Tre asury in order th at th e B ish op and h is successor s

,
m i ght c arry ou t th e w i sh es of th e founder s of th at fund .
Th e u m pi re h as al re ady st at ed th at h e con si der s th at as far as

Upper C al iforni a is conce rned th e cl aim ants are th e direct succes
,
sor s of th e B i sh op o f C alif orn i a whose D i oce se b efore th e Treaty

,
of Gu ad al u pe H i d al go com pri sed b oth Uppe r and Low er C al i forn i a ;

6
,
an d th ey ou ght th er efor e t o r ece iv e a f air sh ar e of th e i nter est u on

p
th e pr ocee d s of t h e Pi ous F u n d in o r de r to d ev ote it to th e pu rpose s
,
for whi ch it w as foun ded an d wh i ch are of so d eci dedl y a r el i giou s

,
n at u re, th at th e eccl esi astical auth orities m u st b e th e m ost proper

per son s to b e em pl oyed in its appl ication .
Th e b en efi ci arie s of thi s sh are of th e fun d are th e Rom an C ath ol ic

Church in Upper C al i forn ia and th e heathens wh o are to b e con
,
verted to Christi anity ; and indirectly al l th e inh ab it an ts of th e State

of C al i for n i a and ev en th e whol e popu l ati on of th e Unit ed St at es
, ,
are inte r e st ed in th e
proper appl icati on of th e po rtion wh i ch sh oul d
b e entrusted to th e cl ai m ant s upon wh om con sideri ng th e purposes
, ,
to wh i ch th e fou n de r s assi gn ed th e i r don at i on s th e em l oym e nt of

p ,
th e fund wou l d m o st su i t ab l y d e vol v e .
Wi th regard to th e proportion of th e interest which shoul d b e pai d

to th e cl ai m ant s th e u m pire i s of opi n ion th at n oth i n
, g can b e f airer .
6
i
Th e B sh o p o f M o nterey co nt nue d t o exerc i i se j uri sdiction v
o er b oth U pper
i i
and Lower C al f orn a u nt l 1 8 5 2 wh e n i
at h is re q t
u es Lowe r i i
C al fo rn a was
t
, ,
de ach e d f rom his se e .

400 Th e Na t io na l P e riod
Ith as b een u rged th at intere st should b e paid u pon e ach annu al

am ou n t f rom th e re spect i ve d ate at whi ch it b ecam e due Th e um re .
m
i s n ot of thi s opin i on It is true th at th e Archb i sh op of San F r anci sco
.
st ate s in h i s deposi ti on th at wh en in th e City of M exico in 1 8 5 2 h e ,
dem an ded pa m en y
t of th e am ounts of property of th e Piou s Fund and , ,
th at receiving no answer to h is dem ands h e reiterated th e sam e and ,
onl y aft er a l on g tim e was offi ci al l y inform ed th at th e Gov er nm ent
coul d n ot acce de to th em .
From a m an of th e position and ch ar acter of th e Archb i sh op th e re

c an b e no doub t of th e tru th o f thi s st at em en t ; b u t yet th er e i s no
docu m ent ary evi den ce of th e se f act s an d th e um pire th erefore sup ,
p o ses th a t t h e d e m an d an d t h e r ef u sa l w e r e b o th v e rb al U p on a .
9
m atter of su ch se ri ou s import an ce th e u mpire does not think th at

a v erb al r efu sal b y a Gov ernm ent to m ake a ce rt ain paym en t c an
b e t aken as it s final determ in ati on u pon th e sub j ect Th e r efu sal m ay .
even h av e b een qu al i fi e d b y th e in ab il ity of th e Gov e rnm ent t o
p r ovi d e t h e n ece ss ary f un d s at t h e tim e of th e d em a n d O f thi s in t h e .
ab se nce of any writin g upon th e sub j ect n o j u dgm en t c an b e foun d ,

.
Th e um pire f urth er thinks th at considering th e troub l es an d d iffi cul ties

to whi ch M exico an d h er G overnm en t h ave b een sub j ect for sever al
year s past it would not b e generou s nor even f air to punish them for
their fail u re to pay interest upon a capit al of th e n atu re of th e Pious
Fun d so f ar as to in si st upon th e p aym ent of in t erest upon th at
,
interest A s a m atter therefore b oth of j u stice and equ ity th e um pire

.
think s th at thi s second interest ought n ot to b e dem anded .
Th e umpir e consequ entl y aw ards th at th ere b e pai d b y th e Mexican

G overnm ent on accoun t of th e ab ove mentioned cl aim th e sum of -
nin e hu ndre d an d f ou r th ou san d sev en h un dred M exi c an gold d oll ar s

,
and sev enty n in e cent s -

withou t interest .
Wash i ngt on Novemb er 1 1 1 8 7 5 , , .
Op n i i o n of M r W adsworth in th e origi n al P i ou s F u nd C ase b efore th e U nite d

.
,
S t ates an d Mexican C l aim s Comm i ssi on of 1 8 6 8 ( S cot t op c it p

”
W ill i am , . .
, .
i
H W ad sworth was th e A m er can representat ve o n th e comm ss o n O n O c ob er
. i i i . t
24 1 876 Th ornton amended th e ab o e
, , v fi
gures b y re aso n of an err or i n co m
i t
pu t ng th e am ou n of b ad deb ts Th e re cti cat on redu ce d th e over all su m to
. fi i -
b e p ai d b y M exi co to
i
I n th e h e ar ng b efore th e H agu e C ou r in 1 9 0 2 th e cou n sel f or th e b sh ops
9
t i
i
p rese nted a l etter f rom th e M ex can D ep ar m en of u st ce and of C h u rch Aff a rs t t J i i
i
to B sh op A l e m any , d at ed Septem b er 2 9 , 1 8 5 2 , in wh ch th e b ish op s re q u est f or
’
i '
i i
a port o n of th e P ou s Fu n d w as ref u se d b y th e M ex can gov ernm e n t T hi s evi i .
dence h ad not b een pre se nted in 1 8 7 5 Cf D eposi t on of Mr oh n T D oy l e ,

. .
”
i . J .
Se n ate D o cum e n t N o 28 , pp 40 5—40 6 . . .

C a th o l ic C h ildre n in P u b l ic S c h ools—
40 1
In struction of th e
C ongregation de Propa
gan da F i de C o n c er ni n g C at h ol i c C h il dr en
Atten ding Am erican P ub l ic Sch ool s ,
Novem b er 24 1 8 7 5 ,
IN SPITE o f th e l eg sl a i ti on
i r t d S e o d Pl enary C ou nci l s f
of th e F s an c n o
ti r
Bal m o e in M ay , 1 8 5 2 , an d O ctob er 1 8 6 6 o th e necessi ty of C athol i
, ,
n c
chi l dre atte d i n g C ath ol i c sch o ol s i

n n or d er t o saf egu ar d thei r rel i gi ou s f ai th
n ,
l arge n u m b ers of C ath ol i c ch i l dren conti nu e d t o go to th e pu bl i c school s .
A n u m b r of A m er i can b i shop s f el t th i s as a he avy b u r de on the i r co

e n n
sc i e ce an d th er ef ore sol i ci te d f rom th e H ol y S ee a d i recti ve t o t h e h i er

n , ,
archy f or th e pu rp ose of corre ct i n g th e si t uat i on A s a con se quen ce th e C on .
gre g tio d e Propagan d a F i de sent an i struct i on on th e su b j ect wh i ch w

a n n as
intend ed t o em ph asize th e d anger to C ath ol ic ch il dren enroll i ng in th e publ i c

sch ool d to strength en th e h an d s of th e b i shops with the ir pr i ests
s an d an
peopl e in thei r eff orts to pr ovi de m ore C ath ol ic school s Th e i structi on . n
c me
a s w s cl ear f rom t h e pr ev i ou
, a a d ocu m e t at a ti me when th e e nti re
s n ,
questi on w b eing hotly deb ated in t h e U ited States S ou rces : Lati n text
as n .
in A t t d
c a t
e n il i i p l e
ecr e a i i B l t im
co c i t tii ( B al ti m ore
na r a or e n s s er ,
27 9 —2 8 2 En l i sh tr an sl at i on Th P t I V ( J u n e e 23 2 —2 3 7
as o r ,
pp .
; g , ,
.
Th e S ac red C ongregation of Propaganda h as b een many tim es

assu ed r that for th e Cathol ic chil dren of th e United St ates of Am erica
evil s of th e gr avest kind are l i kel y to r e sul t f r om th e so call ed pub l ic -
school s .
Th e in tell igence m oved th e Propagan da to propose to th e ill us

sad
trious prel ates of th at coun try a se ri es of qu esti on s with th e ob j ect ,
o f asce rt ainin g fir st why th e f aithful perm it their chil dren to attend

, ,
n o n c ath ol ic sch ool s an d secon dl y

-
wh at m ay b e th e b est means of
, ,
keepin g th e you ng away from sch ool s of thi s description Th e answer s .

,
as dr awn up b y th e sev er al prel ates were sub mitted owing to th e , ,
n atur e oi th e sub j ect t o th e Su pr eme C ongr egation of th e Hol y

'
O ffi ce Th e deci si on re ach ed b y th eir Em inence s Wedn e sday J une 30

.
, , ,
1 87 5 th ey saw fit t o emb ody in th e foll owing I nstruc tion which

, ,
th e Hol y F ath er gr aciou sl y confir med on Wednesd ay Novemb er 24 , ,
of th e sam e ye ar .
1 Th e fir st point to com e un der considerati on was th e sy stem of

.
edu cation it self quite pecul i ar to th ose school s Now th at system

, .
,
seem ed to th e S Con gr egation m ost d angerous and v ery much opposed

.
to C athol icity F or th e ch il dren in th ose school s th e ve ry principl es

.
,
of whi ch excl u de all r el igiou s instru cti on can n eith er l earn th e ru d i ,
ment s of th e f aith nor b e t au ght th e precept s of th e Ch u rch ; h ence ,

they will l ack that knowl edge of all el se necessary to m an without , ,
which there is no l ead ing a Christi an l ife For children are sent to .
these school s from thei r e arl iest years al most from their cradle ; at ,
which age it is adm itted th e see ds sown of vi rtue or of vice t ake

, ,
f ast root To all ow thi s tender age to pass without rel igi on i s surel y
.
a gre at ev i l .
2 A gain th ese sch ool s b eing un de r n o con trol of th e Ch u rch th e

.
, ,
teachers are sel ected from every sect indiscr i m inatel y ; and this whil e ,
no proper prec au t i on i s t aken to prev en t th em i nj u ri ng th e ch i l dren

.
so th at th er e i s nothing to stop th em f r om i nfusing into th e you ng
m i nds th e seeds of error an d vice Th en ev i l resul t s are cert ainl y t o .
b e dread ed from th e f act th at in th ese sch ool s or at l e ast in v ery ,
m any of th em children of b oth sexe s m ust b e in th e same cl ass an d

,
cl ass room and m u st sit si de b y si de at t h e sam e de sk Ev ery c ir cum

-
.
st ance m en t i on e d goes to sh ow th at th e ch ildren are fe arq y e x pose d

to th e d anger o f l osing th e i r f ai th and th at th eir m or al s are not
properl y safegu arded .
3 Unl ess thi s d ange r of pe rv er si on c an b e ren dered rem ote in stead

.
,
of pr ox i m ate su ch sch ool s canno t in consci ence b e used Th i s is th e

, .
di ct ate of n atu r al as well as of d ivi ne l aw I t w as enunci ate d in

'
u nm i stakabl e t e rm s b y th e Sov er e ign P ont i ff in a l etter addr essed ,
to a fo rm e r Archb i sh op of F r eib u rg J u l y 1 4 1 8 6 4 H e th us writes : , , .
Th er e can b e no h esit ation ; wh erev er th e purpose i s afoot or carri ed

“
ou t of shu tting ou t th e Ch u rch f rom all au tho rity ove r th e sch ool s ,
there th e children will b e sadly exposed to l oss of the ir faith Con

'
se qu entl y th e Ch u rch sh oul d in such circum st ances not onl y pu t

, ,
forth every eff ort and spare no pai n s to get for th e childr en th e
n ecessary Chri sti an tr aini ng an d e d uc ation b u t w ould b e fu rth e r com ,
pell ed to r em ind th e f aith ful and pu b l i cl y d ecl are th at school s h osti le

“
to C ath ol i city cann ot in con scien ce b e atten de d Th ese wor ds onl y

”
.
expr e ss a gener al prin cipl e o f n atu r al and d ivin e l aw and are con
.
seq u entl y of u nive r sal appl ication wh erev e r th at m o st d an erou s s s

g y
tem of tr ain ing y ou th h as b een u nh appily i ntrodu ced
4 It onl y rem ain s th en for th e prel ates to u se eve ry m e an s in
.
, ,
their power to keep th e flocks comm itted to their care from all cont act
with th e pub li c school s A ll are agreed th at th ere is nothin g so
.
n ee dfu l t o th i s e nd as th e est abl i sh m ent o f C ath ol ic sch ool s i n ev ery
an d school s no whit inf erior to th e

pl ace , pub l ic ones E very eff o rt .
,
then must b e di rected towards st arting C athol ic school s where they

,
are n ot and , where they are tow ards enl arging them and provi ding
, ,
them with b etter acco mmodations and equipm ent until they h ave
404 Th e Na t iona l Pe r iod
whether th e teaching there is su ch or th e doin gs of a natu re so ,
repugn ant to C atholic b el ief and moral s th at car cannot b e given to ,
th e one n or p art t aken in th e o th er with ou t gri evous sin It i s

,
.
sel f evident th at d anger of thi s ch ar acter m u st b e shunne d at wh at

-
ever cost even lif e it self

,
.
7 Fu rth er b efore a chil d can b e conscien tiou sl y pl aced at a pub l i c

.
,
sch ool , provi sion mu st b e m ade for gi ving it th e n ecessary Chri sti an
training an d instruction at l east out of school hou rs Hence pari sh
,
.
p ri est s an d m i ssi on ari es in th e United St ates sh oul d t ake se riou sl y t o

’
heart th e earnest admonitions of th e Council of B al tim ore and spare ”

,
no l ab or t o giv e children th orou gh c atechetical in structi on s dwelling ,
particul arl y on those truth s of f aith an d mor al s whi ch are call ed most
in qu e sti on b y Protest ant s an d unb el ievers : children b eset with so
m any d anger s th ey sh ould gu ard with tir el ess vigil ance indu ce them ,
to f requ en t th e sacr am ent s excite in th em devo tion to th e Bl esse d

,
Virgin and on all occasions an im ate them to hol d firml y b y th eir

rel igion Th e parents or guardi ans must l ook carefull y after those
.
chil dr en Th ey mu st ex amine th em in their l essons or if not ab l e

.
,
them sel ves get others to do it Th ey mu st see wh at b ooks they u se

,
.
an d if th e b ooks contain passages l ikel y to inj u re th e child s mind

’
, ,
expl ai n th e m atter Th ey m ust keep th em f rom f reedom and f am ili arity

.
with those of th e other school ch ildren wh ose company m ight b e dan

geron s t o th eir f aith or m or al s an d ab sol u tel y aw ay f rom th e co rrupt
, .
8 Par ent s wh o negl ect to give thi s necessary Chri sti an tr aining and
‘
in struction to their chil dren or wh o perm it them to go to school s in

,
which th e ruin of their soul s is inevit ab le or fin all y wh o send them , ,
to th e pub l i c school withou t sufficient cause and wi th ou t t akin g th e

necessary precau tion s to render th e d ange r of perve r si on rem ot e an d ,
do so whi l e th ere i s a good and well e quipped C ath ol ic school in -
th e pl ace or th e parent s h ave th e m ean s to send th em el sewh ere to

,
b e edu cated th at such par ents if ob stinate cann ot b e ab sol ved

, , , ,
i s evi dent from th e m or al teachi ng of th e Church .
2
i ti
Th e Second Pl enary C ou nc l of Bal m ore in O c ob e 1 8 6 6 wen b ey ond th e t r , ,
t
i ti t i “
l eg sl a on of 1 852 and devo ed an ent re ch apter to th e sub j ec , D e sch oli s t
parochi ali b u s u b u e f u ndand is
”
iqC o nc ilii p lenari i Balt im orensis II
, A cta e t .
decreta ( Bal m ore , ti pp 2 1 8 —22 5 . .

O n th e C olorad o F ron t ier 05
Bui l ding a Mi ssion ary S ch ool on t h e

C ol orado Fron ti er, J une, 1 8 7 6
TH E n g spthrivi
ual s a ir i t
t t of A m ri c n Catholi ci sm owe n i c lc labl e e a s a n a u e
t
d eb to th e el g ou s con g r i i
r g ti ons of women F rom th e tim e th t M oth er e a . a
t
Se on f oun ded h er S s e s i t r of Ch arity in 1 8 0 8 tho nd of l f rifi ci g u sa s se -
sac n
A m eri c n wom en h v d evoted the i r l iv

a to th e r el i gi ous ed c ti
a e f yo th es u a on o u
a n d to every v ar i ety f w rks of h rity a f rc th t n w n m b r o o c a , o e a o u e s
reli gi o wom en in th e U nit d St t F or th e m ost p rt their stri ki ng

us e a es . a
co tr i b t i
n h ave gone n ecorded b t o
u on s i lly th re m t l igh t u r , u ccas on a e co es o
the story f o e r an oth er of th e h eroi c wom en

o n o n d of n on e c n i t b es , a a e
s ai d th t h r c r a r w s m ore f ru itf l d dr m tic th an Si ter Bl ndi n

e a ee a u an a a s a a
S g l ( 1 850
e a e wh e f m ily imm i gr t d t C i ncinn ti f rom m l l os a a e o a a s a
t wn ne r G a wh en h wa f ur year ld E t ri g th Si t r f
_
o a en o s e s o s o . n e n e s e s o
C h ri ty f C i i nn ti in 1 8 66 h e w
a o nc s nt l ne
a to th e r o gh cowb oy , s as e a o u
t wn f Trini d d in C ol r do Territory wh re h rr iv d in D m b r
o o a o a , e s e a e ece e ,
1 8 72 ft r a
, ari s of inci dent th t woul d h v t ted th e c ur ge of a
e se e s a a e es o a
sto th e art d m n
u Sh e p n t th n xt tw nty n e y
e a . in th e So th we t
s e e e e -
o ears u s
u ntil r ec ll ed t o C i n cinn t i wh ere i n 1 8 9 7 h a d h r i t r Si t r J tin

_
a a , s e n e s s e , s e us a,
set up th e fir t id c nter f o I t l i n i m mi gr n t
s a F o th e f oll wi n g th irty
e r a a a s . r o
five ye rs sh e l ab ored rel entl e sl y t th e S nt M ri In ti t te in th e ci ty

’
a s a a a a a s u s
sl u m s n d p er an ll y g ve r el i gi o soi n tr tion to 8 0 per c nt of th e Ital i an

a a us s uc e
popu l ati on Th e exp r i en es of th i s d im in u t i ve r el i gi ous d r i n g th e 1 8 7 0

’
. e c u s
in th e wi l d S outh we t in cl ded n en t r wi th th c try s m o t f m u s ’

s u a cou n e e ou n s a o
de p erado B i ll y th e Ki d [B onn ey] ( 1 8 5 9

s , wh m h e uc eeded in o s s c
b r ingin g ar u d t an ff er f f ri dl y a i t
o n o e if ever sh e sh ou l d n ed i t
o o en ss s an c e ,
a n d th e re cue of a pri on er f r om l yn h i g b y a m b
s D ri g h er d y in
s c n o . u n a s
C ol or do an d N ew M exi co S i ster B l an d in kept

a j o rn l i th e f orm of ,
a a u a n
remi ni ences ddr ed to h er si t r b ack in C in inn ti Th f ollowing

sc a ess s e c a . e
e xcerpt conc ernin g h ow h got new scho l b ilt r v l th e r rceful

, s e a o u , e ea s esou
ne ss, en ergy an d person l m gn et i sm of th i

, m i ng wom n ; i t l o ff ord
a a s a az a a s a s
insigh t i to th e crude f ron ti er l i f e of C l r d in th e y r i t en t red t h e

s n o o a o ea e
u ni on S o rc : S i ster Bl a
. u n di na S egal e A t th
e E d f th S t F T il , e n o e an a e ra
( M i l w k e Th
aue B ruce e P ub l i h
: in g C o pp 62 —65 s .
, . .
J un e , . 1 876 .
Dear Sister J ustin a .
To day I asked Si ste r Eul ali a if , in h er

- l
i i we did not n eed op n on ,
a n ew school b u il ding which would con t ain a h all an d st age f or all ,
sch ool p urpose s Sh e sai d : J ust wh at w e n eed Si st er Do you w ant

2 “
.
, .
Si t r E l lia Wh i tty ( d 1 9 1 7 ) h d b
1 s e - u a m g th th pi Si t f . a een a on e ree on eer s ers o
Ch ity f C i i
ar t i wh h d
o m t T i id d i F b
nc nn a y 1 8 7 0 Af t o l a co e o r n a n e ru ar , . er severa
y earsi S t F nh h d t d t T i i d d d w t thi tim

an a e s e i t t
a re urn e o r n a an as a s e ass s an
t h t Si t Bl di i th h l
e ac er o s er an na n e sc oo .
L d f
2 th
an igi l h l h d b
or gi bye f th
or f d na f sc oo a een ven o ne o e ou n ers o
T i i d ad D
r n F l ip B , t th q t f B i h p M h b f d it h d b
on e e ac a, a e r e u es o s o ac e eu , an a een
op ened o n M arch 4, 1 8 7 0 .
40 6 Th e Na t io na l Period
to i it I answered Y es I do Sh e added We h ave not

b u ld ?”
, ,
.
,
enough c ash to p ay i nterest on ou r indeb tedness H ave you a pl an .
b y which you can b u ild w i thou t m oney ? I f so I say b u ild

”
.
,
Here is my pl an Si ster B orrow a crowb ar get on th e roof of

,
.
,
th e school house and b egi n to d et ach th e adob es Th e fir st good .
Mexi can wh o sees m e will ask Wh at are you doin g Si ster ? I will
“ ”
, ,
answ e r Tumbling down th i s stru cture to reb u ild i t b efore th e

“
,
openi ng of th e f al l t e rm of sch ool .
Y ou shou ld h ave seen S i ster E ul al i a l augh ! I t d id m e good Aft er

‘
three days ponde ring h ow to get rid of low ceilings poor ventil ation
’
, ,
acr ob at s from l og r af ter s intr od uci n g them sel ves w i thou t no tice
-
and ,
now h e re i s an oppo rtu nity to carry ou t a t e st on th e good in hum an
n at u r e so I t ook it
, I b orrowed a crowb ar and went on th e roof
.
,
det ache d som e adob es and b e gan throwi n g th em down Th e sch ool
“
b u ild i ng is onl y one story high .
Th e fir st per so n wh o c am e toward s th e schoolhouse was D oii a

J u ani t a Simpson wife of th e noted hero of Sim pson s Rest When
,
’
.
sh e saw m e at wo rk sh e ex cl ai m e d
“
Por am or de D ios H erm ana
, , , ,
( For th e l ove of God Si ster wh at are

”
q ué esta Vd h aci end ? . o , ,
you doing? )
I answered We need a schoolhou se th at will a l ittl e resemb l e
,
those we h ave in th e United St ates so I am dem ol i shing th i s one in ,
or der to r eb u i l d
”
.
How many m en do you need Si ster ?

“
,
We need not onl y m en b ut al so str aw m ould s h od s shovel s , , , ,
eve ryth i ng i t t akes to b u i ld a h o use w i th a shi ngl e r o of O ur asset s .
are good wil l and en er gy

-
.
E arne stl y M rs S i m pson sai d : I go to get wh at you n eed

. .
Th e c rowb ar w as ke pt at it s w ork In l ess th an an h our M rs .

, .
Sim pson retu rn e d w i th six men O ne c arri ed a m oul d an oth er str aw .

,
etc Th e m oul d carri er in form ed m e at once th at wo m en o nl y know

.
h ow to e ncalar ( wh i tewash ) th e m en h ad th e tr ade s and th ey would ,
co nt i nu e wh at I b egan I n a few d ay s th e old b u ild in g w as thrown

.
down th e adob es m ade an d sun b u rn t In two weeks all th e rub b i sh

,
-
.
w as h aul ed away Th e troubl e b egan wh en we w ere ready for t h e

.
foun dati on K eep in m i nd it w as onl y b y condescen si on I w as per

.
m itted to l ook on At th i s j uncture I r em arked to th e m ould er :

.
O f cou r se we w i l l h av e a stone found at i on

“
, .
O h no ! h e an swered we u se adob es l ai d in m ud
”
, , .
D o you think if w e l ai d a fou nd ati on with stone l ai d in mort ar ,

40 8 Th e Na tiona l Pe rio d
Ou
_
this day of my b od carrying th e Rt Rev B ishop M ach eb euf -
,
. . .
4
of D env er C ol or ado arrived on hi s vi sit ation Th e fir st pl ace to

, ,
. .
which h e w as t aken was th e schoolhou se b eing b uil t withou t money .
B i shop and Pastor h ad j ust tu rned th e kitchen co rner wh en th e

three of u s came f ace to f ace B oth gentl emen stood am azed I rested
‘
. .
my h od b ucket F ath er Pin to l ooked puzzled Th e B i shop r em arked :

-
. .
I see h ow you m anage to b u ild withou t m oney I l aughed and .

” '
expl ain ed th e situ ati on .
Th ey took th e b ucket an d th e three of u s w ent to wh ere th e ,
p l aste r e r w as w or k in g Af t e r th e w el com e to th e B i sh op
. th e pl as ,
terer said
“
Your Reverence l ook at me the onl y Mexican pl asterer and I
, , ,
am pu tting aside my knowl edge to foll ow Am erican w ay s of doin g
my tr ade ; b ut I tol d Si ster th e f ail u re will not b e poin ted at m e .
Th e Rt Rev B i sh op an al yzed th e m aterial at a gl ance th en said :

'
. .
,
“
J u an if this method of pl asterin g is b etter th an your s com e again
, ,
to h el p Si ster when sh e needs y ou If it fail s r eport to m e an d .

,
b etween u s we sh all give h er th e b igge st pen an ce sh e eve r received .
Th e sch ool r oom w all s tu rned out sm ooth th e pl aster adh esive and , ,
th e pl asterer will n ow m ake a l u cr ati ve l ivin g at hi s A meri can m eth od

of pl astering
5
. .
P atri ck C Keel y Receive s th e L aetare Medal

.
,
March 30 1 88 4 ,
t r
TH E m o s p om n en A m e can C a ol c a ch i t ri
r ite t f th ni n teenth cent ry th i c o e e u
ti y r
w as Pa r ck Ch a l es K eel ( c 1 8 1 6 —1 8 9 6 ) Bo rn i Irel nd K eely em i gr ted . n a , a
r y wh r
in 1 8 4 1 an d se l ed in B ookl n tt
e e h is first h r h th at of SS Peter c u c , .
i t
an d Pau l , w as ded ca e d i n M ay , 1 84 8 P er vi ou s t K ly s tim e th e onl y . o ee
’
t i
C a h ol c Ch u crh i i
b u l d ng in thi
s c oun try th t h d f oll ow d th e G thi a a e o c
d e i gn w h pel of St M ry Sem i ry B l tim re dedi ted in

’
s th e as c a . a s na , a o , ca
J e 1 8 0 8 f whi ch M xi m il i en G odefroy ( d 1 8 24 ) h d b een th e archi

un , , o a . a
4J ph P M h b f ( 1 8 1 2
ose . ac e F h b p i t h d p t
eu ly a re nc -
or n r es , a s en ne ar
:
thi ty y
r mi i
ears as y i th Di a f Ci i
ss on ar ti d S t F wh n e oce se o nc nn a an an a e en
h w
e t d i
as conse cra e A g t 1 8 68 fi t V i A p t li f C l d
n u us d , , as rs c ar os o c o o ora o an
Ut h ; h w
a e m d fi t Bi h p f D
as n a e A g t 1 6 1 8 87
rs s o o enver o n u us , .
Th t S pt m b Si t Bl di Th p p i l
“
5 a e e w t i h er j l
s er d m y lf
an na ro e n er ourn a : e u s an se
wi l l h v t b i t d
a e o d d ily t e h
n ro l m I t w i ll t k
uce m tim t a o ou r sc oo roo . a e so e e o
w ear off th v lty f t i g w ll l i gh t d w ll v til t d m fl w in
e no e o e n er n a e -
e , e -
en a e roo , o ers
bl ossom wi d w i ll
on b l kb d b i l t i t th w l l
n o s m d
s, d kac d oar u n o e a s, o ern es s, an
'
a
t g f F id y
s a e or ri I th i k a f m y m b iti
exerc ses h b . h d i n on e o a on s as een re ac e , v z
t w lk i t m y d I Mi t
‘
m
’
l d f l th t it i
‘
o a h
n o sc oo r o o p t d t f ll
an ee a s u -
o -
a e an , s re ss o a
I v y p ti l ly f th mi d t b t gh t ( ib id p
sur e ,
’
ar cu ar o e n s o e au
”
.
, .
Pa trick K eely , Laetare M edal is t 40 9
teet K eely may h ave b een influenced b y th e G othic reviv l in Engl nd

. a a ,
o f whi ch th e con vert arch itect A u gu stus W elb y Pugi n ( 1 8 1 2

.
, wh o
h ad entered th e Ch urch in 1 83 4 was l eader In any c e mo t of th e
'
, a . as , s
astoni sh i n g n umb er of C ath ol i c churches desi gn ed b y K eel y f oll owe d th at
pattern an d in th i s h e was b u t a part of a cu rrent tren d f or th e G oth ic

, ,
and th e contem porary Ren ai ssance work in F r ance were s i d t o b e

“
th e a
two pri ncip al and ahn o t exclusive in fl uen ces at work in A meri ca in thi s
s
peri o d of a full generat ion f rom 1 8 5 0 to 1 8 8 0 ( Thom s E Tall m adge . a .

,
Th S to y f A h it t e in A m i
e r o rc [N ew York
ec ur p By th e
e r ca , .
tim e h e received th e Laetare Medal in 1 8 8 4 K e ly h ad erved as arch itect e s
f or a ve ry l rge numb er of church edifi ces am on g th m th C thed ral of

a , e e a
th e Hol y Cross Boston 1 8 6 7—1 8 7 5

, n d th e C athe dr al of th e H ol y Nam e
, , a ,
C h i cago 1 8 74—1 87 5 S rce : C th l i R i w ( New York ) A p ri l 5 1 8 8 4

, . ou a o c ev e , , .
Th e Lae tare University of Notre D am e was con

M edal l
of th e
ferred l ast Sunday on th e gr e at C atholi c architect Mr Patrick Ch arl es , .
Keel y of B rookl yn No m ore h onor ab l e sel ecti on coul d h ave b een

, .
m ade nor one th at would m ore cert ainl y reflect b ack on th e Uni versity
,
conf erring it an honor full y co r espon ding to th at whi ch it gav e All

r .
pub l ic testim oni es of honor such as thi s ought to h ave a mutual , ,
and r eciprocal eff ect In this case it undoub tedl y h ad In m ateri al

. .
value and extern al ornament th e Laetare Medal an d its accompanying

address design ed and wr ou ght b y skilf ul h ands are things of b eau ty
, , ,
an d comin g f rom su ch a respect ab l e progressive an d f ar seein g In sti ,

-
tution as Notr e D ame are well worthy of accept ance b y even so

em inen t a m aster as M r K eel y O n th e oth er h and wh en th e U ni
. .
,
ver sity of Notre D ame determined to m ark out for its hom age and
d i stincti on a m an emi n ent in hi s sci ence and a gre at m aste r in hi s
trul y Ch risti an art it sel ected one th e glory of whose achievem ents
, ,
and th e l u stre of wh ose l ife m u st reflec t h on or ab l y on it an d thi s
great prize th at it h as est ab l i shed Th e per sonal m odesty of Mr . .
Keel y s l ife wil l not perm it u s to say a singl e word in pr ai se of him

’ “
self b ut ev eryone can inf er wh at m i ght b e said when it i s r em emb ered

,
to wh at Mr Keel y h as devoted h im self and hi s won de rful gif t s “

.
Th e .
undevou t astr onom er i s m ad Cert ainl y it woul d b e equ all y impossibl e

”
.
for a Christi an archi tect wh o designs templ es for th e Euch aristic

,
Sacrifice to l ack th at enthu si asm for h is f aith whi ch comes from th e

,
hourly expression in perm an ent form s of th e m ost preciou s thoughts

1
Th e Laetare Med al w as ns tu ed i n 1 8 8 3 wh en i ti t
was conf e rred f or th e rst it fi
t i i i J
_
tim e o n th e no ed l ay h stor an of th e A m er can C h urch , oh n G il m ary Sh ea
i i
Keel y , th e second rec p ent rece ved th e m ed al in a cerem ony on , i
M arch 1 884 .
410 Th e Na t io na l Pe ri o d
of rel i gion hat cond it i on of th e Lae tar Medal m ay therefore b e

. T e
t i l y fi l l e d in thi s ca O f M r K eely s genius w e ne ed

’
'
p a sse d as e n re se .
_
.
spe ak j u st as b r i efly A lre ady h e has b u i lt se ve n h und re d ch u ch es in

2
. r
honor of th e Chr i stian nam e not to speak of th e num b erless instit u
t i ons th at accompani ed th em Th e numb er is wholly unprecedented

,
in th e h i st ory o f any arch i tect of anci ent o r m odern tim es It coul d

“
h ave b een re ached ouly in th e phenom en al pe riod of C athol ic h i story -
that th e Chu rch in Am erica h as known dur i ng th e present h alf cen

“
tu ry M r K eely w as a Providenti al man r ai sed u p to meet in hi s

. .
,
.
,
part i cul ar l i n e th i s m arv el l ou s em ergency Nor m ust it b e supposed

,
.
th at these are petty l i ttl e stru ctures su i t ab l e for m1 ssron ch apel s in ,
rur al d i str i ct s F ew of them are of th at ch ar acter Numb er s of them

. .
are w ork s of th e fir st cl ass Sco res of th em are cath edr al s th at in

.
cost ,
si ze an d str u ct u r e r ec all t h e am azem en t of th ose wh o saw th e
C ath edr al of S evi ll e an d b el i eved it s d esi gn ers an d b u i l der s m ad t o

att em pt such a gi gan t i c t ask E v en a f ew of th em woul d st am p M r
'
. .
K eel y as a m an of gen i us an d m ake h i s repu t ation anywh ere H is .
fir st great work was to carv e ou t w i th h is own h an ds th e b eau tiful , ,
c an opi e s of th e al t ar s i n th e old C ath e d r al of B r ookl yn and th e c rown

3
,
o f al l h i s wor ks th ou gh w e tr ust not h i s l ast wil l b e th e n ew C athedr al

, ,
of B rookl yn Th at in si ze al on e w i ll b e greate r th an any chu rch yet

.
4
pl ann ed on th e Am eri can con t i n en t Those w h o h av e b een f avor ed .
w i th a gl impse of th e well ni gh co mpl eted pl ans are of O pinion th at

'
its great si ze w i l l b e th e v ery l east o f it s cl ai m s to n otice M r Keely . .
in his m o desty n eve r perm i t s with ou t protest it s comp ari son with
any oth e r w ork W e wi ll therefore si m pl y say th at i t will b e a m o st
.
b e au ti ful as w el l as a m assiv e and im pressi ve stru ctu re l eaving to th e ,
fu tu re t o con tr ast i t w i th anything th at th e p i ety of a succeed i n g

gen er at i on m ay ach i ev e Am ong h is oth er works of whi ch ev ery n ew s
.
,
p aper re ad er m ust h av e h eard are t h e J esu it ch urch es in M ontreal , .
B ost on an d New York th e cath edr al s of B uff al o B oston Provi den ce

, , , ,
Hartford Ch i cago and Newar k That wh ich h e i s b u i ldi ng for B ishop

, .
2 Th e nu m b e r of ch urch es i i
des gne d a nd b u lt by K ee l y h as b ee n v ar ou sl yi
e st im f ro m 5 0 0 to 70 0
ate d .
3
St . J
am e s C h u r ch at J ay and C h ape l S tree ts w as de di cated i n A u ust , 1 8 23
g
i i i i
.
K eel y w as th e arch tect f or it s e n l arge m e nt wh ch t r p l ed th e s ze and th e new l y

i i i
re f urn sh e d b u l d n g w as b lesse d b y B sh op oh n H ugh es of New ork i n S epi J Y
te m b er , 1 8 4 6 W h e n th e D ocese of Br ookl y n was ere cted o n
. i
u l y 29 , 1 8 5 3 , it J
b ecam e S t . J
am es Pro -C ath e d ral .
4 Th e cornersto ne
o f th e p roj ecte d n ew C ath e dral of th e I mm acu l ate C oncep
i
t o n , Brookl y n , w as l aid i n u ne , 1 8 6 8 , b u t o nl y S t J
oh n s C h apel
’
f ro m wh ch . J — i
i i
K eel y h m self w as b ur e d i n 1 89 6 — w as ever com ple ted I n 1 9 1 3 t h e ch apel w as .
cl osed an d in 1 9 3 1 th e p ar tl y co nstru cte d w all s of th e new c ath e dr al w ere razed .

412 Th e Na t ion a l Period
Spal d i ng ,
M e an s and E n ds of E d uca tio n ( Ch i cago : A . C . Mcc lurg an d
Co ,
.
pp . 2 1 9 —22 3 .
A nd when at length a f airer day h as dawne d for u s in

n ow ,
thi s new world wh at can b e more natur al th an our eager desire to

,
move out fr om th e vall eys of d arkness towards th e hill s and moun t ain
tops th at are b athed in sunl ight ? Wh at m ore praiseworthy th an th e
fixed resol ve to prove th at not our f aith b ut our mi sfortunes m ade ,
and kept u s inf erior A nd sin ce we l iv e in th e mi dst of mi ll i on s wh o

.
,
have indeed good will towards us b ut wh o still b ear th e yoke of ,
inherited prej u di ces and wh o b ecause for three hundred ye ars real
, ,
cul tiv ation of m ind was deni ed t o C ath ol ics wh o spoke Engli sh con ,
cl u de th at Prot est anti sm i s th e source of enl ightenm en t an d th e ,
Chu rch th e mother of ignorance do not all generou s impul ses urge ,
u s t o m ake thi s r epr oach hencef o rth m e anin gl ess? A n d in wh at w ay
sh al l w e b est accom pl i sh thi s t ask? Su r el y not b y writing or speakin g

’
ab ou t wh at th e in flu ence of th e Chu rch i s or b y pointing to wh at sh e ,
h as done in oth er ages b ut b y b ecom ing wh at w e cl aim h er spirit

,
tends to m ake u s Here if anywhere th e proverb is appli cable

.
, ,
verb a m ove n t exem p l a trah un t A s th e dev otion of Ame ric an C ath ol ics
, .
to thi s coun try and its fr ee instit ution s as shown n ot on b attl efiel d s ,
al one b u t in our whol e b e arin g an d conduct

, con vin ce s all b u t th e ,
unre asonabl e of th e d epth and sincerity of ou r patrioti sm so wh en ,
ou r ze al f or in t ell ectu al ex cell ence sh al l h ave r ai sed up m en wh o will
take pl ace am ong th e fir st writer s and thinkers of their day th eir very
presence w ill b ecom e th e m ost per su asive of arguments t o t each th e
world th at no b est gif t is at war with th e spirit of Cathol ic faith ,
an d th at whil e th e hum b l est min d m ay f eel it s f orce th e l ofty geni u s

, ,
of Au gustin e of D ant e and of B ossuet i s upb orne and str ength ened
, ,
b y th e spl en dor of it s truth But if we are to b e intell ectu all y th e .
equal s of oth er s we mu st h ave with th em equ al adv ant ages of edu

,
cation ; an d so l ong as w e l ook r ath er to th e m ul tipl ying of school s
and seminaries th an t o th e cre ati on of a r eal univ er sity our r r

p g ess
o ,
will b e slow and uncert ain b ecause a university is th e great ordin ary ,
means to th e b est cul tiv ation of min d Th e fact th at th e gt t of th e .
Church here l ike th at of th e country it self i s chi efly external a growth

, , ,
in weal th and in num b er s m akes it th e m ore necessary th at we b ring ,
th e m ost strenu ou s eff ort s t o impr ove th e gift s of th e soul Th e wh ol e

‘
tendency of our social l ife in sures th e increase of churches convents , ,
school s hospit al s an d asylurn s; our advance in popul ation and in

, ,
weal th will b e counted from decade to decade b y mill ions and our ,
Bish op Spald ing on Ca th ol ic E duca tion 41 3
worshi p will approach m ore and m ore to th e pomp and spl endor of
th e full rit ual ; b u t thi s v ery gr owt h m akes su ch dem ands upon our
energi es th at we are in danger of forgetti ng higher things or at
, ,
l east of thinking th em l ess urgent F ew m en are at once th oughtful .
an d activ e Th e m an of deeds dw ell s in th e w orl d arou nd h im ; th e

.
thinker l ives within hi s m ind .
B ut th e Chur ch needs b oth th e m en wh o act and th e men wh o

thin k ; an d since with u s eve rythin g pu sh e s to acti on wi sdom dem ands ,
th at We cul tiv at e r ath er th e power s of r efl ecti on A n d thi s i s th e duty .
al ike of true p atri ot s an d of f aith ful C ath ol ic s A ll are w orking t o .
dev el op our b ou ndl ess m ateri al r esou rces; l et a f ew at l east l ab or to

devel op m an Th e mil l ions are b u il ding citi es r ecl aim in g w ildem e sses
.
, ,
and b ring forth f rom th e e arth it s b u ri ed tr e asu r e s; l et at l east a
remn an t cheri sh th e ide al cul tivate th e b eautiful an d seek to in spire

, ,
th e l ov e of m or al and intell ectu al excell ence A n d since we b el i eve th at .
th e Chu rch which point s to h eav en i s ab l e al so t o l e ad th e n ati on s in

th e way of c ivil i z ati on an d o f pro gr ess why sh oul d we n ot d esir e ,
t o se e h er b ecom e a b en eficent an d enn oblin g infl u ence in th e publ i c

'
l ife of our cou ntry ? Sh e c an h av e n o high er t em por al m i ssion th an to

b e th e f ri en d of thi s gre at repu bl ic whi ch i s God s b e st e arthl y gif t
’
,
t o His childr en If we keep our sel ves str ong and pur e all th e
.
,
rth h r fi r vi ti
'
o l f th ll t b f if w f l l our o d e n al
p pe es o e ea s a ye e ee ; e u p
mi ssion n ational h atr ed sh all giv e pl ace to th e spirit of gener ou s
,
riv al ry th e peopl e sh all b ecom e wi ser an d stronger society sh all grow

, ,
m ore m erciful and j ust and th e cry of di str ess sh all b e f el t l ike th e
, ,
throb of a b rother s h e art t o th e ends of th e w orl d Where is th e

’
,
.
m an wh o does not f eel a k ind of r el igiou s gr atitu de as h e l ooks upon

th e ri se an d pro re ss of thi s n ati on ? Ab ove all wh er e i s th e C ath ol i c
g ,
whose hear t is not enl arged b y such contempl ation? Here almost for ,
th e fir st tim e in h er hi story th e Chu r ch i s r eal l y fr ee H er worl dl y

, .
position does not over sh adow h er spiritu al offi ce an d th e St ate recog ,
ni zes h er au tonom y Th e m onum ent s of h er past gl ory wr en ch ed fr om

.
,
h er control st an d not h ere t o point l ike m ockin g finger s to wh at sh e

, , ,
h as l ost Sh e renews h er youth and l if t s h er b r ow as on e wh o not

.
, , ,
unmi ndf u l of th e sol emn mi ghty past yet l ooks with undimm ed eye ,
and unf al tering h e art t o a still m or e gl oriou s fu tu r e Wh o in su ch a .
presence can ab ate h ope or give h eed to de spondent coun sel or send
, , ,
regretful thoughts to other days and l ands? Wh oever at any time ,
in any pl ace mi ght h ave b een sage sain t or h ero m ay b e so h ere

, , , ,
and now ; and th ough h e h ad th e h eart of F r anci s and th e m ind ,
of Augu stine and th e cou rage of Hilde b r and he re i s w ork for him
, ,
to do .
414 Th e Na t io na l P e rio d
Th e P astoral Letter of th e Thi rd Pl en ary

C ou n cil of B al tim ore on Forb i dden S ocietie s ,
D ecem b er 7 1 8 8 4 ,
F R O M th e fir t
s p ap al con dem n a o n o f F ee M ason y b y C l e m e n X I I in ti r r t
1 7 38 to th e p e sen t ti r r t i r hi
m e t h e p ob l em o f C a h ol c m em b e s p in soc e es i ti
r i rh r
f o b d den b y th e C h u c h as b een a eal on e A s ea ly as th e F ou r rth
Pro .
i ti r ri i xr
vi n ci al C ou n c l o f B al m o e i n M ay , 1 8 4 0 , th e A m e can b sh op s e p esse d
r
conce n o n thi r
s sco e an d t r wr r t wr i
he e e e epe a ed a n n gs to th e f a f ul i th
th r t r
e e af e ri r i ti
M any of th e ea l e soc e e s h ad b een o f f o e gn b
. ri ,
irth
b ut
t i t t
in t h e l as d ec ad e s o f th e n n e een h cen u t ry
A m e can s riu ned t r wi t r i
h f u ou s
zea l t th or ti f e r t i ti e c t to th i r ow p tt r ( A rth r
c ea on o sec e soc e s u e n a e n
”
u
M ei r S h l i ng r Th R i
e c es f t he C i ty
, [ 8 7 8 —1 8 9 8
e [ N w Y rk se o e , e o ,
p . It w with thi i r d d g r t th f ith f C th l i m i

as s n c e ase an e o e a o a o c en n
m i d th t t h b i h p
n a f t h T h i rd Pl
e s ry C
o s o il f B lti m or i l d d in
e e na ou nc o a e nc u e
th i r p t r l l tt r th m t d t il d t d t
e as o a e e l gthy e ti on onos e a e o a e -
a en sec
th f rb i dd
e o o i ti S ren s P t r G il d y
c e es . Th N ti l P t
ou ce : l e e u a e a o na a s o ra s
of th A m ei H i h 1
er ca n
y 7 9 2 —1 9 1 9
( W h i gt n N ti o l C th l i
e ra r c ,
as n o : a na a o c
W lf r C f re
e a e on e pp 2 5 6 —26 0
n ce , . .
O ne of th e m ost
tr i king ch aracterist i cs of our t i m es is th e uni
s
ver sal tendency to b and together in societies for th e prom otion of

al l sort s of pu rposes Th i s ten dency is th e n atu r al ou tgrowth of
1
.
age of popu l ar r i ght s and r epr e sent ativ e in stitution s It is also in

'
accor d ance with th e spi ri t of th e Ch u rch who se aim as in dicated b y , ,
h er n am e C athol i c i s to un i te all m an kin d in b rotherhood It is

,
.
con son ant al so with th e spirit of Chri st wh o cam e t o b re ak down al l ,
walls of d i vision and to gather all in th e one fam i ly of th e one

,
he avenl y F ather .
Bu t there are few good th in gs wh i ch h ave not the i r cou nterfeit s ,
an d few t en denci es which h av e not the i r dan e r s It is ob viou s t o any

g .
reflecting m ind th at m en form b ad and r ash as well as good and wi se

d esi gn s; an d th at th ey m ay b and together for carry i ng out evil or
d an gerous as w ell as l au dab l e an d useful pu rposes A n d th i s does not .
n ece ssari ly i mpl y d el i b er ate m al i ce b ecause wh i l e it is u n q u est i onab l y , ,
T h t th b i h p w
1
a e t s ggo ti g th sph m
ere m y b no f m exa era n e e no e no n a e see n ro
th f t th t b t w
e ac 1 8 8 0— 1 900
a e t l t 4 90
ee n w i ti w ga i d i a e as ne soc e es e re or n ze n
th U it d S t t
e n e d b y 1 900 th
a e s, an w i m ill i m th ll f e re er e over s x on n a e s on e ro s o
th e se i ti A th M S h l i g h t t d S th gh l y did th h b it
so c e es . r ur . c es n er as s a e ,
“
o orou e
‘
a
o f f mi g or i ti
n Jm By
asso c a ph — i nt
o ns
’
p t t Am i a lif es r ce s
’
r ase er e n e ra e er c an e
t h t it b
a m p ib l t
eco esd t d p
oss ti ll y l l th
e im p t t o m i
o un ers an r ac ca a e or an e c no c
an d i l d l pm t m l y b y m i g th tiviti f v l u t ry g
soc a eve o en s e re ex a in n e ac es o o n a or an
( B i g ph y of N at i n f J i A m i a H i to i l R i w I
” “
i ti
za on s o ra a o o o ne r s , er c n s r ca ev e , .
[O tob er
c 1 6)
,
416 Th e Na t ion al P er iod
they virtu all y aim at sub stitu ting a world wide fraterni ty of their own -
,
for th e univer sal b roth erhood of Jesus Chr i st and at d i ssemin atin g ,
m ere Natural i sm for th e supernatur al rev eal ed reli gion b estowed upon
m ankind b y th e Saviour of th e worl d He h as sh own too th at even .
, , ,
in cou ntri es wh ere they are as y et f ar f rom acknowl edging such pur
p o s e,s th ey n ev e rth el ess h av e in th em th e germs whi ch under f av or ab l e ,
circu m st ances w oul d in evit ab l y b l ossom f orth in sim il ar re sul t s Th e 2

.
,
Church consequentl y forb ids h er children to h ave any conn ection

, ,
wi th such societies b ecau se they are either an O pen evil to b e

,
shun ned or a hi dden d anger to b e av oided Sh e woul d fail in h er .
duty if sh e did not spe ak th e w ord of w arning and h er chil dren ,
would equall y fail in theirs if they did not heed it , .
Whenever therefore th e Chur ch h as spoken au thoritativel y with

, ,
regard toany society h er decision ought to b e final for every C athol ic

,
.
He ought to know th at th e Chur ch h as not acted h astil y or unwi sel y .
or m i st akenl y ; h e sh oul d b e c onvince d th at any worl dl y adv an t ages
which h e m ight derive from h is memb ership of su ch society woul d b e ,
a poor sub st i tu t e f or th e m emb e rship th e sacr am ent s an d th e bl ess

, ,
ings of th e C hurch of Christ ; h e shoul d have th e cour age of hi s

rel i giou s convictions an d st and firm to f aith an d conscience B ut if
, .
h e b e incl ined or asked to j oin a society on which th e Chu rch h as

passed no sentence th en l et him as a reason ab l e and Chri sti an m an
, , ,
ex am i n e in to it car efu ll y and not j oin th e society until h e i s sati sfied

,
as to it s l awful ch ar act er .
Th ere i s on e ch ar acteri stic which i s al w ay s a strong presumm ion

against a soci ety and th at i s secr ecy
, O ur D ivine Lord Him self h as
.
l aid down th e rul e : E ve ry on e th at doth evil h ateth th e l ight an d ,
com e th not to th e li ght that hi s works m ay not b e reproved But

, .
h e th at doth tru th com eth to th e l ight th at h is works m ay b e m ade

manif est b ec au se th ey are done in Go d
, When therefore associ a .
”3
,
tion s veil them sel ve s in secrecy and darkness th e presumption is ,
against them and it r est s with th em to

, prove th at there i s nothing
evil in th em .
B ut if any soci ety s ob l igati on b e su ch as to b in d its m emb ers to

’
secrecy ev en wh en rightl y que stioned b y com et en t authority then

, p ,
such a soci ety put s it self ou t si de th e li m it s of a

pprov al ; an d no
one can b e a memb er of it an d at th e sam e tim e b e admitted to th e
2 . i
Cf Leo KIII s ency cl cal H um an um ge n us A pr l 20 1 8 8 4 in oh n
’
W yn ne
, i , ,
J J .
,
S J ( ei , Th e Great En cy c l ical Letters of Pope Leo XIII ( New Yr

z o k
.
,
s3 —1 ) 6
pp. .
3
Ju.
—2 1 .
P astoral on F o rb id de n Soc ie t ies 417
r
sac amen s of th e t
C atholi c Church Th e sam e is true of any organiza .
tion th at b in ds its m emb er s to a promise of b l in d ob edience to

accept in adv ance an d to O b ey wh at soever or der s l awful or u nl awf ul , ,
th at m ay em anate from its chief authorities; b ecau se such a promise

is contr ary b oth to re ason and conscience A n d if a society w orks or .
p l ot s e ith , er ope n l y o r i n se c r e t ag ai n st th e Ch u r ch or again st l awf ul

, ,
au th oriti e s th en t o b e a m em b er O f it i s to b e excl u de d from th e m em

,
h er sh ip of th e C ath ol i c Chur ch .
Th ese au th orit ativ e rul es th erefore ought t o b e th e gu ide of all , ,
C athol ics in their rel ations with societies No Cathol ic can conscien .
tiousl y j oin or con tinu e in a b ody in whi ch h e kn ow s th at any of

, ,
these condemned fe atur es exi st If h e h as j oined it in good faith and .
th e ob j ecti on ab l e fe atu re s b ecom e known to him af te rw ar ds or if ,
any of th e se evil el em ent s cr eep int o a soci ety whi ch was ori ginall y
g oo d it b
, ec o m e s h i s du ty t o l e av e it at o n c e A n d e ve n if h e w er e .
to suff er loss or ru n th e ri sk b y l e aving such a soci ety or r ef using to

j oin it h e should do h is duty and b r ave th e con sequ ences regardl ess
,
of hu m an con sider ation .
To th ese l aw s of th e Chu rch th e j u sti ce of whi ch mu st b e m an ifest ,
to all im parti al m in ds w e deem it n ecessary to add th e foll owing ,
adm oniti on of th e Secon d Pl en ary C ouncil : C are m u st b e t aken l est “
workingm an s societies under th e pretext of mu tu al assistance and

’
protecti on sh ould comm it an y of th e evil s of con demned soci eti es; and
,
l est th e m emb er s sh ould b e in du ced b y th e artifices of designing m en

to b re ak th e l aw s of j ustice b y withh ol din g l ab or t o whi ch th ey are , .
rightfull y b ound or b y o therwise unl awfull y viol ating th e right s of

,
their em ployers .
”
B ut whil e th e Ch u rch i s thu s c areful to guard h er chil dren again st

whatever is contrary to Chr isti an duty sh e is no l ess careful that no ,
inj ustice shoul d b e done to any associ ation h owever unin tentionall y , .
Whil e therefore th e Church b efore prohib iting any society will t ake , ,
ev e ry pr ec au ti on t o asce rt ai n it s true n atu r e w e o itiv l y f rb i d any

p s e o ,
past or or oth er eccl e si asti c to pass sent ence on any associ ati on or to
, ,
im pose eccl esiastical pen al ties or di sab ili ties on its m emb ers without
th e pr eviou s expl i cit au th oriz ati on of th e rightful au th oriti es .
5
C i l ii p l ii B lt im i II t d ( B l tim
4 on c e n ar a A t t
o r e ns s . c a e ecr e a a ore ,
p . 263 .
5 Th
e pl en ary cou n c il of 1 8 84 co ns tit t
u ed th e arch b sh ops i of i
th e U n te d St ate s
as a comm ss o n i i i ig
p ass ju dgm en on all su sp ec soc e es F or a
to nvest ate an d t t i ti
t i i i i
.
tre atm en of h ow th e comm ss on oper ate d , th e co n dem n at o n o f t hr ee A m er can

i ti
soc e es b y th e Hol y O fli ce in A u gu s , 1 8 94, and th e n al sol u on g ven to th e t fi ti i
prob l em cf Fergu s M acdo n al d , Th e C a th o l ic C h urch and th e S e c re t S oc ie t ies in
'
t h e U n ited S ta tes ( New ork, p l ooff Y . .

41 8 Th e Na tio na l P erio d
J oh n Gi lm ary Sh ea Discusses His Problem s

an d M et h o ds in Wri ting th e His to ry of t h e
Ca t ho lic C h u rch in t he Un it ed S ta tes M arch , ,
1 8 8 5 —S eptemb er 2 6 1 890 ,
IT M A Y tru th fu lly b e sai d th at were i t n ot f or John G il m ary Shea ( 1 8 24

1 8 92 ) th e h i story o f th e C athol i c C h u r ch i n th e U n i te d States coul d n ever
ha v
writt
b een e en Th e b ib l io grap h y o f h s d e o e d sc ol a , w h o n e e
.
h ad
'
t i v t h r vr
r r
any f o m al p of e ss on al tr i i
a n ng r i r
n u m b e e d n ea l y 2 5 0 t it i
l e s, n cl u d n g i ,
tr i
an sl at on s an d ed i rt t r iti t ri t i
on s o f m p o an sou ce m a e al s, s u d es i n A m e can ri
i i i ti
I nd an l ngu s cs, ge ne al r wr ri ri
o k s i n A m e can an d A m e can C a h ol c h is t i
t ry i r hi
o , b og ap e s, de o on al v ti tr ti
ea ses, an d i
m scell an eous writi
n gs ( cf .
wr i
Ed a d Sp ll an e , S J , i i r hy
B b l og ap of Jh
o n G il m ary S h e a
. .
”
H isto r ica l ,
rt
R e co rds a n d S tu d ies V I Pa II [D ecem b e , r 24 9
, , ri i
H is p nc pal
su cce sso r fi ri
in th e el d of A m e can C a h ol c t i hi t r
s o y , Pe e tr
G u il d ay ( 1 8 8 4
'
x r ti th r r wh
w as not e agge a n g, e ef o e , e n h e s a ed tt “
r i i
T h e p o d g ou s ,
ac tivi tyo f D r S h ea i s u n iq
u e i n A m e can
. ri hi t ri r hy
s o og ap ( G u il d ay , op .
c it p .
, . r vr h wr h i h i ti h r t r
M o eo e S e a s o k w as of a g sc e n fic c a ac e , and ,
’
it r i r ti
ea n e d t h e ad m a o n o f co n em p o a t r ry r i i Jr
p o f e ss o n al s l ke a ed S pa k s r ,
J ti W i n r d Edm d B O c l l gh with wh m h m i t i d
us n so , an un .
’
a a an o e a n a ne
f r i n d ly
e t t Hi m g m p h w v r w th f r vol m H i t y
con ac s . s a nu o us , o e e , as e ou -
u e s or
o f th C th l i C h e a h i th U i t d S t t
o c ( N w Y rk 1 8 8 6
u rc n e th n e a es e o , e
fin l v l m f whi h w p b l i h d f w m th ft r Sh
a o u e o c as d th b y
u s e a e on s a e ea s
’
ea
h i wi f
s I n th w i ti g f th t m j r w rk Sh
e . e r nft xp ri d h rt
o a a o o ea O en e e e n ce a ea
b r ki g l k f i ter t
ea n ac d pp rt f rom A m r i
o n es C th l i ang ner lly su o e can a o cs e a
as th f ll wi g l tt r r v l
e o o n f t wh i h m y b t k n
e e s e i d i ti
ea , a ac c a e a e as an n ca on
of t h b e f i t r t i
a se n ce i t ll t l m tt r m g h i r li gi i t
o n e es n n e ec u a a e s a on s co e on s s
a t th t im I f ct i t w only in th l t tw ye r f h i l i f th t th
e e . n a , as e as o a s o s e a e
h i t ri
s o w fi l ly r l i ved of fi n i l xi ty f th
an as na e e pp rt f h im na c a an e or e su o o
se lf d h i f m i ly I n D
an s m b r 1 9 44 t h A m ri
a . C th ol i c H i tori l
e ce e , , e e ca n a s ca
A ssoc a i ti n i n tit t d t it il r j b i l m ti g i Chi c go th e nn l

o s u e a s s ve u ee ee n n a a ua
J hn G il m y Sh Pri
o ar f $ 2 00 f th ea b t w rk i th h i tory f th
ze o or e es o n e s o e
Ch r h i rd r t h lp p rp t t Sh m m ory S r P ter G ild y

_
’
u c n o e o e e e ua e ea s e . ou ce : e u a .
“
J h G il m ry Sh
o n Hi t i l R
a d d S t di
ea,
”
XV II ( J ly
s o r ca ec o r s an u es, u ,
9 9— 1 00 , 1 0 3 1 07 ,-
1 09 , 1 1 7 1 20 ,-
1 24— 1 27 .
An appeal to p o spec r
tive sub scrib ers M arch 1 8 85 , ,
.
Most of th e l e i sure hour s of m y l i fe and mu ch of my m eans h ave

b een dev oted t o stu di es as well as to th e acqu i siti on of every b ook , ,
periodi cal pape r an d docu m ent whose exi stence I could trace b earing
, , , ,
on th e e arl y and actu al h i st o ry of th e C h u rch in th i s cou ntry th e ,
eff orts of th e p i oneer C athol i cs and th eir cl ergy th e I nd i an m i ssion s , ,
th e o rgani z at i on o f th e Chu rch u n der En gl i sh F rench an d Spani sh , ,
rul e th e reli giou s l i fe and discipl ine that grew up th e v i cissi tudes of
, ,
th e Church and its u l tim ate steady devel opm en t to its present con dition .
History of th e Ch urch . B ut for You r Gr ace

’
s direction an d influence
l ittl e I rt ain would h ave b een eff ected b ut with it all difii culties
am ce
seem ed to v ani sh .
Th e confidence fel t in m e and th e resul t th at you an d th e kin d

p a tr on s w h o l ed,
b y Y our Gr ace s influence h ave co oper ated m ay
’
,
-
,
j u stl y expect at my h ands h ave compl etely discouraged m e now th at ,
I am b rought face to face with th e t ask Th e l ast week h as b een one .
of th e m o st mi ser ab l e of m y l ife so e asil y am I depressed I h ave set .
to work stu dyin g up th e whol e field to l earn fir st wh at th e great

deficiences of m ateri al are an d wh ere to l ook for th e inf orm ation
to suppl y th em S ab in s D i ctionary of B oo ks relating to A m eri ca with
’ 4
.
near l y titl es and th e C at al ogues of all gr eat l ib raries will b e

thoroughl y ex amined th at nothing in print m ay e scape m e C oll ections .
of docu m ents in pub l i c and priv ate depositories are l ess e asil y r e ached
b ut m any will b e accessib l e For th ose in th e archives of dioceses .
which form erl y h ad j u ri sdiction over parts Of this country I need a

l etter to th e pr esent Archb i sh op or B i sh op Encl osed i s a f acsim il e .
of a h and th at y ou r ecogn i ze m y w arm and kin d fri end Ar chb i shop ,
B ayl ey Th at l etter opened to m e m any avenu es of research If a

.
5
.
sim il ar l ett er of in troduction in th e n am e of His Emin ence signed

6
b y You r Gr ace al so b y th e Most Rev Ar chb i sh op of B al tim or e can

, .
,
b e dr awn up in which it w oul d appear th at I am now at w ork under

th e direct san cti on of such m emb er s of our Hi er archy I woul d r epro ,
du ce it and feel assu red th at ev ery f acil ity will b e aff or ded me .
To Archb i shop Corrigan , t

Sep em b e r 2 1 , 1 885 .
How I th ank you for y our kin dness in again addressin g th e

can
Secret ary of th e Propagand a Mr M aziere B r ady h ad access to .

7
.
8
documents giving som e l ight on our M aryl an d Mi ssion s and I hope to

ob tain from h im m or e inform ation th an h e prin ted Th e conn ecti on of
'
event s seem ed so prob ab l e th at I could n ot r ef r ai n from asking to see
4 J ph S b i t l
ose a B i bl i th
n, e Am ia . A D i ti y f B k o eca er ca n a . c o na r o oo s
l ti g t A m i
re a n o f m it D i er ca ,y t th P ro t Tim (N w Y k 1 868
s scover o e rese n e e or ,
Th i w k
s h d tw ty i
or re ac ev l m b y 1 9 36 en n ne
-
o u es .
5 J m R v lt B y l y ( 1 8 1 4—1 8 77 ) w fi t Bi h p f N w k 1 8 5 3
a es oose e a e as rs s o o e ar ,
1 8 72 d i gh th A h b i h p f B l ti m
, an e f m 1 8 72 t h i d th
rc s o o a ore , ro o s ea .
6 J h M c l k y ( 1 8 1 0— 1 8 8 5 ) w Bi h p f A lb y 1 847— 1 8 64 d
o n c os e d as s o o an , , an secon
A h b i h p f N w Y k 1 8 6 4—1 8 8 5 H w
rc s o o e m d
or di l i
, 1 87 5 . e as a e a c ar na n .
7 A hbi h p D m i
rc s o J bi i w oS t y f th C g g tio f P p
en co aco n as ecre ar o
“
e on re a n o ro a
ga n d d aF i d 1 8 8
e 2—1 89 1 e . .
S W M i . B dy ( 1 8 2 5— 1 8 9 4 ) w
az ere ra I i h b P t t t mi i t wh as an r s -
orn ro es an n s er o
w t m y v l m
ro e an th h i t y
o u f th C h
es o n h H w e t d t C th l
s or o e u rc . e as co nver e o a o
i i m i 1 8 7 3 t R m w h il w ki g i th V ti
c s n a o e A hi e or n n e a can rc ves .
J oh n G ilm ary Sh ea , H is tor ian 42 1
whether th e papers ex am ined b y Mr B rady did not contain m ore . .
F rom Engl an d th ou gh I f ail t o ob t ain any det ail s as t o th e F r anci scan s

, ,
inf orm ation comes very u nexpected to m e in r egard to proj ects of

C atholic col onization b efore Lord B al tim ore and there is eve ry re ason
t o b el ieve th at th e f amou s voy age of Sir Humphrey G il b e rt in Qu een
9
Eli z ab eth s rei gn is conn ected with a C ath ol i c proj ect an d th at a pl an

’
,
fo rmed at a l ater day w as defe ated b y th e f am ou s J esu it F ath er

Per sons} al th ough support ed b y th e b r ave Lord Arundel [ sic] of
0
Wardou r Th at th e e arl y Fr anci scan M i ssion in M aryl and is n ot

“
.
al togeth er im aginary i s pr ov ed b y tw o f act s r ecentl y el i cit ed one th at , ,
in 1 7 1 2 and som e y ear s b efore Lord B al tim ore allowed th em 1 000 l b s

, ,
.
of tob a cco a y ear an d th e oth er th at a l ib r ary in M aryl an d h as two

,
b ooks b e aring th e n ame It mu st not b e supposed th at Fath er H addoc

.
[ s ic ]
12
w as such a smoker th at h e requi red an all ow ance of three
p o u n d s a d ay ; in j u sti ce to th e O ld m i ssi on ary I will add th at all v al u es
in M aryl an d were th en estim ated in t ob acco Th e M ini ste r Of th e .
e st ab l i sh ed Chur ch r eceiv ed fr om ev ery per son C athol i c as w ell as
Protest ant s 40 lb s of t ob acco eve ry ye ar Th ere are compl ain t s ext an t

. .
fr om these worthy gentl emen th at as th e l aw did not fix th e qu ali ty ,
to b e del ive red m ost th at cam e t o th eir h ands w as very b ad I do not

, .
su ppose th at a C athol ic so t ax ed w ould pi ck ou t th e b est of h i s st ock
of t ob acco to p ay so unj ust a t ax .
To Archbi shop Leray , Decemb er 1 , 1 8 8 5 ‘
In compl ance i with

i sh of sever al Archb ishops and B ishops and
th e w
encou r age d b y th e sub scription m ade in adv an ce I h ave b e en w orking
in earnest at th e History of th e Ch urch in thi s coun try m ost of thi s

year Th e fir st volume inclu des all down to 1 7 83 [sic] For th e m ost
. .
14
9 Sir Hirm ph rey G l b e ( c 1 53 9 — i rt

1 5 8 3 ) m ade a oy age to th e New W orld i n
. v
t i
1 57 8- 1 5 7 9 ; h e ook possess on O f Newf ou n dl and in 1 5 83 i n th e n ame of Qu een
i t t
El z ab e h and l os h is l f e on th e re u rn oy age i t v .
1 0 Rob er t r
Pe sons ( 1 546—1 6 1 0 ) w as th e l eader of th e r s esu m ss o n f or
“
fi t J it i i
v i
th e recon ers o n of E ngl and -i a 1 5 8 0 .
1 1
fi t r
Th om as, rs Lo d Aru ndell of W ardour ( 1 5 60 w as one of th e l e ad
i i
i ng E ngl sh C ath ol c nob l emen of th e l ate E l z ab e h an and early Stu art p er o ds i t i .
1 2
J am es H ad dock, w as one of th e m em b ers of th e Fr anc scan m ss o n i i i
i
in M ary l and wh ch l as ed f rom 1 6 72 to c 1 7 25 t . .
r i X r
1 3 F an s
c Le ay ( 1 8 25—1 8 8 7 ) w as B sh op of Na ch toch es, 1 8 7 7—1 879
. i t i ,
t i
Co adju or A rchb sh op of New O rl e ans, 1 8 79—1 8 8 3, and A rch b sh op of New i
O rle ans from 1 88 3 to h is dea h t .
tit
1 4 Vo lu m e I e n
, l ed Th e C a th o l ic C h urch in C o lon ia l D ay s, 1 521 —1 76 3 ( New
Y J
ork : oh n G ilm ary Sh ea, t
ac u all y c am e onl y to 1 7 6 3 , n ot 1 78 3 I t w as .
i t “
ded cated to th e pa rons b y wh ose re u es and aid th s work h as b ee n u nder q t i
t aken
”
( p iii ). .
pa rt
in th e Engl i sh coloni es I h ave coll ected all material that I can
trace and most of th e narr ative is written For th e Spanish part I .
h ave m ost encour agi ng success for Fl orida Tex as an d New M exico , ,
.
Th e F rench
rt touches M aine and of which I h ave much some
pa , ,
h i th erto u nknown For th e M i ssi on in New York I h ave al so ab undant

.
m ateri al For M ichi gan Wi scon si n and Illinoi s my docum ent s are al so
.
,
rich B ut for Louisi an a I now appe al to You r Grace M y first pub l i shed
.
,
.
work in 1 8 5 3 was on th e D isco very of th e Mississippi b y F ather r

15
M arquette f oll owed b y th e R ecoll ect F ather s under La Sall e I h ave .
Ib ervill e s Voy age in which h e w as accompanied b y a Recoll ect

’ ‘6
,
and J esu it Some y ear s ago I printed l etter s from M essr s Monti gny l 7
. .
an d hi s associ ates sen t out f rom th e Sem in ary of Q ueb ec b y St

,
.
Vall ier } with h is Lordship s act foundin g th e M ission

8 ’
.
I h ave A b p Tasch ere au s hi story of that M ission which finally

.
’ 19
cent e red at T am aroi s in Ill ino i s Thi s in cl u des th e ve ry cu rious h i sto ry .
O f R ev M Le M aire s com i ng to Lou i si an a

’ 20
. . .
I h ave recently discovered a protest of Bp St V all ier again st th e . .
action of th e Pope wh o er ected som e Vicari at es Apostol ic [sic] in - 21
th e M i ssi ssipp i V all ey whi ch o n h is protest wer e su ppressed Inve sti

,
.
gation i s n ow in progress at R om e to fin d all ab ou t thi s F or th e .
15 Th e D isco very a nd Exp loratio n f t h e M

o is s iss ipp i Va l l e y ( Ne w ork : Red -
Y 1
fi el d , 1 8 52 ) w as de d i c ate d to J ared S p arks of H arvard U n vers y w h o t h en i it

e nc ou raged Sh e a to w r te i on th e C ath o l c m i i i ss o n s o f C an ad a an d th e W est a ,
vol u m e wh i ch h e b rou gh t out u n der th e t tl ei H istory f th e C ath o l ic

o M issions
am o ng t h e I n d ian Tr i b e s o f th e U n it ed S ta tes , 1 52 9 —1 8 5 4 ( New York : D u ni gan ,
1 6
P i erre Le M oy ne I b erv lle ( 1 6 6 1 —1 7 06 ) w as i a C anadi an-b orn expl o re r wh o
i
l a d th e i
f ou nd at ons f or Lou s ana ii .
1 7 F ranco i J lli
s o et de M on ti g ny w as th e l e ader of th e sem n ary i pr i e st s of
Qu eb ec in 1 6 9 8 to t h e m i i ss o ns al ong th e M i ssi ssippi R iv er .
1 3
J ean-B ap t ste i de S a i t V lli
n -
a er ( 1 6 5 3— 1 7 2 7 ) w as th e successor of th e f am ous
La v al as second i
B sh op of Qu eb ec .
Elz ear -A l ex andre T as ch ereau ( 1 82 0 —1 8 9 8 ) w as m ade A rch b sh op of Qu eb ec

1 9
’
i
fi
in 1 87 1 and th e rst C an ad an card n al in 1 8 8 7 He wrote a m anuscr pt h story i i . i i
of th e sem n ary of Que b ec i .
20
F . i
Le M a re w as a French p r es wh o l ef t a comf or ab l e pos i n Par s to i t t t i
serve i i ii
as a m ss on ar y i n Lou s ana f or som e y e ars in th e ear l y e gh eenth centu ry i t .
21 Th e v ery conf used j ur s i di ti

p rob l em i n Lou
c o n al ii s an a th ta arose d ur i ng th e
t
l as y ears of Pope C lem ent XI ( 1 70 0—1 7 2 1 ) and th e fi ty rs e ar s of Po pe I nnocen t
X III ( 1 7 2 1 — 1 7 24 ) b ecam e f ur th i v l d b y th G l l i
er n o ve e a c an controve rsy b e ween t
th e Ho l y S e e and F rance Th e . j i d i ti
ur s i q ti
c w o ns n ues on ere pref ectu r e s-
apost ol c i
and no t vi ic ar ate s- aposto l c i as Sh id
e a sa .
42 4 Th e Na t io na l Pe rio d
I have m ade th e vol um e so l arge and expensive th at I am in ,
consi der ab l e deb t ; and I see n o w ay except to have another appeal
for patron s of th e work Th er e h ave b een eight death s and th ere were
.
,
when I issued th e volume eight deli nqu ent s som e O f whom wi sh to ,
withdraw al together .
By m akin g up a l i st of 2 5 0 promi nen t C athol i cs in th e Uni ted State s ,
it seem s to m e th at 2 5 or 30 new patrons ou ght to b e secu red With .
th at numb er I can complete th e work with ou t anxi ety .
To Archb ishop Corrigan M ay 2 1 1 8 8 9 , , .
In full con sciousness of th e m an y call s upon you r tim e and th ou ghts

I am m ost reluctant to m ake a per son al appeal ; b ut I am in a sore
str ait Wh en th e m atter of th e H isto ry of th e Ch urch w as proposed it
.
,
was su ggest ed th at I sh oul d withdr aw from L esli e s est ab l ishm en t

’ 26
.
Thi s I w as rel uct an t to do as I regar ded m y position secure an d ,
p er m a n ent b u t I l,e an ed u pon a str aw L eaving a m eeting of th e Com .
mi ttee of t h e C ath ol ic Hi storic al Soci ety on th e 2nd of J anu ary I 27

'
fell in stepping from an ill constru cted el ev ator an d so inj u red my knee
-
th at I h ave b een lai d up an d am now b arel y ab l e to get ab out on

cru tche s and ev en with th em dar e not att em pt to w alk in th e str eet .
During my enf orced ab sence f rom th e office adv ant age w as t aken of ,
this; al thou gh I continued to keep u p my work Th e prom inence given .
to m e directl y an d indirectl y b y m y H isto ry prompted h ostili ty an d ,
I have recentl y b een deprived of m y position a mere temporary posi ,
tion at a pittance b eing O ff ered m e .
Nothing woul d b e m or e congen i al to m e th an Chur ch work and if

there b e any position in th e Ch an cery O ffice C al vary Cemetery O ffi ce , ,
or in conn ection with any of t h e in stitu tion s wh ere I could b e sur e ,
of a m oder at e sal ary I sh oul d b e onl y too gr at eful to You r Gr ace f or
enab l in g m e to ob t ain it .
I am ab le to work and will ing My aspir ations are not high ; and I .
do not ask to b e a m ere pen sioner If I can ob t ai n a position in New

’
York where I can earn m y l iving I can devote my l ei sure to th e ,
compl eti on of th e H istory b u t if I am thrown u pon pre cari ous pi eces

,
of w ork my l ab or on it mu st of necessity b e fitful and un cert ain

, .
I comm end th e whol e m atter to Your Gr ace s kind consideration an d ’
I feel certain from th e friendly in terest you have al ways m anif ested in
k L li P b li h i g H 53—57 P k Pl c N w Y k C i ty
’
F
26 ran es e s u s n ou se , ar a e, e or
t th i it i ti th t th U i t d St t C th l i H i t i l
.
It w
27 d as ue o f Sh e n a ve o ea a e n e a es a o c s or ca
S i ty f N w Y k w
oc e o e f d d i D
or mb as 1 8 8 4 w ith th
ou n e tiv
n it ece er, , e ac e ass s ance
o f Ri h d H Cl k ( 1 8 2 7—1 9 1 1 )
c ar . ar e d Ch l G H b m ( 1 8 40
an ar es . er er ann
J oh n G il m ary S h ea , Historian 425
me, th at
will not feel off ended at my thus intruding my priv ate
you
tr oubl es on your attention It was with great reluctance that I now .
add ress you an d do so onl y afte r e ff o rt s m ade in v ariou s directions

, ,
which have tended to d iscour age m e .
Whether you coul d exert influence in any other field than those I
h ave n am ed I do not know b ut l eavin g th e m atter in Your Gr ace s ,
’
hands I rem ain with deep and sin cere respect

,
.
To Archb ish op C orrigan J une 2 1 8 8 9 , ,

.
I m ust th ank you sincerel y for you r kind l etter to M gr Donn ell y .
in r egar d t o m y aff air s Wh en I c all ed on h im y esterday m y po sition

.
was t alk ed ov er at some l en gth It i s f ar fr om m y wi sh to b e a pen sioner .
or h av e a pl ace m ade f or m e I fel t th at if there were an openin g .
anyw here for work whi ch I w as com pet en t to d o Your G r ace w oul d ,
ex e rt in flu en ce in m y f av or Anoth er proposal h as j ust b een m ade .
to m e M r Ri dder asks m e to assum e th e ed itor ship of th e Ca th o lic

29
. .
News and to give som e day s of th e w eek to do it A s th e editor ship .
of a C ath ol i c paper or period ical w as n ev er b efor e off er ed m e I ,
sh oul d not l ike to un de rt ake it with ou t Y ou r Gr ace s san c tion and ’
entir e appr ov al I f I assu m ed th e positi on it w oul d b e with th e h ope

.
th at I m i ght when occasion requ ired le arn You r Gr ace s W i shes as to

, ,
’
th e tone to b e adopted or th e mode in which sub j ect s shou l d b e ,
treated I can certainl y conduct it pru dently and temper atel y h ow ab ly

.
,
or successfu ll y I can not pre sum e to say .
An Announcem ent in th e C ath olic News , M ay 4, 1 8 9 0 .
Som e years since I was invited to write th e Hi story of th e C ath olic

Church in this coun try and sub scr iptions were advanced b y several ,
of th e hi er archy cl ergy and l ai ty suffi ci en t t o cov er th e co st of th e

,
volumes as they were un dertaken O f these generou s friends n early

'
on e th ird h ave al ready passed f rom thi s w orl d

-
Two volum es we re . .
wr itten and pub l i shed Soon after th e appearance of th e second vol um e

.
,
Th e Lif e and Tim es of Archb i sh op C arroll an acci den t l ai d m e up

‘ ’
,
for m onth s a crippl e Though I en deavored su ccessful l y in thi s st ate

.
28
Arth ur J
D o nnell y ( 1 820—1 89 0 ) w as tre asu rer o f th e comm ttee f orm ed i n
. i
it i
1 8 8 5 to ass s Sh ea Mons gnor D onnel l y f ou nded St M ch ael s P ar sh , New
. . i ’
i
Y ork in S ep em b er, 1 8 5 7
, t .
2 9 H erm an i
R dder ( 1 8 5 1 — 1 9 1 5 ) h ad f ou nde d t h e w eekl y K a to l isch es Vo lksb la t t
o f New Y i i
ork i n 1 8 7 8 wh ch b e d sco nt nu ed f or th e C a th o l ic N e ws i n 1 8 8 6 I n i .
i
1 8 9 0 R dder b ecam e m anager of th e N e w- Yorker S taats-Z e it ung th e f orem ost ,
i
G erm an d a l y i n th e U ni ted S a e s, w hi ch h e m anaged u n l his dea h tt ti t .
to fulfill my u su al e d itori al
rived of nearly my whol e du ties I ,
w as d ep
incom e b y an u nj u st and cruel act th at I never ant icipated Whil e in .
.
thi s posi tion th e proprietor of th e Cath olic New s off ered me th e edi
tori al ch ar ge of h is paper and ai de d b y th e in tell i gen t an d well , ,
inform ed staff connected w i th th at j ou rn al I h ave till th e present time ,
l ab ored to m eet h is e xpectations and those of th e C atholi c b ody .
M e anwhil e m y Hi story w as virtu al ly su spen ded b eyond th e coll ection ,
of m at eri al and stu di es o f particu l ar ph ases of period s Un der st and ing .
thi s som e f riends in th e clergy of th e St ate where I reside m ade an

,
30
eff ort t o en ab l e m e t o l ay asi de all oth e r w ork an d apply m y self t o
th e compl etion of th e H i sto ry Since th e fir st of J anu ary I h ave don e .
noth ing el se ex cept th e edit ori al wor k of th e C ath o lic Ne ws n otwi th

, ,
st and ing which m y thir d vol um e i s so f ar adv an ced th at i t will appe ar

,
earl y thi s summ e r u nl ess som e u nf ore se en e v ent i nt e rv enes .
I notified th e proprietor of th e Cath olic News of th e position of

aff air s and of m y r el in qu i shm en t of all other w or k A s h e h ad m ade
, .
heavy outl ay b ased on m y con tinu ance as editor of th e News h e h ad

, ,
fel t great r el u ctance to sever th e connection whi ch will in volv e l oss ,
and re qu ire a ch an ge in th e m an agem en t O f th e p ape r .
F or m y own part I should w i th ou t hesitati on ret ir e at once from

th e e di tori al ch air did I fin d th at i t i nte rf e red with m y speci al w ork
,
.
Hi therto it h as b een no ob stacle b ut on th e contrary b y th e w i de , , ,
circul at i on i t enj oy s th e News b rings m e in cont act w i th C ath ol i cs in

,
al l part s of th e cou ntry en ab l es m e t o see al l th e C ath oli c j ou rn al s

, ,
an d pr ofit b y al l hi sto ri cal r em i ni sce n ces b i ogr aph i c al sketch es an d ,
th e l i ke It h as al so en ab l e d m e to ob t ain i m po rt ant an d v al u ab l e m a
.
teri al M y presen ce in th e ofli ce i s l i mi te d to two d ay s an d th e ch ange

.
,
of scen e for th at short tim e i s b enefi ci al to m y h e al th

‘
My great desire is to com pl ete th e Hi story of th e Chur ch To it I .
wi ll sacrifice all other m atters an d eVen th e editor ship of th e News , ,
if it pr ov es th e sli ghte st b ar sh al l b e r el inqui sh ed on due n otice , ,
whenever I feel and m y kind fri ends see th at it retards th e work . .
To F ath er C orrigan “
M ay 5 1 8 9 0 , , .
I i n serted in th e l ast numb er of th e News a st atement wh ich you

30 Th m e na f th i mm i tt
es o i th D i f N w k w
s co l i t d i th
ee n e oce se o e ar ere s e n e
fi l l m f Sh w k w h i h pp d m m th ft h i d th i 1 8 92
na vo u e o
’
ea s or c a e are so e on s a er s ea n
( IV vii iii )
,
—v .
31
P t i k C i g ( 1 8 30 f St M y C h h H b k N w
’
a r c o rr p t an as or o . ar s u rc , o o en , e
J y w w l l k w f h i f d with h i di y W i d M W igg ( 1 84 1
erse , as e no n or s eu s or n ar , nan . er
q ti f p i t i gh t H w th
.
th
’
ove r e ue s on th o f b
r es sh r s . e as e au or o a ro c u re
en t i t l d W h t th
e C th l i C h
a h M t N d i th
e a oU it d S t t
c u rc Th os ee s n e n e a es , o r, e
V i
o ce f th P i t i
o e h E l ti f h Bi h p (N w Y k
r es s n t e ec on o t e s o s e or ,
428 Th e Na t io nal P e riod
written b y th e year so as to issue it earl y in 1 8 9 2 My aim

end of th e ,
.
i s to b e ab l e to show th e whol e work b rou ght to a concl u sion b efore

th e C ol um b u s centen ary I n th e volume ab out t o appear I sh all express
.
m y gr atitude for th e appr eciation al r eady m an if ested in my work b ut ,
I hope to receive from you a compl ete l ist of those wh o so nob l y

co oper at e with you th at I m ay dedicate m y fif th v ol um e and th e w ork
-
it crowns to those wh o deserve to b e rem emb ered as long as th e work

can pr eserv e th e ir m emory .
J ohn Boyl e O Reilly s Speech in Beh alf of th e

’ ’
Negro D ecemb er 7 1 8 8 5 an d Hi s E ditori al

, , ,
on t h e Excomm u ni cation of Dr McGlynn .

,
J ul y 1 6 1 8 8 7 ,
A M ERI CA N C a h ol t
i c j ournal i sm h ad no m orepopu l ar and i nflu enti al fi g re u
in th e l ate n in eteen th century than J ohn Boyl e O Reilly ( 1 8 44 De

’
ported to A ustr al i a b y th e Bri ti sh government in 1 8 6 7 f or h is F eni an activ

“
ities in b ehal f of Iri sh f reedom O Reilly escaped and reach ed th e U nited ,

’
States in 1 8 69 H e settl ed in Boston wh ere h e w as soon on th e staff of th e

.
Pil t b ecom i ng ed i tor in 1 8 7 6 an d wi thi n a f ew ye ar s b r ingi n g that C athol i c

o ,
weekly to a positi on of nati onal prom inence O Reilly comb i ed th e tale ts .

’
n n
of a p o e t n d prose wr i ter w i th a ri ngi ng p atri oti sm an d a d eep dev ot i on t o

a
th e C hu rch H e was o attr act ive a d gi f ted a p er so al i ty that h e w as chose

. s n n n
t o com p o e ver se f or such o ccasi on s as th e m em ori al t o W en d el Ph i ll i ps an d

s
th e u nve i l i ng of th e m onu m ents to C r i spu s A ttuck s an d Plym ou th Rock ,
h onor s whi ch i t h s b een sai d or di n ar i ly o l y th e m ost p rop er n ati ve

“
,
a ,
n
Protestan t wou l d h ve r ece ived ( A rthu r M ann Y k e R f m s i th

”
a ,
an e e or er n e
U b A g [Camb r i d ge A s a con se qu en ce of O Reilly s

' ’
r an e pp 2 8 , .
campai gn agai n st r ci sm an d h i s p er son al p opu l ari ty b y th e t i m e of h i s

a ,
death h e h ad done a good deal to cl ose th e b reach b etween th e Ir i sh C th o a
lics and Yank ee P ri tans of Boston Th e document s that f oll ow i llu strate
u .
two aspects o f O R il l y th ought : first h is ch ampioni n g of th e cau se of th e

’ ’
e s ,
Ne gro a st nd that cam e n aturally to one wh o h ad spent a l if etim e opposing

, a
th e i nj u sti ce pr acti ce d b y En gl and agai nst th e l and of h i s b ir th ; secon d ,
h is l oy l ty t o th e Chu rch in th e case of F ather Edward McG lynn ( 1 8 3 7

a
1 9 00 ) whose excommu n i cati on w as pronou n ce d b y th e H oly See when

'
M cG ly n refu sed t o go t o Rom e to expl ai n h is adh erence to th e l a d

n n
th eories of Henry G eorge an d th i s in spi te O f O Reilly s sympathies with

,
’ ’
th e i deas o f M cG ly n a d G eorge S ou rces : J am e s J eff rey Roche Lif

n n .
f , e o
J h n B y l O R il ly ( N ew Y ork : C assell Publ i sh in g Co

’
o o e e pp 7 38 .
, .
742 ; B o ton Pi l t J l y 1 6 1 8 8 7
s o , u , .
J oh n B oy l e O R e il ly an d th e Negro 429
’
THE NE GRO ALE RI CA N -
Mr resident and Gentlemen : I w as quite un aw are of th e n ature

. P
of thi s m eeting wh en I cam e h er e I l e arn from Mr D own ing s speech
’
. .
th at it is m ore or l ess a pol itical m eeting; th at you are going to express

p r ef er e n ce s thi s w ay or th a t I c am e h er e b ec ause I was asked to s peak
.
at a col ore d m en s m ee t i n g in B ost on I don t care wh at yo u r pol itical

’ ’
.
prefer ences or parti es are I don t c are wh eth er you vote th e R epubl i can
’
.
o r D em ocr at i c ti cket b u t I kn ow th at if I w e re a col ored m an I sh oul d

,
u se parti es as I wou ld a cl ub to b r eak down pr ej u dices against my
p pe o l e I s h o u.l d n t t alk a b o u t b e i’
n g tr ue t o a n y p a rty ex c ep t so f ar ,
as th at party was tr ue to m e P arti e s car e n othing for you onl y t o u se .
y ou .Y o u sh ou l d u se p a rti e s ; t h e hi g h e st p ar ty y o u h a v e in thi s c o u n try

is you r own m anh ood Th at i s th e thin g in danger from all parties; th at
.
i s th e thin g th at eve ry col or ed Am eri can i s b ou n d in h is du ty to him self

and h is chil dr en t o def end an d pr o tect .
I think it is as w i cke d an d un reason ab l e to di scrim in ate again st a

m an b ecau se of th e col or of h i s skin as it woul d b e b ecau se of th e
col or of h is h air He i s n o m or e r espon sibl e for th e on e th an f or th e
.
other an d on e i s n o m or e si gni fic an t th an th e oth e r

,
A previou s .
spe aker s r efer en ce to Mr Parn ell and h is gr owi ng pow er as a r eform er

’ l
.
ought to sugge st to you th at P arnell i s to d ay a pow e rful m an b ec au se -
h e is pl edged to no party He w ould sm ash th e Tori es t om orrow as .
readil y as h e sm ash ed th e Lib er al s yesterday Th at is th e m e aning of .
pol itics Th e highest int er est of pol itics i s th e sel fi sh in ter e st of th e

.
peopl e Y ou are neve r going to ch ange th e things th at aff ect you

.
,
col or ed m en b y l aw I f m y chil dr en w er e n ot all ow e d in t o North ern

, .
sch ool s if I m y self w ere n ot all owe d in to North ern h otel s I w oul d
, ,
ch ange m y party an d m y pol iti cs ev e ry d ay u ntil I ch an ge d and wiped
ou t th at ou tr a ge
I was in Tennessee l ast spring and when I got out of th e cars ,
at Nashvill e I saw ov e r th e door of an ap artm ent Col ored peopl e s ’

,
waitin g r oom I went in to it and found a wr etched poorly furnish ed

.
”
,
-
room crowde d with men women and chil dren Mothers with li ttle
, , , .
chil dr en sat on th e u nw ash e d fl oor and y ou ng m en and y ou ng wom en ,
fill ed th e b are uncomf ort ab l e seats th at were f astened to th e w all s

“
, .
Th en I wen t ou t and fou n d over anoth er door Waiting room In ”

-
, .
there were th e white peopl e caref ull y attended and comf ort ab l e ; ,
sep ar ate r oom s for white m en an d w om en well ventil ated and well ,
kept I spent two day s in Nashvill e an d every h ou r I saw thin gs th at

.
,
1
Ch l St w t P
ar es l l ( 1 8 46 —1 8 9 1 ) w
e ar arne th l d f th I i h ti li t as e e a er o e r s n a on a s s
i th B i ti h H
n e r f C mm
s ou se o o o ns .
m ade me feel th at
th ing w as th e m atter either with God or
som e
hum anity in th e Sou th ; an d I said going aw ay If ever th e colored ,
question com es up again as long as I l ive I shall b e counted in with ,

.
“
”
th e b l ack m en .
B ut this di sregard for th e colored people does n ot onl y exi st in th e

Sou th ; I know th er e are m an y h ot el s in B oston where if an y one of , ,
y ou w e r e to as k f o r a room th e y w ould tell y ou th at al l th e room s

,
were filled .
Th e thi ng th at m o st deeply affl i ct s th e col or ed A meri can is not

goi n g to b e cu red b y pol i tics Y ou h av e receive d f rom pol itics al ready
.
ab ou t al l it c an give y ou .
Y ou m ay ch an ge th e l aw b y pol i t i cs b u t it i s n ot th e l aw th at i s
,
goin g to i n su l t and ou tr age and excomm u n icate every col or ed Am eri can
for gener at i on s t o com e Y ou can t cu re th e con ce it of th e white
’
.
peopl e th at th ey are b etter th an you b y pol itics n or th e ir i gnor ance , ,
n or the ir pre j u d i ce no r th eir b i gotry n o r any of th e i n sol en ces wh i ch

, ,
they cheri sh again st their col ored fell ow ci t i zens -

.
Pol itics i s th e sn are an d del u sion of white m en as well as b l ack .
Pol itics t i ckl es th e skin of th e soci al ord er ; b ut th i s d i sease and other ,
di se ase s of cl ass privil ege an d inh e ri t ance lie deep in th e in tern al

, , ,
or gan s Soc i al eq u i ty i s b ased on prin c i pl es of j u st i ce ; pol itical ch ange

.
o n th e o pin i on of a t i m e Th e b l ack m an s ski n will b e a m ark of soci al

’
.
i nfer ior i ty so long as white m en are conceited i gnor ant and prej udiced , .
Y ou c an not l egi sl ate th ese qu al i t i e s out of th e white s you m ust ste al

and r e a son the m ou t b
y teaching ill ustr at i on and ex ampl e
, , .
No m an ev er c am e into th e world w i th a grander O ppo rtu nity th an

th e A m er i can n egr o He is l ike new m et al d ug out of t h e m ine H e
. .
st an d s at th i s l ate d ay on th e thresh ol d of hi story with e v erything to ,
l earn and l e ss to u nl e arn th an any civ i l ized m an in th e worl d I n h is

, .
heart still ri ng th e free sou nds of th e desert In h is m in d h e carries .
th e tr ad i ti on s of A fr i ca Th e son gs w i th which h e ch arm s A m erican

.
e ar s are re f r ai n s f r om th e tro i c al f or est s f rom th e

p gre at i nl and se as
,
and riv er s o f t h e d ark contin ent .
At worst th e col ored Am erican h as onl y a centu ry or so of degradi ng

,
civi l i zed tr ad it i on an d h ab it to for e t an d u nl e ar n H i s n at ur e h as onl y

g .
b een i nj u re d on th e ou t si de b y th e se l ate ci rcum st an ces of h i s ex i stence .
In si d e h e i s a new m an fresh from n at ure , a col or l ove r an en th u -

,
siast a b el i ever b y th e h ear t a

, phil o soph er a ch eerfu l n atur al good
, , , ,
n atu re d m an I b el i ev e th e col o red A m erican to b e th e ki ndl i e st hum an

.
b ein g in exi stence A l l th e i nhum aniti es of sl avery h ave not m ad e him

.
c ruel or sul len or r ev e nge ful H e h as all th e qu al ities th at fit h im to

.
432 Th e Na t iona l Pe r io d
po wer th at are in hi s soul An d only b y th e organs of th e soul are

.
these del ivered b y self r espect and self reflection b y phil osophy
- -
, ,
religion poetry art l ove and sacrifi ce O ne great poet will b e worth
, , , ,
.
a hun dred b anker s and b r oker s worth t en Pr esi dent s of th e Unit ed

,
St ates to th e negro r ace O ne great mu sici an will speak t o th e world

,
.
for th e b l ack m an as no th ou sand ed itor s or pol itici an s can .
Th e weal th of our Western soil i n it s endl ess mil es of fertil ity i s

, ,
l ess to Ame rica th an th e unworked weal th O f th e rich n egro n at ure .
Th e negro poet of th e futu r e wi ll b e worth two M exi cos to America .
God send wi se gu ides to my b l ack f ell ow coun trym en wh o sh all l ead -

,
them to underst and and accept what is true and great and perenni al ,
and to rej ect wh at i s de ceptiv e an d ch an ge ab l e in l if e purpose , ,
and h ope .
It is a gre at pl easure to m e to say the se things th at I h ave long

b el i ev ed to a col ored m eeting in B oston It woul d b e a greater pl easu r e
.
to go down to Nashvill e an d addre ss a col ored m e etin g th ere ; and

God gr ant th at it m ay b e soo n possib l e for a B oston white m an to
go down to Nashvill e an d address col ore d men A s I sai d in th e .
b egi nning so l ong as Am e ric an citizen s an d th eir chil dren are

,
excl u ded from school s theaters hotel s or comm on conveyances

, , , ,
there ou ght not to b e and there is not among those wh o l ove ju stice
and lib erty any qu estion of r ace
, cr eed or col or ; ev ery h eart th at
, ,
b eat s f or h um anity b e at s with th e oppre ssed

, .
DR . M CGLYNN
It hard to fin d words to express th e pain fel t b y th e C atholics of
is
Am erica over th e excommunication of Dr McGlynn Grief for th e . .
insub ordin ation of a priest once deepl y l oved and respected is str angely
m ix ed with astoni shment and perpl exi ty at his stu bb orn refusal to
ab i de b y th e ri m ry elem ent s of Church di scipl in e
p a .
In thi s excomm un ic at i on th ere is n o qu estion wh atev er of pol itic al

or soci al prin cipl es It i s wh oll y a m att er of Church di sciplin e
. Dr . .
M cGlynn d i rectl y refused to O b ey th e order of th e Sacred Congrega

tion of th e Propaganda to go to Rome and b e h eard in hi s own
,
b eh alf For thi s i n sub ord in ati on th e thre atened excomm uni cation f all s
.
u pon h im h i s own h and b ringing down th e b l ow

, .
NO m atter wh at fol l owin g Dr M cGl ynn m ay win outsi de th e .
Church either of children of th e Church or others those wh o love

, ,
h im b est an d wi sh h im m ost h appiness will con tin u e to pray th at hi s

pri de m ay b e put under h i s feet th at h e m ay com e b ack to th e al t ar
,
l ike a chil d to its moth er humb l e and sorrowful for h is reb ell i on
, .
B ish op K ean e an d
'
C a rd ina l G ib b o ns 43 3
Ri ght or wrong
i i to th e authority of th e Church is th e
, su b m ss on
m anl y as w ell as th e pri estl y an d Chri st i an du ty of Dr M cGl ynn . .
B ecause h e sub mi t s no true principl e whi ch h e m ay h old will die

,
.
B ecause h e reb el s wh atever truth or virtu e m ay lie in h i s l and

,
doctrin e i s set b ack di scounten an ced and w ei ghted down No cause ,

.
eve r suff ered b y th e h umil i ati on of it s apostl es .
It is nonsense for Dr McGlynn to say th at h e h as b een excom .
municated b ecause h e t au ght th at God m ade th e l and for th e peopl e .
It is not true Th e Sacred Congregation of Propaganda h as never

.
con sidered Hen ry George s th eories Dr M cGlynn i s sim pl y l ike a

’
. .
sold i er wh o r ef uses to keep st ep or r ank or direction _

.
B ut h e will come b ack — h e will su rel y st ay hi s f eet in tim e .
B el ieve it th e h eart of th e pri est i s true and th e passion will not

, ,
hold it l ong He will w ash away th e st ain s of th e scan dal with tears
. .
Too m any l ove h im and pr ay for h im to l et him go too f ar S oggarth .
A roon S oggarth A roon rem emb er th e l ittl e on es wh o do n ot know !

, ,
B i sh o
’
p K ean e s A dm o n i ti o n s t o C ardin al
Gibb on s, D ecemb er 2 9 1 88 6 ,
J O HN J K EA N E ( 1 8 3 9 1 9 1 8 ) w
. f th m t l rf l
—
d f rthr i ght as on e o e os co o u an o
pr l t
e a es in th e gr p O f rem rk bl b i h p w h ou gover ed th A m eri n a a e s o s o n e ca
C h r h in t h l t
u c i n t nth nd e rly tw nti th
e a e n t ri Iri h b orn h
e ee a a e e cen u es . s -
, e
c m
a e t th U i t d S t t
o e t th nge f eve
e n d tw l ve y e r
a es a f ter h is e a o s n, a e a s a
o r d i n t i on h w
a m d fi fth B i h p f Ri hm
e as n a d in 1 8 78 In A g t
e s o o c on . u us ,
1 8 88 h w , f rm l ly pp i t d fi r t r t r f t h C th l i U n iv r i ty f
e as o a a o n e s ec o o e a o c e s o
A m ri e p t f r wh i h h h d n tr i n i g b t wh i h b r o gh t
ca , a os o c t hi e a o a n u c u ou s
t l t f r i m gi tive l e d r h ip rr ti g p bl i c ddre
a en s o a na d
a e s th i ti ,
a es n u a ss, an en u s as c
prom oti f on e t o wh i h h h d m m itt d him lf K n l r d

a cau s o c e a co e se . ea e ea n e
hi s j b b yo ri r d i g d b y v i i t t v ri
se ou s eai ti t t in wh r h an s s o a ou s ns u on s e e e
cou n s e l d wi th l e d i ng
e n iv r i ty x tiv Th r ghl y A m ri n in h i
a u e s e ecu es . o ou e ca s
se n tim ent f rthright i h i Vi w d o vi d f th

s, o n ity fs e ,
an c n n ce o e n ece ss or a
cl ose r r l ti hip b tw n A m ri n C th l i
e a on s e d th i r f ll w c
ee trym e ca a o cs an e e o ou n en ,
a t ti m hi es th i m tr h i di r tio Th r l t w th t h in
s en u s as ou an s sc e n . e e su as a e
cu rr d nm ity d s pi i on
e e l ib r l wh
an rth doxy w n t ntir l y
us c as a e a o se o o as o e e
sou n d I n Sept m b r 1 8 9 6 h e w s
. e mm r il y d i m i
e ,
d f r m th ,
n i ver i ty a su a s sse o e u s ,
spent sev r l y e r f xil in R m

e a a s od w v i d i t d n l y i n S pt m b r
e e o e , an as n ca e o e e e ,
1 9 00 wh , h w en n m d ec n d A r hb i h op
e as f D b q e
a e p i ti n h e
s o c s o u u u , a os o
h l d ntil h i r i g ti w
e u s ept d b y t h
es na H ly Se i A pri l 1 9 1 1 F w
on as acc e e o e n , . e
bi h p
s o rv d th A m ri Chur h m r un lfi h ly d f w xp ri
s se e e e can d c o e se s an e e e en ce
m ore r ver e e d h m i l i t i on th n K
s s an Y t h b r i t ll i
u a pi ri t s a ean e . e e o e a n a s
of d p rel i gi
ee f i th nd t n o ti m e w
ou s k own t h v
a a mb d ta as n o a e su ccu e o
em b i tterm t Th f oll owi g l ett r written fr m Rom t C rdi l G ib b “
en . e n e ,
o e o _
a na on s
at a tim e wh en th e l tter showed si gns Of waveri ng an sever al i mp o tant o r

434 Th e Na t ion a l P e r iod
q tio b f r th R m Cu ri ff r go d x mpl f K e
ues ns e o e e d r o an a, O e s a o e a e o
’
an e s can o ,
rg
cou a e , an d t d f t d v ti t wh t h i b i ogr ph r h r t r i
s ea as th e o on o a s a e c a ac e zes as
“
e
b t i nt r t
es f th C th l i C h r h i th U i t d St t
e es s o v th gh i t
e a o c u c n e n e a es e en ou
ld h v m t th l p w r f l f ri ( P tri k H A h r
”
cou a ef d
e an Th
e o ss o a o e u en a c . e n, e
Lif f J h J K
e o Ed t o d A h b i h p 1 8 3 9 1 9 1 8 [ M i lw k
n . ea n e , u ca or a n rc s o ,
-
au ee ,
p It w m . r f th rdi l m g i m ity th t th i as a e asu e o e ca na s

’
a n an a s
l tt r did
e e thi g t i m p i r th ir fri d hip d i f t h m y v b
no n o a e en s an , n ac , e a e en e
sai d t h ve how th r ft r m r r l ti i h i p l i i S r
o a s n e ea e o e e so u on n s o c es . ou ce
A r h iv cf th A r h di
es f B l ti m r
o 8 2—J—4 K a
e t G i bb n
c ocese o a o e, , e ne o o s,
R m o D m b r 29 1 8 8 6
e, ece e , .
Your Em inence
W e were del i ghted to r ece i ve y esterd ay you r l etter of th e 1 7 th .
It s refe ren ce s t o th e three i m po rt an t poi nt s of th e Ge rm an quest i on 1

,
th e coadj u tor ship of N th e K ni ght s of L ab or w ere 3

.
,
m o st v al u ab l e welcom e I at once pu t them i nto three L atin decu .
m ent s an d h an ded th em in to th e Propagan d a th i s m o rni ng Th ey

,
.
wi ll b e sure to h ave great weight I was very gl ad to b e thus enab led .
to put y ou r Em i n en ce in a pro pe r l i ght in th e Propagand a on th e

N O rl e ans question Y ou were th er e identifie d with th e adv ocacy
. .
O f D r Ch apel l e s n omi n ation ; an d as h e i s su re t o b e th e l osi n g m an

’ 4
.
,
yo u were going down with him on th e l osing sid e You r pre sent .
adv ocacy of B i sh op J an ssen s pu t s you on ce m ore on th e wi nning side

5
,
where you ought to b e .
B u t I b eg th at you w i ll perm it m e cl ear an d v ener ated f r i end to , ,
go on an d m en tion thin gs whi ch it i s e x ceedin gl y p ai nful f or m e to

p e n and which o nl y m y high r egard for you r self per son all y and fo r
,
th e ex al t e d O fli ce whi ch you h ol d could i n duce m e t o write f or i t , ,
is a h ar d t ask and often a r i sky one to write painful truth s to a ,
f ri en d e speci all y wh en h e i s a superi or O nl y eal f rie n dsh i p c an

, . r
n erv e one to th e duty .
A t th t i m K
1
e w t th w
e i di
e ane i w ith i th Ch h f ro e e re as se r ou s sse ns o n n e urc o
th e U it d S t t n b tw
e th I i h
a es d G m e l m t ee nth p t i ti wh i h e r s an er an e e e n s over e e on c
F tha P t er M A bb le er f M ilw k . h d p t d t th
e en o H ly S i N au ee a rese n e o e o ee n o
ve mb 1 886
er, h gi g th hi , h y w i th
c ar gl t f th
n G m C th l i e erarc ne ec o e er an a o c
i m m ig t r an s .
Th q
2 ti
e f ue s dj t w i th t h
on o i gh t f a co ai t F i X L y u or e r o su cce ss on o r anc s . era
( 1 825 A hbi h p f N w O l rc w l i di p t
s o o e r e an s, as a so n s u e .
I 3 A g t 1 8 8 4 t h K i gh t
n u us , f L b i C ,d h d b e d m d byn s o a or n an a a a ee n co n e ne
R m o e f b i dd
as a t or i ty A ff t t e n se cre i m j dgm t so c e . n e or o se cu re a u n an ou s u en
O f th h bi h p
e ar c f th U i t d S t t
s o i f
s o f th k i gh t i th i e t y n e a es n avor o e n s n s co u n r
w as no t f l d th
su cce ss u f th q ti h d t b f d t t h H l y
an , e re or e , e ue s on a o e re e rre o e o
S ee f fi l d i i
or a na ec s on .
9 Pl id L Ch p l l ( 1 8 42— 1 90 5 ) w
ac e . a e m d C dj t eA h b i h p f S ta as n a e oa u or rc s o o an
F i e 1 89 1n d i D mb an 1 89 7 w p m t d t th S
n e ce f N w O l er , , as ro o e o e ee o e r e ans
i J
.
F 5 ranc s ( 1 8 43— 1 8 9 7 ) h d b
ansse n s Bi h p f N t h i 1 88 1 I a een s o o a c ez s nce . n
A g t 1 888 h w
u us , m d A hbi h p f N w O l
, e as n a e rc s o o e r e ans .
43 6 Th e Na t ion a l Pe r iod
b een pou ring honest indign ation at th e ch arge th at th e sig

ou t our
9
n atu re s O f th e Prel at es t o th e Uni v er sity pe t i t i on coul d not b e im plicifl y

trusted as giving th e real sentim ent of th e si gners? b ut I cannot help o
recognizin g with wh at crushing force they can say to u s : Wh y l ook “

,
ev en you r C ard inal pu t s h is n am e t o st at em ent s recomm endations

which h e will afterw ards t ake b ack or modif y ; if even h e can send
u s im port ant docu m en t s n ot b ecause h e b el i ev es th em b est f or th e ,
in terests of th e Chu rch b ut in order to pl ease this one or th at one , ,
what confidence can we repose in any of these signatures? They do ”

_
n ot al w ay s say thi s in h on e st w or ds ; b ut th ey say it qui t e gall an tl y
in m ean in g shrugs and sm il es and insin u ations E v en th e Hol y F ath er

, ,
.
him self h as thu s intim ated his apprehension th at your Emin ence
w as u ncert ain vacill ating in your views as to th e Uni versity s ’
l ocation etc , .
I know wel l dear venerated fri end that wh atever tru th there
, ,
m ay b e in all this h as its real source in you r kindness of h eart you r .
anxi ety t o b e gr aciou s and yi eldin g to ev e ry on e as f ar as y ou pos
sib l y can B ut as h appened t o th e old m an in th e f ab l e b y endeavor

.
, ,
ing t o b e over pru den t an d t o pl ease all th ere i s gre at d anger th at y ou ,
ev entu all y will pl ease no on e th at b oth here and at home they will ,
com e t o m i strust you r con si st ency strength of ch ar acter an d t o ,
l ook el sewh ere th an to our b el oved C ardin al for our exponent

ou r l e ader It gall s m e t o th e h e art to thin k th at such i nj u stice sh oul d
.
b e done to our C ar din al ; to th e l eader whom Providence h as given .
an d it i s thi s th ou ght th at h as given m e cou r age t o write

’
to u s ,
so pl ainl y on so p ainful a sub j ect Let m e h ope th at you will not .
b e off en ded th at you wil l appreci ate th e affection ate devot edn ess
“
which next to my desir e for th e Church s b est welf are h as b een

,
’
,
my onl y m otive in thu s writing; an d l et m e h ope th at h enceforth y ou r

Em in ence will m or e th an r egain th e l ost gr ound b y sh owin g such ,
sin gl en ess su ch con si st ency

, su ch fi rmn ess su ch n ob l eness in eve ry , , ,
word and act as to full y r eal ize th e grand ideal of your positi on in
,
th e f or e f ron t of th e f oremost Hier archy of th e w orl d

-
.
9K eane s u se of th e pl u ral th rou gh ou h is l etter ref erred to oh n I rel and ( 1 8 3 8

’
t J
“
i
th e n B sh op of St Pau l w h o w as w th h im i n Rom e and w h o co-op era ed
.
, i t
i
cl osel y w th K eane on al l th e prob l e m s of th e A m er c an C h u rch w hi ch were i
b ef ore th e Rom an Cur a i .
1 0 A t a m eet n i
g of th e co m m ttee f or th e u n vers ty h el d at B al t m ore o n i i i i
t
O c ob er 2 7 1 8 8 6 , th ey h ad dr aw n u p d ocu m ents f or Pop e Leo
, III and C ard n al X “
i
vi
Sim eon i appro ng th e pl ans so f ar m ade f or th e u n vers y S nce five oth er arch i it . i .
i i
b sh op s were in B al t m ore at th e me h ey were asked t o s gn th e docum ents ti t i
and d id so Th e oppos . iti t
on p ar y , h ow e er , l at er m ade it known at th e Hol y See v
t i
th a som e of th ose wh o s gned were not real l y i n f a or of th e proj ect v .
J oh n LaFa rge , A m er ican Pa inter 4 37
From th e depth s of my heart I wi sh you a b l essed h appy ne w

year , and am ever
Your devoted se rvant f riend in Chri st ,
J ohn J . Ke ane, Bp . of Rd .
1 1
J ohn LaFarge D escrib es His P ain ting of

”
Th e Ascen sion 1 8 87 ,
J
O F O HN LA FA RG E ( 1 8 3 5— 1 9 1 0 ) h as b een sa d, W h h i s l e a n n g it i it r i ,
i i ti
hi s m ag n a on , and hi s sk ll h e ga e ank to A m e can art m o e i an any v r ri r th
t r
o h e of th e c af F or a r t
eason h e i s to-day
. th t r
a l e d as m as e an d en h i tr wri tt
w
d o n in our ann al s as b el on g ng
”
h th e O l mp an s ( oh n G V an D ke , i wi t y i J . y
A m erica n Pa in ting a n d I ts Trad itio n [New o k, p LaF arge Y r .
t
was a m an wh o l ef th e m p n of h is gen u s n ot onl i ri t
on pa n n g an d i y i ti
ti
s a n e d gl ass b ut u pon th e l iv
e s of m any of th e l e ad ng Am e can m en o f i ri
tt r t
art an d l e e s of h is im e H i s e xtr r i ry i
ao d n a i t it
m n d b egan t o m an f es
. self
at a v ry r y
e ea l x
age F or e am pl e , i n a l . itt v r
l e o e tw o m on sth whi l e h e w as
r i
in b oa d n g sch ool r
and b ef o e h e h ad r h ixt th i rth y
eac e d h is s ee n b da
rq t hr
h e e u es ed h is f at e to sen d h im wr r t t t
o ks of He od o us, Pl au u s, C a u ll u s,
ry
D den , G ol dsm i th i h t
, ir r i
M c ele , M ol e e, C o ne l l e , and Vi t r c o H ugo f or h is
r i
e ad n g ( cf
“
h
Sc oolb o
. y L t r tw
e te s b e een J h
o n LaF arge an d H i s F a th r e ,
”
H istor ica l R ecords a nd S tud ies, XV rh

III [ M a c , 74 LaF arge
r t J r t t ry
g adu a ed on u ne 2 9 , 1 8 5 3 , f om M oun Sain M a s C oll ege , Emm sb u g, it r ’
w i th i htr
S l as M C a a d ( 1 8 38. la etrfi h ih
ft B s op o f Vi n cennes as a
t r t rw
cl assm a e , an d O es e s B o n son del iv ri r
e n g an ad d e ss on i r t i
L b e al S u d es
”
.
t
By th e im e h e w as t hirty r t ti rti t
h i s epu a on as an a s was wi r desp e ad and
hi s gl ass f or th e wi w
n do s of T n ri ity h r h t r ht
C u c , B os on , in 1 8 7 6 b ou g h im
t ti
in ern a on al f am e A m ong h i s p n c palri i w r
. r t r i ti
o k s w as t h e g e a m u al p a n ng
of
"
i ”
r t t t i h rh
Th e A scen s on f or th e P o es an Ep scopal C u c of th e A scen s on i
in N ew Yr
o k Of th t i t r i r hr r r
a p c u e h is b o g ap e
. e m a ked , vr
LaF arge n e e
i t
pa n ed an ythi r
n g m o e pu el r y ti th
b eau fu l
‘
i
an Th e A scen s on and
’
it i ht m g
r t i
n ot un eason ab l y b e aken as su mm n g u p h i s q i ti
u al r r
es as a m u al d eco a
tor .
( Cort issoz , op c it , p w . tt r
I n th e f oll o ing l e e t o C ort i ssoz ,
. .
t ri r tr
u n da ed , LaF arge desc b e d som e of th e p obl em s b e en cou n e e d in p a n i t
“
in g Th e A scen s on i ”
r y
S ou ce : Ro al C ort issoz , J o h n LaF a rg e A M em oir
. .
t
a n d A S tu dy ( B os on : H ou g ht on M ifll in C o , pp 1 6 1 1 6 6 . .
-
.
In th e pictu re A scension in th e Ten th Street church there

of Th e
were some very curious prob l em s Th e clergym an h ad li ked a drawing .
which I h ad m ade m any years b efore l et us say som e thirty year s ago , ,
Th
1 1 w erew t thi l tt
as no an s m g th K Paer
p o py f s e er a on e e ane ers, nor a co o
h iv t B ltim I G ib b di y f J
’
su ch f d i th ou n n e arc d
es ad t y a ore . n on s ar un er a e o anu ar
1 4 1 8 8 7 th r w v l i g t y W t t Bp K “
, th
, e e as i
e u nre e a p ly t hi n en r : ro e o . e an e n re o s
l tt 2 9 ( A h iv f th A h d i f B l t im Di y
”
e f m R m
er f D
ro o e o ec . rc es o e rc oce se o a ore , ar
o f C d i l G ib b o
ar nap ns, .
43 8 Th e Na t iona l P e r iod
of th at subj ect with a simil ar grouping Thi s was to b e a ve ry n arrow

,
.
high window for a mem orial chapel out West It was never carried .
ou t ; in f act it w as no thing b u t one of th ose proj ect s force d u pon
unf ort un at e arti st s b y en thu si astic m i ll i on air e s wh o forge t

. alm o st
immediately wh at their l ast pl ans h ad b een I do not even know if .
anything w as done ab ou t it b ut th e proposed p atron w as inte rest i ng

, ,
ow i ng to h is h aving v ery m any works of art som e of whi ch w er e ,
fine an d th e oth e r s n ot u su all y seen in thi s cou ntry e ven to day -
not th at they wer e good .
Th e D r D on ald . th e cl e rgym an h appen i n g to see thi s w i sh ed to

,
1
, ,
h ave th i s long and n arro w window carried out where you now see
th e p ai nti n g; the re b e i n g a rece ss in th e w all it m i ght b e u sed At , .
that t i m e I w as very anxiou s t o h ave Saint Gau dens get a ch ance - 2
to d o work and t o s h ow h i s cap acity Re m emb er th at I am t alkin g .
of ve ry m an y y e ar s ago I proposed th at h e mi ght perh aps b e

.
, ,
tempted to m ake a gr eat b as rel ief of this to fill th at space ; b ut -
there were too m any re ason s again st it am ong others tho se of m oney , .
A painting can b e don e it is su pposed qu ite cheaply compared to , ,
a pie ce of scu l ptu re e v en if th at scul ptu re is onl y in pl aste r at a

,
few cent s a foot .
B y and b y wh en St anford Wh i t e took ch arge o f th e chu rch th e

,
3
,
questi ons cam e together and it was proposed th at I shoul d paint th e

pi ct u re upon th e wi de space which h e l ef t for it B ut th at space .
was m an y m an y tim es wider th an th e sketch or study and even

,
enl argi n g th e fi gu res in eno rm ou s pr oport i ons w oul d not fil l it Even .
now t h e pictu r e i s al m o st squ ar e so th at I h ad a pr ob l em of wi denin g ,
m y space of fi gu res and of settl ing th e i r proportion in a given s pace .
Noth i ng th at I coul d do and keep th e or i gin al intention wou ld allow

, ,
th e ch ange to b e done to cove r enou gh sp ace so th at I proposed a ,
fr am e wh i ch should b oth cu t a l i ttl e sp ace i n dicate th e Gothic ch ar ,
acter o f th e chu rch and h el p wh at I thou ght I w as go ing to do to

,
c arry ou t th e p ainting — th at w as to pl ace th e se fi gu res in a very
b ig l andscape Th e l an dscape I wi sh ed to h ave extr emel y n atur al

.
,
b ec au se I depended on i t t o m ake m y fi gu res al so l ook n atu ral an d

to accou nt for th e floating of som e twenty figu r e s or m ore in th e
air .W e do not see th i s eve r as you know b ut I knew th at b y a , ,
com b in at i on of th e cl ou d s and fi gures I m i ght h el p thi s l ook of wh at
th e m y stic peo pl e cal l l e vit at i on .
1 Th R e d D E W D
eve re n ld w
r . t .f th C h
.
h f th A
on a i as rec or o e u rc o e sce ns o n
S i t G d tl y i fl
. .
2 A g t u us u s a n ( 1 84 8
-
au th l pt
e ns w g d by e scu or , as rea n u e nce
LaF g ar e .
3
S t f d Wh i t ( 1 8 5 3— 1 9 0 6 ) w
an or e f m Am i h it t f th p i d
as a a ous e r c an arc ec o e er o .
440 Th e Na t ional Per iod
my friend O kakur a t deal of hi s time with m e and I

5
spen t a gr ea
could pain t an d th en in th e in t e rv al s we coul d t al k ab ou t spiri t ual
, , ,
m anif e st ation s an d al l th at b eau tif ul wonderl an d whi ch th ey h ave ;

that is to say th e B u ddhists where th e spiritual b odies take form
, ,
and di sappe ar again an d th e edges of th e re al and th e im agin ary m el t .
I h ad one ob j ection b rought up b y a f riend a l ady wh o was , ,
troubled b y cert ain news sh e h ad heard Th at w as th at I h ad m ade .
these studie s of clouds in a pagan country whil e a true Episcopal i an ,
woul d m ake them I suppose in Engl and O therwi se I think peopl e , , .
have liked this and everyb ody h as b een very kind ab ou t it At a .
di st an ce th e pictu re i s n ot inj u red I think b y th e r api dity of its , ,
execution onl y a su mm er and an au tu mn du rin g whi ch I c arried ou t

, ,
sev er al oth er l arge thin gs .
C ardin al Gib b on s D efen se of th e Kni gh ts

’
of L ab or Feb ru ary 1 88 7 ,
TH RO U G H O U T th e t ry whi h witn ed th m t r pi d
ni n e een t th c en u c ess e os a
gr wth
o f th e Chu r h i
o th i s ntry th e gr t m j r i ty
c f A m eri
n cou , ea a o o c an
C th ol i c b l n ged t o th e work i g l
a s e o In a p r i d m rk d b y th e ri n c a sses . e o a e se
o f grav vil in th e y t m of i ndu tri al pit li m it w n ot surpri i ng

e e s s s e s ca a s as s
th t th w rkers ho ld h av r rt d to r t rg ni ti
a e o s u to d f d e e so e sec e o a za on s e en
th eir righ t In so d i ng ther w r t tim r l b u e wh i ch b e am th e

s . o e e e a es ea a s s, c e
so u r e of d c p nxi ty t t h A m ri an b i h op l t the e
ee a e ret oci eti
o e e c s s es s sec s es
h
s ou ld li t C th l i f rom th i r r l igi
a en a e a obl i g t i o
o F rtun ately th e
cs e e ou s a ns . o ,
hi er rchy h d t th e tim
a a m n wh o po e ed th e wi d m t o w i gh th e
a e a a ss ss s o e
i
ssu es j di i ly d th f oresigh t t
u c ou s th t severe co dem n tion b y
an e o see a a n a
th e C h r h of th e K n i gh t of L b or th e gr e te t l b r org n i ti on of t h e
u c s a , a s a o a za
d y wo l d n d ger th f i th of tho an d
a , u e an f C th l i c w rk rs Th t m n
e a us s o a o o e . a a
w as J m C rdi l G ib b on A r hb i hop of B ltim r ( 1 8 34

a es a na In s, c s a o e
Septem b er 1 8 8 4 th H ol y See h d
,
n d m n d t h e K of L i n C n d
, e t a co e e . . a a a a
th e r e q st f th e A r hb i h op of Q b e
ue o B t G i bb on w
c in te t th t th i
s ue c . u s as n a s
a ct i on h l d not b
s ouxt nd d t h i wn o try U po e e vi i t t R m
e e o s o c un . n a s o o e
in 1 8 8 7 h prep red — with th e itn a f B i hop J hn I r l d d e ass s a ce o s s o e an an
John K n ea ef or f l pr ot t g i t a h p i b il ity whi h h s b

ce u es a a ns suc a oss c e u
m itt d t th C ngr g ti n d Prop g n d F i d

e o e o Th e r
e l t w s th at th e
a o e a a a e . esu a
c on d m n ti n wh i h
e a m of th Am eri c
o b i hops h ad ou ght w s ot
c so e e an s s a n
i ed d G ib b on m m ori l b e m th d i di g f tor in v rti ng wh t

ssu , an s
’
e a ca e e ec n ac a e a
w l d h v prov d m j or l m ity A s
ou a e e n q nc th tr di ti n f
a a ca a . a co se ue e e a o o
f ri en dl i n b etw n th C h r h
e ss d l b or in th U n i t d St t
ee e w tbu c an a e e a es as es a
li h d nd h
s e e du r ed a d t h e
a as l i n ti n f th C ath ol i c work r s
n ,
n whi h a e a o o e .
e c
con s titut d o h vy a l to th e Ch rch in th e o trie of we tern E r pe

e s ea oss u c un s s u o
h n ever h d
as t rpart in th e U nit d St te Source : H nr y J
a a cou n e e a s . e .
Ok k r w Jp f i d f L F g th wi i d tifi d ’
5 a u a as a t
a anese r en o a ar e s no o er se en e .
Card inal G ibb ons a nd th e K n igh ts of Lab or 44 1
B rowne Th e C a th o l ic C h urch a n d th e K n igh ts

, f Labor ( W ash ington
o
Th e t i iv r i t
C a h ol c U n e s y of A m e ca P ess, ri r pp . 3 6 5—378 .
Your Em inence
In sub mitting to th e H ol y See th e concl u sions whi ch aft er sever al
month s of attentive ob serv ation and refl ection seem to m e to sum up ,
1
th e tru th concernin g t h e associ ation of th e Kn i ght s of L ab or I feel ,
p r of o un dl y con vi n ced o f th e v ast im port an ce of th e con se quen ces
att aching t o thi s questi on whi ch f o rm s b u t a l ink in th e gre at ch ain

,
of th e soci al probl em s of our d ay an d especi all y of our country ,

.
.
In wei ghing [ tre ating j u geant] thi s question I h ave b een very
careful to f ol l ow as m y con st an t gui de th e spir it of th e En cy cl i c al s ,
in which our H ol y F ather Le o X III h as so admir ab l y set f orth th e

, ,
danger s of our tim e an d th e ir r em ed ies as well as th e principl es b y ,
which we are to recognize associ ation s condemned b y th e Holy

See Such was al so th e gui de of th e Thir d Pl enary Cou n cil of
.
B al tim ore in its te achi ng conce rn in g th e prin cipl es to b e foll ow e d

and th e d anger s t o b e shunn ed b y th e f aithf ul eith er in th e choice or
in th e est ab l i shm ent of th ose associ ation s tow ar d which th e spirit of

ou r popu l ar institu ti ons so str ongl y impel s th em
. A n d considering .
th e di re [ evil funestes] consequences th at mi ght resul t from a

mi st ake in th e treatment of or ganiz ation s which oft en coun t their
memb e r s b y th e th ousan ds an d hun dred of th ousands th e council ,
wisely ordained ( n 2 55 ) [n 22 5 ] th at when an associ ation i s spread

. .
ov er sev er al d ioceses not ev en t h e b i shop of one of these d ioceses

,
sh all con demn it b ut sh all refe r th e c ase to a st an din g comm ittee of

,
all th e ar chb i shops of th e Uni t ed St ates; and ev en th ese are not
au th orize d to condemn unl e ss th ei r sentence b e un animou s; an d in
case th ey f ail to agree unani mou sl y then onl y th e supr em e trib u n al ,
of th e Hol y See c an impose a con demn ation ; all thi s in or de r to
avo id err or an d conf u si on of d i scipline

_
.
Thi s comm ittee of archb i sh ops h eld a m eeting in f act tow ard th e , ,
end of l ast O ctob er e speci all y to con si der th e associ ation of th e

,
Knight s of L ab or [ at which th e Kni ght s of L ab or w as speci all y con

sidered spéci al em ent pou r con si de r] We were n ot per su aded to .
1 A r ch iv s
e of th e A rchd i
B al t m ore , 82-N- 3 Th e
ocese of
ofii ci al i
Engli sh .
vers on ,i fi t
rs pub li sh ed in th e M o n ite u r de R om e o n M ar ch 2 8 , 1 8 8 7 , w as re
r t
produ ce d in a nu mb e o f works, am on g h em Al l en S ncl a r W l l Life of C a r d ina l i i i ,
G ibbo ns, A rch b ish op of B a ltim o re ( New ork, I , 337—3 5 2 Th e l esser Y .
i r i
d ff ere nce s i n th e ead ngs whi ch u su all y sh ow th e oni ng dow n of th e or g n al t ii
i
F rench f or A mer can re aders, are nd cated i n b r ackets w th n th e tex t Th e i i i i .
t
o h er v i ti
ar a ons are c ted in th e no es i t .
442 Th e Na t ional P er iod
hold thi s meeting b ecause of any requ est on th e part of our b i shops ,
for n one of th em h ad asked for it ; and it should al so b e said th at ,
am on g all th e b i shops w e know o nl y two or thr ee desir e th e co n

,
dem n ation B ut th e im port ance of th e quest i on in it self , and in th e

.
est i m at i on of t h e Hol y See l ed us t o ex am in e i t w i th gr eate st att ention .
After ou r di scu ssi on th e result s of wh ich h ave al re ady b een com

,
m uni cated t o th e S acr ed C ongregation of th e Propaganda onl y t w o ,
ou t of th e twel v e archb i sh op s vot e d f or c ondemn at i on an d their ,
reasons were powerle ss to convince th e other s of e i ther th e j u stice

or th e pru den ce of su ch a con dem n at i on .
In th e foll owing consi der at i on s I w i sh to state in det ai l t h e re ason s

whi ch dete rmi ned th e vote of th e great m aj o ri ty of th e comm i ttee
reasons whose truth and force seem to m e all th e m ore ev ident tod ay ;
I sh all try at th e sam e ti m e to do j usti ce to th e argum ent s adv anced
b y th e opposi tion .
1 In th e fir st pl ace in th e con st i tu t i on l aw s and offi ci al decl ar a

.
, ,
ti on s of th e Knight s of L ab or there can cl earl y b e found assertions

,
an d rul e s [ th ou gh th e re m ay b e f oun d things — peuvent b ien

se trou ve r des assert i on s o u d es regl es] wh i ch w e w ould n ot approv e ;
b u t we h ave n ot fou nd in th em those elem en t s so cl e arl y po i n t ed out

b y th e Hol y See wh i ch pl aces th em am on g con demne d associ ation s
, .
( a ) I n the i r form of i niti ati on the re i s no oath

'
.
( b ) Th e obl igation to secrecy b y wh i ch they keep th e knowl e dge of

their b u siness from str anger s or enem i es in no wise prevents C ath ,
ol ics f rom m anif esting ev e ryth in g to com pet en t eccl e si ast i c al au th ority ,
ev en ou t si de o f conf e ssi on Thi s h as b een positivel y d ecl ared to u s

.
b y th ei r presi dent [ th eir ch i ef o fli cers — l eu r president] .
( 0 ) They m ake no prom i se of b l i nd ob edi en ce Th e ob j ect an d l aws .
of th e assoc i ation are d i st in ctl y decl ar ed and th e ob l i at i on of ob ed i

g ,
ence d oes n ot go b ey on d th e se li m it s .
( d ) They n ot onl y profess n o hostil ity again st rel i gion or th e

C hurch b u t th eir decl ar at i on s are qu i t e to th e contr ary Th e Thir d
, .
Pl en ary C ou nci l c om m an d s th at w e sh oul d n ot con dem n an associ a

tion without giving a hearing to its ofli cers or represent at i ves: auditis
ducib u s coryph ei s vel socii s praecipu i s ( n Now th ei r presi
”
, .
,
d en t in send i n g m e a copy of th eir constitut i on say s th at h e i s a ,
C athol i c from th e b ottom of h is he art [ devoted C athol i c C atholique

du fon d de son oc cur] ; th at h e p r acti ce s h is reli gi on f ai th full y and
rece ives th e sacr am ents regul arly ; th at h e b el ongs to n o Masoni c or
oth er soci ety con dem ne d b
y th e Ch u rch ; th at h e know s of n othing
2
T h L ti ph
e a w
n m i tt d i t h E gl i h
r ase as o e n i e n s v e rs o n .
world gr ave and thr eatening social evil s pub l ic inj ustices which call
, , ,
for strong r esi st an ce an d l egal remedy i s a f act which no one d ar es

,
t o deny an d th e tru th of which h as b een al r eady acknowl edged b y

,
th e C ongress an d th e Pr esi dent of th e United St at es With ou t ente r .
ing in to th e sad d et ail s of th ese wrongs which does not seem

,
necessary h e re it m ay suffice to mention onl y th at m onopol ies on

,
th e part of b oth i nd iv i du al s and of corpor ations h ave alr e ady call ed ,
forth not onl y th e com pl ain t s of our working cl asses b u t al so th e ,
opposi ti on o f ou r pub l ic m en and l egi sl at or s; th at th e eff ort s of these
m onopol i st s not al w ay s with ou t success to control l egi sl ati on to th eir

, ,
own pr ofit cau se seri ou s appr eh en sion am on g th e d i sint er est ed fri ends
,
of l ib e rty ; th at th e h e artl ess av arice which through greed of gain

, ,
p iti l essl y gri n d s n ot on l y th e m e n b u t parti c

,
u l ar l y th e w om e n an d
chil dren in v ari ous em pl oym ent s m akes it cl e ar to all wh o l ove
,
humanity and j ustice th at it is not onl y th e right of th e l ab orin g

cl asse s to prot ect th em sel ves b u t th e duty of th e wh ol e peopl e to
,
aid th em in find ing a r em edy again st th e d anger s with which b oth
civili z ati on an d th e soci al o r de r are m en aced b y av ari ce oppre ssi on ,
an d corru pti on .
It would b e v ain to deny either th e existence of th e evil s th e right ,
of l egi tim at e resi st anc e or th e necessity of a rem edy At m o st doub t

, .
m ight b e r ai sed ab ou t th e l egitimacy of th e form of resist ance and

th e reme dy empl oy e d b y th e K ni ghts of L ab or Thi s th en ou ght to b e .
th e n ext point of ou r ex am in ation .
3 It can h ardl y b e doub t ed th at for th e att ainm ent of any publ i c

.
en d ,
associ ation th e organ ization of all in terested per son s is th e
m ost effi cacious m ean s a m ean s al togeth er natu r al and j ust Th i s i s
, .
so evi dent and b e si de s so conf o rm abl e t o th e geni us of ou r coun try

, ,
of ou r essenti all y o l ar social conditions th at it is unnecessary to

p p u ,
insi st upon it It i s alm ost th e onl y m ean s t o invite pub l ic att ention
.
,
to giv e for ce to th e m ost l egitim ate r e si st ance to add wei ght to th e ,
m ost j ust dem ands .
Now th ere al ready exi sts an or ganization which present s a thou sand
attr action s and adv an t ages b u t whi ch our C ath ol i c workin men with
, g ,
fil i al ob edience to th e Hol y See refuse to j oin ; this is th e M asonic

,
organi zation which exi st s everywh ere in our country and whi ch as
, , ,
Mr Powderl y h as expr essl y poin ted ou t to u s un ites empl oyer and

.
,
worke r in a b rotherhood very advant ageou s for th e l atter b ut whi ch ,
nu mb er s in its r anks h ardl y a sin l e C ath ol ic F reel y [n ob l y de

g .
gr and coeu r] r enouncin g th e adv an t ages whi ch th e Chu rch an d th eir

c onsci ences f orb i d w orkin m en f orm associ ati on s j o in se form ent]
, g [ ,
Card inal G ib b ons an d th e K n igh ts of La b or 4 45
having nothing in common with th e deadl y designs of th e enemi es of

reli gion and seeking onl y m utu al protection an d help an d th e l egiti ,
m ate assertion of th eir right s B ut h er e th ey al so find th em sel ves

.
threatened with condemn ation and so deprived of [hin dered from,
p riv é s] th e ir o n l y m e a n s of de f en se I s it su rp ri sin g th at th ey sh oul d

.
b e aston i sh ed at thi s and th at th ey ask Why ? 7
4 Let u s n ow consi de r th e ob j ection s m ade again st thi s sort of

.
organ iz ation .
( )
a It i s ob j e ct e d th a t in th e se o r g an i z ati on s C ath ol i cs are m ix ed
with Protestants to th e peril of their f aith Natur all y yes they are
,
.
, ,
m ix ed with Protest ant s in th e w orker s associ ati on s preci sel y as th ey

’ 8
,
are at th e ir w ork ; f or in a m ix ed peopl e l ike ou r s th e separ ation of ,
rel igiou s in soci al aff airs is n ot possib l e B ut to suppose th at th e f aith .
of ou r C ath ol ics suff er s ther eb y i s n ot to kn ow th e C ath ol i c worker s
of Am eri ca wh o are not l ike th e w orkingm en of so m any E u ropean

“
cou ntri es m isguided and perv ert ed childr en l ooking on the ir M oth er ,
th e Chu rch as a h ostil e stepmoth er b ut th ey are intelli gen t w ell ,
instru cted and devoted chil dren ready to give their b l ood as they ,
continu all y giv e th eir m e an s ( al th ou gh sm all an d h ard e am e d ) [h ard -
e arn ed ch é tif s et pén ib l em ent gagn é s] f or h er support an d pro
t ection A nd in f act it i s not in th e pr e sen t case th at C ath ol ics are

.
m ixed with Protest an t s b ut r ath er th at Protest ant s are admitted t o

,
th e adv ant ages of an associ ation two th ir d s of wh ose m emb er s and ,

-
th e p rincipal ofli cers [m any of wh ose m emb er s an d offi cer s des

deu x tie r s de s m emb res et l es ofli ciers principau x] are C ath ol ics; an d .
in a coun try l ike our s their excl u si on wou ld b e sim pl y impossib l e .
( b ) B ut it is said coul d th ere not b e sub stituted for such an

,
o rgan ization confr ate rn itie s whi ch w ou ld u nit e th e workin gmen u nder
th e d irecti on of th e p ri e st s and th e direct influ en ce of r el i gi on ? I

an swer fr ankl y th at I do not b el iev e th at e ith er possib l e or necessary
“
in our coun try I si nce rel y adm ire th e eff ort s of thi s sort which are
.
m ade in countries wh er e th e worker s are l ed astr ay b y th e enem ies

of reli gi on ; b ut th anks b e to God th at is not our condition W e
, .
fin d th at in our country th e presence and expl icit influ ence of th e

cl ergy Woul d not b e advi sab l e wh er e ou r citizen s with ou t di stin cti on ,
of rel igiou s b el i ef com e t ogether in r egar d to th eir i ndu stri al int erest s
,
al one With ou t going so f ar we h av e ab u ndan t m ean s f or m akin

.
, g our
7 Th e l as t se ntence of th e p aragraph w as in th e Engl sh ers oni

e nt r el y o m itt ed i v i .
8Th e first p art of th e p ar all el w as om tted i n Engli sh :

“
i
ave c l es Pro est ant s t
d ans l es
”
i ti
assoc a o ns d es t a ail l eurs
prv , ré é
cis ment com me il s son d ans l e trav au x t
mémes .
446 Th e Na t ion a l P e riod
working peopl e fa ithful C athol i cs ,

and im pl e
s good sen se ad vises us
no t t o go to xtrem es
e .
( 0 ) A gai n it,
i s ob j ect e d th at t h e l i b e rty of such an o r gan iz ati o n
expo se s C ath ol i cs t o th e ev i l in flu e nce s of th e m ost d an gerou s assoc i
ates, e ven of ath ei st s com m u n i st s ,

an d an arch i st s Th at i s true ; b ut
, .
it is one of th e tr i al s of faith wh i ch our b r ave Am erican C athol ics

are accu st om e d to m eet alm o st d ai l y an d which th ey kn ow h ow t o
,
d i sr egard with good sen se an d firm n ess Th e press of ou r coun try t ell s .
u s an d th e presi d ent of th e K ni ght s of L ab or h as r el at e d t o us h ow ,
these v i ol ent and aggressive elem ents have en deavored to sei e authority z
in th eir cou ncil s or to inj e ct th ei r poi son into th e pri ncipl es of th e

,
associ ation ; b ut th ey al so v erify w i th wh at det erm ination th e se evil
spirit s [m ach i n at or s m auv ai s espri t s] h ave b een repu l se d and de

_
feat ed Th e presence am ong our cit i ens of th i s destru ctiv e el em ent

. z ,
which h as come f or th e m ost part from cert ain n ation s of Eu rope ,
i s assu redl y for u s an occasi on of l iv el y regr et s an d c ar eful pre

cau t i on s; it i s an i nev i t abl e f act
_
h owever b ut one whi ch th e uni on
, ,
b etween th e Church an d h er ch i l dr en in our coun try r en der s com

p arativel y f ree f rom d an ge r I n tru th th e onl y gr ave d anger w oul d
.
,
come from an al i en at i on b etween th e Chu r ch an d h er chil dr en which ,
n othi n g woul d m ore ce rt ai n l y o cc asi on th an i m p ruden t con d em n at i on s .
( d ) A n especi all y w eighty ch arge i s dr awn f rom th e ou tb u r sts of

violence even to b l ood shed which h ave ch aracterized [ accom panied
, ,
ch ar act eri ze] sev er al of th e stri ke s i n au gur at e d b y l ab or organ i z at i ons .
C oncern in g t h i s three things are to b e r em arked : fir st stri kes are

, ,
n ot an i nv en tion of th e Kn i ght s of L ab o r b u t a m ean s al m o st ev e ry ,
where and al ways re sorted to b y employees in our l and and el sewhere

t o pr ote st agai n st wh at th ey con si de r u nj u st and t o dem an d the ir
r i ghts; secondly in su ch a stru ggl e of th e poor and indi gnant m ul ti tudes

again st h ard an d ob st in ate m on opol y an ger an d vi ol ence [ ou tb u rst s
,
of anger col ere e t l e v i ol ence ] are of t en as i nevit abl e as th ey are
regrett ab l e ; thirdl y th e l aws and ch i ef authorities of th e Kn i ghts of

,
Lab or f ar from encou r aging viol ence or th e occasions of i t exerci se

, ,
a pow er ful in flu ence t o h i nd er it an d to keep str i kes with in th e

,
l im it s of good ord er and l egi ti m ate acti on A c areful ex am in ation of .
th e act s of v i ol enc e wh i ch h av e m arke d th e str u ggl e b etween ca it al

p
an d l ab o r d u rin g th e
p ast year l eave s us con v i n ced th at it wou l d b e
,
u nj u st t o attrib u t e th em t o th e associ ation of th e K n i ht s of L ab or

g .
Thi s w as b u t one of se ver al associ at i on s of workers th at took part in

th e str i ke s an d th ei r chi ef offi cer s accord i n to d i sint er ested witne sses
,
g , ,
u sed every possibl e eff ort t o a

ppe ase th e an ge r of th e crowds an d
44 8 Th e Na t iona l Pe rio d
t r that of a popul ar power regul ated b y l ove of good order

ac e ,
b y respect for rel igi on b y ob edience to th e au th ority of th e l aws not

, ,
a democr acy of l i cen se an d viol ence b ut th at true democr acy whi ch ,
aim s at th e gen er al pr osper i ty throu gh th e m e an s of sound principl es
an d go od soci al or der .
In order to prese rv e so desir abl e a st at e of things it i s ab sol utel y

n ece ssary th at rel i gi on sh ould continu e to hol d th e aff ections an d ,
thu s rul e th e conduct of th e mul titudes A s C ardin al Manning h as so .
well w ritten ,
In th e future era th e Ch urch h as n o l onger to deal
1 0 “
with princes and parl iam ent s b ut with th e m asses with th e people
, ,
.
Whether we will or no thi s is our work; we need a n ew spirit a new ,
direction of ou r lif e an d activity To l ose influence over th e peopl e

”
.
would b e to lose th e future al together ; and it is b y th e heart far ,
m ore th an b y th e u nder st anding th at w e mu st h ol d and gui de thi s

,
imm ense power so m ighty e ither for good or for evil Among all th e
,
.
gl ori ou s titl es of th e C hu rch which h er hi story h as m e rited for h er ,
there is not one wh ich at present gives h er so great influence as that

of F rie n d of th e Pe op l e A ssuredly in our dem ocr atic country it is
.
, ,
this titl e which wins for th e C athol ic Church not onl y th e enthu siastic
devotedn ess of th e m ill ion s of h er chil dren b ut al so th e respect an d ,
adm ir ati on o f al l our citi zen s wh atever b e their rel igious b el ief It
, .
is th e powe r of preci sel y thi s titl e which renders pe r secu ti on almost

an im possib il i ty and whi ch dr aw s t ow ard ou r h ol y Chu rch th e great
,
heart of th e Am erican peopl e .
A n d since it i s ackn owl edged b y all th at th e great qu estions of

th e fu tu r e are n ot th ose of w ar of com merce or finance b u t th e soci al
, ,
questions th e qu est i ons which concern th e improvement of the con

,
d iti on of th e gr eat m asses of th e peopl e and e speci all y of th e work ,
in g peopl e it is evi den tl y of su prem e im port ance th at th e Chu rch

,
should al w ay s b e f ou nd on th e side of hum an ity of j ustice toward ,
th e m ul titu des wh o com po se th e b ody of th e hum an f am il y A s th e .
same C ar d inal M ann in g v ery wi sel y wr ote We mu st admit and “

,
accept cal ml y an d with good will th at industri es a nd

profit s must b e
consi dered in second pl ace ; th e m or al st at e and domestic condition of
th e wh ol e w orking popul ati on m u st b e consi dered first I will not .
venture to formul ate th e acts of parl iament b ut here is precisely ,
their fund am ent al principle for th e future Th e conditions of th e .
l ower cl asses as are found at present among our peopl e can not ,
10 I th E gl i h
n e n i th i q t tio i i nt d ced Wi th the w d A w
s
”
v ers on s uo a n s ro u . or s
“
ne
task is b ef ore us .
Card ina l G ib b ons and t h e K n igh ts o f La b or 4 49
an d must tinue O n such a b asi s no soci al e difice can st an d

not con .
.
In our coun try e speci all y this i s th e in evit ab l e progr am of th e future

, , ,
and th e positi on which th e Ch u rch m u st h old t ow ar d th e sol ution
is sufli cientl y ob viou s Sh e must cert ain l y not favor th e extr em es to

.
which th e poor mul titu des are n atu rall y inclined b ut I repeat sh e , , ,
mu st withh ol d th em f rom th e se extrem es b y th e b onds of aff ection ,
b y th e m at ern al desire whi ch sh e will m anife st for th e concession of

all th at i s j ust and re asonab l e in th eir d em and s and b y th e m aternal
'
b l essing which sh e will b estow upon every l egitim ate m e an s for im

p r o vi n g t h e co n d iti o n o f th e p e o p l e .
6 Now l et us consider for a m om ent th e consequ ences whi ch would

.
inevit ab l y foll ow from a contr ary cou rse from a l ack of sympathy ,
for th e working cl ass fr om a su spicion of the ir aim s from a h asty

, ,
condem n ati on of th e ir m eth od s .
( )
a F ir st th e r e i,s th e e vi d e n t d a n g e r of th e Ch u r ch s l o sin g i n
’
o
p p u l a r e s ti m a ti o n h e r ri g ht t o b e co n si d e r ed th e f ri en d o f t h e p e op l e .
Th e l ogi c of m en s h e art s goe s swif tl y to its concl usion s an d thi s

’
,
concl usion w ou ld b e a perni ciou s one f or th e peopl e and for th e
C hu rch To l ose th e heart of th e pe0 p1e w oul d b e a mi sfortun e for

.
which th e friendship of th e few rich and powerful would b e no

compen sation .
( b ) There i s a great d anger of rendering hostil e to th e Chu rch

th e pol itical power of our country which openl y t akes si des with ,
th e m ill ion s wh o are dem an din g j ust i ce an d th e improv em en t of th eir

cond ition Th e accusation of b e in g th at is to say “ ”
. an A m erican ,
-
, ,
al i en t o our n ational spirit i s th e m ost powerful weapon whi ch th e

,
e nem ies of th e Chu rch kn ow h ow t o empl oy again st h er It w as thi s .
cry whi ch arou sed th e K now Noth ing per secu tion thirty year s ago and -
,
th e sam e would b e qui ckl y u se d again if th e opportunity off ered it self .
To appr eci at e th e gr avity of thi s d anger it i s w ell to rem ark th at not

onl y are th e right s of th e w orkin g cl asses l ou dl y procl aim ed b y each
o f our t wo gr eat pol itic al parti es b u t it is v ery prob ab l y [n ot im ,
1 1Th M e it onvri f M
e ur i g t t w it d f m M i ll i
e s on o ann n
’
s ex as c e as ro ,
“
sce an es,
d r d di g v y di ffi l t
“
V l 2 p
o .
, . f ll w
an ea I k w I m tas o o s: no a rea n on a er cu
su bj t b t I f l
ec , u fid t f th i th t w m t f it d th t w m t f
ee co n en o s, a e us ace , an a e us ace
it l ml y j tly d w ith wil l i g
ca , us , an t p t l b
a d t h p fit
n ness f l b o u a or an e ro s o a or
se con d th m el t t d d m t i l if
or a s a e an f th wh l w ki g p p l t i
o es c fi t
e o e o e or n o u a on rs .
I wi l l t v t
no t d w p
en ure ho ra t f P li m
u su c t f th th t l y d w
an ac o ar a en ur er an o a o n
thi p i
s ipl Th th i g ( th p
r nc e . ese t diti f th p i E gl d )
n s e rese n co n t on o e oor n n an c ann o
go on ; th th i g
ese gh t t t g
n s ou Th no m l ti o f w l th i th l d
o on . e accu u a on o ea n e an ,
th p i l i g p f w l th lik m
e n u o eat i i th p e i f l
ou n a ns , i di i d l
n e ossess on o c asses or n v u a s,
c an no tg N
o on mm w l th
. o co ont eah f d ti can re s o n su c ou n a o ns .
”
450 Th e Na t io na l P eriod
p r o b ab l e tr es prob ab l e] th at in ou r approaching n at i on al el ecti ons

,
there will b e a candidate for th e offi ce of Pr esident of th e United

St ates as th e speci al represent at i ve of these compl aint s and dem ands
of th e m asses Now t o seek to cr ush b y an eccl esi astical co ndem na
.
,
tion an organi zation which repre sent s nearly [more th an presque] “
votes and which h as al ready so re spect ab le and so uni

,
versally r e cogn i zed a pl ace in th e pol itical ar en a would to speak ,
fr ankl y b e considere d b y th e Am e ri can pe0 p1e as not l ess ri dicu l ous

,
as it i s r ash To al ien ate fr om ou r sel v es t h e f ri end ship of th e peopl e

.
woul d b e to run great risk of l osing th e re spect which th e Church

h as w on in th e estim at i on of th e A m erican n ation and of d estroying ,
th e st ate o f pe ace an d prosper i ty which fo rm so adm i r ab l e a contr ast

with h er condi t i on in some so called C athol i c countries Al ready in -
.
these m onth s past a m u rm u r of popul ar anger and of thre ats against

,
th e Chu r ch h as m ade itself h eard an d it i s n ece ssary th at we sh ou ld

-
,
m ove with m u ch prec au tion .

1 2
( c ) A third d ange r and th e one w hich touches ou r h eart s th e

,
m ost is th e risk of l osing th e l ov e of th e children of th e Church

, ,
and of pu shing th em int o an attitu de of re si st an ce against th e ir M oth er .
Th e whol e world present s no m ore b eau tiful spectab l e th an th at of

their fil i al devot i on an d ob edience B ut i t i s necessary to recognize .
that in our age and in ou r cou ntry ob ed i ence cannot b e b l ind

, , .
W e would greatl y deceive ou r sel ve s if w e expected it O ur C atholi c .
working m en sincerely b el ieve that they are onl y seeking j ustice ,
and se eking it b y l egi t i m at e m e an s A con demn ation w ou l d b e c on .
sidered b oth f al se and unj u st and wou l d not b e accepted [ and th e re

,
fore n ot b ind i ng — ct n e ser ait pas accept ée] W e m i ght in deed

, .
preach to them su b m i ssi on and confidence in th e Ch ur ch b ut th ese ,
good di sposition s coul d h ardl y go so f ar Th ey l ove th e Chu rch an d .

,
they wish to save thei r sou l s b ut they must al so e arn their l iving , ,
an d l ab or i s n ow so o rgan i ze d th at with ou t b el on in
g g to th e organi za
tion there is l ittle ch ance to earn one s l ivin g ’
.
B eh old th en th e con se qu ences to b e f eared Th ousan ds of th e m ost

, , .
devoted chil dren of th e C hurch wou ld b el i ev e them sel ves r epul sed b y
their Mother an d would l i ve without practi ci ng their rel igion Th e .
revenues of th e Church wh i ch with us com e entir ely from th e free

,
off e r i ngs of th e pe0 p1e w ou ld su ff er i m m e n sel y an d i t w ou l d b e t h e

, ,
sam e w i th P et er s pen ce Th e r anks of th e secret soci et i es woul d b e

’
.
Th e E ngl sh read
12
i , A ngry u tteran ce s h ave not b een want i ng of l at e , and it
”
is well th at we sh ou l d act pru dentl y .
en d ; it woul d b e to e xhaust th e forces of th e Church in chasing

a crow d of ch an ging an d unce rt ain ph an t asm s Th e Am eri can peopl e .
b ehol d with perfect composu re an d confi dence th e progress of our

soci al contest an d h av e n ot th e l e ast f ear of not b ein g ab l e to
,
p r o te c t th em sel v es again st any e xce sse s or d an ger s th at m ay occa
sion al l y ari se A nd t o speak with th e most profound respect b ut

.
, ,
al so w i th th e fr ankness whi ch du ty re qu ires of m e it seem s t o m e ,
th at prudence suggest s and that even th e digni ty of th e Ch ur ch

,
dem an ds th at we sh oul d not off e r t o Am erica an eccl esi astical pro

tecti on for which sh e does not ask and of whi ch sh e b eli eves sh e ,
h as no need .
8 . In thi s discussion I h ave not at all spoken of C an ada nor

all ,
of th e condemn ation concern ing th e Kn ights of Lab or in C anada F or .
w e woul d con side r it an im pertin ence to invol ve ou rsel ves in th e

e ccl esi astical aff air s of an oth er cou ntry whi ch h as a hier ar chy of it s
ow n ,an d with wh ose n eed s an d soci al conditi ons w e do not preten d
to b e acqu ain ted W e b eli eve however th at th e circumstances of a

16
.
, ,
p pe 0 1e a l mo st e n tir el y C ath o l i c as in l ow er C an ada m ust b e ve ry

, ,
diff eren t from those of a m ix ed popul ati on l ike our s; m oreov er th at ,
th e docum ent s su b mitted to th e H ol y O ffice are not th e present con sti

tu tion of th e or ganization in our country and th at we therefore , , ,
ask nothin g in v ol vin g an in con si sten cy on th e part of th e Hol y See ,
which passed sentence jux ta exp osita It is of th e condition of things .

1 7
in th e United St at es th at we speak and we trust th at in th ese m atter s ,
we are n ot presumptu ou s in b el i eving th at we are competen t to

j u dge Now as I h ave alr eady indicated out of th e seventy five
.
, ,
-
archb i sh ops and b i sh op s of th e Uni te d St at e s th ere are ab ou t five ,
wh o would desir e a con demn ation of th e K n ight s of Lab or su ch as ,
we know them in our coun try ; so th at ou r hi er archy are al m ost

u n an im ou s in pr ot est ing against su ch a con demn ati on Sur el y su ch a .
,
f act ought to h ave gre at wei ght in deci ding th e question If th ere .
are difli cul ties in th e case it seem s to me th at th e prudence and

,
expe ri ence of ou r b i sh op s and th e wi se rul es of th e Th i rd Pl enary
Council ought to suffice for their solution .
9 F in all y to sum it all up it seem s cl ear to m e th at th e Hol y See

.
, ,
sh oul d not entert ain th e i de a of con dem n ing an associ ati on : .
1 Wh en th e condemn ati on does not seem to b e justified eith er b y

.
th e l etter or th e spirit of its con stit ution its l aw and th e decl ar ation ,
of it s l e ade rs .
i w t t
16 “ ”
L b es eso ns l t d as no rans a e .
1 7
I th Mn it
e on it d I lit t j t p it
eur, rea
“
o ca er e ux a ex os a .
C ard inal G i b b ons and Henry George 45 3
2 When th e condemnation does not seem necessary in view of

. ,
th e tr ansient form of th e organiz ation an d th e soci al condition of

th e United St ates .
3 Wh en it does not seem to b e p ruden t b ecau se of th e real ity of

. ,
th e gr i ev ances of th e workers and th e admi ssion of them m ade b y ,
th e Ame ri can peopl e .
4 Wh en it woul d b e dangerous f or th e reput ation of th e Chu rch

.
in our democr atic country and possib ly even arou se per secu tion ,
.
5 Wh en it woul d b e in effect ual in compell ing th e ob edience of our

.
C atholic workers wh o woul d regard it as f al se an d unj u st

,
.
18
6 Wh en it would b e destructive in stead of b enefici al in its eff ect s

. ,
im pell ing th e children of th e Church to disob ey their Mother and ,
ev en to j oin condemn ed societi es which they h av e thu s f ar shunned ,

.
7 Wh en it woul d b e alm ost ruin ous f or th e fin anci al m ain tenance

.
of th e Chur ch in our country and f or th e Peter s pence

’ 1 9
.
,
8 Wh en it woul d tu rn in to suspici on an d h ostili ty th e ou t st an din g

.
devot edness of our C athol ic peopl e t ow ard th e Hol y See .
9 Wh en it would b e regarded as a cru el bl ow to th e au th ority of

.
th e b i shops of th e Unit ed States wh o it i s well known protest , , ,
again st such a cond emn ation .
Now I h ope th e consider ation s h ere presented h av e sh own with

,
suffi ci en t cl e arness th at su ch would b e th e con dem n ation of th e

?0
Knights of L ab or in th e Uni ted St ates .
Theref ore with compl ete confi dence I l eave th e case

, to th e wi s ,
21
dom and prudence of your Eminence and th e Hol y See .
Rom e F eb ruary 2 0 1 8 87
, , .
J C ar d in al G ibb ons .
,
Ar chb ishop of B altim ore .
C ardin al Gibb on s Opposes th e C on demn ation

of th e Works of Hen ry G eorge F eb ruar 2 5
y ,
1 8 87
j r i q ti wh h it t
A S ECO N D m a o soc al ues on ri
i c ag a e d A me can C a h ol c c r cl es t
i i
tr r i r
in th e 1 8 8 0 s cen e e d a oun d th e s ngl e t ax p oposal s of H enr G eo ge
’
y r
( 1 8 39 v
an d th e ad ocacy of G e o ge s
’
r th r i
eo es b y F a h e Ed a d t r wr
1 8
Th fif th
e i th ffi i l E gl i h v i
reason n wae o Wh c a n s ers o n s: en it w ou l d prob ab l y
be . i ffic io
ne ac w i g t th
u s, g e l
o n vi ti th t it w
o e en r a c on c on a ou ld be un us j t .
”
Th i p i nt w m pl t l y m i tt d i th M i
'
1 9
s o as co it t
e e o e n e on e ur r an sl at o n .
Th offi i al E gl i h r d th ff t f dem t i
“ ”
2° n s ea
e c e e ec o con na on .
Th e E ngli h i d i i
“ ”
21 t d th
s nser e f th c e e c s on o e ase .
45 4 Th e Na t iona l P e r io d
M cG lynn ( 1 8 3 7 p astor of S t S tephen s C hur ch N ew Y ork C i ty

’
.
, .
M cG lynn s superi or A rchb i sh op M i chael A C orri gan forb ade h im t o par

’
.
, ,
ticipate i n th e m ovem en t b u t M cG ly nn ref u se d to ob ey and w as rem ove d

,
f r om J ry trt tr x i t
h is p as o a e in anu a , 1 8 8 7 and l a e e comm u n ca e d b y t h e ,
y Y r tr wr rtr
H ol S ee T h e N ew o k pas o w as a po e fu l o a o an d h ad an m m en se
. i
wi w i v tr v r y v r wi
f oll o n g h ch ga e t h e con o e s e y i it r
d e p u b l c y A nu m b e o f .
t i h r iv t t r i i
C a h ol c c u ch m e n b el e e d h a G eo ge s deas on th e s n gl e t ax u nd e r ’
i ri t
m n e d t h e gh of p riv t r rt th y r
a e p op e y , an d e y
u ge d t h e H ol th r r
See , e efo e ,
x r i
t o p u t h i s b ook s o n th e I nd e i t th t thi w
C a d n al G b b on s f el a s ou l d b e a .
ri o m i t k
se us d h t k i d ri g h i vi it to Rom e i th wi t r
s a e , an e oo occa s on u n s s n e n e
of 1 8 8 7 t d dr l tt r t C rd i l S im o i P r f t f Pr p g d
o a e ss a e ie o a na e n , e ec o o a an a, n
wh i ch b trongly d pr c t d ny ti on of th i ki nd G ib b n pr t t d
e s e e a e a ac s . o s
’
o es e
l yed m tt r
a b t i t d id n t pr v t th
a e s, H l y O ffi
u f r m c d em ni ng o e en e o ce o on
G rg s t hi g i F b r ary 1 8 8 9 lth gh i t w t t d th t b y r
’
eo e e ac n s n e u , , a ou as s a e a e ason
of th highly e tr v r i l n t r f th con th nd m
o ti n
e s a d t a u e o e c ase e co e na o n ee no
b pub l i h d F l l wi g i th t xt f th l tt r f G ib b n t o S im
e s e . o o n i s e e o e e e o o s eon .
S rc ou Ar ch ive: f th A rchd i o f B l t im
es o n l ifi d pri ted c py
e ce se o a ore , u c ass e ,
n o
in F r titl d L q ti n d é crit de H e ri G rg
_
h en c en e a ue s o es s n eo e .
Your Em inence :
I h ave al ready h ad th e honor of present i ng to you r Em i nence m y
view s on th e soci al questi on s whi ch agit ate Amer ica especially with ,
regard to thei r b earing on th e associ at i on of th e K night s of Lab or .
B ut recentl y an oth e r fo rm of soci al deb ate h as devel ope d rel ating to

th e d octrin es of M r He nry Geo rge an A m eri can au thor i dentifi ed
.
,
with th e worki ng cl asses A n d since m y arriv al in Rom e I h ave .
heard th e idea d i scussed th at th e writings of Henry George shou ld

b e put on th e Index After h avi ng full y thou ght over th e sub j ect I
.
1
b el i eve it m y d uty t o subm it to your Em i nen ce th e re ason s whi ch

se em to m e t o dem on str ate th at a fo rm al c on dem n ati on of th e w o rks
of Henry G eor ge woul d b e n e ith er opport u ne n or useful .
1 Hen ry George i s in n o w ay th e o ri gi n ator of th e theory wh i ch

.
h e ad vocates con cern i ng th e r i ght o f owner sh ip in l and In h is prin .
Progress an d Poverty h e cites preci sel y th e teachings

”
cip al b ook , ,
of Herb ert Spencer and J ohn Stu art M ill two of Engl and s chief
’
au th or s A n d in th e E ngl i sh peri odi cal w ork th e Contemporary “

.
,
Revi ew of Nov em b er 1 8 8 6
, a d i stingu i sh ed Pr ofessor q u ot es them ,
m ore full y to prove as h e say s th at M r G eorge i s onl y a pl agi ari st

, , .
of th ese cel eb r at e d au tho r s Now it seem s to m e th at th e w orl d will 2

.
j udge it a b it singul ar if th e Holy See attacks th e work of a humb l e

Am erican art i san in stead of att acki ng h is great m asters A nd if there .
Up t 1 8 87 G e g p i ip l w k w P g s d P e ty ’
1
o or e s r nc a or s ere ro re s an ov r
S i l P bl m
oc a ro P t ti e F
s T d ro e c on or r ee ra e
H S i d gw i k mi S i li m i w L ( N v mb
”
2
. E c ,C t mp y R
co n o c oc a s , on e o rar ev e , o e er,
6 29 .
)c A s M r Ge or ge himself real izes it is onl y th e l egi sl ative power

. ,
of th e coun try whi ch cou l d b rin g ab ou t such a di sposition of aff air s;
an d it i s qu ite cert ain th at n eith er a C on gress nor a l egi sl atu re will
ev er b e found th at w ou l d vote for su ch a pr ofou nd ch an ge in soci al

rel ations nor a President wh o would approve it
,
.
d ) In a country such as ou r s which is b y n o means a country of ,
doctrinair es and vi sion aries specul ative th eory will not b e dangerou s , ,
n or will it l ive l ong aft er its pr actical appl ic ation will h ave b een
rej ected ; one m ay therefore in all cert ainty l et it di e b y itself

, , ,
.
3 Cert ain recent even t s in our coun try h av e occasioned a profound

.
and wi de spre ad popul ar excitem ent h avin g an in tim at e rel ati on to
this question Therefore you r Em inence underst ands b etter th an I

.
6
,
h ow necessary it i s for u s to h ave care n ot onl y to spe ak th e truth ,
b u t al so to cho ose w ell th e time and th e circum st ances to say it so ,
th at our action m ay produce sal utary and not f at al resul t s It seem s .
evident ther efore th at ev en if th er e i s cert ainl y a need for condemn a

, ,
tion now i s not th e t im e to spe ak out

, .
4 F in all y it would b e pru den t to appl y h ere th e prin cipl e of

.
,
moral ity which coun sel s one not to pronou nce a sentence th e con
se quen ce s of whi ch will prob ab l y b e adver se r ath er th an f av or ab l e
to th e goo d en d proposed Now I am su r e th at such w oul d b e th e .
resul t of a condemn ati on of th e works of Mr George It w oul d give . .
them a popul ar importance that they would not ever otherwi se have ,
and w oul d ex ci t e an appetit e of cu ri o sity th at w oul d m ake th em sell
by th e thousands of copies and wou ld thus extend imm ensel y th e ,
influences th at th e condemn at i on sou ght to restr ain and prevent .
O nce again in deal ing with so pr acticab l e a peopl e as th e Am eri

,
can s in wh o se geni u s b i z arr e an d im pr actical i de as quickl y fin d th eir

,
grave it seem s to m e th at prudence suggest s th at ab surditi es an d

,
f all acies b e all owed to peri sh b y th em sel ves and n ot run th e ri sk ,
of giving th em an im port ance a l if e and an artifi ci al for ce b y th e ,
intervention of th e trib un al s of th e Chu rch .
J C ard Gibb ons . .
Archb ishop of B al timore .
Rom e F eb ru ary 2 5 1 8 8 7
, , .
6 Here th e card n al i w as allu d ng i to th e rem oval of F ath er Edw ard McGly n n

f rom th e p as t t
ora e of St S . t ph
e en s
’
Ch u rch , New Y ork, i
b y A rch b sh op C orr gan i
on J anu ary 1 4 , 1 8 87 , and th e s t
orm th at th s i i
act o n i
st r red u p am o n g M c
G ly nn s m any f o ll owers F or th e ro l e M cG l y nn i n th e si ngl e t ax m ovem ent

’
. of
of H enry G eo rge , cf oh n T r acy El l . J i s, Th e Life of J am es C ar din a l G ib b ons ,
A rc h b ish op f
o B a lt im ore, 1 8 3 4—1 9 2 1 ( M i l w aukee , I , 5 47—594 .
Card inal G ibb ons on C h urch an d S ta te 45 7
Th e Rom an S erm on of th e A m en can C ardinal

on C h ur ch an d S t at e in th e U ni t ed S t ates
M arch 2 5 , 1 8 87
F EW j t in A m eri can rel i gi ous hi tory have held m ore i terest or
sub ec s s n ,
caused m ore con trover sy th an th at of th e rel ati on s of C hu rch and S t ate

, .
F rom th e tim e of A rchb i shop C arroll to our own day th e C athol i c h i er arch y
of th e U n i ted S tate s h as r epeat e dl y expre ssed its approval of th e separ ati o n
of Chu rch an d S tate as i t h as ex i ste d in th i s cou try si n ce th e b egi n ni n g of n
t h e Repu bl i c ( cf J ohn Tracy Ell i s Ch u rch and St ate : A n A m eri can C ath
“
.
,
ol i c T rad i ti on H a p e s M g zi e CC VII [Novemb er

’
,
r r a a n , 63 Th e ,
first tim e these vi ews were pu bl i cly voiced in Rome w as on th e occasi o n
when Car din al G ibb ons took possession of h is titular Church of Santa M ri a a
in Trastevere Th e serm on w as of m ore than ord in ary si gn ifi can ce i n vi ew

.
of t h e severel y str ai n e d rel at i on s at th at ti m e b etween th e Chu rch an d t h e
ant i cl er i cal governm ent s of G erm any Ital y an d F rance cou ntri es where
, , ,
there h ad b een a long tradi ti o of uni on of Ch u rch and State Am eri can
n .
C ath ol i cs were pl eased wi th the i r new card in al s pron ou ncem e nt an d F ather

’
,
I saac H ecker w as dou b tl ess expr essi n g th e r eacti on of th e gr eat m aj or ity

when h e remarked h ow well fitted G ibb ons w a b y h is th orou gh goi ng s -
A m eri can sp ir i t t o i nterpret u s to th e pe opl es an d powers of th e O l d Worl d

( C ard i n al G ib b ons an d Am eri can I nsti tuti on C a th l ic Wo ld X LV
“
s, o r ,
[June , S ou rce : C th ol i M i ( B al ti m ore ) A pril 2 1 8 8 7

a c rr o r , ,
.
It is to mx i y gratifyin g th at th e Hol y F ath er h as assign ed

e e ceed ngl
as m y titul ar chur ch thi s b eau tif ul and hi stori c b asil ica th e fir st ,
church ever e rected in h on or of th e Virgin M oth er of Go d ; an d I
regard it as an au spicious circum st ance th at m y own C ath edral

Church of B al timore th e oldest cath edral in th e United States i s
, ,
al so dedicated t o our B l essed L ady Th e vener abl e t empl e in whi ch .
we are assemb l ed l eads us b ack to th e d ay s of th e catacomb s It .
was foun ded b y Pope St C all ixtus in th e ye ar . It was recon

str u cted b y Pope J ul ius in th e f our th cent ury and r enov at ed b y ,
anoth er Suprem e Pontiff in th e tw elf th .
Th at ceasel ess sol icitude which th e Roman Pontiff s h ave exhi b ited
in erecting th e m ateri al templ es whi ch adorn thi s city th ey h ave al so ,
manifested on a l arger scal e in b u il ding up th e spiritual wall s of

Sion in every age .
Eve ry student of hi story must b e deepl y im pressed with th e over

rul ing action of th e Papacy in th e evangel iz ation and civili zation of
1
i
Th e B as li ca of S an a t M ari a in Tras t
evere d ates f rom Pope u l J i us I ( 337
not f ro m Po pe C al l i
x tu s I wh o re ig ned o er a v century b ef ore .
45 8 Th e Na tiona l P e r iod
th e Chri stian worl d I pl ace these words together for a n ation is

. ,
civi l i zed in proporti on as it rece iv e s th e l ight of th e Gospel It was .
th e vi gil ant ze al of th e H ol y See th at sent Augu sti ne to Engl and ,
and Patr i ck to Irel and and Pel agiu s to Scotl and and th at sent F r an ci s
, ,
X avier to e van gel i ze th e Indi es; an d all those other he roe s of Christ s ’
Church wh o b ore am id th e sufferings and trial s th e b right l ight of

, ,
truth into th e regions of pagan darkness A nd com in g down to a .
l ater period scarcel y wer e th e Un ited St ates form ed into an in de

,
p e n de n t g ovem m en t wh e n P iu s VI of h appy m em ory e st ab l i shed, ,
there th e C athol ic hierarchy and appointed th e ill u striou s John C arroll

first B i shop of B al timore Thi s event so im port ant to us occurred .
, ,
l ess th an a hundr ed y ear s ago a l ong peri od indeed in our his , ,
tory b ut h ow b rief in th at of Rom e etern al ! O ur C atholic community

,
i n those d ay s num b er ed onl y a few th ousand sou l s scattered chi efly ,
through th e States of New York Penn syl v ani a and M aryl and and , , ,
were served b y th e m erest handful of priests Thanks to th e fru ctifying .
gr ace of G od th e gr ain of m u st ard seed th en pl anted h as grown to

,
b e a l arge tree spr eadin g its b r anch es ove r th e l ength and th e wi d th

,
-
o f our f air l and Wher e on l y one b i shop was foun d in th e b eginn in g

.
of th i s cen tu ry , th ere are n ow seven ty five servin g as m an y diocese s -
an d v i cari at es F or th e ir gr eat progr e ss under God and th e f ost erin

.
g
c are of th e Hol y S ee w e are in deb ted in no sm all de ree t o th e civil
g
l i b erty we enj oy in our enl i ghten ed r epub l ic .
O ur Hol y F ath e r Leo X III in hi s l um inou s ency cl i cal on th e

, ,
con st i tution of Chr i sti an St at es decl ares th at th e Chur ch i s n ot

2
,
comm i tte d to any particul ar form of civi l

gove rnm ent Sh e ad apts .
her self to all ; sh e l e aven s all with th e sacred le aven of th e Gospel

“
Sh e h as l ived u nder ab solu te em pir es sh e thrive s u n der con stitu ti on al

m on archies; sh e grow s and expan ds under th e f ree republ ic Sh e h as .
oft en ,indeed b een h am pered in h er d ivine m i ssion an d h as h ad to

,
stru ggl e for a f ooting whe r ever de s oti sm h as cast it s d ark sh adow
p
l i ke th e pl ant excl uded from th e sunl ight of h eaven b ut in th e geni al ,
air of l ib e rty sh e b l o ssom s l i ke th e ro se !
F or m y sel f as a citi zen of th e Un i ted St ates with ou t cl osin g m

,
y ,
ey es to ou r defect s as a n ation I procl aim with a deep sen se of , ,
p ri de an d gr at i tu de an d in thi s great c apitol of Chri stendom th at

, ,
I b elong to a country where th e civil government hol ds over u s th e ‘
ae gi s of it s prot ect i on w i th ou t in te rf er i n
g in th e l egitim ate exerci se of
ou r sub l i m e m i ssion as m in i st er s o f th e Gos el of J esu s Chri st
p .
2 Im m t l D i N
or a e mb 1 1 885 J h
e , J Wy
o ve SJ
er , Th G, o
t n . n ne , e re a
X II I ( N w Y k
. .
E y li l L tt
nc f P p L p 1 09
c ca e e rs o o e eo e or , . .
46 0 Th e Nat iona l P er iod
Th e L ayin g of th e C orn erstone of th e C ath ol ic

U niversity of Am eri ca, M ay 24 1 8 8 8 ,
A T TH E Second Pl en a ry ti r t r
C ou ncil of B al m o e in O c ob e , 1 8 66 , th e dea i
iv r i t ri
of a u n e s y f or A m e can C a th i ri y i
ol cs w as se ou sl d scu ssed f or th e fir ts
ti m e b y th e hi r r hy th h t i
e a c , al ou g n o h ng cam e of it th t ti
at a m e In th e in .
terval b e tw
een th e pl en a ry i j t i
cou n c l s of 1 8 6 6 and 1 8 8 4 th e su b ec con t nu ed
r r r
to b e u ged b y a nu m b e of l eade s such as T om as A Becke h r ( 1 8 32 .
fir t i h i i t
s B s op of W l m ng on , I saac T H ecke r ( 18 19 f ou nd e r .
it r i i t t th
of th e P au l s s, an d b y none m o e n s s en l y ih i
an B s op Sp al d n g of P eo a ri .
i t r v r
I t w as Spal d n g s n o abl e se m on of No em b e 1 6 , 1 8 8 4 , duri n g th e T i d
’
hr
Pl en a ry i
C ou nc l , an d th e f ac t th t r
a h e w as ab l e t o secu e th e fir t t ti
s sub s an al
r t
g an of f u n d s, th t h
a elped t o m ake th e p o ec r j t r it
a e al y It w as fi tti n g, .
th r r th t wh
e efo e , a r rt w ri i i i
en t h e co n e s on e of C ald ell H all , th e o g n al b u l d n g,
i r r i t rvr v
was l a d in th e p esen ce of P es den G o e Cl e el an d an d a l a ge assem bl r y
i ti i t i
of d s n gu sh ed gu es s, Spal d n g s ould h hv
a e b een ch osen t o del e iv r th e
pri ip al
nc ddr es Th e un iver i ty
a pen ed on N vemb r 1 3 1 8 8 9 wi th
s
. s o o e , ,
f orty i -
t d t ; th e enr llm nt in F b ru ry 1 9 5 6 w s 335 0 stu d ts
s x s u en s o e e a , , a en
d ivi d d am ng th e t en sch ool s of th e u niver si ty S ou r e : J oh n Lancaster

e o . c
Spal d i n g U n iversi ty Educ ti on E d Lif ( Ch i c go

“ ”
, ti nd t h H igh a , uca on a e er e a
A C M cl rg an d Cc
. . c u pp 1 78 —1 7 9 1 9 3 1 9 5 1 9 8
.
, .
, ,
-
.
Th e spec al i
ignificance of our A m erican C athol ic history is not
s
foun d in th e ph ases of our l ife whi ch attr act attention an d are a ,
comm on th em e f or decl am ation ; b ut it l ies in th e f act th at our
ex am pl e pr oves th at th e Church can thriv e where it i s n eith er pro
t ected nor per secu ted b ut i s simpl y l eft to it self to m an age it s own
,
aff air s and to do it s wor k Such an experim en t h ad nev er b een m ade .
when we b ecam e an in dependent pe0 p1e and its success is of worl d ,
wide irnport b ecau se this is th e modern tendency and th e position

,
tow ard th e Church which all th e n ations will sooner or l ater assum e ;
j ust as they all will b e forced fin all y to accept popul ar rul e Th e .
great underl yin g p rincipl e of democr acy th at men are b rothers and ,
have equ al rights and th at God clothes th e soul with freedom

, ,
i s a truth t aught b y Chri st is a tru th procl aimed b y th e Chu rch ; ,
an d th e f aith of Chri sti ans in thi s

principl e in spite of h esitati ons ,
an d mi sgi vin gs of o
ppositions an d ob st acl es an d in conceiv abl e difli cul
,
ties h as finall y given to it its modern vigor and b eneficent power

, .
Th e aim th e b est now propose to th em sel ves is to provi de not

weal th or pl easure or b etter m achinery or more l ei sur e b ut a higher
, ,
and m ore eff ective kind of edu cati on ; an d h ence wh at ev er one s

’
preoccupation wheth er soci al pol itical rel igious or indu stri al th e

, , , , ,
question of edu cation force s it self upon his attention Pedagogy h as .

Th e C a th o l ic Un ivers ity o f A m e r ica 46 1
g r own to b e a science and ch air s are fou nded in universities to

,
expoun d th e theory an d art of t eaching Th e l e arn ing of forme r .
times h as b ecom e th e ignorance of our own ; and th e cl assical writings

h ave ce ased to b e th e treasu re house of knowl edge and in consequence
-
,
their educational value h as d imini shed Th e ancient s indeed .

, ,
e xcel u s in th e sen se f or fo rm and symm e try Th ere i s al so a f reshn ess .
in th e ir wor ds a j oyou sness in th eir l if e a cert ain h eroic t emper

, ,
in their th ink in g and actin g which give th em power t o engage th e

,
emotion s; and h ence to den y th em exceptional edu cational v al u e i s
to t ake a parti al vi ew But even th ou gh we gr an t th at th e stu dy of

.
their l iter atures is in cert ain respects th e b est intell ectu al discipl ine ,
e ducati on it m u st b e adm itte d me an s kn owl edge as w ell as tr aini ng;

, ,
and thorou gh tr ain ing i s som ething m or e th an r e fin ed t ast e It is .
strength as w ell an d ab il ity t o thi nk in m any directi on s and on m any

,
sub j ects Nothin g kn own t o m en shou ld escape th e att enti on of th e

.
wi se ; for th e kn owledge of th e age determines wh at is dem anded of

th e schol ar A n d sin ce it i s ou r privil ege to l ive at a tim e wh en
.
knowl edge i s in cre asin g m ore r api dl y even th an popul ati on an d

weal th we must if we hope to stan d in th e front r ank s of those
, ,
wh o know keep pace with th e onw ard m ovem ent of m in d To tu rn

, .
aw ay from thi s ou tb u r st of spl en dor an d power ; t o l ook b ack to pagan
civil iz ati on or Chri sti an b arb ari sm i s to l ove darkn ess m ore th an
,
l ight Ar i stotl e is a great m ind b ut his l earn ing is cru de and his
.
,
ideas of Natu re are frequentl y grotesqu e S aint Th om as is a powerful .
intell ect ; b ut h is point of view in all th at concerns nat ural knowl edge
h as l ong since v an i sh ed from si ght Wh at poverty of l earn ing doe s .
not th e e arl y m edi aev al sch em e of e du cati on r ev eal ; and wh en in
th e twelf th cen tu ry th e i dea of a un iver sity ri ses in th e b e st m inds ,
h ow incom pl et e and v agu e it i s! Am id th e ruin s of castl es and _
cath edr al s we grow humbl e and thin k ou r sel ves inf eri or to m en wh o
,
thus coul d b u ild But they were not as strong as we and they led a
.
,
more ignor an t an d b l inder lif e ; and so wh en we read of great n am es

of th e past th e m i st s of ill u sion fill th e ski es an d our eyes are
, ,
dimmed b y th e gl ory of cl ou ds tinged with th e spl endors of a sun

th at h as set .
Cert ai nl y a true unive rsity will b e th e home b oth of ancient wi sdom

an d of n ew l earn in g; it will te ach th e b e st th at i s kn own and encour a e
g ,
research ; it will stimul ate th ou ght refin e t aste and aw aken th e l ove , ,
of excell ence ; it will b e at once a scien tifi c institu te a sch ool of ,
cul tu re an d a tr aini n g groun d for th e b u siness of l if e ; it will educat e

,
th e m inds th at give dir ection to th e age ; it wil l b e a nu r sery of ideas ,

46 2 Th e Na t io na l P e r io d
a cen tre of influence Th e good we do m en is quickly lost th e truth

. ,
we l eave them rem ain s for ever ; and th erefore th e aim of th e b est
educ ation is to en ab l e stu dent s to see wh at i s true an d t o in spi re th em ,
with th e love of al l tru th Profe ssional knowledge b rin gs m ost profit

.
to th e in d i vi du al ; b u t phil o sophy an d l ite r atu re sci ence an d art el ev ate , ,
and r efin e th e spirit of a wh ol e peopl e and h en ce th e u n iv er sity w i l l ,
m ake cul tu re its fir st aim and its scope will widen as th e th ou ght s
,
and att ain m ent s of m en are enl arged an d m ul tipl i ed H e re if anywh er e

'
sh all b e f ou n d t e ach er s wh ose on e passion i s th e l ov e of tru th which i s ,
th e l ove of God an d of m an ; wh o l ook on al l things with a seren e eye ;

wh o b ring to ev ery qu estion a c ahn unb i assed m in d ; wh o wh ere th e , ,
l i ght of th e i ntell ect f ail s w al k b y fai th and accept th e omen of h ope ;

,
wh o un der st and th at to b e di strustful of sci ence i s to l ack cul tu re to ,
doub t th e good of progress i s to l ack knowl edge and to qu estion th e ,
necessity of reli gion i s to w an t wi sdom ; wh o kn ow th at in a God m ade -
and Go d— gove rn ed w orl d it mu st l ie in th e n atu re of thin gs th at re ason

and virtu e sh ould t end to pr ev ail in spi te of th e f act th at in eve ry age ,
th e m aj or i ty of m en thi nk fool i shl y and act u nwi sel y .
Pope Leo X II I s Pl ea for th e It alian Imm i ’
gran t s i n Am eri ca D e cem b er 1 0 1 8 88 , ,
TH E first gre t wave of imm igr ti on t o th e U ited States b fore th e C ivi l

a a n e
W ar h ad st am pe d th e C athol i c C h u rch as th e Church of th e i mm i grant .
T h t h r cter b c m e even m ore i n del i bly i m pressed d u r i ng th e so call ed

a c a a e a -
N w I m m i gr ti on of th e years afte r 1 8 8 0 A m ong th e n ew arrival th e

e a . s
Ital i occu p i e d a prom i n en t pl ace a d si n ce they were pr act i c ll y all at

an s ,
n a
l e ast n om i n l C thol i cs i t pu t a severe str ai n on th e C h u rch to provi de

a a ,
ade q uate m i i tr ti o f or th em I n 1 8 8 0 there were o l y

n s a n I tal i an
. n
b orn persons in th co try b u t b y 1 9 00 th e nu mb er h ad r i sen to

e un ,
a nd i t h e fir t d cad
n o f t h e twenti eth centu ry
s e e arr i ved f rom
Ital y N t all o f th e se rem i ed however f or of all th e l ate i mm i gr a t

. o a n , ,
n s
th e It l i s sh we d a gre ter ten den cy t o r etu rn h om e af ter a t i m e

a an o a nd , a
b y 1 9 1 0 i t w as esti m ted th t ab ou t a h ad go e b ack to Ital y Th e

a n .
pl i gh t o f th e I tal i a s w s aggravate d b y th e ab u ses pr acti ced agai nst th em

n a
through tri cky l ab or co tr ct Th eir co dition b ecam e well kn own ab road

n a s . n
an d it w with vi ew to h l pi g the e u fortunate peopl e b oth piritu ally
as a e n s n ,
s
an d m t ri ll y th t Pop Leo X II I addresse d a spec i al pl ea t o th e A mer i c n

a e a , a e a
h i er rchy i
a D ecem b er 1 8 8 8 i n wh i ch h e aske d f or thei r assi stan ce in
n , ,
a l levi tin g th e l ot of th e It l i an i mm igr ts i th i s cou ntry S ource : Lati n

a a an n .
text A m i E l i t ic l R i w I ( Feb ru ary

,
er ca n cc es as a 4 3 4 8 ; En gl i sh
ev e , ,
-
tra sl tion dapted from th e New York F m a s J ournal Janu ary 5 1 8 8 9

n a a re e n
’
, ,
.
to th e Church s l aws and th ereb y give rise to an off sprin g sim il ar to

’
,
their parents Thu s there is everywhere w i th thi s peopl e a decay of

.
Chri sti an m oral ity and a growth of wickedness .

2
Refl ect i ng on all the se thin gs an d grieving at th e wr et ch ed l ot of so ,
m any whom w e perceive to b e w ande rin g l i ke sh eep without a sh eph erd

throu gh steep paths and dangerou s pl aces and at th e same tim e ,
m indful of th e ete rn al Sh eph erd s l ov e and w arning we h ave th ou ght it

’
our d u ty to r en der ev ery possib l e h el p t o th em to pr epare wh ol esom e ,
nou ri shm ent an d to con sul t in ev e ry pr acti cal w ay f or th eir good

,
and salv at i on W e h ave b e en all th e m or e incl ined to ente r u pon thi s

.
un dert aking b e cause of ou r l ov e for m en spru ng from th e sam e soil
as ou r sel v e s and b ecau se a su re hop e in spires u s th at w e sh all not

,
l ack you r own interest in th e m atter and your hel pful assi st an ce .
Wherefore we h ave t aken care to h ave this m atter considered b y th e

,
S acred C ongregati on of th e Propagan da an d we h ave comm an ded it ,
d il igentl y to seek ou t and to ex am ine th e remedi es b y which so m an y

evil s an d in con v eniences c an b e rem oved or at l e ast b e all evi at ed an d , ,
to propose to u s wh at e speci all y can b e don e b oth for th e sal v ation of

soul s and f or sof t en in g as f ar as m ay b e th e em igr ant s h ar dships
’
.
, ,
Bu t si nce th e m o st potent cause of th e growing evil s i s th e l ack of a

priestl y m ini stry throu gh which h eav enl y gr ace i s im part ed and in
cre ase d w e h ave det e rmined t o sen d to you r coun try a numb e r of
,
priests from It al y accu stom ed t o th e l an gu age of th eir countrym en to ,
teach them th e doctrine of fai th and th e unknown or negl ected precept s

of Chri sti an lif e to pr ovi de among th em a sal u t ary adm in i str ati on
,
of th e sacr am ent s t o f orm th e growin g off sprin g to r eli gi on and good

,
conduct to h elp th em in every w ay b y advice an d assi st ance an d to

, ,
foster th em b y pri e stl y c are To efi ect thi s th e m ore conveni entl y we .
est ab l i sh ed b y our l etter of th e 1 6 th of Nov em b er of l ast y e ar under ,
th e F i sher m an s ring an apo stol ic col l ege of pri est s in th e epi scopal see
’
of Pi acenz a u nder th e ch ar e of ou r Ven er ab l e B roth er J ohn B a ti st

, g p ,
B i sh op of P i acenza so th at eccl esi asti cs wh o are m oved b y a l ov e of

,
3
2
ii i
Th at th e sp r tu al p l gh t o f th e I t al an mm grants w as re al m ay b e gl e ane d i i i
t
f ro m th e st atem en m ade b y Ar ch b sh op C orr gan o f New i
ork to C ard nal i Y i
i
M ann ng o n F eb ruary 1 0 , 1 8 8 8 , wh e n h e sa d , Th ere are “
I al ans in i t i
i i
th s c ty , o f w h o m o nl y two per ce n h av e b ee n in th e h ab t o f h ear n g M ass” t i i
q i
( u ote d in Sh ane Lesl e , H e n ry Ed ward M an n ing H is Life an d La bo urs [London, .
p . q i
F or th e u est o n of th e C h u rch and th e I tal an mm grants cf i i i .
He nr y J i
Brow ne , Th e I tal an Prob l em i n th e C ath o l c C h u rch o f th e U n ted
.
‘ ’
i i
S t ate s, 1 8 8 0—1 9 0 0 , H is to rica l R e co r ds a nd S t u d ies, V 4 6—72 XXX .
3
i i
G ov ann B Scal ab r n ( 1 8 39 . i i
B sh op of P ace nz a, f oun de d th e Co n i i
i i i
gre gation of M ss o n ar es of S t C h arl es Borrom eo of whi ch tw o pr es s and . i t
a l ay b roth er arr v e d in New i ork i n Y
u l y , 1 8 88 , to b eg n w ork am o ng th e J i
Pope Le o X III a nd I tal ia n I mm igran ts 465
“
Christ m ay there tivate those stu di es and b e exerci sed in th ose

cul
empl oym ent s and th at sort of training b y m eans of which they m ay

e arnestl y and successfu ll y pe rform th e mi n i stry of Chri st f or th e
scatt ered It al i an s and b ecom e fit d i spen ser s of G od s mysteries

’
.
Am ong th e stu dents of th is coll ege which we wish to b e regarded ,
as a sort of sem inary of m in i ster s of Go d for th e sal v ation of It al i ans
dwell ing in America we desire al so th at young m en f rom y ou r own

,
cou ntry chil dren of It ali an par ent s b e r ece iv ed and in struct ed ; pro
, ,
vidin g th ey are c all ed to th e vi ney ard of th e Lord and h av e a wi sh to
b e initi ated into Hol y O rder s so th at having b een or dained and , ,
retu rning to you as m any of them as there sh all b e need of will ful fil l
,
un de r you r pastor al au thority th e wor k of th e apostol i c m ini stry Nor .
do w e doub t th at on th eir retu rn th ey wil l b e received b y you with

f ath erl y l ove an d th at al so th ey will r eceive th e n ecessary f acul ties for
,
ex e rci sing th e sacred m in i stry am ong th eir coun trym en sub j ect t o th e ,
adm on ition of th e pari sh priest F or they will come t o you to l ab or .
un de r th e auth o rity of th ose of you in who se dioceses th ey dwell .
Especi all y at th e ou t set of th e work th ere will not b y any m eans b e .

, ,
so m any of th ese h elper s as th e circum st an ces and tim es dem and nor ,
wi ll th e l ab or s of those wh o are sent b e on a par with th e nu mb er

and n ee ds of th e f aithful in such a w ay th at th e pri est s assi gned to th e
car e o f soul s can b e appoint ed to separ ate and r emote pl aces Wh er e .
for e w e deem it b est th at in di oceses wh ere It ali an s are nu m erou s

,
th ere b e comm on residences for these priests so that th ey m ay go forth ,
separ at el y in to th e nei ghb oring are as an d perfo rm th eir sacred f un ction s
on th ese exped itions B u t in wh at m anner or in wh at pl aces these

.
can b est b e e st ab l i sh ed will b e for y ou r f ore sight to deci de Al l th ese .
thin gs which we h ave thought to b elong to our apostol ic providence

.
we h ave t aken p ain s t o si gnify to you in thi s l etter If any of you .
sh ou l d d i scov er eith er b y his own sense and j u dgment or b

y con sul t a
‘
, ,
tion with h is b rethren anythi ng fu rther th at can b e done b y us for

,
th e welf are or comf ort of those in whose b eh alf we are writin g l et h im ,
know th at h e will do u s a f avor if h e will caref ull y rel ate h i s proposal

to th e S acr ed C ongr egati on of th e Pr opaganda .
F rom thi s work whi ch we h ave undertaken for th e car e and defence
of m an y soul s th at l ack ev ery comf ort of th e C ath ol i c r el i i on we
g ,
prom ise our sel ves mu ch frui t especi all y if as we hope th ere b e added
, , ,
I t ali an immig t ran s . I n th e f oll ow i ng y e ar th e M ss on ary S si i it ers of th e Sacred

He ar t of St Francesca C ab r
. ini ( 1 8 5 0- 1 9 1 7 ) op ened th e rst fi of i
th e r nu m erou s
A mer i h ouses f or th e s
can p i r it i
ual c are of th e r f e ll ow c ou ntry m e n wh en A ch r
i
b i sh op Corr gan b l essed th e oph anage o n 5 9 th S ree New ork o n M ay 3 1 8 8 9 t t , Y , , .
46 6 Th e Na t io na l P e r io d
for its p
su ppo r ot ecti on th rt
e i n t er est and assi st ance of th e f aith
an d ,
ful whose m ean s are equ al to th e ir pi ety A s for th e r est pr ayin g .

,
th e m ost b eni gn Go d Wh o w i sh e s th at all m en sh all b e save d and

‘
com e to th e kn owl e d ge of t h e tru th th at H e w i l l propitiousl y in spire ,
this undert aking an d give prosperous i ncrease to it we l ovin gl y in ,
th e Lor d im part th e apostol ic b en ed i ct i on of ou r inm o st aff ecti on to

,
you V e n
,
e r ab l e B r ethren an d to th e en t i re cl ergy an d f ai th ful ove r ,
whom you are set .
Given at Rom e in st Pe ter s th e l 0 th of D ecem b e r 1 8 8 8 in th e

'
’
, .
, , ,
el eve nth y e ar of o u r pontific ate .
Leo X II I Pope .
,
C h arl e s J B on aparte on th e Am erican Ex .
per i en c e o f S ep ar at i o n o f C h ur ch an d S t at e
Jul y 1 1 1 8 8 9 ,
C H A RLES J
B O NA PA RT E ( 1 8 5 1 — 1 9 2 1 ) w as on e o f th e m os d s n
. t i ti
t i y
gu ish e d C a h ol c l a m en o f h i s ge n e a o n B al m o e b o n g and son of r ti . ti r -
r r
i Jr r t r
K n g e om e o f W es p al a, b o h e o f E m pe o N apo l eo n 1 H a a d th i rv r r r ,
tr i r
a n e d , an d f om a f am l y of w t rt j y i
eal h B on ap a e en o e d all th e a d an age s v t ,
wh i h c h b kgrsu c d ff r d d H w
a ac p i ll y t d f hi
ou n l a o e . e as es e c a no e or s z ea
i b h l f f g d g v r m nt
n e a o d civ i l
oo rvi r f rm h vi g b
o e n of e an -
se ce e o ,
a n ee n on e
th e f d r ou n f th N ti o l M i ip l L g
e s o d l t r i t pr i d t
e a na un c a ea u e an a e s es en .
Th d r R
eo o ev l t pp i t d B p rt t
oo se e mb r f f d r l
a ffi s
o n e on a a e o a nu e o e e a o ce ,
na m i g h im S r t ry f t h e N vy i n M y 1 9 0 5
n ec e a d A tt r y G o rl a
-
a , ,
an o ne ene a
o f t h U i t d St t
e i D
n m b r 1 9 0 6 Wh r h
e a es ti d t t h
n d ofece e , , e e e co n nu e o e en
th e a dm i i tr t i in M r h 1 9 0 9
n s a d r d f h i m l f wi d p r d f m
on a c , ,
an ea n e or se es ea a e
as a tr t b t r H w lw y d v t C th l i d h d v ry pr n
us -
us e . e as a d a s a e ou a o c an a e o ou n ce
vi w b t th
e s a d f r k pi g th C h r h f r e f r m p l it i
ou e n ee o d th ee n e u c e o o cs an e
St ta e ou t f r l i gi ff ir T h
o xc rpt fr m
e ou s af h i p b l i c d dr
a s . e e e s o on e o s u a esse s
th t f ll w w r ll th m r p rti t i b ing pok n t tim wh n th

a o o e e a e o e e nen n e s e a a e e e
A P A w r o th r i
. . . e eTh e p h w n d l iv r d t th
e e t nni l
se . l s ee c as e e e a e c n e a ce e
b r ti
a f th C th l i
on o i ti f th A r h d i
e a e f B l t i m re t B y
o c soc e es o e c o ce s o a o a a
Ri dg M ry l d S r
e, C h rl
a J B p rt Th C th l i C h h d
an . ou ce : a es . on a a e, e a o c u rc an
Am i I tit t i
e r ca n ( B l ti m r
ns W i ll i m K B y l
u o ns S pp a o e: a . o e on , .
1 6— 2 1 .
Y ou h ave he ard
re ad m any of you no doub t often som e
al l an d , , , , ,
perh aps a d n useam th at th ere is an b etween

“ ”
, incom patab ility
a ,
American inst i tut i ons and th e Cathol i c Church Ev en now i t m ay .
b e perh aps si ncerel y sai d b y a C ath ol i c wh o i s n ot an A m eri can or

, , ,
an A m erican wh o is n ot a C ath ol ic b ut I c annot thi nk thi s o ini on i s

p ,
sh are d b y any A m e r i can C ath ol i c su ffi c i e ntl y i n fo rm e d t o h ave an ,

46 8 Th e Na t io nal Pe riod
com ing in and i t of hi s property th e

h is go n g out , th e m an agemen ,
education r hi r h th to dict ate even th e

of h i s c l d en , th e ca e of h i s e al ,
words h e sh all u se and th e cl oth es h e sh all wear Th e l egitim ate out .
com e of th e fir st sy stem is com pl et e r eli giou s l ib erty t o giv e any cr eed , ,
not grossl y repu gn an t t o th e accept e d st and ar d of pub li c m or al s a f air ,
field b ut no f avor for th e State to ask onl y th e things of Cae sar

, , ,
l e avi ng to th e con science of e ach citizen to care for th e more l asting

interest s which lie b eyond its humb l er sphere .
Under th e second system th e State b ecom es itself a church a , ,
chu rch w anting in deed in alm ost al l th at m akes a chu rch a m e an s of

, ,
good b ut with a poten t influence for evil To b e con si stent a patern al

, .
,
gove rnm ent mu st provi de a l egal reli gion ; it c ann ot in th e words of ,
th e Great Fr ederi c l et it s sub jects go t o Hell b y th e r oad th ey l i ke

,
b est
, an d un der su ch a gov ernm ent th e C ath ol i c Chu rch st an ds f ace ,
to f ace with a rival Th e B ill of Rights of M aryl and decl ar es:

.
Th t a it i th e d ty of every m n to w
, as s or h i p G od in
u uch m nn r a s s a e
as h think m t acc pt b le to H im ll per n s e eq lly ti tl d t

e s os e a , a so ar ua en e o
pr te t i o in th ei r r l i gi o
o c n l i b rty e us e .
Th e aim o f eccl esi astical l egi sl ati on in m any Eur opean countri es i s
preci sel y to m ake all pl aces of wor ship pub l ic b u il d ings an d all , ,
min i ster s of rel igion of wh at soever cr eed or order pub li c f unction aries
, , “
,
controll ed b y th e St ate and m aint ain e d f rom th e pr oceeds of t ax ation .
Here th e Church goes h er way and does h er work withou t caring , ,
al most with ou t thin kin

g wh eth er th e civil rul er s f or th e tim e b eing
,
are with in or with ou t h er fold ; th er e sh e m ay b e h am ered in ev ery

p
fun ction of h er min i stry b y th e h ostil ity of such rul er s or m ore gr av el y
emb arr assed more perm an entl y d iscr ed ited b y th eir compromi sing
,
f riendship For even if I scandali ze som e worthy peopl e b y so thinkin g

.
, ,
I yet think th e civil power l ess dangerous to th e Church as a rival ,
even as an oppressor th an as a
patron Th e Church of Chri st sh ould
, .
b e no h ot h ou se pl ant
'
M ored in th e ri f t d r ck
o e o ,
Pr f to th tem p t ho k ’
oo e es s s c ,
Th e fi rm er th y r t h er th e h rd r th ey b l ow
e oo a e ,
b ut wh en fenced ab ou t with l aw s wh en sh el tered b ehind privil eges and ,
prescripti ons h er rugged fib re grow s soft and h er stu rdy f r am e d ainty

, .
Wh en th e time of trial comes and com e it will for dyn asti es an d , ,
their kingdoms l aw s an d th e n ations th at m ade them man and all

, ,
m an s works must sometim e ch ange and pass away when all these
’
, ,
screen s and saf e

gu ards of a d ay fall around h er and sh e f aces agai n ,
A rch b ish op I re land a nd th e Sch ool C on troversy 4 69
th e whirwind of hum an error and hum an passion many sapped b oughs ,
sh all b reak an d m uch dead w ood cl aim th e pruning knif e It is no .
trick of theologi an s j argon that call s th e Church m il it ant sh e is

’ “
indeed a fighting b ody and h er conquests must b e held as they were

,
made b y v al or and d iscipl in e and well kept arm s not b y a Chinese ,
Wall of timid i sol ation Moreover C aesar does not work for nothing:
.
h e mu st b e paid for h is protection ; if h e m akes her esy tr eason h e asks ,
th at sh e m ake tre ason heresy and this is l ittle l ess th an a ru in ous,
price for a l ess th an doub tfu l service .
Here th e Church hires no m ercenary defender sh e gu ards h er own ,
b y h er own mi ght ; no prince or m agi str ate no p arli am ent or j udge , ,
wiel d ing th e cl um sy weapon of un convin cing force is call ed on to fill ,
a mi ssion f or which h er cl ergy h av e grown u nw orthy H er sol dier s .

_
cann ot rust in b arr acks or cower b ehin d intr enchm en ts; they m u st meet
their foes of to day as all th e countl ess spiritu al heroes of h er history
-
m et and con quered th eir s in th e open fi eld of argument and ex ampl e

,
with th e arm am ent of zeal and el oquence l e arning and sain tly lif e Th e ,
.
Am erican pri esthood is no refuge for cowardice and sloth either

in tell ectual or physical It h as a work to do a v ast an d h ard an d
.
,
endl ess w ork whi ch no on e el se will do or try or pret en d to do f or it ;

,
and to day -
as we l ook b ack al on g th ese hu n dr ed y e ar s and then
,
around us we say with a j ust pri de in th e p ast

, with a re ason ab l e ,
confidence in th e fu ture an d ab ov e all with perf ect tr ust in th e pr oven

, , ,
an d ab i din g gui dan ce of Alm ighty G o d th at wo rk h as b een and i s and ,
will b e well done !
Archb ish op Irel an d Expl ain s His S tan d on

P ub lic an d P arochial S ch ool s D ecemb er , ,
1 89 0
TH E tr v r i l i ue of p b l ic ver p ro hi l h l lre dy n in
con o e s a ss u su s a c a sc o o s, a a see
conn ecti on wi th th e Bl i n A m en d m nt of 1 8 7 5
a on ti n e d t o occupy
e e , c u
A m er i can du c t r in th e year s there ft r Wh n John Ir l n d ( 1 8 3 8
e a o s a e . e e a
fir t A rchb i h p of St P l w s i vit d to p k b ef re th e nn l
s s o . au , a n e s ea o a ua
conventi on of th e N at i on l Edu c t i n A so i ti n i n h i
a e ity n J ly 1 0
a o s c a o s se c o u ,
1 8 9 0 h e sei e d th e ch n ce to pu t f orth a om pr m i e
, z a l ti o whi h woul d c o s so u n c
m ke i t po ibl e f or th e p aroch i al chool s to b b orb d i nto th e p bl i
'
a ss s e a s e u c
y tem wi th provi i on m de f or th e t hing of r li gion Th pe ch w

s s s a eac e . e s e as
vi g rou ly sailed b oth b y critics o t i de th e Chur h wh o l im ed it

o s as u s c , c a
w as a ru e b y wh i h th e C th l i cs sou ght to g i n
s c on tr ol
a f th e pub l i
o a c o c
sc hool nd b y rt in l em t wi thin th e Chur h t wh m Ir el d pl n
s, a ce a e en s c o o an
’
s a
470 Th e Na t iona l Pe riod
con s ti t t d th re t to th integr ity f th e rel igi o

u e a a hool Wh n th e e o us sc s . e
a d dr w
e ss r p rted dv r ly t o th H ly S
as e o nd C rd in l G i b b on
a e se e o ee a a a s
w as as ek d f hi pi i b y P p L o XIII th e
or s o rdin l c me trongly
n on o e e , ca a a s
Ir l d d f n I n or d r t p t G i bb i i n f l l th
’
to e an s e e se .
po e o u on s n ssess o o a e
n ec ssa
e r y f ct th r hb i h p wr t h im th f ll owing l gthy l tt r i
a s, e a c s o o e e o en e e n
whi h h c xpl in d i d t il wh t h h d i d d wh t h e h d m e nt
e e a e n e a a e a sa an a a a
in th ose
p ge p c i l ly
assa d r fi f rom h i
s es e ri ti S r e D iel F
a un e re s c cs . ou c : an .
R ill y O P Th S h
e ,
. l C
.
,
t y 1 8 9
e 1 —1 8 9 3c ( W hingt n : Th e C ath
oo o n ro vers ,
as o
o l i c U iv r i ty f A m ri
n e s Pr o A pp d i x B pp 23 7— 2 4 1
e ca ess, en , . .
Your Em inence ,
I b eg l eave to pen down a f ew l in es with th e intent of m aking ,
som ewh at cl ear th e m e anin g of my address on School s “

.
I am free to say th at it is diffi cul t for m e to see anything in it

call ing f or or deserving cen sur e I h av e r ead all th e ob j ecti on s r ai sed .
again st it in Germ an p aper s and my j u dgment i s th at tho se ob j ection s ,
ari se fr om m al ice pr epen se in wr estin g cert ain phr ases from th e con text
’
and givin g to th em an in t erp re t ati on which antece dent and sub sequen t
decl ar ations do not perm it It i s possib l e too th at th ey are in som e .

, ,
degree due to i gnor an ce of th e true ethi cal prin cipl es whi ch un derl ie
.
th e school qu estion and to th e d i slike which so m any C athol i cs enter

,
tain for Am erican in stitutions or Am erican ide as I cannot b rin g myself , .
to b el i eve th at th ose in Rom e find i ng f au l t with me cou l d h ave h ad , ,
my whol e di scou rse b efore th eir eyes : garb l ed extr acts were sent to
them ,from th e se th eir j u dgm en t is form ed M y b est defense is a .
perusal of th e whol e di scour se .
Th e gener al purpose of th e d i scour se was to st at e pl ainl y to th e

cou ntry th e groun ds of C ath ol i c o
ppositi on t o th e St ate Sch ool s ,
to l e ad up if possib l e to an al ter ation

, perm itting th e remov al o f thi s
,
oppo sition I was anxious too in cidentall y to all ay th e angry feel ing
.
, ,
which reigns b etween non Cathol ic American s C athol ics in so far -

,
as thi s feel in
g rests on mi sunder st anding of our position Th ese mi s .
under st and ings d erive f ully as m u ch fr om ex a

gger ation s an d mi sst ate
ments m ade b y C ath ol ics as f rom ill will or prej udice on th e part of
non C ath ol i cs
-
.
I h ad a grand opportunity opened to m e; th e country was my

au dience .
Th e impr ession i s ab road th at th e Church i s o osed to St ate School s

pp
an d to St ate in t e rf erence in edu cation b ecau se sh e i s o
pposed to th e ,
1
x
Th e te t of th e address en t le d S ate Sch ool s and Par sh S ch ool s , ti t i m ay b e
J
,
f ou nd i n oh n I rel and , Th e C h urch and M o dern S o c ie ty ( S t Pau l . I

, ,
2 1 5—2 32 .
47 2 Th e Na t ion al Per iod
imp arting f o secular It i s o ur p ri

instructionde a n d our gl
.
o ry G erm an .
r h v k t f w k s a ar b l e d v er sion of th ese word s in l ar ge

p pa e s a e e p o r ee g _
headlin es actu all y cutting th e sentence in tw ain so as to t ake out of

, ,
it my meaning It were idl e for m e to praise th e St ate School of

.
America It is our pride and our gl ory So they wr ote I r estrict ed

"
.
.
my pr ai se to th e impartin g of secul ar instruction an d in thi s m atter

“
,
Wh o will contr adict m e?

I granted to th e St ate School its full quota of m e rit so th at my ,
censu r e o f it m ight not seem t o com e f rom pr ej u d ice A n d th at censur e .
c am e cl ear an d unm i st ak ab l e How m en p ri est s b ish ops coul d

.
write th at I endorsed th e pub l ic school passes my understand ing I -

,
.
s d:
a i C
“
an I b e su sp ect e d of en m ity t o th e St at e S c h oo l — b ecau se I
tell of defects whi ch I seek to rem edy? Ther e i s di ssati sfaction
with th e St ate School as at present organized an d I con secr ate .
”
two thir d s of th e di scou r se to giv e th e gr oun ds of thi s d i ssati sf acti on

-
.
I add th e dissati sfaction will exist as l ong as no ch an ge is m ade It

“
.
i s founded on consci en ce
”
.
Th e f ree Sch ool s of Am eric a! With ere d b e th e h and r ai sed in sign

“
of th eir destr ucti on ! Another sentence for which I was thr eatened
”
with excommunication M y meaning was th at I woul d not destroy b ut

.
,
improve correct enl arge I fain woul d widen th e expanse of their

, , .
“
wings un til all th e children of th e people find shel ter b eneath th eir
cover Not one stone of th e wondrous edifice which Am ericans
“
h ave b u il t up in their devotion to education will C ath olics rem ove or ,
permit to b e remov ed Th ey would fain add to it s spl endor and .
m aj esty b y pu tting side b y si de reli gi on an d th e School I was ”
addressm g Prot est an t s th e b orn d efender s of th e scho ol s

, teachers .
Wh at was I to do to gain their car b ut to conf ess to all th e good in ,
th e syst em an d th en wh en the ir sym pathy i s won to tell of th e defects !

, , , ,
“
I turn to th e parish school It exi sts I repeat my regret that there . .
is th e necessity for its exi stence In b eh alf of th e S tate Sch ool I call .
upon m y fell ow American s t o ai d in th e rem ov al of thi s n ece ssity

”
.
O n thi s poin t F ather A bb el en of M il w aukee h as r ai sed a dre adf ul 5
cl amor in M il w au kee paper s; Ge rm an an d En gl i sh ri e st s f Wi i

p o sco n s n
replied to him .
I cannot b ut think I am right and th at Ab b elen is wrong Be it .
under stood th at I al w ay s all ow th e ri ht of a ri h t h v i h

g p a s o a e a p ar s
sch ool no m atte r h ow perfect th e st ate sch ool m a
, y b e B ut my con .
t
Pe er M Ab b elen ( 1 843—1 9 1 7 ) h ad b een th e e m ssary to Rom e f or th e
5 .
i
i i
G erm an C ath ol cs of th e M dd l e W es in N ovem b er , 1 88 6 , in th e r cont ro ersy t i v
i i
w th th e I r sh ove r n at onal p ar sh es and sch oo l si i .
A rch b ish op I re land an d t h e S ch o o l C on tro versy 47 3
tention is th at th e
t t h ri ghtly organize d su st ained b y St ate
s a e sc ool ,
f unds and yet grantin g to C athol ic children all th at is needed for th e

,
p r ot ecu on o f th e S t at e n o ab s o l u t e n ecess ity

,
e xi st s f or th e p ari sh
school In Irel and [ and] Engl an d th ere i s no strictl y speaking pari sh

.
-
sch ool In B el gium and F r an ce no p ari sh sch ool w as th ou ght of until

.
,
-
infidel governm ent s h ad m ade th e State school infidel Th e necessity .
for pari sh sch ool s i s hypoth eti cal

-
th e necessity b eing not a direct
resul t of th e Church s mi ssion b ut a provi sion in cert ain cases for th e
’
p r otec ti on of th e f aith Th e Ch u r c h i s n o
. t e st ab l i sh e d t o t e ach writi n g
and ciphering b ut to teach m or al s and f aith an d sh e t e ach es writin g
, ,
and ciph ering onl y wh en oth erwi se m or al s an d f aith coul d n ot b e
taught A b b elen m ake s out th at th e D ocete gentes im pl ies teaching

.
“ ”
all th at children h av e t o l earn qu od est ab su rdum .
Now wh at i s requi red in th e St ate—School to m ake it accept ab l e t o

,
us I dev el op in two th ir d s of m y d i scour se I am su re you will fin d

,
-
.
thi s part ul tr a ab stract I dem and positive C atholi c dogm atic teachin g
.
rej ecting m ere m oral teaching rej ecting tot all y th e so call ed com ,
-
“
m on Christianity th eory Now m y opponents pass o ver i n ab sol ut e

”
.
,
sil ence thi s part of th e discou r se whi ch i s th e m or e im port an t part , ,
which secul ar paper s took to b e properl y th e discour se .
O ne poin t here h as b een criticized It i s th i s : I am a C athol ic of

“
.
,
cour se to th e tini est fib r e of m y h eart u nflin ching and u ncompr om i sing

, ,
in my f aith But God forb id th at I desire to see in A m erica th e groun d

.
which protestantism occupies exposed to th e chil ling and devastating

'
b l ast of unb el ief Let m e b e y ou r all y in stemmi ng th e swell ing ti de

.
of irrel i gion Why said one prie st in a Germ an paper A b p Irel and
”
.
, , .
h as l ost th e f aith : h e i s will in g to keep up Protest anti sm O f cour se .

,
my meaning i s th at of word s spoken b y M ann ing and Newm an ,
th at f actional Chri stian ity is b etter th an m ateri al i sm B eside s I took th e .
st an dpoint of your Em inence s b ook of speaking t o A m eri can s in

’
th e n am e of our Chri sti an He rit age an d in thi s n am e asking them

“ ”6
to m ake th e School s Chri sti an Cathol ic for u s and Protestant for ,
them selves We cannot h ave C ath ol ic St ate School s withou t giving them
.
Protestant State School s .
My appeal for St ate School s fit for C athol ic chil dr en h as b een ‘
cen su red under th e pl ea th at a Prot e st an t st ate sh ould t ou ch n othin

g
Catholic But America is not a Prote st ant State and if Cath oli cs pay
.
“
,
”
school t axes th ey sh oul d receive b enefit f r om th em Th e b u rden u on

p .
our C athol i cs t o m ain t ain pari sh school s up to th e r e qu ir ed st andard
fl I l nd w
re a f i g h as t G ib b
re err n v l m O C h i t i H it g
ere o on s
’
o u e, ur r s an er a e
( B l tim
a o re ,
47 4 Th e Na t io n a l Pe r io d
for all hil dren of th e Ch urch is alrnost unb ear abl e There is
th e c .
d anger th at never sh all w e h ave Sch ool s for al l C ath ol i c childr en or ,
th at C ath olics wi ll grow tired of contributin g At present nearly h alf .
th e C atho l i c chil dre n of A m eri c a d onot atten d pari sh sch ool s Th e true -
.
sol u t i o n in m y j u dgm e n t i s to m ake th e S t ate Sch o ol sati sf acto ry t o

-
, ,
C athol ic consci ences and to u se i t C an this b e done? Let u s try If it

,
. .
cann ot b e done l et u s do our b e st with ou r p ari sh sch ool s -

.
,
B esi des h ave not b ish ops an d pri ests gon e too f ar in th eir denu nci a
'
tion s of th e St ate School ? Have they not in th eir de sire to protect

, ,
th e par i sh sch ool often b el i e d in th eir e x agger at i on s of th e evil th e

, , ,
St ate Sch ool ? H ave th ey n ot gone b ey on d th e Apostol i c In struct i on

“ ”
of H av e th ey no t n eed l essl y b rou ght upon u s th e o d iu m of th e

cou n try ? In deed si n ce our ow n scho ol s are n eithe r nu m erou s enou gh
, ,
n or effi ci en t enou gh f or our chil dr en an d m any of th ese mu st atten d ,
th e pub l i c sch ool h ave w e n ot don e imm en se h arm to soul s b y ou r

.
anathem as? C ath ol i cs i n m an y cases m u st u se th ose sch ool s an d ye t ,
they are denounc ed for i t ; thei r con sci ences are f al sified they are
e str anged from th e C h ur ch I am n ot afr ai d to say th at in pl ace s wh er e
.
b i shops h av e b een very seve re a gain st Publ ic sch ool s th ei r pari sh ,
school s h av e done m or e h arm th an go od t o r el i gion .
It is well too to r em ark th at our pub l ic school s in m any pl ace s

, , ,
at l east are n ot p o si ti ve ly b ad Th ey are n ot h o t b e d s of v i c e ; n e i th e r

, .
do they t each u nb el i ef or Prot est an ti sm Teacher s are often good

'
.
_
C athol ics; or at l east they are gentl em en or l adi es decorou s in con ,
duct an d gen erou s t ow ard ou r f aith I know well th e imm en se advan

, .
t age to ch il dren of posi tive dogm atic teaching in school ; yet where th e ,
school i s as n earl y n eu tr al as can b e th e f am i l y an d th e Su nd ay

Sch ool can do m uch th o nev er all w e sh ould gi ve if c i r cu m st an ce s
’
perm it .
O ur pub l ic sch ool s are b etter th an th ose o f F r an ce and It aly and in

-
,
those countri es we he ar n o conti nu ous anathem as .
At any rate continuou s an athem as onl y irri t ate Germ an s h ave

, .
actu al l y sai d I w as d i sl oy al to th e Ch u rch wh en I d id n o t st an d u

p
b efore th e Conv ent i on an d tell of th e i mm or al i ti es an d th e scept i ci sm '
of th e pu b l i c school s -
.
Now as to m y r em ed i es for b r i nging together St ate and Chur ch

, .
Those rem edi es of m ine w ere pu t f orth tent ati vel y an d as m ere b e in
g ,
n in gs W e cannot h av e al l at once ; l e t u s
.
get an ent eri ng wedge Th e .
.
7
i i
Th e nstruct o n of th e C o ngregat o n of Prop aganda d e F de o n th e d a n er
g i i
i i i
to t h e f a th of C ath o l c ch l d ren atten d ng pu b l c sch oo l s w as d a e d Novem b er i i t
24 , 1 87 5 C f No 1 1 8
. . . .
I will write you again tomorrow Meanwhil e I repeat my expression .

,
of deep gr atitu de and sin cer e aff ection an d rem ain , ,
Very respectfull y ,
John Irel and
Th e St R aph ael sverein Protest s th e Negl ect

.
of I m migrant C ath ol ics in th e U nit ed S t ates,
Feb ru ary 1 89 1 ,
TH E add iti o tim ted

n of an e s im m igr nt from twe ty or m re
a a s n o
co u n tri esto th e C thol i popu l ti n of th e U n it d St t

a c i n th e ye r a o e a es a s
1 8 80— 1 9 0 0 b ro ght i nevi t bl e str i n s W i thi n th e Am r i an C h r h O

u a of a e c u c . ne
th m o t c t
e s tr v r i e among the e v ried n tional gr p devel p d
a u e con o e s s s a a ou s o e
b etween th e Iri h d G rm n C thol i c

s ver th e dem and of th e l tter
an e a a s o a
for their own p ri h s priests a d sch ool nd hi gher proportion of

a s e , ,
n s, a a
b i hop
s s o f G rm b i rth
e extr cti n i n th
an h i er rchy Thi it ti on l d to
or a o e a . s s ua e
a pr ot t b ei g l od ged with th e H l y S e in Novem b er 1 8 8 6 b y F th r

es n o e , , a e
Peter A b b len f th e A r h di oce e of M i lw ukee whi ch m i nt i ned th t

e o c s a a a a
l
u n ess th d m d wer m et there w l d b e gr v l
e e an s e e t th e f i th ou a e oss s o a .
I n th e cce d i g ye r
su e th e qu e ti on took on m re ser i o
n a s proport i s o us on s
when i t enter d i nto th e di sc s i ns of th e vari

e n ti on l b r n ch es ofu s o ou s a a a
t h e St R ph el e in
. a a n orga i
sv re tion f ded i 1 8 7 1 f o th e car f
, a n za ou n n r e o
G erm n C thol i c em i gr nt
a a F rom an i t rn ti on l con fer a f th S t
s . n e a a en ce o e .
Raph l erein h l d in L cerne Swi tz rl d on D emb r 9 —1 0 1 8 9 0

ae sv e u ,
e an , ec e , ,
there em erged docum ent si gned by offi i l of th e soci ety from seven
a c a s
d iff ere t cou ntri e T h i d um e t d ted F eb ru ar y 1 8 9 1 w

n s . s oc prese ted to n , a , , as n
Pope Le X III on A pr i l 1 6 1 8 9 1 an d on th e f oll owi n g M ay 2 8 th fu l l

o , ,
e
text w s pub l i h d in th New Y rk H ld Most of th e A meri c n hier

a s e e o era . a
ar chy prote ted v i gorou ly agai nst th e i m pl i c t i on th t th ey h d ne gl e ted

s s a a a c
th e sp iri tu l w lf re of t h e i m mi gr nts nd that th re h d b een anywhere

a e a a a e a
near th e f ant ti c figure of ten m ill ion

as l l o t to th e Ch rch in th i sou s s u s
cou ntry Sou r ce . Col m n J B arry : Th C th li C h

a h . d G , e a o c urc an er
m an Am i ( M i lwa kee : Th e B ruce P bl i hi ng C o

er ca n s u A ppen dix u s .
,
IV, pp . 3 1 3— 3 1 5 .
Most Hol y F ather ,
Th e presi dent s secret ari es gener al an d del egates of th e soci eties

, ,
under th e pr otecti on of th e Hol y Arch angel R aph ael f or th e protecti on
of emi gr an t s encou r age d b y th e b enevol ence which You r Hol in ess h as

,
sh own them assem b l ed on D ecemb er 9 of l ast year at an i ntern ati onal

,
confe rence in Lucerne t o del ib e r at e u on m ean s b est su it e d to se rve

p
Neglec t of I m m igra n t Ca th o l ics 47 7
th e iritu al and m aterial well b ein g of th eir Cath oh c compatriots wh o

sp -
have emigrated to America th e num b er of which is in excess of ,
yearl y }
Th e ab ove mentioned t ake th e l ib erty t o pl ace b efor e Your Holiness ,
with deepest respect th e fact th at th e numerous em igrants constitute

,
a great str ength and could co oper at e em inentl y in th e expan si on of

,
-
th e C ath ol i c Chu rch in th e sever al st ates of A m e ri ca In thi s w ay th ey .
coul d contrib u te t o th e m o r al st atur e of th eir n ew h om el and as w ell as ,
to th e stimul ation of rel igiou s con sciou sne ss in th e ol d Eu rope a n
fath erl an ds .
O nl y th e true Chu rch of which You r H oli ness i s th e hi gh e st sh eph erd

, ,
can ob t ain th ese h appy r e su l t s b ecause it i s th e true sou rce of all
progress an d civili zation .
Bu t in or der th at European C ath ol ics in th e ir adopted coun try , ,
prese rve an d tr an sm it to th eir chil dren th eir f aith an d its inh e rent
b enefit s th e und ersigned h ave th e honor to sub m it to Your Hol iness
,
th e con diti on s which in th e l i ght of experi en ce an d in th e n atu re of

,
things appear to b e indi spensab l e f or th at pu rpose in th e countri es of

,
immi gr ation Th e l osses which th e Church h as suff ered in th e United

.
St ate s of North Am eric a n u mb er m or e th an ten mi ll i on sou l s .

2
1 It seem s necessary to u nit e th e em i gr ant gr oups of each n ati on al ity

.
in separ ate pari sh es congregations or mi ssions wh e rever th eir num b ers

, ,
and m ean s m ake su ch a pr acti ce po ssib l e .
2 It seem s necessary to entrust th e adm ini str ati on of th e se p ari sh es

.
to pri est s of th e same n ation al ity to whi ch th e f aithful b el ong Th e .
sw eetest an d de arest m em o ri es of th e ir h om el an d w ou ld b e con st an tl y
recall ed and they would love all th e m ore th e holy Church which pro
,
cu res th ese b enefit s f or th em .
1
If th m m i l i t h d i m i d C th l i imm ig
e e or a s s t l l y t th U i t d
a n n a o c ran s so e o e n e
St t a es th i fig w s g x gg ti Th b t th ity
ur e as a ross th bj t
e a era on . e es au or on e su ec
es tim t d th t i th y
a e a 1 8 8 1 1 8 90 i l iv th r w
n e e ars ttl i -
f nc u s e e e as a o a n cre ase o
t th Am i o C th l i p p l ti n th
e er cangh im m i g t i a fig o c o u a o rou ra on, a u re
th t i l d d
a nc u fr m C n d
e M i d th o E p a a a,t i ex co , an o er non- uro ean cou n r e s .
F m th
ro E osep t i wh d l g t ig d th L
uro ean cou n r es M m i l ose e e a es s ne e ucerne e or a
th ere h d b n i a th ti peri d 1 8 8 1 —1 890 ppr xim t ly l y

ee n e e n re o a o a e on
C th l i
a o imm i g t ( G l d Sh gh n y S M H th I m m ig t K pt th
cs r an s era au ess , . .
, as e r an e e
F ith ? [N w Y k
a e p or , .
2 Th ekl recwi th wh i h figur

essness C th li l k g w cd b y th es o n a o c ea a e ere u se e
il l i f m d i n th
n or e y m y b g g d b y th f ct th t t
ese ears i t ti l
a e au e e a a a an n ern a ona
C th l i
a o g h ld in Li eg B l gi m i S pt mb e
c co n r ess e 1 890 F h C
e, di
e u , n e e r, , a r enc -
an a an
p i t f th D i
r es o f A lb y Al ph
e ocese o Vi ll n v p t d an
p p wh i h
, o nse e eu e , rese n e a a er c
ll g d th t
a e e t f tw ty fi e mill i n C th l i imm i g
a ou o en t wh- h d
v t d th o a o c ran s o a e n ere e
U i t d St t
n e tw ty m illi h d b
a es en l t to th C h h on a een os e urc ,
3 . In r ttl ed b y emigrants of sever al n ation al ities wh o are not

a e as se
nu m erou s enou gh t o organiz e separ ate n ational pari sh es it is d esir ab l e ,
as f ar as possib l e th at a p asto r b e ch osen to gu ide th em wh o under

,
st and s th e d iver se l angu ages of th ese gr oup s Thi s pri est shoul d b e .
stri ctl y ob l i ge d to give c ate ch eti cal in structi on to e ach of th e gr ou ps
in its own l angu age .
4 . Itwill b e especially necessary to estab l i sh p arochi al school s

wh erever Chri sti an pub li c school s are not avail ab l e and these school s ,
sh oul d b e separ ate as f ar as possibl e f or e ach n at i on al i ty

, , .
Th e cu rricul um of th ese sch ool s sh oul d al way s 1n cl u de th e m oth er

tongue as well as th e l an guage an d history of th e adopted country .
5 It seem s necessary t o gr ant to priest s d evotin g th em sel ves to th e

.
emi gr ant s all ri ght s p ri vil eges and prer ogatives enj oy e d b y th e p riest s
, ,
of th e cou ntry Th i s arr angem ent which i s onl y j u st woul d h av e th e

.
, ,
resul t th at ze al ou s pi ous and apostoli c priest s of all nati onali ti es will

, ,
b e attr act ed t o imm igr an t work .
6 It seem s de sir ab l e to e st ab l i sh and encour age soci eti es of v ariou s

.
kin ds conf r atern ities ch arit ab l e organi z ati on s mu tu al aid an d protec

, , ,
tive associations etc B y these m eans Cathol ics woul d b e system aticall y
, .
organi zed an d save d f rom th e d an erou s sect s of F re em ason s and

g
organi z ati on s affil i ate d with it .
7 It seem s v ery desir ab l e th at th e C ath ol ic s of e ach n at i on al ity

.
,
wherever it is deem ed possib l e h ave in th e epi scopacy of th e cou ntry

,
where they imm igr ate sever al b ishops wh o are of th e same origin It
, .
seem s th at in thi s w a
y th e organ ization of th e C hu rch w ould b e perfect ,
for in th e assemb l i es of th e b i sh ops ev ery imm i gr ant r ace would b e ,
represented and its i n terests and nee ds would b e protected

, .
8 F in all y th e un der signed wi sh to point ou t th at for th e att ainm ent

.
of th e ob j ectiv es whi ch th ey h ave enum er at e d it w ould b e v ery desir

,
ab l e an d thi s th ey vi or ou sl y u r e th at th e Hol y S ee f oster and r t t

, g g p , o ec
in th e emi gr ati on countri es : a ) speci al sem in arie s an d apostol i c

school s for tr ainin
g m i ssi onari es for emi gr ants; b ) St Raph ael soci eti es .
for th e protection of em i gr an t s an d th at it recomm en d to th e Most,
Rev B i shops th at th ey estab l i sh such soci eties in th e emi r ation

“
g
c oun tri e s wh ere th e y do n ot
y et exi st and th at th e Hol y See pl ace ,
them under th e protect i on of a C ard inal Protector .
Th e under signed h ope f or th e h appiest an d m ost imm e di ate resul t s

f rom thi s organ iz at i on and th ese m easures E mi r ati on m 1 ss1 on ar1 es
g .
tr ained under the direction of a di stingui sh ed Ital ian Bi sh o

p h ave
48 0 Th e Na tiona l Pe riod
ri i i
Am e can Rel g on 1 8 7 5 — 1 9 0 0 , Proce e d ings of th e M assach uset ts H isto r i
,
c a l S o c ie ty L IV , X T h e A P A l nge ed on , o e e , un l . . . i r h wvr ti
1 9 1 1 an d du ng t h e 1 8 90 s ri ey d id a g ea deal of th
a m am on g m any
’
r t hr
ri
A m e can s wh o wr t
e e ak en in b y h e l n g p opagan da, th e m os f an as c t i r yi r t t ti
it em of whi ih
ch was pu bl s e d in th e P a tr io t ic A m er ica n o f D e o on A p l tr it ri
r rt
8 , 1 8 9 3 , an d pu po e d to b e an e nc cl cal of Pope Leo y i
III n s u c n g X i tr ti
ri
t h e Am e can C a ol cs to th i ri
se on th e f eas of S t I gn a u s Lo ol a, t
uly 3 1 , ti y J .
1 8 9 3 an d m assac e al l
, r
e e cs i n th e cou n h r ti
Th e sec e oa h o f th e try rt t .
a copy o f c whi
f ol l o s, cam e t o l g la eh a w
ea ou g i ht t th t y r thr h
th e
x é
e p os o f th e St Pau l G l o b e an d h ou g
. th e eff o s o f H en y Mt r h ou m an srt r Y .
( 1 8 32 t r
d e f ea e d con g essm an f om th e e g h d s c of M c gan r i ht i tri t i hi ,
t i i
t o un se a W ll am S L n on ( 1 8 5 6 . i t
h is oppon en , w h o, h e con en de d , t t
r r
w as a m em b e o f th e A P A S ou ce : M c ael W ll am s, Th e S h ado w of th e
. . . ih i i
Pop e ( N ew Y
ork : M cGraw H ll B ook C o , In c , ppi 1 03
- —1 04 . . . .
I do m ost y prom ise and swear that I will always to th e

sol em nl ,
u tm ost of my ab il ity l ab or pl e ad an d w age a continu ou s w arf are

, ,
against ignor an ce and f an ati ci sm ; th at I will u se m y u tm ost power to
stri ke th e sh ackl e s and ch ain s of b l ind ob edi ence t o th e R om an
Cathol ic church from th e h am pered and b ound consciences of a priest

ridden and chu rch O ppressed peopl e ; th at I will n ever all ow any one
-
,
a m emb er of th e Rom an C ath ol i c chur ch to b ecome a m emb er of ,
thi s order I knowing him to b e such ; th at I will u se my influence to

,
prom ote th e int er est of all Pr ot est ants everywh ere in th e world th at I
m ay b e ; th at I will n ot empl oy a Rom an C ath ol ic in any capacity i f
I can procure th e servi ces of a Protestant }
I fu rthermore prom ise and swe ar th at I will not aid in b u ilding

or m ai nt ai ning b y m y resou rces an y Rom an C ath oli c ch u rch or
, ,
institu t i on of th e ir sect or creed wh atsoever b u t wil l do all in my ,
powe r to ret ard an d b re ak down th e powe r of th e Pope in thi s country ,
or any oth er ; th at I will not ent er into an

y controver sy with a Roman
C ath ol ic upon th e sub j ect of this order nor will I enter into any agree ,
m ent with a Rom an C ath ol i c to str ike or cr eate a di sturb ance wher eb y
th e C ath ol i c em pl oy es m ay u nderm in e an d sub stitu te th eir Pr otest an t
co wor ker s; th at in all gr i ev ances I will seek onl y Prot est an t s and
-
A
1
m pl f A P A lit
sa t
e o w h i h m d th i i t t l
. . .
w th 56 p g
er a ure c a e e r n en c e ar as e -
a e
p m ph l t p t
a e t by u ti J H J k
ou f F th W th T
a cer a n
p m . . ac son o or or exas , su re e
i p i d t f th g i ti titl d Th A m i P t ti A i ti
,
v ce - res en o e or an z a on, en e e e r can ro ec ve sso c a on .
Wh at I t Is
I ts P la tfo rm an d R om an I n to le ran c e
, I n th e pref ace
Jackson rem arke d th at h e h ad b een a m em b er f or e h tee n m o nt h s and h ad read
g i
i
ev eryt h n g h e c ou l d fi nd o n th e C ath ol c C h urch and h ad b eco m e con n
ced i vi
th at th ere w as an u rge nt n ee d to com b a its
p o er Wh e n h e l e arned
w “
ha t . t t
th e Rom an pope gave h is su b j ects no r gh to th nk f or th em selves, h e i t i
decl ared
“
i
th s is a f al se assu m pt o n of au th or ty , w h ch A m er can m anh ood i i i i
t
canno , and w l l not , su b m t to i ”
(p i .
G eo rge P . A . Hea ly , A m e r ica n A rtis t 48 1
counsel with them to th e exclusion of all Rom an C athol ics and will ,
not m ake known to th em anyt hing of any n atur e m at ured at su ch
confe rence s .
I fu rthermore prom ise and swear th at I will not counten ance th e

nomin ati on in any cau cus or conv enti on of a Rom an C athol ic for
, ,
any offi ce in th e gif t of th e Am erican peopl e an d th at I will n ot v ote ,
for or counsel oth er s to v ote for any R om an C ath ol ic b ut will vote

so f ar as m
, , ,
onl y for a Pr ot est ant ay l ie in my pow er Should th er e

, .
b e two Rom an C ath ol i cs on opposite ticket s I will er ase th e n am e ,
on th e ticket I v ot e ; th at I will at all ti m es ende av or t o pl ace th e
pol itic al positi on s of thi s governm ent in th e h an ds of Protest an ts to ,
th e entir e excl u sion of th e Rom an C athol i c chur ch of th e m emb er s

.
thereof and th e m andate of th e Pope

, .
To all of which I do m ost sol emnl y promi se and swear so h elp ,
m e God Am en . .
George P A Heal y Recounts Hi s Beginnings

. .
as an Ar tist an d Hi s P aintin g of P o e Pi u s IX
p ,
1 8 94
WITH th e x ti on f John L F g th m o t i m port nt p inter m o g

e cep o a ar e e s a a a n
Am eri can C th l i w a G rge P A H l y ( 1 8 1 3
o cs as eo B o t n b rn f . . ea s o -
o o
an A m er i c n m oth r a d f th r w h o h d l ef t Ir l nd in th e pri i ng of
e an a a e a e a u s
1 7 9 8 H ealy f m re te d h i fly on th p ortr i ts h e p i nted of m ny f
’
, s a e s c e e a a a o
th e great in b th C h ur h n d S tat e on b oth si d s of t h
o c a A tl n t i c H i e e a . s
su b j cts incl d d such v ari d fi g res as Piu IX J enny Li n d G iz ot C
e u e e u s , , u ,
ar
m en Syl v K i ng Lou i Phi l ipp

a, Fr nz Li t Lord B l wer Lytt n t n r
s e, a sz , u -
o , e o
m or pre i dent of th e U i t d St te
e s s n d th e l e d i n g A m r i can
n e t te m a s, a a e s a s en
of h i s tim in l di ng Henry Cl y J hn C C lho n a d D ni l W b t r

e, c u a , o . a u ,
n a e e s e .
Heal y w n pri es in P ri an d F l ren

o z n ev er b ef ore con f err d
a s n n o ce e o a
A meri can n d of h is great pi t ure W eb ter Replyi ng to H ayne whi h “ ”

, a c , s , c
b rou ght th e gold m ed l of th e P ri Exp iti n of 1 8 5 5 n d whi ch han g

a a s os o a s
in F ane il H ll B o to it w s i d No th r A m ri n arti st t ny c t “
u a , s n, a sa , o e e ca a a os
of t i m e nd a n er gy co l d h ave pr od ced th e h ge ca v as wh i h d
e u n t u u n c oes o
seem t h v r q ir d ny speci l eff rt fr m H e ly wh o s f r s h ool

o a e e u e a a o o a , a a a sc
e nt i rel y P r i si n ( S m l I h m Th H i t y
”
ing n d t h iq
a ec go w n ue as a a a ue s a , e s or
o f Am i P i ti g
er ca n v ed b y R y l C rti
a n n , re [N ew York
. .
p o a o ssoz , .
It i to H ly th t w ow e om of th e b e t l iken e es of th A m ri c n
s ea a e s e s ss e e a
hier rchy m ong th m C rdinal M clo key nd G i b b on and A rchb i hops

a a e a s c s a s s
F ran i s K nr i k an d B yl ey I n h i
c e c rly m hood h e h d b een q i te i
a . s ea an a u n
d i ff erent b ou t h is rel i gi ou d ti es h vi n g m arri ed Lou i s Phipp an Engl i h

a s u ,
a a s, s
gi rl in L n don in 1 8 39 i
, o n A n gl i c n c rem ony Bu t thr ou gh th e i nfl en
n a a e . u ce
of C th ol i c f ri n d
a n d pr i n ci p ll y J h n B F i tzp tr i ck B i h p
e s, a f B oston
a o . a , s o o
48 2 Th e Na t io na l Pe r iod
( 1 8 1 2—1 8 6 6
) who e
rtr i t h e p inted th e arti st b ecame an ardent Cath
s po a -
a ,
ol i u ceed d in per suad ing M s He l y to b ecom

c, s c e a convert i n 1 8 6 0 an d r . a e ,
f r m t of th rem i nd r f h i l on g l i f e tt nd d M s daily Th f oll ow

o os e a e o s a e e a s . e
ing xcerpt f rom h is m em oi r tell of h w h e b eg n h is arti ti

e s reer and s o a s c ca
of h i exper i nces wh i l e p i t i n g P iu
s e IX Sou r : G eorge P A He l y a n s . ce . . a ,
R mi i
e f P t it P i t
n sc e n c es ( C hi c g : A C Mcc l rg nd C
o a o r ra a n er a o . . u a o .
,
pp . 1 7 , 2 0—2 5 , 1 3 5—1 37 .
M y gr andm other M rs H i cks pain ted quite prettil y in w ater col ors
,
.
,
-
,
and one of m y del i ght s as a chil d was t o tu rn ov er a seri es of sketch es
sh e h ad m ade du ring a j ou rney am on g th e W est In di an I sl an ds It .
is doub tl ess from h er th at I inh erited my fir st liking for painting .
Th e fir st tim e I h eld a b ru sh was wh en I w as ab ou t sixteen y e ars of

age O ne d ay I was to m eet a fri end of m in e at h i s h ou se and we w er e
.
,
then to go off together on som e excu rsion But as it b egan to r ain .
vi ol entl y I found m y friend and his two si sters amu sing them sel ves
,
with a paint b ox They m ade drawings which th ey afterwards colored

-
. .
O ne of th e l ittl e girl s hol din g up h er work wh ere b ri ght r eds gr eens

, , ,
an d b l u es vie d with e ach oth e r e xcl aim ed :

“
Y ou coul d n ot do as ,
m u ch could you George? I guess I coul d said I in true Yankee ” “

, , ,
f ashi on ; and n ettl ed I b egan to col or one of th e childi sh dr awin gs on

, ,
which th e l ittle girl ob l igingl y wrote d irections as to th e tin t s I should

u se Wh en I h ad fini sh ed m y f rien ds decl ared th at I m ust h ave
.
pain te d ,
b efore B ut I h ad not I h ad sh own at sch ool mu ch aptitu de for m ap

. .
dr awi ng b ut th at was th e fir st tim e I h ad ever used a b ru sh

, .
After th at however I would do nothin g el se I determin ed to b e

, , .
a painte r My first sm all success came to m e in rather an odd

.
w ay M i ss Stu art } wh o t ook som e i nterest in m e l ent m e a rin t of

.
p ,
Gu i do Ren i s Ecce Homo I copied this on a canvas and th en

’ 2 “ ”
.
,
col ored it as b est I coul d with ou t an

y h elp ex cept such as th e stu dy ,
of m y own f ace aff orded for th e flesh ti nt s Such as it was I carried .

,
th e pictu re to a good n atu red b ooksell e r wh o con sente d to t-

it in
p u ,
h is sh op window I own th at I oft en found an excuse for assi n al on

-
.
p g g
th at street so as to give a r apid gl ance at my work In l ater years
, .
I h ave never seen an artist hover ab ou t his picture at a pub li c exhib ition
wi thout thinkin g of m y Ecce Hom o in th e friendl y b ooksell er s “ ” ’
window .
A C athol ic priest f rom th e country h appened to pass th at way ,
1 M iss J ane S t
u art was th e d au gh t
er of th e f amous p ai n er, G l b ert t i S t uart
( 1 7 55
2
Gu do i Reni ( 1 57 5 an I tal i an pai nter .
48 4 Th e Na t io nal Period
Piu s IX .
Hol iness h aving seen thi s unfinished work liked it
5
Hi s , , ,
and consent ed to give m e a few sitti ngs Thi s w as a great f avor which
’
.
,
I highl y appreciated So far I h ad onl y seen th e Pope with other . ,
str anger s at th e V at i c an receptions or f rom af ar when h e ofli ci ated

, ,
at St Pet er s b efor e th e ev ent s of 1 8 7 0

’
.
.
,
I was introduced one morn ing into Pius IX s l ib rary ; a pleasant ’
room simply enough f urni shed full of b ooks th e t ab le covered with

, , ,
p pa er s T.h e P op e w a s dr essed all in whit e cl oth with scarl et shoe s; ,
th e h air w as white th e f ace r ath er p al e with ve ry b right eyes n ot

, , ,
incapab l e of sparkl e for h is Hol iness knew h ow to t ake a j oke He ,

.
was a pretty good sitter b ut som ewh at restl ess an d cu riou s al so as t o , ,
what his painter was ab ou t O n one occasion h e arose from hi s seat .
to l ook over my sh oulder Wh en I am e arnestl y at w ork I wi sh m y .

,
sitter s to h el p m e and do th eir du ty b y r em aini ng in th e attit ude

,
I h ave chosen I excl aimed perh aps a little ab ruptl y : I b eg you r

.
,
“
Holiness to sit down Th e Pope l aughed and said : I am accustom ed .

” “
to give o r der s n ot tb r eceive th em B ut you see M r He al y th at I

, .
, .
,
al so know h ow to ob ey and sub m i ssivel y went b ack to his ch air

”
.
,
Pius I X h as b een dead now m any a year I l i ke to think of th e .
few short sittin gs h e gave m e in h is ch ee rful l ib r ary ; I l i ke to rem em

b er h i s qu iet pl easant t alk hi s r ath er Ital i an sounding Fr ench h is
, ,
-
,
j udgments of men an d th ings O ne day speak ing of a m onk wh o h ad .

,
l eft th e Chu rch an d m arri ed h e ob served n ot with ou t gl ee : He h as

“
, ,
t aken his puni shment in h is own h ands I l ike especi all y to f eel as .
”6
thou gh th e hours spent in his presence h ad cast a gl ow on my l ater

years as th e gl orious setting sun b ehind St Peter s throws a gl amour
, .
’
ov er Rome its dom es an d gar dens I oft en thin k al so of Piu s IX s

’
, .
, ,
gen tl e reproach to one of my countrym en wh o in his Am e rican pri de , ,
refused to b end b efore him : My son an old m an s b l essing never did ,

’
h arm to any one .

”
5 H l y p i t d Pi
ea IX i th w i t
a n e f 1 8 7 0— 1 8 7 1 f
us wh i h th ti t w
n e n er o or c e ar s as
m d a e K i gh t f St G g ry
a n o . re o .
6 A ccordi g t M i D M n G P A H ly A m i
o ar e A ti t ( N w Y k
e are , . . . ea , e r c an r s e or
p 2 52 th i w h C m l it H y i th [ C h l
,
. th F , s Pe as e L y ]
renc ar e e, re ac n e ar es o son
( 1 827 wh l f t th C h h ft th o V ti e C i l tt h d h im lf
e urc a er e a c an ou nc , a ac e se
t
o D oll i g m
n er ,i d d f d d O ld C th l i
arr e , g g ti
an i P i ou n e an a o c co n re a on n ar s .
A rch b ish op I reland a nd Soc ia l ism 48 5
Arch b i sh op Irel and s Vi ew s

’
on Soci alism ,
O ctob er 1 4 1 89 4 ,
-
BY THE 1 89 0
’
s th e v
ad ance o f soc al sm
h ad b ecom e th e cau se of se ous i i ri
r
conce n t o m an t r y it tt
m en in b o h Eu ope an d t h e U n e d S a es T h s conce ni r .
h i ht y t tri
was e g ene d b y th e b l ood Hom es ead S ke of 1 8 9 2 an d th e u bul en t r t
y r
ea 1 8 94 whi h c saw th eh u ge stri y
kes of th e Pul lm an C om pan an d th e
w t r r ir
es e n rh
a l oad s and th e m a c xy r y
of C o e s A m
’
y
of u n em pl o ed on W ash
ri ih r iv
ington N o A me can b s op w as m o e al e t o th e n ecess y of
. it fi i
nd n g
r t ti i r
cor ec sol u on s to soc al p obl em s h an t Jh r
o n I el and , fir t r h i h
s A c b s op of
St Paul ( 1 8 38
. r r ttr t
In th e su m me of 1 8 9 2 I el an d h ad a ac e d n a on al ti
tt ti r ri r
a e n on i n F an ce b y a se e s o f add esse s, an d it r ri i th r
was n ot su p s ng, e e
r th t J
f o e, a rt ri
u l e s Hu e , d ean o f th e P a s co rr t h
e spon d en s, s ou ld seek an
i t rvi w wit
n e e h h im whi h c ih t
w as pub l s ed in Le F igaro on A u gu s 2 9 , 1 8 94 .
wi r r i t
Th e f oll o n g ep n of th e n e i t rvi we i
em b od e d a nu m b e r i
of deas whi h
c
r tr x ih r t r
I el an d l a e e panded an d pu b l s ed f om h is l ec u es in th e tw o ol um e v -
wr o k, Th e C h urc h a n d M o d ern S o c ie ty ( S t P au l , rh i
Th e a c b sh op .
ri ri tr
w as a f en d of th e l ab o ng m an , as h is s on g su ppo rt i
to C ar din al G bb on s
i ht r vi t
in 1 8 8 7 in th e case of th e K n g s of Lab o m ade e den B u t h e w as n ot .
an u nc ri t i ir r
c al adm e r
as h e m ade cl ea in th e n e i t rvi w
e v
h e ga e t o th e p ess r
J y thi
in ul of y r wh vi
s sam e ea en r
ol en ce b oke ou t am ong th e s tri r
ke s in
hi r
C cago Sou ce : N ew . Y r o k Tim es O c ob et r 1 4, 1 8 94 , .
Th e intervi ew er l au reate p r e ss J ul es H u ret r epo.

rt s of th e Pari s ,
l
in Le F igaro th e foll owing c onver sation with Archb i sh op Irel and :

2
Q Wh at do you thin k of th e Soci ali st predictions? D o you

.
b el ieve th at tr ansform ati ons in soci al organiz ation s are imm inent ?
A Th e tr an sform ation s predi cted b y th e Soci ali st s seem to m e
.
to b e neith er im min ent nor prob ab l e Wh at i s pr ob ab l e wh at I desire .

,
to re al ize as soon as possib l e i s im pr ovem en t in th e con diti on of th e

m ass of workin g m en th eir el ev ation from an in tell ectu al and m or al
,
poin t of Vi ew as much as from a m ateri al point of vi ew Thi s i mprove

, .
m en t and thi s el ev ation sh all h ave as consequ ences th e advent of

democr acy and th e di sappear an ce of wh at i s call ed in Europe th e , ,
reign of th e b ourgeoisie T hi s will b e accompli shed without much .
resistance A s was said to m e b y a B el gi an statesm an M ini ster

.
,
1 J
u l es H uret ( 1 8 64—1 9 1 5 ) w as a f am ous French j ou rn al it s wh o w on e arl y
no ti ce i
b y his ser es of art cles o n i t v
con ro ert ed q ti
ues ons f or l E ch o d e P aris
’
and l ater f or a ser es on i European soc a ilq i

uest o n s f or Le F igaro .
Le F igaro b egan in 1 8 2 5 and wen th rou gh a

2
ng t nu m b er of ch an ges b e com ,
i
i
in 1 8 6 6 a d a l y p aper whi ch w as m onarch cal in symp a hi es af ter th e F ranco i t
i i
Pru ss an W ar an d wh ch cont nue d to b e an organ o f conser at ve op n o n i v i i i .
N orth am b :
3 “
th
In an e
ou rv er nda
ob oys
d y r e,
m m ore
ai ns im m ov ab l e ,
.
Som e tu rn to reacti on oth er s t o dem ocr acy

”
.
,
O b serve th at true democr acy does n ot ex cl u de b u t on th e contrary , , ,
p
r e su ppo se s soci al i nflu ence s T h er e sh all al w ay s b e in soci ety m en
.
of genius m e n of t al ent ,
an d m en of el ev at ed ch ar acte ,
r and the se ,
m en will al ways exert in flu ence A soci ety where soci al influences are .
we ak where n atur al l egi tim ate i nflu ences are repl aced b y other s is
,
,
a soci ety in an ab norm al st ate It was a great m istake of writers in .
Fr an ce t o write of directin g cl asses Th e expressi on i s u nf ortun ate ; .
there are no directing cl asses b ut there are and there al way s will b e , , ,
di recting men .
I do not b elieve th at there will b e an extrem e condensation of

c apit al in th e f u tu re I think on th e contr ary th at money shall b e
'
.
, ,
m ore gener all y di strib u ted th at th e workingm en sh all b e b etter pai d

, ,
and con se qu entl y sh all h av e m or e i nstruction Notice wha t Leo XIII 4

.
, ,
say s of di ff usion of pr operty whil e t alking of capit al D oub tl ess ,

.
there shall al ways b e great f ortunes b ut gr eat fortunes are an ev i l ,
onl y wh en th ey h av e b een acqu ire d b y f r au d an d in j ustice an d m or e , ,
ov er th ey are n ot incompatibl e with sm all fort unes; on th e con tr ary

, ,
of ten sm all f ort un e s are f orm e d in th e sh adow of gre at ones No .
other cou ntry possesses as m any m ill i onair es as th e Un ited St ate s ,
an d n o oth er cou ntry po ssesse s as sm all a n u m b e r of poo r pe 0 p1e ,
whereas no country possesses a sm all er numb er of m ill ionaires than

,
Russi a an d n o oth er cou ntry cont ain s m ore poor pe0 p1e Th ere
, .
sh al l al w ay s b e gr eat capit al i st s gr eat capit al i st s sh all al w ay s h ave ,
influence and thi s infl uence will b e incre ased n atu r all y b y associ ati on
, ,
b ut associ ation in its turn will protect sm al l c apit ali sts and w orking
m en B etween th e interest s of th e two cl asses independentl y of m or al
.
,
and r el i gious infl uen ces th er e i s and w i ll r em ain th e civil

, power th e ,
mi ssion of wh ich i s to en act wi se l aw s wh i ch in su re l ib erty , right s th e ,
activity of all es eci all y of th e w e akest I n tr an sit ory tim es th ese l aw s

p , .
are n ot e asil y m ade B u t thi s i s a f au l t inh e r en t in h um an n atu re

. .
Y ou are call ed h ere th e Soci al i st B i sh op Do you accept th e

“ ”
Q .
.
adj ective ? Woul d y ou r i deas b e acce t e d b th S h l ti h ol ?

p y e c o as c sc o s
A . Th e word Soci al i st h as an evil rin g and b efore appl ying it

“ ”
,
to m y i deas i t sh oul d b e defin e d If b

y Soci ali st s y ou un der st an d those .
wh o are pr eoccupi ed b y soci al n ecessiti es and m i seri es wh o desire ,
to improv e th e st ate of soci ety an d w h o ask in Vi ew of thi s im rove

p
, ,
3 An e ff ort to i d tif y N
en o rth am b w as not su ccessf ul
y li l R ii i
.
Leo X III s e nc c c a
’
4
e r u m n o var u m o n th e con d t o n of th e w ork n g cl asses
h ad b een ssued o n M ay i
48 8 Th e Nat io nal Pe r iod
reconcil ed with n atur al inequ al ity Natu ral in equ al ity is th at of inte lli .
fi
g e nce ,o f str ength an d of h e al th Thi s in e qu al ity i s m ore or l ess cor

,
.
rected b y soci ety whi ch protect s th e weak Soci al hier archy i s natur al
,
.
and indestructib l e Somethin g not as n atu r al and wh ich m ay b e

. ,
ab ol i shed i s th e gr eat d i st ance b etw een th e two ends of thi s hi er ar chy

,
.
It is not necessary th at some should b e so el evated and th at others

shoul d b e so degr aded .
Q . Since you admit th at societi es m ay pass thr ough tr ansform a

tions think you th at th e tril ogy f amil y reli gion and property
, , _ ,
should necessaril y escape these tr an sform ation s?
A . Th e act i on of Provi den ce which b rings everyt hin g to it s end , ,
does not pr ev ent th e n atur al cou r se of th in gs and does not suppress

th e li b e rty of m an M odificati on s in th e fo rm of soci eti es are th erefore
.
p o ssi b l e ,b u t f am il y r el i gi on ,
and property ar e e ssenti al el em ents of all
,
hum an society F ami ly is th e principle of hum an society ; religion is

.
its crown ; property consi der ed in it self independently of variable ,
forms i s a condition of lif e of l ib erty an d of progr ess , ,

.
Th e form of th e f amil y i s det erm in ed b y th e natur e of man his ,
physic al forces hi s intell ectu al f acul ties hi s sentim ent s an d hi s

, , ,
in stincts and this form was sanctioned b y Chr i st It will not change
, .
,
b ut wh at m ay b e desired wh at m ay b e hoped i s more perf ect , ,
real ization of this form and this r eal ization may not b e ob tain ed
,
except b y progr ess in m anner s cu st om s and l aws , , .
Th e form of r el igion i s al so d et erm ined in a general manner b y

n atu re as regards it s ob j ect an d its prin cip al act s It w as al so det er .
min ed in a speci al an d posi t i v e m ann er b y Chri st Th ere sh all not .
therefore b e a new form of religion b ut one m ay hope for a m ore ,
com pl et e in tell i gence and a m or e gener al an d more

perfect r eal iz ation
of th e Chri sti an i dea an d con sequ entl y a m o r e ow e rf l in fl uence o f
, p u
th e Gospel on th e lif e of in divi du al s an d o f n ati on s O u t si de of Chri s .
ti ani ty th ere m ay b e n ew reli gi ous f orm s as w as Moh am m edani sm , ,
b ut th ese form s sh all not b e progr essive A s for Neo—Chr i sti an ity it .
,
6
will never b e anything b ut am ateuri sh rel igion .
Property i s e ssenti al b ut th ere i s nothing ab sol u te in its form s

, .
Th ese depend on th e soci al industri al pol itical and m oral situ ation
, , ,
of peopl es Th e hi story of
.
property h as occupied in F r ance and el se
where m any l earned men Their stu dies c annot b ut throw l ight on
.
questions of soci al phil osophy .
v i
Irel and m ay h a e b een ref err ng h ere t o th e f ol l ow ers of Cl au de-Henr d e
8
i
v
Rou roy , C omte de S a n -S m on ( 1 760 i t i
wh o f ostered in hi s l as y e ars t
a sor t i
of m y st c al f ratern al sm i .
A rch b ish op I re land a nd Social ism 48 9
Q . Am ong th e possib l e mod ifications of property whi ch ones ,
woul d y ou r e gar d f av o r ab l y ? Wh at d o y ou th ink of th e comm uni st
theory?
A . Th e form of property was not al ways th e sam e at all epoch s ,
and e v en t o d ay it i s n ot ab sol u t el y th e sam e in all coun tries Wh at

- .
m odifi cations are possib l e u seful an d necessary depends on th e con

, ,
di tion s un de r which e ach pe0 p1e fin ds it self M odi fication s m ay n ot b e .
m ade b y l egi sl ation Thi s can onl y giv e sanction Th ey are accom
. .
p li sh e d sl ow l y b y pr o gr e ss in,m ann e r s a n d u n d e r th e sw a y o f c ir cum

st ance s An ex am pl e of su ch m odification s i s th e in tr oduction and
.
di sappear ance of f eu dal property .
Th e sy stem of property which appear s to m e t o b e th e most

desir ab l e sh oul d reun ite th e f oll owing qu al it i es : Stim ul ate hum an
activity an d in d ivi dual l ab or b y assuran ce of j u st r etrib u ti on ; m ain
tain th e stab il ity of th e f am il y and f avor an e qu i tab l e di strib ution of

,
th e go od things of thi s worl d .
Th e C omm un i st th eory t akes n o accoun t of th e n atur e of th ings or

of th e n at ure of m an It does not seem po ssib l e to m e th at it m ay
.
b e r eal ized and if it wer e r eal ized th e r esul t w oul d b e f at al to

,
civili z ation Herb e rt Sp encer recentl y demonstrated thi s in th e intro

7
.
duction whi ch h e wr ot e for Th e M an Ver su s th e State Communi ty ”

.
of goods m ay exi st am ong a ce rt ain n um b er of m en dev ot ed to cel ib acy
and t o th e cul t of G od It mi ght h av e exi st ed in th e age of gold an d

.
in a st ate of inn ocen ce ; b ut it does not an swer to th e r eal st ate of

presen t hum an ity .
Y et th e presen t m ovem en t cont ain s v ery com pl ex el em ent s whi ch ,
m ay n ot b e j u dged in th eir en tirety f rom th e point of View of

mor al ity and of civil iz ation Th er e are few th eories however f al se
.
,
they m ay b e in their entirety which do not con t ain el em ent s of truth,
and of j u sti ce Th e err or s which th ey cont ain are oft en an occasion

.
determ in in g a m ore com pl ete in tell igence of th e tru th Thu s it m ay .

,
not b e deni ed th at th e C omm un i st a it ati on h as r v k d m r

g p o o e a o e
adequ at e un der st an ding of cert ain soci al

prin cipl es an d a m ore pro
foun d sentiment of soci al j u sti ce .
Q . Wh at is th e state of th e social question in America? Wh ere ,
th ink you do th e Soci al ist theories h ave a b etter ch ance to succeed

, ,
in E urope or in th e United St ates?

A . Th e soci al question exi st s in Am eric a Read on thi s sub j ect .
7 M an vers us th e S ta te , t o wh ch i H erb ert Spencer ( 1 8 20—1 90 3 ) wrote an ntro i

i
du ct o n w as rs pu b l sh ed in
, fi t i i
1 8 84 and w as rep r nted i n 1 9 40 b y th e C axto n
i
Pr nters, C al dwell , Id ah o .
49 0 Th e Na tio na l Pe r iod
Prof y b k Th L b r M v m t i A m r i I n m opin ion

’
E. l s oo
8
e a o o,
e en n e ca y .
,
th e diff erence b etw een our situati on and th at of Eu r ope i s as foll ow s

Th e s oc i al m ov em ent i s e x p r ess e d i n th e U n it e d St at es b y n u m e r ou s
and power ful w orki ngrnen s associ ation s Th ese assoc i ation s h av e fo r
’
.
their princip al ob j ect to m aint ai n good w ages; they are preoccupi ed

b y th e m or al ity of th eir m emb er s and b y profession al education Y ou .
know th at th er e are som e associ ation s whi ch l ab or to m ain t ain h ar

mony b etween b osses and workm en and to pr even t strikes I think ,
.
th at am ong th e Am erican people there are few A narchi sts few “
Commun i sts and th at th e numb er of col l ectivi st s cann ot b e l ar ge

,
.
Th ey com e from oth er countri es Eu ropean i mm i gr at i on suppl i es .
thei r prin cipal contingent Th e det ail s whi ch Mr Ely gives on these
_
. .
sub j ect s are v ery int er est ing A s for Henry George s agr ari an m ov e
’ 9
.
ment it i s f ar from powerful

,
.
Soci al i st theories h av e f ar l ess ch ance in Am erica th an in Europe .
In th e fir st pl ace th e sent i m ent of per son al di gni ty an d r esponsib ili ty

,
an d th e spirit of ent erpri se are m uch devel oped in th e A m er i can peopl e .
It l ikes and appreci ates indivi du al li b erty an d respect s th e l aw These -

.
d i sposition s do n ot l ead to soci al revol ut i on F urth erm or e th er e i s .

,
room in th e United States for all kin ds of energy L ab or there insur es .
honor ab le l ife ; then th e gr eater numb er of Am er i cans h ave con

,
quered thei r si tu at i on b y person al v al or at th e price of eff ort s peril s , , ,
and h eroic sacrifices Th ey are n ot d i sp osed to sh ar e w i th oth er s wh at

.
they h ave gain ed b y so m uch work Then there are phil os ophi cal .
,
m or al and pol i t i cal cau ses which el sewher e f avor th e devel opm ent
,
of Soci al i sm an d h av e n o f orce in th e Unit e d S t at es I all u de to adm i n

, .
istrative centr al i zation i nterven ti on of th e Governm ent in th e aff airs

,
of cit i zen s to th e m ili t ary regim e

, and to au th o rit ativ tradi ti on s
, e .
Th e Am ericanism C on troversy Foresh adowe d

in th e Writin gs of a Fren ch Vi sitor 1 8 9 5 ,
IN TH E l a t
i t th ce tury th e Cath ol i c Ch rch uff ered ev r pr
e n n e ee n n u s s e e es
su re f rom th gover m ent f France Italy and Spai n Th e progre wh i ch
e n s o , , . ss
h ad m wh ile b m d e in th e U n i ted States wh ere th ere w

e an ee n a sep ar as a a
Ri h d T E ly ( 1 85 4
8
c ar t th i t i m
.
p f f p l i ti l my i a s e ro essor o o ca eco no n
th e U i r it y f Wi
n ve s i w p l ifi
o w it il d
sco ns n , mi as a ro c r er on soc a an econo c
qu ti Th l t t d i ti
es o ns . f hi e l ma es Th L b e M m t i Am i
on o s vo u e, e a or o ve en n e r ca ,
appeare d in 1 9 05 .
9 H enry G eorge ( 1 8 39— 1 89 7 ) w as ch ei fly n ot ab l e f or h is th eo ry of t h e s ngl e i

t ax o n l and .
492 Th e Na t iona l P er iod
h
for th e great est good of th e poor peopl e and th e ill iter ate
"
Engli s
Negroes C ardinal Gib b ons, th e present h e ad of th e Am e rican Chu rch ,
.
h s
a f aith f ull y con tin ue d t o t e ach t h e sam e d octrin e s H e n ev er spe ak s .
of th e Pr ot est ant sect s as irr econcil ab l e en emi es ; h e call s th em r ath er
our separ at ed b r ethr en , our di ssi den t b roth er s

”
“ ” “
He condemns in .
a dogm a tic b ook , Th e Fai th o Inqui sition and th e

f O ur F ath ers} th e
p er se cu ti on s ; h e r epr ov es in in d i gn an t t erm s th e m assacr e of St .
Barthol omew He b rin gs togeth er som e very h appy argum ents to

.
dem on str ate th at th e C athol ic Chur ch h as b een an d r em ains th e .
frien d of c i vil l i b ert i es an d of t ol er an ce He i s pl e ased th at th e .
Chur ch should b e free in a fr ee St ate and th at these two powers

shoul d b e equ all y respectful of th e ri ght s of e ach oth er H e sh ow s th at .
th e Am erican C athol i cs h ave pl ayed a n ob l e r ol e in th e n ation al

history th at th ey h ave given th e ex ampl e of tol erance off e rin g
, ,
asyl um in th eir col ony of M aryl an d to th e Pr otest ant s wh o w ere per
secu te d am on g th eir own .
In thi s l an d of l ib erty th e C ath ol i c Chu rch h as re al ized th at sh e

sh ould pre ach an d pr actice t ol er an ce ; l ikewi se sh e h as m ade a poin t ,
of proving th at sh e i s n ot an ari stocr atic organization that sh e is , ,
on th e contr ary si nce rel y dev ot ed to d em ocr acy Sh e i s openl y arr ay ed

,
.
on th e side of th e poor and th e w e ak ; sh e h as espou sed th e cau se of
th e l owl y A n d if one keeps in mi n d th at h er cl ien tel e i s al most en tirely

.
composed of th e prol et ari at of worker s of th e li ttl e peopl e on e will

, , ,
recogni ze th at sh e h as b een right and discerni ng in h er own interest

in defen din g th e i nt er est s of h er f aithful Th e attitu de t aken four ye ars :
ago b y C ar din al G i b b on s in th e aff air of th e K n ight s of L ab or i s a
striki ng proof of it .
T h e Chu rch i s tol er an t sh e i s dem ocr atic sh e i s in fin e Am e rican

, , , ,
.
S h e h as known n othi ng b u t r apid devel opm ent in th e soil of th e

Union from th e day wh en th e hier archy w as founded when sh e passed ,
from th e h ands of m i ssi on ari es depen den t on R om e to th e h ands of

an au t on om ous cl er gy to th e pr esent wh en sh e h as b ecom e one of th e
in sti tution s of th e country one of th e organ s of th e n ational lif e

, .
Sh e w i sh es to b e call ed Am e ric an ; sh e h as entered in to th e spirit

of th e n ation ; b u t sh e sen sed indeed th at sh e h as v ery much to do
, , ,
m ore so eve ry d ay t o tr an sfo rm an d to assim il ate th e h eterogeneou s

,
el em ent s wh o com e to h er w ith ou t ce asin g f r om E u rope Sh e for ese es .
an d sh e fear s th e repr oach e s wh i ch th e y are ab l e t o m ake th at sh e
i s an im m igr ant a str anger ; sh e i s v ery an xi ous to avoi d thi s Sh e i s

, .
1
Bal tim ore : Joh n M urph y Co .
, 1 8 76 .
Th e A m e rican ism C on troversy 49 3
i
s nce el r y sea c r hi ng for v ry
e e m e an s of Am e ricanizin g herself from
t0 p to b o om tt .
Whil e E urope to il s along th e well worn rut of r ace hatreds of -

,
b l oody qu arrel s b etween n ati on and n ati on of riv al ri es b etween m in i s ,
ters and sovereigns an occu rr ence of capit al si gn ifi cance in th e

,
hi story of th e w orl d took pl ace on th e other side of th e ocean and

went almost unnoticed : th e C athol ic Church th e m ost powerful and ,
m ost an cient of rel igi ous o rgan izat ions m et up with th e youngest ,
and m ost ente rpri sin g of r ecent soci eties Th e Roman Chu rch for .
,
th e fir st tim e fou nd h er self at grips with a p eopl e of a m ode rn

,
civi li zation W ith ou t th e in t e rpositio n of gov ernm ent s l ocal au thoriti es , ,
in trigues of cou rts or th e sch em es of dipl om acy I would like to .
e xam in e wh at h as b een wh at m ay b e th e infl uen ce of thi s im port ant

,
e v en t upon th e gui di n g spirit an d upon th e destin i es of th e Chu rch .
Th e Ch urch h as con qu er ed in A m erica a v ast t erritory i nh ab it ed

b y an Engl i sh speak in g peopl e Am
-
on g th e C ath ol i cs of Eu rope th ose
.
,
wh o speak Engli sh form a tin y m in ority : th e Am eri can nati on th e ,
most popul ous even now of th e nati on s of w estern civil ization th e ,
f ast est to reproduce fin all y th e m ost active agent f or th e diff usion of

,
th e Engl i sh l an guage b rin gs to th e Chu rch a con tingent of f aithf u l

,
which di sturb s th e b al ance in C athol icity and doubles th e hol d of ,
th e Chu rch of Rom e upon th e w orl d : on e can fo r esee th e d ay in

which th e C atholics speaking Engl ish wil l b e more num erous than
th e C ath ol ics speak in g any oth er l angu age .
But at thi s poin t sever al questi on s arr est u s : wh at i s th e f utu re of

rel igious O pin ion on th e Ame rican continen t? A diffi cul t m ystery to
penetr ate O ne can for esee th at as tim e m ar che s on th e m or e vigor
.
,
ou sl y will th e C atholi c Chu rch h av e to stru ggl e again st growm g

indiff erence against th e advance of m ateri al ism or th e spirit of skepti
,
cism Th e Am erican c ivil izati on i s profoun dl y m ate ri al i stic Wh en

'
. .
th e new settl er s wh en th e son s of th e d ocil e r ecr u it s of th e C ath ol ic

,
Chu rch h ave b een im b ued with th e American spirit will th ere rem ain ,
a pl ace in the ir heart s for th e precept s of Rom e and for th e f aith ?
B e th at as it m ay th e C ath ol ic Chu rch cann ot f ail to b e de epl y

,
sti rr ed b y thi s i nr o ad of th e Angl o S axon r ace with its concept of

-
,
lif e its dem ocr atic instinct s it s rel ish for action an d in dependence
, , ,
and a wh ol e l ong civil i zation b ehind it r em ain ing up t o th en al i en to
th e Chu rch of Rom e Th e L atin influence will cease to exerci se un

.
con tested dom ination in th e Ch u rch ; th e A ngl o Saxon infl u ence will -
est ab l i sh for it self a usu rp i ng str on gh old th ere and th e hi story of ,
th e world will b e swerved b y it O ld Eur ope sh ackl ed b y its past

.
, ,
49 4 Th e Na t io na l Pe r iod
introspective reduced to helplessness will cease to attract th e con

, ,
st ant att enti on of th e Chur ch which will tu rn t ow ar d th e n ew l ands

with their i nnum erab l e inh ab itants for sh e will recogni ze th at th e ,
futur e is with th em Rom e will no l onger b e in Rom e b ut in B al ti

.
,
m ore or in C arth age .
Al re ady th e strong an d sol emn voice of th e An gl o Saxons h as m ade -
itself heard and hearkened to in th e cou ncil s of th e Chu rch ; it is

'
th at voice which thrust upon Rom e b y thre atening an appeal to th e ,
pe0 p1e th e soli citu de ab ou t soci al probl em s and an in exor ab l y dem o

, ,
cr atic pol i cy It is b y th e voice of C ardinal M anning of C ardin al

.
,
Gib b ons an E ngl i sh prel ate and an Am erican prel ate th at modern
, ,
dem ocr acy th e power of tomorrow h as in dicated to th e Chu rch th at

, ,
sh e m ust t urn h er att ention fr om th e power ful of th e pr esent in or der
to b ring it to b e ar on it self O n e still r em emb er s th e voy age t o R om e .
in J u n e of C ard in al G ibb on s wh o c am e to pl ead th e cau se of

,
democr acy in th e n am e of th e inte rests of th e Am e ric an Chu rch an d

to dem and th e with dr aw al of th e i nte rdi ct i ssu ed b y th e Hol y See
agai n st th e pow er fu l secr et associ ation of th e K night s of Lab or .
M E M de Vogii é tol d a ye ar l ater in som e prophetic pages of

. .
-
.
3
, ,
“
this erupt i on of th e new World in th e m id st of th e Rom an prel acy ,
l ittl e concern ed up to now with soci al prob l em s I will n ot return to .
this M de Vogiié said then an d sub sequent h i story h as proven h im

. .
,
corr ect : Th e term revol u tion i s n ot excessive O ne fel t th e wind of

“ ‘ ’
.
tom orrow which was bl owing one percei ved its force , .
”
Th e Am erican Chu rch af ter h avi ng b een a simpl e extern al appen ,
d age of th e Chu rch of Rom e a rem ote exten si on and l oosel y att ach ed , ,
h as b ecom e on e of th e i nm ost m ot i ve f or ces; and all th e mor e so

si nce Rom e f oll owing th e ex am pl e of th e gr eat Eu ropean power s
, ,
h as t aken upon h er sel f t o form u l ate in som e sen se a col oni al pol i cy .
th e ten m ill ion A m erican C ath ol ics h ave on sev er al m emor ab l e ,
occasi on s w eighed he avier in th e scal es of th e Hol y See th an th e

,
hundr eds of m ill ions of faithf ul in ol d Europe .
G ib b i it to R m t k pl i F b y—M h 1 8 87 t i J
’
2 o ns v s o e oo ace n e ru ar ar c , , no n u ne ,
1 886 .
3 E ge uM i M l h i V i m t d V gii é ( 1 84 8
ne ar e e c f q
o r t t ib t
co e e o re ue n co n r u or
i th
n ese
y t th R d
e ars d m d
o e d th J
e p ue l d dé b t L l
es e ux on es an e o u r na es a s . ec erc
w f
as re err n i g h t D V gii é S i
e re toi i (P i
e o t l g
’
s o uve n rs e v s o ns ar s, a rave o u e .
49 6 Th e Na t ion al P er iod
b osom an d moth erl y r

Columb u s as We h ave el sewhere
em b ace .
,
expressl y shown sou ght as th e prim ary f ru it of hi s v oy ages an d

, ,
l ab ors to open a pathw ay f or th e Chri st i an f aith into th e n ew l ands

,
and n ew seas K eeping thi s th ought con st antl y in vi ew h is fir st

. ,
sol ici tu de wherever h e di semb arked w as to pl ant upon th e shore

, ,
th e sacred emb l em of th e cr oss Wh er efor e l ike as th e A r k of Noe .

, ,
eed of Isr ael t ogeth e r

_
su rm ounting th e overfl owin g w aters b ore th e s ,

_
with th e remn ants of th e hum an r ace even thu s did th e b arks l aunched ,
b y Col umb us upon th e oce an carry in to regi on s b ey ond th e se as as w ell

th e ge rms of m ighty St ates as th e principl es of th e C ath ol ic r el i gi on .
Thi s i s not th e pl ace to gi ve a det ail ed account of wh at th er eupon

en sued Very r apidly did th e l ight of th e Gospel shine upon th e
.
sav age trib es di scove r e d b y th e Li gu ri an F or it i s suffi ci entl y w ell .
known h ow m any of th e ch il dr en of Fr anci s as well as of Domini c ,
an d of Loy ol a were accustom ed du rin g th e two foll owing centuries

,
to v oy age thither for thi s pu rpose ; h ow th ey car ed for th e col oni es

b rou ght over from Eu rope ; b u t prim aril y and chiefly h ow th ey con
verted th e natives from super stition to Chri sti anity seal ing their l ab or s
’
in m any in st ances with th e test i mony of th eir b l ood Th e n am es n ewl y .
given to so many of you r towns an d river s and m ou nt ain s an d l akes

te ach and cl early witness h ow deepl y your b eginn ings were m arked
with th e footprints of th e C atholi c Church .
Nor perch an ce did th e f act which W e now rec all t ake pl ace with
, ,
ou t som e desi gn of d ivin e Pr ovi den ce Pr eci sel y at th e epoch wh en .
th e Am eric an col oni e s h aving with C ath ol ic aid achieved l ib erty an d

, ,
independence coal esced into a constitutional Repub lic th e eccl esiasti

,
c al hi er archy w as h appil y est ab l i sh ed am on gst y ou ; an d at th e ve ry
tim e wh en th e popul ar su ff rage pl aced th e great Washingt on at th e

helm of th e Repub l ic th e first b ishop was set b y apostolic authority
,
ov er th e A m erican Chu r ch Th e well known friendship and f am il iar

? -
i ntercou rse whi ch sub si sted b etween th ese t wo m en seem s to b e an

e vi dence th at th e Unit ed St at es ou ght to b e conj oin ed in concor d and
am ity with th e C athol ic Church A n d not withou t cau se ; for withou t .
m or al ity th e St at e cannot endur e a tr uth whi ch th at i ll ustri ou s
citizen of y ou r s wh om W e h av e j ust m en tioned

, with a keenn ess of ,
in sight worthy of h is geniu s and st atesm an ship perceived and pro

cl aim ed B ut th e b est and strongest support of m or ali ty i s rel igi on
.
.
Sh e b y h er v ery n atur e gu ards an d defends all th e prin cipl es on

, ,
2
i i
G eorge W ash ngt o n w as n au gu rate d as r st Pre s d ent o f th e U n ted S t ates fi i i
o n A pr l 3 0 i
1 7 89 ; J oh n C arroll w as appo nted as rst B sh o of Bal t m ore o n
,
p i fi i i
Novem b er 6 , 1 7 8 9 .
Th e E ncy cl ical Longin qu a o ceani 97
whi ch du ties are foun ded and settin g b efore u s th e m otives m ost
, ,
p o w e rfu l t o in fl uen ce u s co mm a n d s us
,
t o l iv e virt u ous l y an d f o rb i d s
us t o tr an sgress Now wh at i s th e Chu rch oth er th an a l egitim ate

.
society founded b y th e will and ordinance of J esu s Chri st for th e

,
p r e se rv ati o n of m o r al ity an d th e d e f en ce of r e l i gi on ? F o r thi s r e ason
have W e repeatedl y endeavored from th e summit of th e pontifical ,
digni ty to in cul cate th at th e Church whil st directl y and imm edi atel y
, ,
ai m mg at th e sal v ation of soul s an d th e b eatitu de whi ch is t o b e
att ain ed in h e av en i s yet even in th e or der of t empor al things th e

, , ,
foun t ain of b l essings so numerous and gr e at th at th ey could n ot

h ave b een greater or m ore num erous h ad th e original pu rpose of
h er in stitu tion b een th e pur su it of h appiness du ring th e l if e which is
spen t on e arth .
Th at y ou r R epub l ic i s progr essin g and devel opin g b y gi an t stri des

is pat en t t o all ; and this h ol ds good in rel igious m atter s al so F or even .
as y ou r citi e s in th e cou r se of one centu ry h av e m ade a m arvell ous

, ,
increase in weal th an d power so do we b ehold th e Church from , ,
sc an t an d sl en der b eginnings grown with r api dity to b e gre at an d

,
exceed ingl y fl our i sh in g Now if on th e one h and th e incr e ased ri ch es

.
, ,
an d r e sou rce s of y ou r cities are j ustl y attrib u t ed t o th e t al en t s an d
active industry of th e Am eri can peopl e on th e oth er h and th e pros , ,
perous condi tion of C ath ol icity m ust b e ascrib ed fir st in d eed to th e , ,
virtue th e ab il ity and th e prudence of th e b ishops and cl ergy ;

, ,
b ut in no sli ght m easu re al so to th e f aith an d generosity of th e

,
Cathol ic l aity Thus whil e th e diff erent cl asses exerted th eir b est
.
,
ene rgi e s you w ere en abl ed t o e rect unnumb ered r eli gi ou s and u sef ul
,
institutions sacred edifi ces school s for th e in struction of you th col

, , ,
l ege s for th e hi gh er b r an ches h ome s for th e poor hospit al s for th e

, ,
sick and co nv ent s and mon ast eries A s for wh at m or e cl osel y t ouches
, .
Spi ritu al inter ests which are b ased upon th e exerci se of Chri sti an
,
virtu es m any facts h ave b een b rought to O ur n otice whereb y W e

, ,
are an im at ed with h ope and fill ed with joy n am el y th at th e numb er s , ,
of th e secul ar and r egul ar cl er gy are st ead il y augmentin th at i

g p ou s ,
sod al iti es an d conf r ate rniti es are h el d in esteem th at th e C atholi c ,
parochial school s th e Sunday sch ool s for imparting Christi an d oc

-
,
trine and summ er school s are in a flou rishing condition ; m oreover

, ,
associ ati on s f or m u tu al aid for th e rel ief of th e indigent for th e

, ,
prom oti on of t emper ate l ivin g add to all thi s th e m an y evi den ces ,
of popul ar pi ety .
Th e m ain f actor n o doub t in b rin ging thin gs into thi s h appy st at e

, ,
were th e ordinances and decrees of you r syn ods especially of those ,

whi ch in more recent times were convened an d confirmed b y th e

au th ority of th e Apost ol ic S ee But m oreov er ( a f act whi ch it give s .
,
p l e as u r e t o ackn owl edge) th anks are due to th e e qu ity of th e l aw s

,
which ob t ain in America and to th e cu stoms of th e well ordered -
Repub l i c For th e Church am ongst you unopposed b y th e Constitu

. ,
tion and governm en t of your n ation fettered b y no hostil e legi sl ation , ,
p r o t ect e d again st viol ence b y th e comm on l aw s and th e imparti ali ty
of th e trib un al s i s f ree to l ive an d act with ou t hindr an ce Y et th ou gh

,
.
,
all thi s i s tru e it woul d b e very err oneous to dr aw th e concl u si on th at

,
in Am eri ca i s t o b e sought th e type of th e m ost desir abl e st atu s of

th e Church or th at it woul d b e un iver sall y l awf ul or expedi ent for
,
St ate an d Chu rch to b e as in Am e rica di ssevered and divorced

3
.
, ,
.
Th e fact th at C ath ol icity with you i s in good condition nay i s ev en , ,
enj oying a pro sperou s gr owth i s b y all m ean s t o b e attrib u ted t o th e ,
fecund ity with which God h as en dowed His Church in virtue of

“
which unl ess menor circum stances in terfere sh e spont aneously expands ,
and propagates h er self ; b ut sh e would b ring fo rth m or e ab u ndan t
frui t s if in additi on to l ib erty sh e enj oyed th e f avor of th e l aw s and

, ,
th e patr onage of th e pub l i c au th ority .
F or O ur part We h ave l eft nothing un done as far as cir cum stance s ,
perm itted to preserv e and more sol i dl y est ab l i sh am ongst you th e

,
C athol ic rel igion With this intent W e have as you are well aware
.
, , ,
turn ed O ur attention to two special ob j ect s : first th e advancem ent ,
of l earn ing; secon d a perf ectin g of m eth od s in th e m an agem en t of

,
Church aff air s There already indeed exi sted several d istinguished
.
, ,
u niv er sities W e however thou ght it advi sabl e th at there should b e

.
, ,
one f oun ded b y au thority of th e Apostol i c S ee and endowed b y U s
with all suit abl e powers in which C atholi c professors m ight instruct,
those devoted to th e pursu it of l earn ing Th e design w as to b egin .
with phil osophy and theol ogy adding as mean s and circumst ances , ,
woul d al low th e rem aining b ranches those particul arl y which th e

, ,
presen t age h as in troduced or perf ected A n educati on c annot b e .
deem ed compl ete whi ch t akes no notice of modern sci ences It is .
ob viou s th at in th e exi sting keen com etiti on of t al ent s and th e

p ,
widespread and in itself nob l e and praiseworthy passion for knowl

, ,
e dge C athol i c s ou ght to b e n ot f ol l ow er s b ut l e ader s It i s n ecessary

, .
,
therefore th at they shoul d cul tivate every refinem ent of learni ng and
, ,
3 Th i s rem ark c aused som e u ne as ness on i i

th e p art of cert a n A m eri can b sh ops i
as to its p o ss b l e eff ect i on i
non- C ath ol cs . Cf . J T r acy El l s, Th e Life of
oh n i
J am es C ar dina l G ib b o n s, A rch b ish op o f B altim o re , 1 8 34- 1 9 2 1 ( M lw aukee , i
I I , 2 8- 30
con trib uted to th e spread of knowl edge and civil ization in every part
of E u rope Even in O ur own d ay th ough oth er in st an ces mi ght b e
. ,
g i v e n ,
it i s en ou gh t o m enti on th e Un iv er sity of L ou v ain to which ,
th e ent i re B el gi an n ati on ascrib es it s ah n ost dail y in cre ase in pros
p e ri ty a n d gl ory E q u all.y a b u n d an t will b e t h e b enefit s proceedin g
from th e W ashi ngt on Un iver sity if th e prof essors an d stu den t s ( as ,
We doub t not th ey will ) b e mindful of O ur inj unctions and shunni ng , ,
p a rty sp irit a n d strif e c on ci li at e th e good opin i on o

,
f th e pe 0 p1e and
th e cl er gy .
W e w i sh now Vener ab l e B rethr en to comm end to your aff ection

, ,
an d to th e gener o si ty of y ou r peopl e th e coll ege which O u r predeces
sor , Pins IX foun ded in thi s city f or th e eccl e siasti c al tr ainin g of

,
young m en from North Am erica and which We took care to pl ace ,

6
upon a fi rm b asi s b y a l ett er d ate d th e twenty fif th d ay of O ctob e r -

,
in th e ye ar of O ur Lord 1 8 8 4 W e can m ake thi s appeal th e more

. .
confi den tl y b ec au se th e re sul t s ob t ain ed f rom thi s in stituti on h av e b y
no m e an s b el i ed th e expect ation s com

,
monl y ent ert ained regarding it .
Y ou you r sel ves c an t est i fy th at du ring it s b ri ef exi stence it h as sent

forth a v ery l ar ge num b er of ex empl ary pri est s some of wh om h ave ,
b e en prom oted f or th eir v i rtu e an d l earn ing to th e high e st degrees

of e ccl esi asti cal d ign ity W e are th er efor e thor ou ghl y per su aded th at
.
, ,
you will continu e t o b e sol icitous to send h ith er sel ect young m en
wh o are in tr ain ing t o b ecom e th e h ope of th e Chur ch For th ey will
'
carry b ack t o their h om e s an d u til i z e f or th e gen er al goo d th e w eal th
of in t ell e ctu al att ainm ent s and m or al ex cell ence which th ey sh all h av e
acqu i r e d in th e ci ty of R om e .
Th e l ove which W e ch eri sh t ow ar ds th e C ath ol i cs of y ou r n ation

m ov ed U s l ik ewi se t o tu rn O u r attention at th e very b eginning of
, ,
O u r Pon tific ate t o th e con voc ation of a thi rd Pl en ary C oun cil of
B al tim or e . Sub sequen tl y wh en th e archb i sh ops at O ur i nvit ati on
7
, , ,
h ad com e to Rom e W e d i l igentl y in qu ir ed from th em wh at th ey

,
deem e d m ost con ducive to th e comm on good W e fin all y an d af ter .

,
m atu re del ib er ation r atifi ed b y apostol ic au th ority th e decrees of th e

,
prel ate s assembl ed at B al tim ore In tru th th e even t h as proven and .

,
stil l pr ov es th at th e decrees of B al tim ore were salutary and tim el y

,
in th e extrem e Experi ence h as dem onstr ated th eir power for th e

.
m aint en ance of discipl in e ; for stim u l ating th e intel l igence and zeal of
th e cl ergy f or defendi ng an d devel oping th e C ath oli c educati on of
6
i
Th e N orth A m er can Co l le ge , Rom e , w as opened o n D ecemb er 8 , 1 8 5 9
i i ti r r
.
7 Th
e Th rd Pl e n ary Coun c l o f Bal m ore w as h eld Novemb e 9—Decemb e
7 , 1 8 84 .
Th e E ncy c l ical Lon ginqu a oce an i 50 1
you th Wherefore Venerab le B rethren if W e make acknowl edgment

.
, ,
of you r activity in these m atter s if W e l au d y ou r firmness t emper ed ,
with prudence We b ut pay trib ute due to your m erit ; for We are
,
f ul l y sensib l e th at so great a h arvest of b l essings coul d b y no m ean s

h ave so swif tl y ripened to m aturity h ad y ou not exerted your sel ves , ,
each to th e u tm ost of hi s ab il ity sedul ou sl y an d f aithfu ll y to carry ,
in to eff ect th e st atutes you h ad wi sely fram ed at B al tim ore .

.
B ut wh en th e Council of B al tim ore h ad concl u ded it s l ab or s th e ,
duty still r em ain ed of puttin g so to speak a proper and b ecomin g , ,
cr own upon th e work Thi s W e perceiv ed could scar cel y b e done in

.
, ,
a m or e fitting m ann er th an throu gh th e due est ab l i shm ent b y th e
Apostoli c See of an Am erican Legation Accordin gl y as you are well .

,
aw are W e h ave done thi s By thi s acti on as W e h ave el sewh ere 3

.
, ,
int imated W e h ave wished fir st of all to certify th at in O ur j u dg

, , , ,
ment and aff ection Am erica occupies th e same pl ace an d rights

,
as oth e r St at es b e th ey ever so m i ghty an d im peri al In addition

,
.
to thi s W e h ad in mi n d to dr aw m ore cl o sel y th e b onds of duty and

f ri end shi p whi ch connect you an d so m any th ou sands of C ath ol i cs
with th e Apostol ic See In fact th e m ass of th e Cathol ics un der .
,
stood h ow sal u t ary O u r action w as de stine d to b e ; th ey saw m oreo v er , ,
th at it accorded with th e u sage and pol icy of th e Apostol ic See For it .
h as b een f rom e arli e st an tiqu ity th e cu stom of th e Rom an Pontiff s

, ,
in th e exerci se of th e divin el y b estowed gift of th e prim acy in th e

adm i n i str at i on of th e Chu rch of Chri st to sen d f orth l egat es t o Ch ri s
ti an n ation s and peopl es A nd they did thi s not b y an adventitiou s b ut

.
,
an inh eren t ri ght F or th e Rom an Pontiff upon wh om Chri st h as

.
,
confe rr ed or d inary and imm edi ate j u ri sdi ction as well ov er all and ,
sin gul ar chu rch es as o ve r all an d sin gul ar p asto r s an d f aithful [C on

, .
Vat Sess iv c
. . sin ce h e cannot per son all y vi sit th e diff e r en t
, . .
regions and thus exercise th e pastor al office over th e flock entru sted
t o him finds it n ecessary f r om tim e to tim e in th e di sch arge of th e
, , ,
m in i stry imposed on h im to despatch l egat es into diff er ent part s of

“
th e w orld accordi ng as the need ari ses; wh o suppl yin g his pl ace
, , ,
m ay co rrect err or s m ake th e rough w ays pl ain and adm in i st er to

, ,
th e peopl e confi ded to th eir care in crease d m e an s of sal v ati on [C ap

”
.
U n Extrav C omm D e Consuet

. . 1 . .
, .
B ut h ow unj ust an d b asel ess woul d b e th e su spi ci on sh ou l d it ,
an ywh ere exi st th at th e pow er s conf erred on th e l e at e are an ob st acl e

, g
to th e au thority of th e b i sh ops ! Sacr ed to U s ( m ore th an to an
y
oth e r ) are th e ri ght s of th ose
“
wh om th e Holy Gh ost h as p laced as
8 Th A p t l i D l g ti
e os o t W h i gt
c w t b li h d
e e a J
on a
y 2 1 1 89 3
as n on as es a s e on anu ar , .
b ish ops to ru l e th e h at th ese rights shoul d rem ain

C h urch o f God . T
intact in every nation in every part of th e glob e W e b oth desire ,
and ou ght t o desi re th e mo r e so sin ce th e d i gn ity of th e i nd ividu al

,
b i shop i s b y n atur e so in terwoven with th e d ign i ty of th e Roman

Pon ti ff th at an y m easu re which b en efits th e one n ecessaril y p rotect s
th e oth er . M y honor i s t h e h onor of th e Univer sal Chu rch My .
hon or is th e u nimpaired vi gor of My b rethren Then am I tru ly .
honored when to each one due honor i s not deni ed [S Gregoriu s ”

.
Epi s ad B ul og A l ax lib vii i ep

. . . Th e refore since it i s th e
. . .
,
ofli ce and fu nction of an apostol i c l egate with what soever powers ,
h e m ay b e vested to ex ecu te th e m and ates and interpre t th e will of

,
th e Pontiff w h o sen ds him thus so f ar from h is b e ing of an

, , y detri
m ent to th e ordin ary power of th e b i sh op s h e will r ath er b ring an ,
accession of st ab il ity and str ength H is au thority will possess no.
sli ght w eight for pr eserving in th e m ul t i tu de a sub m i ssive spiri t ; in
th e cl ergy d i scipl in e an d du e r ev er ence for th e b i sh ops an d i n th e ,
b i sh ops mu tu al ch arity an d an in tim ate un i on of soul s A n d sin ce .
thi s uni on so salut ary and desirab l e con si sts m ainl y in h arm ony of
, ,
thought an d action h e will no doub t b rin g it to pass th at each one

, , ,
of y ou sh all per sev er e in th e d il igen t adm in i str ation of h i s d iocesan
affai r s ; th at one sh al l not im pe de anoth er in m att er s of gov ernm en t ;
that one shall not pry into th e cou nsel s and conduct of another ;
fin ally th at with di sagreem ents eradicated and m u tu al esteem m ain
,
t ain e d you m ay al l work togeth e r with comb in e d energi e s to pro

,
m ote th e gl ory of th e A merican Chu rch and th e gener al welf ar e It i s

'
diffi cul t to e sti m ate th e good resul t s which w i l l fl ow f rom th i s con cord
o f th e b i sh ops O u r o wn
.
peopl e w i ll r eceive edification ; and th e force
of ex ampl e will h ave it s eff ect on th o se with out w h o wi ll b e per
su ade d b y th i s argu m ent al on e th at th e d ivin e a ostol at e h as
p passed
b y i nh e rit an ce to th e r ank s of th e C ath ol ic epi scopate .
Another considerati on cl aim s our earnest attent i on A ll intell igent .
m en are agreed an d W e O u r sel ves h av e with pl e asu re intim ated it

,
ab ov e th at A m erica se em s d estined f or
, gre ater th ings Now it is O ur .
wi sh th at th e C athol i c Chu rch should n ot only sh are in b u t help ,
to b ring ab ou t th i s prospective greatness W e deem it right and

, .
proper th at sh e sh oul d b y av ai l ing h er self of th e opportunitie s dail y

,
pr esented to h er keep equ al step with th e Republ i c in th e m arch of

,
improvement at th e same tim e striving to th e utm ost b y h er virtu e

, ,
an d h er in stitution s t o aid i n th e r a i d
, p gr owt h of th e St ates Now .
,
sh e wil l att ain b oth th ese ob j e ct s th e m ore easil y an d ab un d an tl y

,
i n proport ion to th e degree in wh i ch th e f utu r e sh all find h er constitu

50 4 Th e Na t io nal P eriod
feel th e nece ss ity ,

in pol iti cal l f e , i of con sc en i ti ou sne ss, self- es r tr aint ,
an d in tegrity ; for th at cannot b e l awful in pub li c whi ch is unl awful

in private aff air s O n thi s wh ol e sub j ect th er e are to b e foun d as you
. ,
know in th e encycl i c al l etter s written b y U s from t ime to tim e in

“
th e cour se of O ur pontificate m any things whi ch C ath ol i cs sh oul d ,
attend to an d ob serv e In th ese writin gs an d e xpositi on s W e h ave

.
treated of human lib erty of th e chief Christi an duties of civil govern , ,
m ent an d of th e Chr i stian constitution of St at es dr awin g O ur prin

, ,
cipl e s as w ell from th e t e achin g of th e Gospel s as f rom re ason Th ey 9

.
,
then wh o wi sh to b e good citizens and discharge their duties faithfully

,
m ay readil y l earn f rom O u r Letters th e i de al of an upright l if e In .
l ike m anner l et th e priests b e per si stent in keepin g b efor e th e m in d s

,
of th e pe0 p1e th e en actm en t s of th e Third C ou ncil of B al tim ore ,
p arti cu l ar l y th o se whi ch in cu l cate th e vir t u e of t em per ance t h e fre ,
quent u se of th e sacr am ents an d th e ob servance of th e j ust l aws ,
and in stitu tion s of th e R epu b l i c .
Now with r egar d to entering societies extreme car e shou ld b e

, ,
taken not to b e ensnared b y error A nd We wi sh t o b e understood as .
referri ng in a speci al m anner to th e workin g cl asse s wh o assuredl y ,
h ave th e right to unite in ass oc i ations for th e prom otion of their

interest s; a ri ght acknowl edged b y th e Chu rch and unopposed b y
n atu r e B u t it i s v ery im port ant t o t ake h eed with wh om they are to
.
associ ate l est whil st seeking aid f or th e im provem en t of th eir con

,
di tion th ey m ay b e imperill ing f ar w ei ghti er i nter est s Th e m ost eff ec

,
.
tu al precaution again st thi s peril is to determ in e with them sel ves

at n o tim e or in any m atter to b e parti es to th e Viol ation of j u sti ce .
A ny soci ety th erefore whi ch i s ru l ed b y an d servil el y ob ey s per son s

, ,
wh o are n ot st eadf ast for th e ri ght an d fri en dl y to r el i gion i s capab l e

of b e ing extrem el y prej u dici al t o th e in t erest s as w ell of indiv i du al s
as of th e comm un ity ; b en efi ci al it canno t b e Let thi s concl usion

“
.
,
therefore rem ain firm to shun not onl y those associ ation s which
,
h ave b een openl y condem ned b y th e j u dgm ent of th e C hurch b ut those ,
al so wh i ch in th e opinion of in tell i gent m en an d especi all y of th e

, ,
b i shops are r egar ded as suspiciou s and dangerou l

,
0
Nay r ath er unl ess forced b y necessity t o do othe rwi se C atholi cs

, , ,
ou ght to pr ef er to associ at e with C ath ol ics a cou r se whi ch will b e ,
very conducive to th e saf eguarding of their f aith A s president s of .
Cf Wy it f th y l i l I m m t l D i N v mb
9
.
p nn e , 0 . c .
, or1 1 885 e e nc c ca s or a e e o e er
J
, ,
( pp 1 0 7
. Li b t p t t i im m e r as ( pp 1 35 d
ra es an ss u , u ne an
J
.
S p i ti
a en h i ti ae c y r s ( pp 1 8 0
an ae , anu ar .
10
Cf W y i 8 3—1 06 f L X III y li l H m m ge
’
.
p t pp nn e , o . c .
, .
, or eo s e nc c ca u an u n us,
A p i l 20 1 8 84
r F
, m ny , on ree aso r .
Th e Ency cl ica l Lon gin qu a oceani 50 5
soc ei ties t hu s form ed am ong themselves it will b e well to appoint ,

.
eith er priest s or up right l aym en of w eight an d ch ar acter guided b y ,
whose counsel s they shoul d endeavor peacefully to adopt and carry

into eff ect such m e asures as m ay seem m ost advant ageous to their
interests keeping in view th e rul es l aid down b y U s in O ur Encycl ical
, ,
R erum Novarum “
Let th em h owever never all ow thi s to escape
.
, ,
their m emory : that whil st it is proper an d desir ab l e to assert and

secu re th e right s of th e m any y et thi s i s not to b e done b y a viol ati on,
of du ty ; and th at th ese are v ery import an t du ti es; not t o t ouch wh at
b el ongs to an other ; to all ow every one to b e f ree in th e m an agement

of hi s own aff air s; not t o hinder a ny o ne to di spose of hi s servi ces
when h e pl ease and where h e ple ase Th e scenes of vi ol ence and riot
_
.
which you witnessed l ast ye ar in you r own country suffi cientl y 1 2
admoni sh you th at Ame ri ca too i s threatene d with th e audacity an d
ferocity of th e enemi es of publi c order Th e st ate of th e tim es th ere .

,
fore b ids C ath ol i cs to l ab or for th e tr an qu ill ity of th e comm on

,
weal th and for thi s purpose to ob ey th e l aws ab hor violence and

, , ,
seek no m ore th an e qu ity or j ustice permit s . .
Towards these ob j ect s m uch m ay b e contrib uted b y th ose wh o

h ave devoted themsel ves to writing and in particul ar b y those wh o ,
are engaged on th e d ail y press We are awar e th at al ready th ere .
l ab or in thi s fiel d m any m en of skill and expe ri ence wh ose d ili gence -
,
demands words of pr ai se r ather th an of encou r agem ent Nev erth el ess .

,
si nce th e thir st f or re ading and knowl e dge i s so v eh em ent and wi de
spre ad amongst you an d since accor din g to circum st ances

, it can , ,
b e productive eith e r of good or evil every eff ort sh oul d b e m ade to ,
increase th e numb er of intell igent and well disposed writer s wh o t ake -
rel igion for their guide and virtu e for th eir const ant companion A nd .
this seem s all th e m ore necessary in America on account of th e ,
f amil i ar int ercou r se and intim acy b etween C ath ol i cs an d th ose wh o

are estr anged fr om th e C ath ol i c n am e a conditi on of things which ,
ce rt ain l y ex act s f rom ou r peopl e great circum specti on an d m or e th an
ord inary fir mn ess It is necessary to instru ct admoni sh strength en

.
, ,
an d u r ge th em on to th e pu r su it of virtue an d t o th e f aithful ob serv
ance am i d so m any occ asion s of stumbl in g of th eir du tie s t ow ards

, ,
th e C hu rch It i s of cour se th e pr oper fun ction of th e cl ergy to

.
, ,
devote th eir care and energi es to thi s gr eat w ork ; b ut th e age and
1 1R m er u m w p bli h d
n o var uM y 1 5 1 89 1 F
as th t t f Wy
u s e on a , . or e ex , c . nne ,
o p . i tc pp 2.0 8,
—24 8 . .
B tw M h nd A g t 1 8 94 th h d ed th m h f C
’
1 2 e een arc a u us ere a o ccurr
, y , e arc o oxe s
A my
r W h i gt
on th P ll m
as nt ik on,d g l t ik
e th
u w t an s r e, an a e nera s r e on e es ern
il d
r a roa s .
506 Th e Na t io na l Period
th e coun try requ ire th at j our nal ists shoul d b e equall y zealou s in this
same cause and l ab or in it to th e ful l extent of th eir powers Let .
them however seriou sl y reflect that their writings if not po sitively

, , ,
p r e j u d ic i al to r e l i gi o n wi l l su r el y b e of sl ight servi ce to it unl ess

,
in concord of m ind s th ey all seek th e sam e end Th ey wh o desir e to .
b e of re al servi ce to th e Chu rch and with their pen s h e artil y t o ,
defend th e Cathol ic cause shoul d carry on th e conflict with perfect ,
u n anim ity an d as it w ere with se rri ed r ank s f or th ey r ath e r inflict

, , , ,
than repel war if they waste their strength b y discord In l ike m anner .
their work inste ad of b ein g profit ab l e an d f ru itful b ecomes in j u riou s

, ,
and di sastrous whenever th ey pr esum e to call b efore th eir trib un al
th e deci sion s an d acts of b i sh op s and casting off due r everence , , ,
cav il and fin d faul t ; not perce ivin g h ow gr e at a d i sturb ance of order ,
h ow m an y evil s are th ereb y produced Let them th en b e min df ul .

, ,
of the i r du ty and not ov er st ep th e pr oper l im it s of m oder at i on Th e

,
.
b i sh ops pl aced in th e l ofty posi t i on of au th ority are to b e ob eyed

, , ,
and su it ab l e h onor b efitting th e m agnitu d e an d sanct i ty of their

offi ce sh oul d b e p ai d th em Now thi s r eve re nce which it is l awf ul
.
, ,
to n o one to n egl ect sh oul d of n ecessity b e em in en tl y c on spicu ou s

,
and exempl ary in C ath oli c j ou rn al i st s F or j ou rn al s n atu r all y circul at .

,
ing f ar and wi de com e dail y i nto th e h ands of everyb ody an d

, ,
e xert no sm all influ ence upon th e opi nion s and m or al s of th e m ul ti
tude [Ep Cogn ita Nob i s ad A rch iepp et Epp Provinciarum Taurinen
. . .
,
.
Medi ol anen et Vercell en XXV J an an M D CCCLXXX II]

, .
, .
, . . .
W e h ave O ur sel ves on fr equ ent occasions l aid down m an y rul es

, ,
respecting th e dut i es of a good writer ; m any of which were u nani

m ousl y incul cated as well b y th e Th ir d Council of B al tim ore as
b y th e archb i shops in th eir m eeting at Chicago in th e y e ar 1 89 3 .
Let C ath ol i c wr i ter s therefor e b ear impressed on th e ir m ind s O ur

, ,
teachings on thi s poin t as well as yours; and l et them re sol ve th at

their entire m eth od of writing shall b e thereb y guided if th ey indeed ,
desire as th ey ou ght to desire to di sch arge th eir du ty well

, , .
O ur th ou ght s n ow tu rn to th o se wh o di ssen t f rom u s in m atters of

Chri stian f aith ; an d wh o sh all deny th at with not a few of them , ,
d i ssent i s a m atter rath er of inh erit ance th an of wil l? How sol i citous
We are of their sal v ation with wh at ardor of soul We wi sh th at th ey ,
shoul d b e at l ength rest or ed to th e em b r ace of th e Chu r ch th e com

,
m on m oth er of all O ur Apostol i c Epi stl e , Praeclara h as in very ,

“
,
”
recent times decl ared Nor are we destitu te of all hope; for He is
.
13
1 3
F or L XII I
eo iw ’
th
s v e i f Ch i t d m
s on f th e
y li l reu n on o r s en o c e enc c ca
J 20 1 8 94 i W y
, .
P l
rae c ara g t l i i p bl i
ra u a t o n s u cae , it pp 30 3 3 1 9
u ne n nne , o
p , , . c .
, .
-
.
50 8 Th e Na t ion al Pe r iod
New Y rk i vit d h im t peak to them in S eptemb er 1 8 9 5 h e responded

o ,
n e o s , , .
Th e f ol l owi ng ex rpts f rom th t spee h em b odi ed K ean e s vi ws con cern

’
ce a c e
in g th n t r e nd b j e t of civi l l egi l ati n in a d mocr ti c governm e t

a u e a o c s o e a n .
S rce J h J K e n
ou : o Th C th l i C h
n . a h d th A m i
e, e S d ya o c u rc an e er ca n un a
( B ff l
u C th l i T r th S i ty
a o: a o c u oc e ,
Wh at is th e proper end and ob j ect an d m atter of civil l egi sl ation?

Th e Chr i sti an m axi m th at rul er s r epr esen t God s au thority onl y for
’
th e popu l ar welf are h as com e to b e un der stood al m ost th e wi de w orl d

o v er Th e inal i en ab l e right s of m an as m an h ave b een so forcib l y
. .
procl aim ed an d emph asize d especi all y b y our own coun try th at all , ,
th e peopl es of th e earth h ave com e to appreci ate th at th e cl asses ,
j ust l ike th e sovereign h ave reason to exi st onl y in so f ar as they

,
contri b u t e to th e gen er al w elf ar e and th at thi s once m or e m u st b e , , ,
th e aim of l egi sl ation Th e civ ili zed worl d now never l oses sight
.
of th e gr eat tr uth th at th e gener al w elf ar e must b e th e m ain con si der a
tion th e chi ef test of l egi sl ation and th at corporations in dustri al and

, , ,
fin ancial organizations of any sort what soever can receive l egisl ative ,
recogniti on onl y in so f ar as they are compatib l e wi th th e comm on

weal can cl aim l egisl ative privil eges only in so far as thi s conduces
,
to th e w elf are of th e pe opl e at l arge .
Th e end an d ob j ect of l e gi sl ati on i s th e gr eate st goo d of th e
great est numb er .
What is th e gr eatest good of th e gr eatest num b er? th at which

wil l turn them into th e b e st m en ; wh at will spread ab road th e rei gn
of th e true and th e ri ght and fill th e l iv es of t h e peopl e with peace .
We are hum an b eings an d i t is hum an welf are th at we seek th e, ,
welf are of th e whol e b eing of m an physical intell ectu al m or al Th e , , , .
true aim of legi sl ation is th e prom otion of civili zation al ong all th e
l in es of hu man activity th at con stitu te it and perfect it It i s n ot merel y .
to repress th e vi ol ence an d wr ong doing th at w ou ld hin de r civil i z ati on -

,
b ut to encou r age an d h elp on th e right doin g th at conduces to civi l i za -
ti on C ivil ization m eans not m erely th e m achinery for producing

.
wealth for transportin g and distrib uting wealth for mul tiplying th e
, ,
conv eni ences of lif e f or incre asing its comf ort an d phy sical w ell
,
b eing It m e ans all th at b ut it m ean s much m or e ; b ecau se m an i s

.
,
much m ore th an th at and needs m u ch m ore th an th at It mean s th e .
adv ance of hum an welf are al on

g th e l i nes of m an s compl ex b ein g
’
,
phy si cal in tell ectual m or al Th e functi on of l aw and governm en t is

, , .
to prom ote civil i z ati on ; it i s to pr om ote m an s hy i al w lf r e by

’
p s c e a
fostering in du stri es securin g j u sti ce to b oth em loy er s and em l oyed
,
p p ,
C ard inal Sa toll i in Ne w O rl eans 50 9
mul tipl yin g mean s rt ; it is to prom ot e m an s intel r comf o

’
of popul a
l ectual w elf ar e b y fostering th e m ul tipl ication of school s and th e
,
im provem ent of education al m ethods; it is to promote m an s aesthetic ’
welfare b y seeing to th e b eauty of cities as well as to their he al thful

,
n ess and or derl ine ss ; it i s to prom ote m an s m or al w elf ar e b y repre ss

’
ing incentives to pub l ic imm or al ity and encour aging all in stitution s
th at aim at m aking b oth pub lic and private lif e b etter pure r an d ,
nob l er Thi s is th e aim of civil i zation an d thi s i s th e aim of l egi sl ation

.
,
.
Legisl ation l ike civil iz ation mu st b e Ethi cal Th e b asi s of hum an .
l if e of hum an progr ess of hum an civil i z ati on i s ethical is m or al

, , , ,
.
Th at ethi cs m oral s are n ot n ature s in stinc t b ut n atu re s rul e an d

’ ’
, ,
gui de a rul e an d guide im posed on n atu re for n at ure s good its

’
, ,
source and sanction are not to b e sou ght in n atu re s self b ut ab ove
’
,
n atu r e in th e Su prem e G ood t o whi ch n atu re ten ds as its perf ection

,
and its de stiny [ Here K e ane qu oted W ashingt on s dictum

“
O f all
’
.
,
th e di spo siti on s and h ab its th at l e ad to pol itic al prosperi ty reli gi on ,
and m or al ity are indi spensab l e support s .
Wh atever fosters rel igion and m or al ity in th e l ive s of our peopl e ,
strength en s th e f oundati on s of our n ati on al pr ospe rity an d it is ou r ,
du ty as Americans to encou rage and uph old it and vice v er sa .
C ardinal Satolli New Orl e an s

’
s Vi sit to ,
Feb ru ary —
15 21 1 896
,
ON JA NU A RY 2 1 1 8 9 3 P pe Le XI II est b l i h d th A po t l i c D l g
, , o o a s e e s o e e a
ti n in W hingt o fter l en gthy and m tim e h t d negoti ti n b twee
o as n a so e s ea e a o s e n
th H oly S e n d th A m er i
e e a n h i er rchy Th e m n el t d fir t d l g te
ca a . e a s ec e as s e e a
w as Fr n o S t ll i ( 1 839
a ce sc A rchb i h op of Lep t
a o d f vorit s an o an a a e
of t h e p tiff s in ce th eir d ay s tog ther in P r gi

’
on s T th e A P A th e e e u a . o . . .
e vent b m e s mi ght b e exp cted m ethi ng f

eca , a leb d it e , so o a c a use ce
’
r e, an s
pr i n cip l f n der l ter stated th at i t h d very m teri ll y ti mul t d th “ ”

a ou a a a a s a e e
gr wth of th e org n iz ati on f or as h e sai d W l o k d pon S at ll i

’
“
o a , , e o e u o as a
r pr sent tive of th e Propag nda at Rome to dire t a d i nfl ence l gi l

e e a a c n u e s a
ti no n d th e p i ni on w
a ci r c l t d th t h w s i t rf ri ng wi th th e
o as u a e
“
a e a n e e
p b l i c in sti tu ti on f th i s co ntry ( H enry F B w r t o Hu m phr y J

”
u s o u . o e s e .
D e m on d Cli nton I owa M arch 1 1 8 99 D m

s , ,
d Th
, A PA M , , es on , e . . . o ve
m n t A S k t h [W h i ngton
e . e c p A t th e outs t f h i r i d n c
as , . e o s es e e
in th e U ni t d St t S tol l i l ned t w rd th e m r l i b er l m i n ded b i hop

e a es, a ea o a o e a -
s s
l ike G ibb n n d I r l an d b t
o s a tim w nt on h is sym p thi e hi fted to
e , u as e e a s s
their con erv ti ve olle gu es l ed b y A h b i hop C rri g n n d th e prel te

s a c a rc s o a a a s
of G erm n b i rth a extracti on I n th e on si story of N ovem b r 1 8 9 5 h

or . c e , , e
w s created a
a rdi l b ut h e rem i ned prod l g te u ti l th e rriv l of h i
ca na , a e e a n a a s
succe sor
s S eb astiano Marti ne i
,
ll O S A ( 1 8 4 8 —1 9 1 8 ) in O ctob er 1 89 6 , . . .
, .
5 10 Th e Na tional Pe r io d
D ur in g h is l t m o th s in th e cou try th e p odeleg te m ade an exte siv

as n n r a n e
trip th rough th e South and W est with A lexi s O rb an ( 1 8 5 0 a F re ch n
b orn Su lpi ci an wh o cte d as h is secret ry an d w h o sin ce Novem b er 1 8 8 9

,
a a , , ,
h ad b een actin g l ib rar i n and ssi st an t sp i r i tu al d i re ctor at th e C athol i c

a a
U n iversi ty of A m eri ca B oth S toll i an d O rb an were stron gly opposed t o

. a
B i hop K e ane rector of th e u i versi ty whom they reg rde d as an u ltra

s ,
n , a
l i b eral Whe . theref ore they encountered K eane at th e in au gu r ti o of

n, , a n
th e C ath ol i c W inter S chool i n N ew O rl ea s th e m eet i ng w as n ot a cor di al n
on e A f ew m on th
. l ater O rb an w as rec l l ed b y th e Supe ri or G e eral of
s a -
n
St Sulpi ce at th e re quest of th e u ni versity adm in i strati on and th at onl y

.
,
a
f ew weeks b ef ore K ane h i m sel f w as d i sm i s e d s rector O rb n kept an

e s a . a
accou nt in F re n ch of h is tr ip wi th S toll i in wh i ch h e recor de d n ot o l y a n
th e b i as agai st K eane an d h is own u ncom pl i m entary vi ews ab ou t th e Ir i sh

n
cl ergy i n th e U n i t ed S tates b u t al so som e v al u b l e i m pressi on s f l ocal

,
a o
cu stom s in th e re s vi ited Th e f ll owi ng excerpt describ es th e pro *

a a s . o
del eg te s stay in New O rl ean s where th e carn ival th e C athol i c i mm i grant

’
a ,
grou p th e W i ter S chool a d oth er i te m s c om e i n f or comm e t T h

s, n ,
n n . e
d ocu m ent w a di covere d in 1 9 5 1 b y C ol m an J B arry

s s in th e l ib r ry .
, a
of th e C oll egi o d i S an t A sel m o i n Rom e F ather B arry k i n dl y su ppl i e d

’
n .
th e e di tor wi th copy of th e En gl i sh tr an sl at i on
a S atoll i h ad spent th e .
years 1 87 2— 1 8 74 t M o te C assino with th e inte tion of b ecomi g a Be e

a n n n n
d i eti ne a d i t w a th t p l
,
n h i d e i re th t th e st uden ts shoul d profit f rom
s a ,
us s s a
h is l ib rary of Th om i sti c works th at pr om pted h im t o l eave h is b ooks an d ,
paper s to S ant A nsel m o So rce : A rch ives of St John s A b b ey C oll e gevi ll e

’ ’
. u .
, ,
M innesot ( m i crofi lm ) F or th e enti re d oc m ent cf C olm a J B arry

a . u . n .
,
Tou r of H i s Em i en ce C r d i n al F r n cesco S atoll i Pro

“
O SB
. . . n a a ,
A postol i c D el e g te thr ou gh th e U n ite d St tes ( of th e N orth ) f rom 1 2

a ,
a
F b ruary t o 1 3 M rch
e H i t i l Re d a a d S t d ies XLIII s o r ca c or s n u ,
( 1 9 55 ) 2 7— 9 4 .
Th e thern Railway Com pany h ad given free passage from

Sou
Washin gt on to Atl ant a to C ardin al S atolli and h is secret ary Th e .
sam e favor w as gr ant ed f rom Atl ant a to New O rl e ans Su ffice it t o .
say on a trip of
, kil om eters H is Em i nence did n ot pay travel
expen ses an d alm ost n othing for th e oth er inci dent al s of h i s j ou rn ey ;
,
th e comm ittees set up t o re ceiv e h im t ook ch arge of e veryt hin g .
Toward six o cl ock we awoke in th e st at e of M ississipp1 after h aving

’
crossed Al ab am a with it s ca i t al M ont om e ry an d it s epi scop al see

p g , ,
of M ob il e M i ssi ssippi com ri ses th e t errito ry assi ned to th e d i ocese

p.
g
of Nat ch ez At on e of th e r ail ro ad st at i on s on th e
.
g ulf in a pretty ,
l ittl e pl ace c all ed B ay St Lou is ( a n am e which i ndeed recall s th e .
o ri gin of th e c ol ony ) som e rel i gi ou s w ere

present in spi t e of th e
,
A l th gh O b ou ig t pp wh
r th
’
an s s i gi l d m t th
na ure a e ar s no e re o n e or na ocu en ere
m t b l i ttl d b t t h t h w Cf P t i k H Ah
,
w ou ld see o th e th e ou a e as e au or . . a r c . e rn ,
h Lif h b i h p 1 8 39—1 9 1 8 ( M i l w k
{9 5 5 )
J h
f7 1
8 J K n Ed at
e o a d A
o n . ea e, uc or n rc s o , au ee ,
p . .
512 Th e Na t io na l Pe r iod
It ali an Sister s ( th e Sal esi an s ) [sic] wh o conduct a school here for

It al i an immi gr ants Th e It al ians h ave two chur ches here reserved b y
.
5
th e pri ests f or th eir n ation al ity O n e of th ese pri ests i s u nf ortun atel y 6
.
old and infirm Bu t th e o th er h as h is own chu rch an d rectory so

. ,
th at th e O rdi n ary does n ot feel free to repl ace th e fo rm er w i th a

younger and m ore acti ve p astor Th e good Si ster s were hoping for .
thi s visi t from th e C ardin al b u t they did not expect him so soon , ,
and his u n annou nced arriv al at such an e arl y hour u pset th e wh ol e
commu n i ty Th e portress on duty ran to th e Cl oi ster an d m ade th e

.
g r e a t e st po ssi b l e n o i se w h il e at th e sam e tim e m ak ing desper ate si gn s
to th e Si ster s wh o w e r e n o m ore pr ep are d th an sh e t o r eceive a Vi sit .
However soon re assu red b y th e evident simpl icity an d cordi ali ty of

,
-
th e C ar din al th ey r egain ed th eir c al m a l ittl e and they b e gan to

,
.
,
conver se ab ou t th e i r comm u n ity and it s w ork Thi s w as a f or et ast e of .
th e m or e compl et e vi sit whi ch H is Em in en ce prom i sed t o m ake with

th em on h is first free d ay .
W e h ad lu ncheon at th e Ar chb i shop s pal ace W e h ad as gue sts

’
.
B i sh op G ab ri el s of O gden sb u rg ( New York ) B i sh op Van de Vyv er ,
of Ri chm on d ( Virgini a ) and B i shop M eersch aert Vicar Apostoli c -

, ,
of th e In di an Territ ory all of wh om w er e B el gi an s b y b irth as was

,
Archb i shop J an ssen s C ardin al G ibb on s wh o h ad arrived th e evening

.
7
,
b efor e w as st ay i ng with h is b r oth er wh o w as a prom inen t citi zen of

,
th e ci ty H e h ad l ef t a not e at th e Archb i sh op s p al ace invitin g His

’
8
.
Em inence and h i s secr et ary to dine with h im W e arrived there at .
th e appointe d h ou r to find th e C ar din al Archb i sh op of B al tim ore

su rr ou nded b y a ch arm i ng f am il y of n eph ew s and n i eces wh o strov e
am on g th em sel v es t o ent ert ain h im B esi de m e at dinn er w as an ol d .
Jesu it wh o h ad b een ch apl ain of th e prison for forty eight year s -

,
5 Th M i i e y Si t
ss o n ar f th S d H
s ers o t f d d b y St F e X i
acre e ar , ou n e . rance s av er
C b i i ( 1 8 50
a r n g t th i t t i N w O l
o wh th
e r s ar it i d n e r eans en r ee s s ers arr v e
f m N w Y k i
ro e J ly 1 8 92 d t k p i d
or n u , i ,t d an m i oo u r es e nce n re n e roo s n a
te ne m t h
en S t Ph i l i p St
ou se on t Th f d
. h lf h d i it d N w
ree . e ou n ress erse a v s e e
O l
r e ans i th n p i g f 1 8 92
e s r n d h d o p d d t th q t f A hbi h p
an a re s on e o e re ue s o rc s o
Jan sse n s th t h a t b li h
s h
e es a i hi s ity f th pi it l d m t i l
a ou se n s see c or e s r ua an a er a
c are f th I t l i
o e imm ig t
a an r an s
6
St A th ny f P d
on oCh h t R mp t
a ua d C ti St
u rc t w f a th a ar an on ree s as or e
It l i
a ans, b t th C h p l f S t F
u e a e i f A i i t Ch t
o . d D t
r anc s o St t ss s a ar res an ec a ur ree s
wh i h h d b
c a p ee n d i o 1 89 1 w
e ne di ti nd ft 1 89 3 as sco n nue a er .
H y G b i l ( 1 8 3 8— 1 9 2 1 ) w t d d Bi h p f O gd
7 e nr a r e s as co n secra e as seco n s o o en s
b g i
ur nM y 1 8 92 ; A g ti
a , V d Vyu ( 1 844
us ne w m d i th
an e ver as na e s x
Bi h p f R i h m
s o o d i 1 8 89 ; T h ph i l M
c on n h t ( 1 8 47— 1 9 24 ) w
eo pp i t d e eersc aer as a o n e
fi t V i A p t l i f I di T it y i J
rs c ar os o c o n 1 8 9 1 A hb i h p J
an e rr or h d n u ne , . rc s o anssens a
b een b orn i th N th l d
n e e t i B l gi m
e r an s, no n e u .
8 J h T G ib b ( 1 8 3 7
o n . o ns b th of th a di nal wa a weal thy g ain ro er e c r ,
s _
r
m erch ant i n N ew O rl e ans .

C a rd inal S a toll i in Ne w O rl eans 513
wh o h ad ass s ed it
h anging of fo rty prisoners condem ned to
at th e
death and wh o h ad endured eighteen epidem ics of yell ow fever
,
.
Du ri n g one of th e se epi dem ics h e w as ahn ost th e onl y pri e st an d all ,
his tim e from mor nin g to ev enin g was t aken u p in adm in i stering th e
sacr am en t s to th e si ck H e f oun d tim e t o say h i s b r evi ary onl y upon
.
h is r eturn in th e ev en ing whi ch often was v ery l ate at n ight He .
recited it entirel y f ati gued as h e w as Wh at a b e autiful lif e ! Wh at

,
.
a v en er ab l e pri est ! H is superi or s h av e comm i ssion ed him t o writ e hi s
m em oir s Th ey will b e with ou t doub t a very edif ying page in th e

.
hi story of th i s m ission .
Su n d ay F eb ru ary 1 6 at el even o cl ock w as set f or pontifical M ass

’
.
, ,
It was a superb day : an Ital i an sky with a spring sun At t en thirty .

-
a de t achm en t of troops t o ok u p th eir position in th e Archb i sh op s

’
cou rt Th e Ar chb i sh op asked Hi s Em inence to com e t o th e b al cony

.
where th e soldiers gave h im a m il it ary sal u te Th en th e clergy form e d "
in processi on b efor e th e C ard in al s ch am b er and th e procession b egan :

’
th e sol di e r s th e b an d pl ayin g a m arch th en th e diff eren t order s of

,
-
,
th e cl er gy fin all y th e pr el ates each escorte d b y two assi stant s th e

, ,
deacon s of h onor and th e de acon s of th e M ass th e assi st an t p ri est

“
, ,
an d at th e en d H i s E m in en ce C ar din al S ato ll i in pontifical s Th ey .
crosse d th e city stre et s ( it i s th e cu st om he re ) throu gh a respectful ,
cr owd In fron t of th e cath edr al th ere was a l ar ge cr owd Poli ce

. .
serge an t s h ad gre at diffi cul ty in m aking a p assage w ay f or th e proce s
si on .Th e C ath edr al of St L ou i s a gr an d e di fice b uil t du rin g th e

.
,
interval of Spanish dom in ation was packed in spite of its two tier s ,
of gall e rie s and th e f act th at adm i ssion s w e re b y ticke t onl y

'
In th e .
fir st b ench es near th e sanctu ary th e Governor of Lou isian a th e ‘

,
9
M ayor of th e city th e J u dges of th e Superior C ou rt th e C on sul s

,
10
,
Gener al of F r ance and Sp ain with th eir personn el h ad t aken th eir

pl aces O n e of th e secr et ari es of th e F r ench Emb assy h ad ev en com e
.
from W ashin gton an d h e h ad pre sen ted h i s car d to C ardin al S at oll i

,
soon aft er h i s arriv al Th e cerem on ies w er e im pr essive since th ey

.
,
were pre side d over b y th e C ardin al D el egate of th e Sovereign Pontiff ,
in th e pr esence of anoth er prince of th e Rom an Cou rt C ar din al ,
Gib b ons Archb i sh op of B al tim ore th e Archb i sh op of Cincinn ati

, , ,
11
an d thr ee oth er B i sh op s of th e New O rl ean s pr ovin ce wh o h ad com e
for th e occasi on Si nce he re w e w er e so f ar di st ant f rom any C ath oli c

.
9 Mu rph y F oster ( J . 1 8 49— 1 9 2 1

) w as G o ernor of Lou s ana, 1 892— 1 9 00 v ii “
J i ti
.
1 0 ohn F tzp a r ck ( 1 8 44- 1 9 1 9 ) w as M ay or o f N ew O r l eans at th e t m e i

i i
.
1 1
W ll am He nry E l d er ( 1 8 1 9—1 904 ) b ecam e A rch b sh op of C nc n n at in i i i i
J i
u l y , 1 8 8 3 , af ter h av n g served f or hr ee y ears as co adj u tor to t
oh n B Purce ll J . .
514 Th e Na t io na l P e riod
ti
n a on , it is t i hing to say th at such a spectacle h ad never
n ot as on s
b een seen in this city C ardi n al G ibb on s gave a sh ort h om il y on th e

.
g po s el of th e d ay At th e en d of th e M ass
. C ar dinal S at oll i took ,
off his pontific al s and retu rn e d t o th e throne Then th e Archb i sh op .

,
in a d i scou rse which cam e from th e h eart e xpressed th e appreci at ion ,
of h i s pe opl e and h i m self f or th e h ono r giv en t o th em th e re spect ,
whi ch they h ad for th e per son of th e augu st and well b el oved Pontiff -
,
Leo X III wh om h e represent e d Then th e r ecessional w as form e d to

,
.
l ead th e clergy and em inent prel ates b ack to th e Archb ishop s pal ace
’
,
where a dinner aw aited th em It w as ah nost two o clock in th e .

’
aft ernoon .
After a few m inutes of necessary rest a deputation of It al i an im m i

g r an t s w ait e d u po n H i s E m in e n ce T h e se son s of It al y w ere ab ou t.
sixty in numb er som e b orn in New O rl ean s b u t m o st of th em c am e

, ,
from th e old worl d Th eir spok esm an m ade a trul y touchin g address
.
,
fill ed with sentim ents of l ove for the ir n ative l and which th ey h ad
l eft an d al so of respect a
,
n d att achm en t for th e P ap acy C ardin al .
Satoll i responded el oqu entl y th anking th em fel i cit ating th em on th eir

, ,
p a tri o tic a n d C ath ol i c se n ti m e nt s Th en h e adde d th at with ou t doub t

.
they should b e m ost appreciative of their adopted homel and which

gave them as to it s own chil dren b r ead an d l ib erty Th ey should
, , .
not for get h ow ev er th at th ey w er e Ital i an in ori gin th at they sh o ul d

, , ,
b e prou d of b ei ng son s of I t al y th at l an d of th e fine art s of th e , ,
Papacy center of true c i vil i zat i on He dev el oped th e se i deas with

,
.
a force which upl ifte d his au di en ce A ll l ef t f ull of encou r agem ent an d .
adm ir ation for th eir em inen t com patriot .
Th at eveni n g at seven th irty a recepti on w as h eld in h onor of th e

-
,
two cardin al s at th e h om e of M r Th om as Semm e s . an excell ent C ath o ,

1 2
lic an d one of th e prom inent c i tiz en s of th e city The se reception s ent ail .
,
for th e person wh o i s th e ob j ect of th em st an ding throu gh ou t th e cere ,
mony and r eceiving th e h an d sh ake s of al l th e vi sitors At M r Sem

“ ”
. .
m es h om e we m et th e m ost di stin gui sh ed society of New O rl ean s an d

’
con se qu entl y of th e wh ol e of A m e ri ca A ll in dee d agr ee th at n othin

g is .
com par abl e in any city t o th e ol d

pl an t ation f am il ies M any h ad b een .
ruined b y th e Civi l W ar of 1 8 6 2 [S ic]— 1 8 65 b ut they still prese rve a ,
di stinction of l an gu age an d cu stom s Th e F rench spoken in New O rl e an s .
is as pu re as th e l angu age of th e b est P ari si an soci ety an d now th e ,
1 2Th om as J
Sem m es ( 1 8 24
. a prom nent C ath o l c l awy er of New i i
O rl eans, was prof essor of l aw in T ul ane U n ers t y and pres dent of th e Ame can iv i i ri
i i
Bar Assoc at on i n 1 8 8 6 .
516 Th e Na t iona l Pe riod
deco rated Th e port au thorities are on th e look ou t and as soon as h e

.
-
i s sighted m an y y acht s and b arges with carni v al fl ags flyin g from th eir
, ,
m ast s conduct him into th e port At a cann on signal th e crowd cl oses

,
.
in on th e qu ay th e garrison sol diers precede with f anf are announcin g

,
th e m arch and wh en Rex di sem b ark s h e an d hi s court are sol emnl y

“ ”
, ,
condu cted in c arri age s t o th e city h all Th e kin g as w ell as hi s offi ci al s .

, ,
are cl ad in b ri ght ori ent al costum es hi s h e ad i s crowned h e c arri es a , ,
sceptre and h e m aj esti call y b ow s t o ri ght an d l eft At th e city h all

, .
,
th e m ay or and h is cou ncil r ece ive h im on a pl atf orm an d presen t th e

key s of th e city to him Th e kin g i s th en l ed to th e coun cil ch am b er
.
where a throne h as b een prepared There h e distrib utes h is f avor s as .
g ift s o f th e j oy ous e v ent n am in g h is f ri en ds duke of thi s or count of

,
th at etc
,
.
We assi sted at thi s spect acl e comi ng down f rom th e M i ddl e A ges ,
where all th e peopl e rich and poor ol d and young W hite and b l ack
, , , ,
forgetting l ife s anxi eties for two or three day s give th em sel ve s en tirel y
’
,
to th e i nn ocent j oy s of simpl e cel eb r ati ons .
O n Tu esd ay m orn ing ( F eb ruary 1 8 ) H is Em in en ce off e red h ol y

M ass at th e convent of th e S al esi an Si sters ( It al i an s ) Th e l ittl e ch apel .
w as fil l ed B esides th e children th eir p aren t s w er e th ere as well as

.
,
f ri en ds of th e in stitution After th e G ospel Hi s Em in ence tu rned to

.
,
th e con gre gati on an d del ive red a sh ort exh ort ati on t akin g as h is th em e ,
th e l if e of S ain t A gath a wh ose f e ast it w as Af te r h ol y M ass w e h ad .
b re akf ast which th anks to th e generosity of b enef actor s w as m ore l ike

, ,
a full dinner T h en we w er e con du cted to a p arl o r ( v e ry sm all ; it is

.
b el ieved t o b e th e origi n al room ) wh ere th e chil dren presen t ed an

academ i a in h onor of His Em in ence Fir st th ey pl ay ed a l ovel y l ittl e
”
.
sel ection f rom M ascagn i th en on e of th em cam e f orw ar d an d re ad an

,
address in It al i an A r agazzett a presented a b ou quet of picked flower s

“ ”
.
sul te rreno del am ore M i tocca il cu ore th e l ittl e one sai d ; h ow

“ ” “ ”
.
,
ever sh e recite d h er pi ece W ith ou t p ause A Si ster th en r e ad a v ery in .
teresting expo siti on of th e w ork which th e S al e si an s h ad come to under

t ake for poor It ali an imm igr ants two ye ars previou sl y Sh e tol d of their .
diffi cul ties fe ars an d consol ations as well as th eir h opes Eve rything
, , .
ab ou t thi s f am il y r eu ni on in thi s poor sch ool w as so t ouchin

g th at te ars
c am e invol u nt aril y to th e eyes H is E m in ence w as trul y in s ired b
.
p y
th e occasi on an d gav e a t al k to th e chil dren parents an d Si ster s th at
, ,
w as full of pate rn al ch arity A ll th e l i ttl e b l ack ey es b ri ghtened with

.
,
th e su n of It al y so l iv el y so i ntell igent w er e fix ed on th e Po e s
'
’
, ,
p ,
represent ative on th e cardin al b orn as they on It al i an soil His Eminence

, .
encou r aged th em to l ov e th e i r f ath erl an d of ado ti on whi ch h ad b een

p
C ard inal Sa to l l i in Ne w O rl eans 517
so will ing to receive them an d to off er th em th e same advant age s as

,
.
it s own citizen s
“
It al i an immigr ant s in th e United St ates are generall y very poor and

suff e r int ell ectu al an d m or al di sadv ant ages which ordin aril y accom
p an y p ov e rty F r om thi s
. f act ari ses th at d espi si n g o f th e It al i an n a m e -
am on g th e m ass of th e Am erican peopl e B ut with th e p assing of a .
f ew y ear s th e se immi gr an t chil dren wh o comb ine phy sical vit al ity with
,
vivacity and an in tell ectu al sh arpne ss which other n ation s certainl y do

not po ssess to th e sam e degr ee will b ecom e m en wh o will m ake th eir
'
m ark an d b e coun ted am ong th e b est el em ent s of th e Am erican popu

l ation A per son does not need t o b e a proph et to predict thi s
. .
After thi s f amily cel eb r ati on so m oving for th e invited guests and
“
so encou r aging to th e goo d Si ster s H i s Eminence returned to th e ,
archb i sh op s p al ace
’
.
D u rin g th e rem ain der of th e d ay th e C ardin al rem amed th er e oc ,
cupied with h i s corre spon den ce b u t a part of th e tim e w as giv en to ,
viewing th e carnival par ade We set out on foot at two o cl ock and .
’
,
gui ded b y th e Archb i sh op w e arrived at th e h om e of a F rench f amil y

,
Thi s street i s al most three tim es as wi de as th e Vi a

“
on th e can al .
n azion al e A s w e p assed th e street w as li ter all y fill ed with pe0 p1e

”1 4
.
,
an d th e thr ee tr am w ay s cou ld sc arcel y care f or th e c row d in spit e
of th e desper ate sh out s of th eir shrill gu i des W e could h ar dl y cross .
thi s street with its crow d an d three l ines of carri ages com in g and ,
goin g in order t o re ach th e b al con y wh er e we w ere expected Th e

, .
Archb i shop b ig and viv aciou s opened a passage for u s and with
, , ,
him in th e l e ad and m e in th e rear C ar din al Satoll i m anaged to b ring ,
hi m self saf e and soun d to th e oth er side F rom th e h eight of our .
b al cony th e si ght w as f ai ry—l ike Th i s imm en se street w as compl etel y.
covered w i th peopl e ; as f ar as th e e e coul d see th er e w ere onl y h eads

y
in th e m i dst of which th e three l on g p ar all el l ines of tr am w ay s sl owl y
cam e an d w en t with diffi cul ty Across th e street th e win dow s an d
.
b al con ies w ere al so fill ed Peopl e drove th eir carri ages on b oth si des
.
of th e street in or der to open th e n ece ssary fr ee s ace f or th e r

p p ade
a
t o pass Su ddenl y th e adv an ce gu ar d appe ared an d th en th e first fl oat

.
, .
Th e crow d b el ow push ed ab ou t and su rge d l ike an e ddy tow ard th e

cen tr al p oin t of attr acti on Th e fl oat w as so b eautiful so ri ch so
.
, ,
arti stic th at th e crow d appl au ded f r om eve ry si de Th e fir st

, p ar ade .
,
th e m ain on e of th e d ay sym b ol ize d th e diff eren t season s an d scenes

,
f rom d ail y lif e E ach of th e fl o at s w as sym b oli c and carri ed pe0 p1e
.
dresse d accor ding to th e dom in ant idea From tim e t o time a flou ri sh .
14 Th Vi N i
e a l i f th p i ip l th
az on a e s on e o ghf f R me r nc a orou ares o o e .
518 Th e Na t ion al Pe r iod
of trumpets with j oyous airs diverted attention and tin gl ed th e ears .
In all thi s immense crowd of spect ator s th ere w as not on e cry one ,
di sorde r or one i nconvenience E veryone w as h appy with s impl e and .
innocent m irth and th e troub led tim e s coul d not aff ect thi s celeb ration
,
of th e wh ol e city an d of all th e peopl e Th e goo d G od Him self h ad .
a p art in it f or H e m ade th e d ay b e au tif ul n e i th er t oo h ot n or cold

, , ,
with a b lue pure sky l ike b eautiful tu rquoi se Th at evening at ei ght

,
.
o cl o ck w e c am e to th e sam e stree t to w atch th e p assing of a secon d

’
p a r ad e It h a
.d th e sam e go od t ast e th e s am e b e a u ty of a rr an gem en t
, ,
of col o r an d of costum e an d th e sam e or der am ong th e peopl e Th e

,
.
whol e shone forth with a b eauty perh aps even greater th an th e electric
li ght s whi ch cast m ost irregul ar an d weird refl ecti on s on th e gath ering ,
an d whi ch caused b e ad s an d o rn am ent s to sp arkl e It w as said th at .
these floats were pu rch ased in Pari s a year in advance and th at they
cost al m ost f r ancs New O rl ean s think s much of it s c arn iv al
.
,
and th e civil and eccl esi asti cal au th orities f ar f rom di scou r agin g th e ,
custom concu rre d th at it w as a h appy d iversi on as in nocen t am use

, ,
ment if controll ed in th e l im its of good t aste C onse quen tl y all en

, .
,
cou r age it They tell m e th at onl y m en ove r thirty an d m emb er s of

.
th e b e st f am ili es are all ow ed t o im per son ate ch ar acters on th e fl oat s .
Th ey are m asqued an d di sgu i sed as sphy nx e s as b irds or as all egori cal , ,
per son s and n o one r ecogn i zes th em B ut th ey are ab l e to see and

, .
they greet their parent s and f riends whom th ey see in th e b al conies

as the y p ass Th ey even throw ob j ect s gi ft s an d flower s to th em
.
, , .
Th ese par ade s are trul y b eau tif ul and entert ain ed th e C ardin al Th ey .
al so r em in ded him re retq

g y of th e old carn iv al s of Rom e whi ch th e
u su rpi ng governm en t th ou ht b est to su r
g pp ess .
O n A sh Wedne sd ay H is Em inence off ered M ass at th e C onvent of

th e D au ghter s of St T eresa on R am art Stree t Thi s convent i s a 1 5
.
p .
b ranch of th e one at B al tim ore f rom which th e Si ster s cam e in 1 877 .
Sever al y ear s ago th ey h ad difli cu l tie s with th e di ocesan adm ini stration
ove r th e b uil din
g of th eir ch apel Th e J esuit pri est wh o directed th em .
,
b u il t i t l arge and m ade it in th e O pinion of th e asto r a ub l i c ch a el

p, p p , .
A ll w as settl ed th an ks to th e in te rventi on of C ardin al S atoll i wh o in

, ,
this case as in all others h ad b een an angel of peace Al though th e .
ch apel w as onl y semi

pub l ic yet f or thi s occasion a l arge n umb er of
-
,
peopl e h ad assemb l ed Th e ch apl ain a Je su it F ath er h ad al re ady

.
, ,
b l essed and di strib uted th e ash es A fte r Hi s Emi nence h ad cel eb rated .
M ass h e al so wi sh ed for th e edification of th e participan ts to receive

, ,
Th
1 5
C m lit
e ar t
e f N w O l
e co nve nh d b f
o d d i e N mb r ean s a ee n ou n e n o ve er,
1 8 77 b y f
, f m th
ou r e t i
nu n s roSt L i e co nv n n . ou s .
520 Th e Na t ional Pe riod
by l ittl e an d so o n th e r e i s a d i sa ste r T h u s th e r e ar e u su all y gu ar d s .
w alking aroun d th e j etties l ooking for we ak points and to prevent

accident s .
O n our return we vi sited sever al church e s all trul y b eautiful th e , ,
one of th e L az ari st F ath er s first then th at of th e Redemptorist 1 6

,
Fath er s Th e one of th e L azari st F ath er s cov ered th e wh ol e street

.
1 7 .
When they first cam e to this secti on they found onl y a sm all F rench
church B ut sin ce th e popul ati on m ov ed in f rom th e coast th e church
.
was f oun d to b e m uch t oo sm all F u rth e rm ore th e newcom er s w ere .

,
chi efly of E ngl i sh an d Ge rm an an cestry Th e goo d F ather s th en b u il t .
two oth er chu rches on the ir prope rty an d two l arge sch ool s adj acent ; ,
th e wh ol e with th eir re si den ce con stitute a numb er of trul y im posing

b u il din gs whi ch fron t two si de s of th e street on a r ath er extended
are a Th e J esu it F ath er s al so h av e sev er al chu rch e s one in th e new
. ,
secti on n e ar th e new b u ildings of Tul ane Uni versity They acquired

“ ”1 8
.
a pl ot of l and th ere which al r e ady h ad gr e at v al u e and whi ch w oul d
b ecom e m ore and more v al u ab l e St Fr an ci s X avier th e church ad . .

,
j oinin g thei r coll ege is trul y l arge and b eau tiful ,

.
Th e n ext d ay Thur sday M ass w as cel eb r ated at th e M adam es of

, ,
th e S acr ed He art Th ese M ad am es h ave two conven t s in New O rl e ans

. .
O ne in th e city h as th e appe ar ance of a b eau tif ul country h ou se Th e

, ,
.
oth er i s l ocated on M ain e Street [ sic ] in th e ol d F rench qu arte r In 1 9

.
this qu arter all th e b u ildin gs are very ol d This is especi al l y inappro .
p r i at e It i s. n o w as it w a s 30 0 y e a r s ag o at th e b e g inn in g o f th e col ony : ,
th e street s are n arr ow b adl y paved d irty w ate r coll ects on each si de , ,
from th e open sky everyt hi ng i s dirty ol d r ags ol d sh oes dead ani , , , ,
m al s etc coll ect h ere It is w orthy of C on st antinopl e Th e Archb i sh op

, .
, . .
assu red u s it w as a v ery h e al thy secti on Th e re ason h e gav e i s pl easan t .
enou gh to record : th e m i crob e s thrive on fil th ; since th e street s are

“
more dirty in th e qu arter th e m icrob es att ach th em sel ves to th e dirt ,
and l e ave th e w orl d in pe ace ( 1) Af ter h ol y M ass at th e M adam es

”
.
Th Vi ti p i ip l p i h w St J Av
’
ph
’
1 6
e nce n ans t T l
r nc a d
ar s as . ose s a u ane e nu e an
D b ig y S t
er n t; th y l h d St St phree e Ch h t N p l
a so a Av d. e en s
’
urc a a o e on enue an
C m p St
a t ree .
1 7
Th C h eh f O L dy f th A
urc o m pti h d b
ur d di t d i A p i l
a o e ssu on a e en e ca e n r ,
1 8 44 Th R d m pt i t
. e l eh d St A lph
e Ch
or s s a so h d th F h p i h
a . onsu s urc an e re nc ar s
o f N t D m d B
o re S a e e on ecour s .
1 8 Thi w th s Ch h f th H l y N m
as e f Ju rc St Ch a l
o Ave o a e o esus o n . r es enu e .
Th J e it l w i h g f th Ch h f th I mm l t C pti
esu s a so ere n c ar e o e u rc o e acu a e once on
a t B aro nn e d C l St t an an a ree s .
1 9 Th fi t R l i gie f th S
rs ed H t h d iv d i L i i i M y
ou s o e acre e ar a arr e n ou s an a n a ,
1818 , d th
un l d h ip
er f Bl e d Ph i l ippi
e a er s D h ( 1 769
o I esse ne uc esne n
1 896 th y h d tw e d m i — b th
a ll d S
o aca ed H t— t D m i
es St to ca e acre e ar a u a ne ree
an d onS t Ch l Av . w ll
ar es th th d l h l f gi l
enue , as e as e ca e ra sc oo or r s .
Ca rdina l Sa to ll i in New O rleans 52 1
of th e S ac ed r
He art M aine Street th e Archb i shop j oined H is Emi
, ,
nence and th e y oung girl s of th e conv en t gav e a progr am du ring

,
which they recited in poetry and in mu sic th e pr ai ses of th e Holy

, ,
F ath er an d hi s represent ative O ne of them recited som e F rench poetry .
compo sed for th e occasion ; it w as e x cell ent 1 n f orm and pronunci ation ;
it coul d not h ave b een done b etter nor spoken b etter in an ol d French
city W e ate dinne r at th e Archb i sh op s h ou se Th er e w er e sev er al new
’
.
.
g u es t s : B i sh o p O s u ll iv an o f M ob il e B i sh op D unn e of D all as B i sh op
’
, ,
He sl in of Natchez Rev B rucker [sic] pastor of Willi mantic ( diocese

,
.
,
of H artf ord ) wh o as a Bel gi an h ad b een invit e d b y th e Ar chb i sh op ,
fin all y B i shop K e ane Rector of th e C atholi c Univer sity wh o h ad com e

,
to give thr ee addre sse s on M o dern Phil o sophic al Th ou ght I

“ ”
( i ) w as .
zo
se at ed b e si de th e v en er ab l e p asto r of Will im an tic an d I b en e fit ed b y it
b y askin g wh at pe0 p1e in New En gl an d th ou ght of th e C athol ic U n i

versi ty ( New E ngl and comprises th e eccl e si astical provinces of B oston
an d New Y ork ) He an sw ered : Th ey say ab sol u t el y nothing ab ou t
21 “
.
it They are ab solutel y in diff erent on thi s m atter when th ey are n ot

.
h ostile Y ou see th ey do not l ike B i shop K eane h e continu ed They

.
,
”
.
“
kn ow h e is ul tr a l ib er al an d th at h e h as no pr actical j u dgm en t Th ey
- .
kn ow al so th at D octor B ou qu ill on h as gr eat infl uence with h im and ,
p p
e 0 1 e ch a ll en ge D r B ou qu ill on es pe ci al l y r e
g
.ardin g hi s in t em per ate
cam p ai gn on th e t opic of edu c ati on B esi des th e tim e h ad n ot y et 22

“
.
,
com e to est ab l i sh a C ath ol ic Un ive r sity O ur b i sh ops do n ot h ave .
eccl esi astical per sonn el t o sen d t o it ; v ocati on s are b ecom in g v e ry r ar e ,
and they h av e great n eed f or all th e i r p ri est s A s f or th e l ay stu den t s .

,
ou r C ath ol ics are e ith e r ri ch o r poo r If th ey are ri ch th ey w oul d m ore .
readil y go to th e great Protest ant Universities l ike H arvard Yal e , ,
Princeton etc wh ere th ey are n ow e asil y receiv ed wh ere th ey are

,
.
, ,
encou r aged t o com e an d wh er e th ey fin d an opportu nity of associ atin g

,
with th e chil dren of th e m ore im port ant f am il ies of th e Repub li c If .
they are poor they can go to Washingt on and l ive there on schol ar
,
20 J i i
O su l l van ( 1 8 42— 1 8 9 6 ) w as con secrated as th e f our h B sh op of
erem ah
’
t i
b il
M o e in Septem b er , 1 8 8 5 ; E dw ar d D u nne ( 1 8 4 8— 1 9 1 0 ) w as n am ed se co n d J .
i
B sh op of D all as i n S ep tem b er , 1 8 93 ; Th om as H esli n ( 1 845- 49 1 1 ) w as co n
secr ate d fi i
f th B sh op of N atch ez in u ne , 1 8 8 9 ; F l orie n d e Br uy cker w as p astor J
of S t J
oseph s C h urch i n W ll m ant c , C o n n e ct cut ;
.
’
oh n i i i
K eane ( 1 8 3 9— 1 9 1 8 ) i J J .
i i
w as B sh op of R ch m o n d , 1 8 7 8— 1 8 8 7 , b ef ore h i s app o ntm ent as rs rec or o f i fi t t
i
th e C ath o l c U n v ers ty o f A m er ca i i i .
21 New E ngl and co m pr se d on l y i th e Pro vi nce of Bosto n , n ot t

th a of New York .
Th om as B ou q u il l on ( 1 8 40— 1 9 0 2 ) w as th e Bel g an b orn prof essor of m oral

22
i -
i
th eo l ogy i n th e C ath oli c U n vers ty of A m er c a wh ose wr t ngs on th e r gh t i i ii i
i
o f th e St ate i n e du cat o n h ad b ee n th e su b j ec t of severe co ntrov ersy du r ng t h e i
e ars 1 89 1 —1 89 3
y .
52 2 Th e Na tiona l P e riod
s hips .
here are h ardly any p ari shes entirely free of deb t or where
T
th e n ecessary C athol i c in sti tu tion s h ave b een b uil t B efore asking C ath o .
l fcs to donate to th e University it is n ece ssary to th i nk of est abl i shing

ou r p ar i sh es on fi rm f ou nd ation s an d t o i n su re th e ex i st ence of ou r
p ar oc h i al sch ool s T h e gene r al conviction i s th at th ey h av e b u il t a

.
University fif ty years too soon and th at th ey h ave pl aced at its head

a m an l e ast c ap ab l e of th i s offi ce Conse qu entl y a great numb er of .
th e cl ergy think th at b efore th ey are old it will b e a fi asco I m y self , .
w as th oroughl y convin ced th at h e w as correct in hi s oppositi on an d ,
I w as aw are th at a compl ete under st anding of th e true condition of

things would only confirm th e pub lic 1n the se dark Views on th e future
of th e C ath ol ic Un iver sity I understood th e venerab le prie st to say
.
that an institution founded b y th e Pope him self and whi ch al ready

,
p o sse ss e d con si de r ab le p r ope rty c ou l d n ot b e a fi asco ; th at it

, co ul d
b e in troub l e for som e tim e b ut th at it woul d n ot die ; th at as f or
,
per sonn el if th ey woul d b ecom e an ob st acl e Pr ovi dence woul d in deed

, ,
b e ab l e to remove th em I t erm in ated th e conver sati on b y aski ng him

.
to l ook f av or ab l y upon th e w ork accor din g t o th e vi ewpoint of th e

Holy F ather so th at it m ight b ecom e a b lessing for th e American “
Church ( which up to now h ad scarcel y appeared as it ought to b e ) .
Th e offi ci al O pening of th e Winter Sch ool took pl ace at five o cl ock

’
in th e great h all of Tul ane Univer sity Th e cerem ony con si sted of an .
ad dr ess of w el com e to th e two C ar din al s b

y th e G overnor of Lou1 5 1 an a
and b y th e m ay or of th e city Th e Archb i sh op al so m ade a few .
rem arks and then a pub l ic reception in honor of C ardinal Satolli

took pl ace .
Thi s Wi n te r Sch ool of whi ch we speak an d whi ch w as th e occa

“
.
sion of th e vi si t of th e C ar din al Pro D el e at e t o New O rl e an s i s th e

g
-
,
cou nte rpart of th e Summ er Sch ool whi ch i s h el d in J ul y at Pl atts

“ ”
b u rg d i ocese of O gden sb u rg f or th e E ast and at M adi son di ocese

, , , ,
of G reen B ay for th e West Thi s w ork con si st s of givin g a seri es of

23
, .
pub l i c addresses on diver se topi cs of phil osophy rel igi on hi story , , ,
Science l i ter atu re F or a l ong tim e th e Protest ant s h ad an in stituti on

, .
of thi s ki nd an d l a
y C ath ol ics prev ail ed upon th e cl ergy t o procu re
for th em th e sam e adv an t ages ( l ) Th ere i s no doub t as t o th e in trin si c .
good of thi s sch ool and it would appe ar difli cul t in th e circum st ances
,
t o refu se t o gr an t this re que st B u t th ere are th o se wh o are convi nced

.
23Th e C ath ol i c S u mm er S ch ool of A m er

i n New Lon do n i ca w as fi t rs opene d ,
i
C onnect cu t , in J
u l y , 1 8 92 and th en m o ed to Pl attsb ur
, g New ork, i n uly v ,
Y J ,
i
1 8 93 Th e C ath o l c S umm er S ch oo l i n th e M ddl e W es m et i n
.
ar ou s pl aces i t v i
I
i
af te r h o l d ng its fi i
rst sess o n i n M ad so n W scon s n, in 1 8 9 5 i ,
i i .
poin tm en t . But i ty in spe aking,th e good pe0 p1e di d not

as h e h ad f ac li
not i ce th e b asic i n accu r aci es t aking it all in an d fin din g n o f aul t ,
.
In th e l i st of vi sit s which His Em in ence wi sh ed to m ake to th e

di ff eren t in stitu t i on s of New O rl e an s th ere are two which I omitted
to rel ate in the ir proper pl ace : th e vi sit to th e Si ster s of th e H ol y
F am il y an d t o th e Ursul i nes Th e Si ster s of th e H ol y F amil y were .
Negro R el i giou s f ou nded f orty y e ar s previ ou sl y b y a F ren ch pri est

,
24
,
whose aim is to c are for th e orph ans and poor of their r ace Th e .
m otherh ou se v e ry l arge w as b uil t near th e Archb i sh op s h ou se These

’
.
, ,
Si ster s grew f ast enough an d th e Archb i sh op testifi ed to their spirit

of humi l i ty sim pl i city an d devoti on A m ong th e Si ster s all sh ades of
,
.
col or are to b e f oun d f rom th e bl ack of sh oe poli sh t o th e col or of

,
soot Th e Superi or wh o appe ared v ery in tell igent w as al so as b l ack as

.
if sh e h ad r ecentl y arrived f rom th e C ongo Their l ittl e M oor s sang .
sev er al ch ant s an d perform ed sev er al w ell ex ecu te d d an ces for us - .
C hri st i an ch arity i s ingeniou s : it h as an ointm en t for all w ounds and

a sol ace f or al l m i se rie s B u t wh at a thin g it i s t o b e a Negr o e spe
.
,
ci ally in th e U n it e d S t at es! It i s preci sel y in th i s pr ofesse dl y cl assi cal
l an d of equ al ity th at soci ety m akes th e Negro feel m ost th at h e is

not whit e Th e Ch u rch al on e does not m ake thi s di stinction and em
.
b r aces all h er children w i th th e same tenderness .
O ne of th e m ost interestin g vi sit s was th at at th e Ur suli n es C omin g .
f rom France in 1 7 32 [sic] th e Ur sul ine s were iden tifi ed with th e foun ,
dati on and th e progress of th e F rench col ony in Lou i si an a Th ey are .
for thi s city wh at th ey h av e b een in Queb ec an d th e rel i gi ous of ,

25
th e Congregati on of Notre D am e f or M ontreal in C an ad a We foun d .

26
them in th e sub u rb s of th e city on a street whi ch previousl y h ad b een

their f arm Their first con vent th e one which h ad received their
.
,
foun der s an d wh ere all th e adm ir ab l e Chri sti an s h ad b een formed wh o

would l ater b e th e mothers of th e colony is n ow as we h ave al ready , ,
said th e r esi dence of th e Archb i sh o

, p an d still b el ongs to th e Ur sul i nes .
These good rel i giou s l ive f aithful to th eir tr aditi on s of regul arity pi ety , ,
an d nobl e sim pl icity Th eir y oun

g girl s gave a reception worthy of th e
.
24
Th Si te f th s ersH l y F m ily h d b
o ef d d io N w O l a i a ee n ou n e n e r eans n
N ov e mb 1 8 42
er , d th pi, f A t i
un er Bl ( 1 792
e au s f th
ces o n o ne anc our
bi h p
s o d fi t A hb i h p
an rs f N w O l rc I 1 8 9 6 th y h d i
s o o th i tye r e ans . n e a n e c ,
b id
es th i
es m th
e r h ph
o yl m
er f b th b y
ouse , d gi l
or h m
an as u s or o o s an r s, a o e
f
or th g d
e a ed f p
, hi l
an h l ou r aro c a sc oo s .
25 Th U e li h d b
rsu t b li h d i
nes J l y 1 6 39 t Q b b y V r b l
a een es a s e n u , , a ue ec ene a e
M i d lI
ar e e
’
ti G y d ( 1 5 99
nc arn a on u ar
26
Bl d M g
e sse it B g y ( 1 620—1 700 ) i d i M t l f m F
ar uer e our eo s arr ve n o n rea ro rance
i
n 1 6 53 d an th ft f soo nd d th C g g ti
er e a d N t
er D m
ou n e e o n re a on e o re a e .
C ard ina l Sa to ll i in Ne w O rl e ans 52 5
vener ab le in stitu tion Two l ivi ng t ab l e au s were especi all y rem arkab l e
.
El eazer and Reb ecca at th e w ell of J acob an d E sth er i ntercedin g for ,
th e safe ty of h er peopl e Th e pe rf ecti on gr ace of poi se rich n ess of .

, ,
co stum e an d b l en di n g of col or s m ade an i ncom par ab l e pr odu ct i on .
Sin ce w e h ad t o l e av e on F ri d ay even ing Hi s Em inence p ai d a vi sit ,
to C ar din al G ibb on s on th at mornin g as w ell as t o Archb i sh op El de r ,
of Cincinn ati w h o h ad c all ed on th e Pro D el egat e th e p revi ou s ev en i n g

,
- .
After th ese cou rtesy call s C ardin al S atoll i w as taken to a l arge school
conducte d b y th e Si st er s of St Vinc en t de P au l St S im eon s A cad
’
. .
E xtr aordin ary prep ar ati on s h ad b een m ade f or th e recepti on

of H is Em in en ce Th e sm al l b oy s in m il i t ary u nif o rm s an d with dr awn
.
,
swor ds f o rm e d a line at th e en tr an ce t o th e sch ool

,
Tw o or thre e .
speech es w ere agai n d el ive re d h er e al on g with m u sic an d gif t s of

'
flowers In this w ay th e vi si t of H is Em inence to New O rl e ans w as

'
ended .
After dinner we h ad to p ack ou r b ags an d prepared for th e trip to

G al veston Th e Archb i sh op an d h i s Ch ancell or w ante d t o accom p an y
.
His Em inence to th e f e rry which cro ssed to th e oth er si de of th e

M i ssissippi wh ere th e Sou th St ati on i s l ocated I t w as a dark n ight .
,
b ut w e saw b y th e l i ght of el ectri c l amps th e swif t w ater s of th e r i v er

, ,
chu rnin g r api dl y an d carryin g al on g m u ch w oo d an d tu rf deb ri s actu ,
all y sm all i sl an ds which will b e depo site d a l ittl e fu rth e r on an d thus
continue th e b u il din g u p of th e f am ou s del t a What power ! Wh at .
m aj esty ! Neve rth el ess th e st eamb oat p assed throu gh th ese pow erful
,
an d swif t w at er s withou t th e sl i ghte st r ockin g Soon w e arriv ed on th e .
o th er si de of th e rive r an d b oar de d th e tr ain f or G al v e ston .
W e w ere n ow l e avin g thi s city wh ose peopl e w ere st ill so F rench

“
aft er alm ost a centu ry of sep ar ation f r om th eir m oth er country so ,
C ath oli c in thei r tr adition s and their rel igiou s institu tion s Now as .
they are a part of th e Union th e Engli sh el em en t penetrates li ttl e b y ,
l ittl e and a new cl ergy accordingl y repl aces th e old Th e tr an sition

, .
h as al re ady b egun an d as a rul e B el gi an s and Swi ss are b ein g u sed

, .
Th e presen t Archb i sh op wh o i s w orthy of his ofli ce m arks th e end of , ,
th e ol d r egim e an d th e b eginn in g of th e n ew Th e F rench cl ergy i s .

28
St Sim
’
27 . S l t S h e on sl h d b e ec
p d b y th D gh t
c oof St a ee n o ene e au ers o
Vi
.
nce nt d P l i e 1 8 60 au n .
28
Thi p d i ti
s p red t c O th
on d th f J
r ov e i J e 1 8 97
u n rue . n e ea o an sse ns n un
Pl i d L C h p ll
, ,
th e F h b
r enc -
or n ( 1 84 2 — 1 90 5 ) b
ac e m A hbi h p f N w
. a e e eca e rc s o o e
O l
r e an s ; th th ere d d th G m en b J m H Bl k S M ( 1 8 5 6
su ccee e e er an- or n a es . en , .
It w ly i Jas y 1 9 1 8 th t J h
on n W Sh w ( 1 8 6 3
anu ar b , , a o n . a or n
in M b il A l b m
o e, b m th fi t
a a ti a,Am i t
eca p y th
e S f e rs na ve er c an o occu e ee o
N w O l
e Th p
r e ans t A h b i h p J ph F R mm l ( 1 87 6
. e resen whrc w s o o se . u e o as
i tall ed i M y 1 9 35 w bo i Ge m a y
ns n a , , as rn n r n .
526 Th e Na t io na l Pe r iod
going to d i sappear gr adu all y and th e Iri sh will move as quickly as

,
poss ib le into th e parishes whi ch yi eld a su fli cient income Let us hope .
th at th e Church and soul s not onl y will not lose b ut even gai n b y th e
ch an ge .
Th e C h arter of th e Fir st C ath oli c Wom en s

’
C ollege in th e U ni ted S t ates April 2 1 8 96 , ,
v t ri i hr
TH E de el opm en of A m e can C a ol c h g e edu ca on s nce G eo ge th i ti i r
t own , th e fir t i t it tt
s Ca h ol c coll ege in t h e U n ed S a es, opene d in S ep e mb e , t r “
1 79 1 ,wi t i t i r iv
h a s n gl e st uden , h as b een an m p ess e one A t th e p e sen r t .
ti t r th i
m e h e e are 2 5 4 C a ol c coll eges an d u n e s es iv r iti with t t
a o al e nr ollm en t
of t t
s u den s I n t i v t th i
h s m o em en C a ol c coll ege s f or
. om en a e w hv
y i r i i
pl a ed an n c e as n gl y m por an t t r
ol e Th e rs of esefi tns th i tit ti
u on s w as
. _
r ry
t h e C oll ege of N ot e D am e of M a l an d in B al m o e c ti r whi h h
eld it s s fir t
comm encem ent on Jun e 1 4 1 8 99 when six you n g wom en recei ved th e
, ,
b achel or s degree Th e coll ege w as staff e d b y th e School S i sters of Notre

’
.
D am e wh o h ad ori gi nal ly com e to thi s cou ntry in Jul y 1 8 47 f or th e pur , ,
pose of teach i ng th e chi l dren of G erm an i mm i gr n ts Th u s ab ou t a genera

'
a .
tion after Vassar College rece ived its charter in 1 8 6 1 college edu cation ,
f or A m eri can C athol i c wom en got u n derway There ar e now 1 3 9 col l e ge . s
f or wom en u n der C athol i c au spi ces in th e U n i ted States of whi ch 1 1 8 ,
are f ou r year i n sti tu ti on s an d twen ty o ne are j un i or col l e ges The ir com

- -
.
b ined enrol l ment i s with an additi onal wom en stu dents in

C thol i c i n stitu ti ons wh i ch ad m i t b oth m en an d wom en Source : Law
a f . s o
th eSt t f
a e oM a y l rd ( B
ana l.ti m or e : K i n g B r o s pp 2 0 4—2 0 5
.
, . .
Section 1 . B e it e nacted by th e G eneral A ssem b ly o f M ary land .
T h at th e b ody pol itic and corporate cre ated b y th e A ct of th e General

A ssembl y of M aryl an d of 1 8 6 4 Ch apter 357 for th e instruction and
, ,
e duc ati on of f em al e s an d th e prom oti on of l earn in g an d th e f acul ty ,
of th e pr ofe ssor s an d t e ach er s in sai d c orpor ati on b e an d th ey are , ,
hereb y au thorized and empowered to gr ant to th e gr adu ates of th e

,
sai d in stitu tion of l e arn ing th ereb y creat e d wh o in th e j u dgment of , ,
th e sai d f acul ty m ay m e rit th e di stincti on th e d egr ee of B achel o r of

, ,
Art s and al so th e degree of M aster of Arts; and to those students

'
of th e coll egi at e sci entifi c dep artm en t wh o m a

y m e rit th e di stin ction
, ,
th e degree of B ach el or of Scien ce ; and to th ose stu dents of th e depart

men t of Engl i sh l iter ature wh o m ay m erit th e di stin cti on th e degree
, ,
of B ach el o r of Lite r atu re ; and t o th e stu dent s of th e m usic de artm ent

p ,
wh o m ay m erit th e di stin ction th e degr ee of B ach el or of M u sic an d

, ;
to th ose wh o m ay compl ete a ful l gr adu ate or ost r adu ate course in
p g
-
52 8 Th e Na t io nal Per io d
wh ich w i tr t
f oll o t iri
ll u s a e D u nne s sa rry i wit
cal m e m ak ng iti thh pol cal em es
’
rt i ri ri i t ry
an d h is u nd e s an d ng of I sh p a sh l f e at t h e e n d of t h e ce n u I n th e .
i ti r rfl t ti rt i ty
pol cal ealm h e e e c e d th e n a on al u n ce a n t wh t
ab ou a sh ou ld b e
d on e wi t hi i i t r t ir
h th e P l pp n e s af e q t r
he i w i
con u e s f om Sp a n i n 1 8 9 8 , h le
t i hw i rt it i
t h e l as p ece s o s h ow D u nn e a l f el on g D em oc a , cap al z e d o n t h e ,
t i i i tr ti w i
T eapo D om e sc an d al s of th e C ool d ge adm n s a o n r h ch b oke i n
rh i ri t
M a c , 1 924 an d th e sp w i in t r ti ti
h ch h e ook th e D em oc a c n a on al
,
v ti th t
c on e n on a i t J
n om n a e d vi
oh n W J y
D a s ( 1 8 7 3— 1 9 5 5 ) in ul , 1 9 24 . .
r r i
Sou ce s : El m e Ell s Y r
M r D oo ley a t H is B es t ( New o k : Ch arle s .
ri r
S c b n e s S on s
’
pp 5 9 i y tr
— 6 2 9 3— 9 6 F n l e
, ; Pe e D u nn e , M r D oo ley .
,
.
t y r
in th e H ea rts o f H is C o u n try m e n ( B o s on : S m all M a n a d Co ,
.
,
pp 1 3 5 1 3 8
-
. .
THE P HILIPPINE PE ACE

I know wh at Henn essy I d hi st I Mack ”1
id Mr “ ‘
’
I d do if
’
w as , sa . .
a fl ag over th Ph lippeens an I d t ake in th whol e l ot iv thim

’ ’ ’ ’ ’
.
,
A n yet said M r D ool ey tis not m ore thin two m onth s sin ce
’
, .
,
ye l arned wheth er th ey w ere i sl an ds or canned goods Y e er b ack y ard

’
.
is so sm all th at ye er cow can t turn r roun d w i th ou t b u ttin th wood

’ ’ ’ ’
-
shed off th pr em i se s an ye wu dden t go ou t t o th stock y ards withou t

’ ’ ’ ’
,
t akin out a pol icy on yer l if e Suppose ye was st andi n at th e corner

’
.
’
iv St ate Sth reet an Ar rohy Road wu d ye know wh at car to t ake to ’

-
,
get to th Ph lippeen s? If yer son Packy w as to ask ye where th

’ ’ ’
Ph li ppeens i s cu d ye giv e h im anny good i de a wh eth e r th ey w as in

’
,
Roosh ia or ju s west iv th th racks? ”

’ ’
“
M ebb e I cu dden t sai d M r Hennessy h aughtil y b ut I m f r t akin ’
,
”
.
, ,
’ ’ ’
thim in annyh ow , .
”
So m i ght I b e sai d M r D ool ey if I cu d on y get m e min d on it

“ ’
, .
, .
W an iv th e wor st things ab ou t thi s h ere w ar i s th w ay it s m akin ’ ’ ’
puzzl es f r ou r poor tired h e ads Whin I win t into it I th ought all I d

’ ’
, .
_ ,
h ave to do was to set up h ere b ehind th b ar with a good tin ciut see gar ’
- -
in m e teeth an toss din nym ite b om b s into th h ated city iv H av an a

’ ’
, .
B ut l ook at m e now Th w ar i s still goin on ; an ivry ni ht wh en I m ’ ’ ’ ’
g .
,
cou ntin u
p th cash I m ask in m e silf will I ann ex Cub i a or l ave it
’ ’ ’ ’
,
to th e Cub i ans? Will I t ake Po rth er Ri cky or ut it b ? A n wh at shu d ’

p y
I do with th Ph lippeen s? O h wh at shud I do with thim ? I can t ann ex
’ ’ ‘
,
’
thim b ecause I don t know where they ar re I can t l et go iv thim ’

-
.
’
b ecause some wan el se ll t ake thim if I d o Th ey are ei ht th ou san ’ ’
g .
.
iv thi m i sl an ds with a popul ation iv wan hundh erd mill yon naked
,
sav age s; an m e b edroom s crow ded n ow with m e an

’ ’
th e b ed How
’
.
1
W i l li m M Ki l y ( 1 843
a P id t f th United St t M h
c n e res en o e a es, arc ,
1 89 84 eptem b er 1 4, 1 9 0 1 .
M r D oo ley C omm e n ts 52 9
’
. s
can I t ake thim in an h ow on earth am I m goin to cover th n aked ,

’ ’ ’ ’
n e ss iv thim sav ages with m e w an sh oot iv cl othes? A n yet twu d b re ak

’ ’
m e heart to thin k iv givin pe0 p1e I n iv er see or h eerd tell iv b ack to

’
o th er p eopl e I don t kn ow A n if I don t t ake thim Sch w artzm ei ster

’ ’ ’
.
,
down th sth reet th at h as h alf m e th rade al ready will gr ab thim su re

’
.
, ,
It ain t th at I m afraid iv not doin th r right thing in th end

“ ’ ’ ’ ’
-
’
H inn i ssy Some m om in I ll w ake up an kn ow jus wh at t o do an

’ ’ ’ ’
.
,
th at I ll do But tis th ann oyance in th m ane tim e I ve b een r readin

’
.
’ ’ ’
.
’
-
’
ab ou t th Tis over b ey ant y e er l eft sh oul der whin y e re

’ ’ ’
counth ry
’
.
f acin e ast Jus throw y e er th um b b ack an y et h ave it as ac rate as

’ ’ ’ ’ ’
.
,
ann y m an in t own Ti s f arth er thin B oohl gah ry a an not so f ar as

’ ’
.
Bl ewch ooch oo It s n ear Chin y an it s n ot so n e ar ; an if a m an w as

’ ’ ’ ’
.
, ,
to b ore a w ell throu gh fr m Go sh en In dianny h e m ight sth rike it an

’ ’
, , ,
thin again h e mi ght not It s a poverty sth ricken coun th ry full iv gool d .
’
-
,
an d preciou s ston es wh e re th i k d i r ff h thr ’

1
’
e
p p0 e c an p c n n e o t e e s ,
an ar re st arvin b ec au se th ey h av e n o stepl adder s Th inh ab it ants is

’ ’ ’
-
.
m ostl y n aygu rs an Ch innym en peaceful indu sth rus an l aw ab idin

’ ’ ’
, , , ,
b ut sav age an b l oodthirsty in th eir m eth ods Th ey were n o cl oth es

’
.
ex cept wh at th ey h av e on an e ach w om an h as five h usb an ds an e ach

’ ’
,
m an h as five wives Th r re st goes into th di sc ard th sam e as h ere

’ ’ ’
-
.
.
,
Th i sl an ds h as b een owned b y Sp ain sin ce b efu re th fire ; an sh e s

’ ’ ’ ’
thre ated thi m so well they re now up in ar rm s again h er except a ’

-
,
m aj o rity iv thim whi ch i s th url y l oy al Th n ativ es seldom fight b ut

’
.
,
whin they get m ad at wan another they r run a mu ck Whin a m an - - -

.
r ru n s a mu ck som etim e s th ey h an g hi m an som etim es th ey di sch arge

’
- - -
,
h im an hire a n ew m ot o rm an Th wom en ar re b e au tif ul with Ian

’ ’
-
.
,
gui sh in b l ack ey es an th ey sm oke see gar s b ut ar re hu rri e d an in

’ ’ ’
- -
, ,
com pl et e in th e ir dh re ss I see a pitcher iv wan th other day with ’

.
n awthin on h er b u t a b asket of co co an u t s an a h oop skirt Th ey re

’ ’ ’
-
.
no pru des W e import j uke hemp cigar wr apper s sugar an f airy ’

.
, , , ,
t al es fr m th Ph lippeens an export six in ch shell s an th l ike Iv

’ ’ ’
,
’
-
’ ’
.
l ate th Ph lippeen s h as aw ake d t o th f act th at th ey re b ehi n d th tim es

’ ’ ’ ’ ’
an h as r eceiv ed m u ch Am eri c an amm ini tion in th eir m id st Th ey sa

’
y .
th Spany ards is all tore up ab ou t it

’
.
I l arned all thi s fr m th papers an I know ti s sth raigh t A n yet

“ ’ ’
,
’ ’
.
’
,
Hinni ssy I dinn aw wh at to do ab ou t th Ph lippeens An I m all al one

,
’ ’
.
’ ’
in th wu rrul d Ivryb ody el se h as m ade up hi s mi n d Y e ask anny con

’
. .
ducth o r on Ar—rch y Road he ll tell ye Y e can fin d out fr m th ’ ’ ’ ’

ah , _
.
pape r an if y e re all y w an t t o kn ow all ye h ave to do i s to ask a

’
, ,
prom nent citizen wh o can mow all th l aw h e owns with a safety r azor
’ ’
.
But I don t kn ow
’ ”
.
5 30 Th e Na tio na l Pe riod
H ang on to thim sai d M r Hennessy stoutly Wh at we ve got ,

.
,
.
’
we must h ol d
”
.
Well sai d M r D ool ey If I w as M ack I d l ave it to George

“
,
.
, ,
’
.
2
I d say : George I d say if ye re f r h angi n on h ang on it is If ye

’ ‘ ’ ’ ‘ ’ ’ ’
.
, , ,
say l ave go I dh rop thim Tw as George won thim with th shell s ’ ’ ’
, ,
.
,
an th question s u p to h im
’ ’ ’ ”
.
TH E CHURCH FAI R
Wanst I knew a m an sai d Mr D ool ey l aying down hi s new s ,
”
.
,
p p
a e r b e th n am e iv B u rke
,
“
th at com e tr m som ewh ere aroun d
’
,
’
D erry th ough h e w as Presb yt ery an He was iv th ri ght sort Well

’
. .
, ,
h e w as feeli n h ow com e ye so an h e dh rif ted over to wh ere w e w as

’ ’
- - -
,
b oldin a f air Th ey was a b an d outside an h e th ought it w as a gr an d

’ ’
.
,
So h e come in with a ci gar in th si de iv hi s m ou th an hi s

’ ’ ’
O penin .
h at h angin on to his e ar It w as th l ast ni ght iv th f air an ivryth ing

’ ’ ’ ’
.
,
was wide O pen ; f r th pri e st h ad gon e h ome an we w an ted f r to b reak

’ ’ ’ ’
,
th recor d Thi s B urke w as f r l avin whin h e see wh ere h e w as; b u t

’ ’ ’
.
we run him again th sh ootin gall ery wh ere ye got twinty five cin ts
’ ’
-
, ,
a q uarth er iv a doll ar f r ivry tim e ye r ang th b ell Th 0 1 gun w e h ad

’ ’ ’ ’
.
,
w as crooked as a r am s h orn b ut it mu st ve fitted th e Bu rke s squin t ;

’ ’ ’
,
i r h e m ade th at there b ell ri ng as if h e w as a conducth or iv a grip car

’
-
rou ndin a cu rve He h ad th sh ootin gall ery on it s l ast l egs whin we

’ ’ ’
.
run h im agai n th wheel iv fortune H e b roke it Thin we th ried him ’

. .
gr ab b ag They w as fou r goold w atch es an arm y qu an tity iv

’
on th
’
-
.
b rickb ats an chunks iv c oal in th b ag H e h ad f ou r div es an got a

’ ’ ’
.
,
w atch each time He took a ch anst on ivryth ing; an h e won a foldin .

’ ’
b ed a doll th at cu d t alk lik e an old gate a pi anny a l amp sh ade a

, , ,
-
,
Life iv St Al oysiu s a pair iv shoes a b aseb all b at an ice cre am freezer

.
, , ,
-
,
an th pom es iv M ike Scanl an

’ ’
.
Th comity w as disth racted H ere was a m an th at d b reak th f air

“ ’ ’ ’
.
,
an do it with th b est iv hum or ; f r h e com e fr m an oth er

pari sh SO
’ ’ ’ ’
.
w e h eld a priv ate sessi on Wh at ll we do? say s D organ th ch airm an

‘ ’ ’ ’
.
, .
Th ey w as a m an b e th n am e iv Fl ah erty a good m an thin an a b etth er

’ ’
,
now ; f r h e s dead m ay h e re st in peace ! A n Fl ah erty say s : We v e ot

’ ’ ’ ‘ ’
g ,
to t ake th b ull b y th h orns h e say s If ye l ave hiin to me h e says

’ ’ ’ ‘ ’
, .
, ,
I ll fix him h e say s
‘ ’ ’
, .
So h e injooced thi s m an Bu rke to com e down b ack iv th sh ootin ’ ’
gal l ery an say s h e to Bu rke Ye re l ucky to night Not so ve ry

’ ‘ ’ ’ ‘ ’
-
, , .
,
say s B u rke Twu d b e a sh am e to l ave ye get aw ay with all e won

" ’
y
.
say s Fl ah erty Twi l l b e a great in convanience say s Burke I ll h ave

" ’ ‘ ’
.
, .
A dm i l G
2
g D w y ( 1 8 3 7—1 9 1 7 )
ra
pi d M il i A g t 1 8 98
e or e e e occu e an a n u us , .
5 32 Th e Na tiona l Pe r iod
divarsion s b u t b e in stuck up ivry week or two b e a gunm an A n they

’
.
’
do say , with all ou r b oastin there s ten gunm en in New York to w an ’

,
’
in Chi cago .
Th at goes to sh ow u s Dimm ycrats ought n iver to despair iv a good

“
t im e Not th at D ini mycrats Hinn issy as a rul e are iv a repinin

.
, , ,
’
n atu re TO b e a Dimm ycrat a m an m ust b e as h opeful as an inv e st or

.
in a pol i cy t i cket A few m onth s ago I l ooked f r a monotonou s con

’
.
a teejou s c am p ai gn Th card s w ere shuffl e d an m arked

’ ’ ’
vin t ion an . .
W e wu d hol d a four card heart flu sh ; we wud b et it l ike th cheerf ul

’
-
soul s w e are ; on iliction d ay w e d dr aw th custom ary t wo spot iv

’ ’
cl u b s Un cl e C al wu d set in th Whit e House in f ron t i v th fire with hi s

’ ’
4
.
sl ipper s on b ro adcastin b e dtim e stores an O l d New Engl an d sayin s f r

’ ’ ’ ’
th e vote r s B ill y M ack wu d t ear arou nd th coun th ry den oun cin r ail
5 ’ ’
.
road comp nies fr m th b ack pl atform iv a priv ate care an th at s

’ ’ ’ ’ ’
all th e re b e to it Th votes wu d b e counted b e a qu arth er to eight ’

.
an at h alf past I d b e undh er th com fo rt e r b efu re th b an d b egan t o

’ ’ ’ ’
-
insul t m e e ars with M archin Thro Georgi a ‘ ’

.
’
Bu t th ank th Lor d f r th gin rou s O pen h an ded il e m en th at s

“ ’ ’ ’ ’
-
’
, ,
all ch ange d f r th b etth er an th su nshin e h as b egu n t o b re ak throu gh

’ ’ ’ ’
th cl ou ds f r ou r gr an d ol p arty I n iver see a c amp aign open as

’ ’ ’
.
,
Hogan says under m ore f av rabl e or m ore di sagreeabl e auspices

,
’
.
Scandal th at w an st w as resarved f r th m om in iv ili ction day i s in

’ ’ ’
full bl oom at thi s m inyit an th b ad l anguage th at w e u sed to save

’ ’
,
up f r O ctob er i s n ow f reel y ex ch an ge d wh ere iver th ou htful men

’
g
gath er togeth er Th intelli gent ilictors are al ready l ayin in th ei r store
’ ’
.
iv h ard coal b rick b ats an cab b ageh eads to greet th can dydates whin
,
’ ’
th ey appear on th hustings B efure Siptimb er dawn s I l ook to b e ’

.
gettin a l i ttl e sen se into L arki n s h e ad b e h amm erin it with a th ran s

’ ’ ’
parency wh il e h e f eeb l y retort s b e th ryin t o get fire to m e with a

’
karosen e torch Th in till i gen t Am e ri c an v oter ain t goin t o set aroun d

’ ’ ’
.
th r adi o li stenin to sol em n wu rrd s iv wi sdom thi s y ear Pol t icks

’ ’
y .
w as n i ve r m e ant f r th h om e annyh ow A ll u s vote r s i ve r get s f r m

’ ’ ’
.
it is a ch ance to go ou t ni ght s an frolic an th fell ow th at th ries ’

,
’ ’
to appe al to ou r reason will h ave ab ou t as m uch of an au eence as a

j
l ectu rer on th League iv Nati on s at a chicken fi ght B e th l ook iv
’ ’
.
things there ll b e no home l i fe f r Uncl e C al thi s com in F all B efure

’ ’ ’
.
th pu nkin s on th vin e h e ll h ave to pu t on h is l inen du ster an circ l ate

’ ’ ’ ’ ’
i i
C a1v n C ool dge ( 1 8 7 2—1 9 3 3 ) b ecame pres den on A u gu st 3 , 1 923 , on th e
4
i t
de ath of W arre n H ard ng i .
5
i i
W ll am G McA dO O ( 1 8 6 3 Secre ar y of th e Tre asury in th e W l son
.
t i
i it i
adm n s r at on, w as a l ead ng con end er for th e D emoc at c nom nat on in 1 9 24 i t r i i i .
E ncy cl ica l on A m er ica n ism 5 33
am ongs t th in h ab it ants tell in thim wh at h e thinks iv his opponent

’ ’
,
which ain t m uch ’

.
Wh at will ou r pl atform b e like? How do I know ? I don t care

“ ’
.
No w an iver reads a pl atform b ut th b oy th at wrote it Th D imm y

’ ’
.
crat pl atfo rm thi s ye ar will b e w an sintince : W e pint with pride to ‘
th r ott enness iv th R aypub lican s We re goin to appeal on their

’ ’ ’ ’ ’
.
record Tis a wi se pol icy I h eerd it first fr m th li ps iv ou r sainted

.
’
.
‘
’ ’
l e ader W ill um O Brien A fell ow b e th n am e iv Fl ann i gan w as runnin

’ ’ ’
.
,
again him f r alde rm an Will um say s I to th gr r e at m an f r we we re

’ ‘ ’ ’ ’
-
.
, ,
very intim ate mind ye in thim days an I ve often h eld h is h at whin

, ,
’ ’
h e w as roll in on th fl ure in a di scu ssion iv som e im port an t pub li c

’ ’
qu estion Will um says I ar re ye goin to st and on ye er record?

,
‘
,
’
,
‘
-
’ ’ ’
‘
I shud think not say s h e I might f all through I m goin to st an d ,
’
.
‘
.
’ ’
on F l annigan s Wh at s m ore h e say s I m goin to j ump on it h e

’ ’ ’ ‘ ’ ’ ’
.
, , ,
I d l ike t o go down to th id Mr Henn essy

“
convi ntion , H ow
’ ’
sa . .
l on g d ye think it will l ast ?

’ ”
“
T h at depinds York sh ows said on h ow much self - resth ain t New ,
D r D ool ey I figure that ab ou t th end iv th fir st week th gr reat

“ ’ ’ ’
-
. .
,
gin rou s w arm h earted m eth ropol u s will say : Th b oy s h ave b een aw ay
’ ‘ ’
,
f r m h om e l on g enough Th ey ve h ad a good time Th eir sh ow i s f unny

’ ’
. .
,
b u t th action dh rags Let s b r e ak em tonight A n th n ex d ay we ll

’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’
. .
pull th n am e iv ou r st an d ard b e arer out iv a h at an go h om e on th

’ ’ ’
b re ak b eam s .
Pope Leo XIII s Encycli cal Teste m be h evo

’
lentiae on Ameri cani sm J anu ary 22 1 8 99 , ,
O NL Y onc in th e hi tory of th e C th l ic C hu r h in th e U it d St t w
e s a o c n e a es as
it s o rthod xy f doctrine called in q e tion Th e epi d grew out of

o O u s . so e a
se ri f d iff r n es with i th hi r r hy due to th e l ib er l nd con erv tiv
es O e e c n e e a c a a s a e
approach f th b i shops t o prob l m o . h s th e r t soci ti th e teach
e e s su c a sec e e es,
i g of H ry G orge and C th ol i c p rticipati n in th e W rld s Parl i m ent

n s en e , a a o o
’
a
o f Rel i gi on t Ch i c go in 1 8 9 3 Th fl o r i sh i ng t t of A m er i c n C th l
s a a . e u s a e a a o
i i m h d m e wh il e ttr ted th e tte ti n

c s a anf E r pe b ervers e pe a ac a n o o u o an o s , s
i l l y in F r ce where th e C h ch w s h r
c a an ed b y th p l i ci e of ti ur a a ass e o s an
cl eri l gov rnm ent s A

ca a con seq nc
e m F r n h C th l i c l e d r
. s ue e so e e c a o a e s
advoc ted cl er i m i t t i n of th e C h r ch i n t h
a a os U ni ted St t -
a p ol i y a o u e a es, c
whi ch aro ed vi olent di nt m ong th m r n ervati ve l e ders of th e

us sse a e o e co s a
F rench C hurch A cri i en ued wh n c rel es F ren h tr n sl t i on

. f Th
s s s e a a s c a a o e
Lif f F th
e H k
o ( New York 1 8 9 1 ) b y W l t r Ell i tt
a er ec er p , a e o , a
p eared in 1 8 9 7 Th e c tr ver y b c m e so h ted on b oth i de of th e

. on o s e a ea s s
t ti v r A m ri n t h in g d m eth od th t L o XI II fin l ly to k
‘
A l an c o e e ca e ac an s a e a o
th m att r i to h i
e w h nd
e n d af ter
n r f l i v ti g ti o i d l tt r
s o n a s a ca e u n es a n ssue a e e
to C rdi l G i b b n
a nan th b j t T h p pe w o s or f l t y th t th e su ec . e o as ca e u o sa a e
e rring do trine h d b n i m p t d t th A m eri n C th ol ic b y f rei g

c s a ee u e o e ca a s a o n
s ur
o ce th t t h i,
h d
a th ing t d with th l gitim t p tri oti m f
e ssu e a no o o e e a e a s o
th e Am ri c d th t h e w s n ot ac
e an s, an i g th C thol i f th e U ni t d
a a cu s n e a cs o e
St tea f hol d i g th e vi ew ; h w
s o n m rel y war i ng th t if
es ch d o tr i s e as e n a su c n es
wer b ing t gh t they w r rr

e e au F l l owi ng th e p bl i ti on f th
, e e e on eou s . o u ca o e
l tt r th b i hop of th Pr vin f M i lw u k e n d New Y rk

’
p p o e s e e e s s e o ces o a e a o
th nked Le XIII for ving th e A m ric n Ch ur h f r m th e thr t f

a o sa e a c o ea o
h er y Th m or
es . mm n re cti on i n th U n ited St t
e e co h wever w th t
o a e a es, o ,
as a
e m b od i d in th r ply f C rd in l G i bb o
e e to th
e p nti ff o o M r h 17 a a ns e o u a c ,
1 8 99 when h e i d Th i s doctrin whi h I d l ib r tely c ll xtr vag nt

_
, sa : e, c e e a a e a a
a nd b ur d th i s Am er i c n i sm s i t h
a s ,
b n ll d h s n th i g in c mm n
a a as ee ca e , a o n o o
wi th th e vi w p i r ati n doctr i
e s, n d con duct of A m er i
as o ( J hn
s, ne a can s
"
o
Tr y Ell i
ac Th Lif f J m C di l G ibb
s, e A h b i h p f B l tim
e o a es ar na o n s, rc s o o a or e ,
[ 8 3 4— 1 9 2 1 [ M i lw k e II S r au J h J Wy n S J
e , , ou ce : o n . n e, . .
Th Ge t E y l i l L tt
rea f P p L
nc c X III ( N w Y rk B
ca e ig r
ers o o e eo e o : en z e
B ro s .
, pp 44 1 —4 5 3 . .
We th i s l etter as a te stim ony of th at devoted affection in

'
sen d you
your regard which during th e lon g cour se of O ur Pontificate We
, ,
h ave never ceased to profess for you for your colleagues in th e ,
Epi scopate and for th e whol e Ameri can peopl e will ingl y av ail ing
, ,
O u r sel ves of ev ery occasion to do so wh eth er it was th e h appy i ncrease ,
of you r chu rch or th e w orks which y ou h av e don e so wi sel y and

,
well in furtherin g and protecting th e in terests of C athol icity Th e .
opportunity al so O ften
presen te d it self of regar ding with adm ir ati on
that exceptional disposition of your n ation so eager for what is great , ,
an d so re ady t o
pu r sue wh atever m ight b e con ducive to soci al progress
and th e s l endor of th e St at e B ut al th ough th e ob j ect of thi s l ett er
p .
i s n ot t o repe at th e pr ai se so often accorded b ut r ath er to poin t ,
out cert ai n things which are to b e avoided and corr ect ed

yet b ecau se ,
i t is written with th at sam e apostoli c ch arity whi ch We h ave al w ay s

shown you and in whi ch W e h av e oft en addr e ssed W r t
“
,
y ou e t u s ,
that you will regard it likewi se as a proof of O ur l ove ; and all th e

m ore so as it i s conceived and i ntended t o put an end t o cert ain
cont entions which h av e ari sen l at el y am on u d whi h d i t ur b
g yo an c s ,
th e mi n ds if n ot of all at l east of m an y t o th e no sl i ht detriment

,
g , ,
of peace .
Y ou are ware b el oved Son that th e b ook enti tl ed Th e Life of

a , , ,
I saac Th om as Hecker chi efly through th e acti on of th ose wh o h ave

,
5 36 Th e Na t ion a l P e rio d
m agi sterium , t o b e b el e ed as iv
h aving b een divinel y reveal ed (Const .
de Fid cath . c i ii ) F ar b e it th en f or any one to dimin i sh or for

. .
, ,
any r e ason wh ateve r t o p ass ov er anythin g of thi s divinel y del iv ere d
doctrine ; whosoever wou l d do so would r ath er wi sh to al i enate C ath ,
ol i cs f rom th e Chu rch th an t o b r in g ov e r to th e C hu rch th ose wh o
d i ssen t from it Let th em r eturn ; in deed n othin g i s n earer t o O ur

.
,
h eart ; l et all those wh o are w andering f ar from th e sh eepfold of

Chr ist return ; b ut l et it not b e b y any other road th an th at whi ch
C hri st h as pointed ou t .
Th e rul e O f l if e which i s l ai d down f or C ath oli cs i s n ot of such a

n at ure as n ot to adm it m o di fi cation s accor ding to th e d iver sity of
,
tim e and pl ace Th e C hurch i ndeed possesses wh at h er Author h as

.
, ,
b estowed on h er a kin d an d m er ciful d i sposi tion ; for whi ch r eason

,
f rom th e ve ry b egi nn in g sh e w illin gl y sh ow ed h er self to b e wh at P aul

p r oc l ai m e d in h i s ow n r e ga r d : I b eca m e a l l th in gs t o a ll m e n th at ] ,
m igh t sa ve all ( C o rin th ians ix Th e h i story of all past ages i s

, ,
wi tness th at th e Apostol ic See to which n ot onl y th e O fli ce of teaching

,
‘
b ut al so th e suprem e gove rnm en t O f th e wh ol e C hu rch was com

mi tted h as con st an tl y adh ere d to th e sam e doc trine in th e sam e sense
, ,
an d in th e sam e m in d ( C on c V atic i b id c iv ) : b ut it h as al w ay s
. :, .
, .
b een accustom ed to so m odify th e ru l e of l ife th at whil e keeping ,
th e di vi n e ri ght inviol ate it h as n eve r di sr egar ded th e m ann e r s and

,
cu st om s of th e v ari ou s n at i on s wh i ch i t em b r aces If re qu ired for .
th e sal v ation of soul s wh o w ill dou b t th at it i s r e ady to do so at th e

,
p r ese n t tim e ? B u t thi s i s n o t t o b e d e t e rm in e d b y th e wi ll O f p riv ate

in div i du al s wh o are m o stl y deceived b y th e appear ance of ri ght b ut
, ,
ou ght to b e l ef t to th e j u dgm en t of th e Chu r ch In thi s all m ust .
acqu iesce wh o w i sh t o avo i d th e cen su re of O ur pr e decesso r Pius VI ,
wh o pr ocl aim ed th e 1 8 th proposition of th e Syn od of Pi stoi a to b e

“
inj uriou s to th e Chu rch and to th e Spirit of God whi ch gove rns h er ,
inasmu ch as it sub j ects to scrutiny th e d i scipl ine est abli sh ed and

.
approv ed b y th e Chu rch as if th e Chu rch coul d est abli sh a u sel ess
,
d i scipline or on e which woul d b e t oo oner ou s for Chr i sti an l i b erty

to b e ar
”
.
B ut in th e m atter O f wh i ch we are n ow speaking B el oved Son th e , ,
proj ect invol ves a gr eat er d an ger and i s m or e h ostil e to C ath ol i c

doctri ne and di scipl ine in asm uch as th e f oll ower s O f th ese n ov el ti es
,
j u dge that a certain l ib erty ou ght to b e in troduced into th e Chur ch ,
so th at l im iting th e ex erci se an d vi gil ance of its power s e ach one

'
, ,
of th e f aithf ul m ay act m ore f reel y in pu r su an ce of hi s ow n n atu r al
b ent an d capaci ty Th ey affirm n am el y th at thi s i s call ed for in

.
, ,
E n cy cl ica l A m e rican ism 5 37
'
on
o rder imit ate th at l ib erty which though quite recen tl y introduced

to , ,
is now th e l aw an d th e foundation of alm ost every civil comm unity .
O n th at point We h ave spoken ve ry much at l ength in th e Letter

written to all th e b i sh ops ab ou t th e constitution of St ates; wher e 1
W e h ave al so shown th e diff erence b etw een th e Chu rch which i s of ,
d ivin e right and all oth er associ ations whi ch sub si st b y th e fr ee

,
will of m en It i s of import ance therefore to note particul arl y an

.
, ,
O pin ion which i s adduced as a sort of ar gum en t to u r ge th e gr an ting
O f such l ib erty to C ath ol i cs F or th ey say in spe akin g of th e inf all ib l e

.
,
teachin g O f th e Rom an Pontiff th at aft er th e sol emn deci sion formu

,
l ated in th e V atic an C ouncil th ere i s n o m ore need O f sol i citude in

,
that regard and b ecause of its b eing now ou t of di spu te a wider

, , ,
field O f thought and action is th rown O pen to individu al s A prepos .
terous m ethod of ar guing sur el y For if an yt hing i s su ggested b y th e

, .
inf al l ib le te aching of th e Church it is cert ainl y th at no one should ,
wish to withdr aw from it ; n ay that all should strive to b e thoroughl y

,
imb ued with and b e gui ded b y its spirit so as to b e th e m ore e asil y ,
preserved from any priv ate err or wh at soev er TO thi s w e m ay add .
th at th o se wh o argue in th at wi se qu ite set asi de th e wi sdom an d
providence of God ; wh o wh en He desir ed it especi all y in order th e

m ore efli caciousl y to guard th e m inds of C athol ics f rom th e d anger s
of th e presen t tim e s Th e li cen se which i s commonl y conf oun ded with
.
lib erty ; th e p assion for saying an d revil i ng eve ryt hing; th e h ab it of

thinking and O f expressin g everything in print h ave cast su ch deep ,
sh ado w s on m en s min d s th at th e r e i s n ow gre at er u til ity and mece s

’
,
sity for thi s ofli ce of t eachi ng th an ev er b efore l est m en shoul d b e ,
drawn aw ay from conscience and du ty It i s f ar in deed f rom O ur .

, ,
intention to r epu diate al l th at th e gen ius of th e time b eget s; nay ,
r ather wh atever th e se arch for truth attain s or th e eff ort after good
, ,
achiev es will al w ay s b e wel com ed b y U s for it in cre ase s th e patrim ony

, ,
of doctrin e and enl arges th e lim it s of pub l i c pr ospe rity B u t all thi s .
,
to p ossess r eal u til ity shoul d thrive with ou t settin g asi de th e au th ority
,
and wi sdom of th e Chu rch .
We come now in du e cou r se to wh at are adduced as con sequ ences

'
from th e opini ons which W e h ave touch ed upon ; in which if th e

intention seem not wrong as We b el ieve th e things them selves
, ,
assu re dl y will n ot appear b y any m ean s f ree f r om suspi ci on For .

,
in th e fir st pl ace all ext ern al guidance i s r ej ected as superfl u ou s nay

‘
, ,
even as somewh at of a di sadv ant age f or th ose wh o de sire t o de vot e ,
F th y l i l I mm t l D i f N v mb f Wy
1
or e enc c ca or a e 1 1 88 5 e o p t o e er , , c . nne, O . Ci
pp . 1 0 7—1 34 .
538 Th e Na t io na l P e r iod
them selves to th e acquisition O f Christian perfection; for th e Hol y

Ghost they say pour s greater an d rich er gif ts into th e h earts of
, ,
th e f aithfu l now th an in ti m es past ; and b y a certain hidden instinct

teach es and m oves them with no one as an interm ediary It is in deed .
not a l i ttl e r ash to wi sh t o d et er m in e th e degree in which God com
municate s with m en ; f or th at depen ds sol el y on His will ; an d He

Him self is th e ab solu tely free giver O f His own gifts Th e Sp irit . .
b reath eth wh ere H e will ( J oh n ii i B u t to every o n e of us is given ,
grace ac cording to th e m easure o f th e gi ving o f Christ ( E p h esians ,
iv when goin g over th e hi story of th e apostl es the

F or wh o , ,
fa1 th O f th e ri sing C hurch th e stru ggl es and sl au ghter of th e v al i ant

,
m artyr s and fin all y m ost O f th e ages p ast so ab un d antl y rich in holy

,
m en will presum e to compare th e past with th e present tim es and

,
to assert th at th ey rece ived a l esser ou tpou rin g of th e H ol y Gho st?

B ut aside f rom th at n o one doub t s th at th e Hol y Ghost b y Hi s
, , ,
secr et incom ing int o th e soul s of th e j ust influ en ces an d arouses th em ,
b y adm oniti on and im pul se If it were otherwi se any extern al h elp .

,
an d gui d ance w oul d b e u sel ess If any one positivel y affirm s th at h e

“
.
c an con sent to th e saving pr e achin g of th e G os el

p withou t th e
i llumi n ation of th e Hol y Ghost wh o im parts sweetness to all to ,
consen t t o an d accept th e tru th h e i s m i sl ed b y a her etical spirit ”

,
( C one A ra usic II can vii ) B ut as we kn ow b y experi ence th ese

'
. .
, , . .
promptings and im pul ses of th e Hol y Gh ost for th e m ost part are
not di scerned with ou t th e h elp an d as it w ere withou t th e
prepar a , , ,
tion of an external gu idance In this m atter A ugustine says: It is .

“
h e wh o in good trees co O per ates in th eir f ruitin g wh o b oth w ater s

-
,
and cul tiv at e s th em b y any serv an t wh at ev er from with ou t an d wh o .
b y him self giv es in cre ase within ( D e grat Ch risti c xix ) Th at i s

”
. .
, .
to say th e whol e m atter i s accord in g to th e comm on l aw b y which

,
G od in His infini te provi dence h as decreed th at men f or th e m ost

part should b e sav ed b y m en ; h ence He h as appointed th at those
whom He call s to a l oftier degree of hol in ess should b e led thereto
in order th at as Chry sost om say s we sh ould b e t aught
“ ”
b y m en , , ,
“
b y God thr ou gh m en ( H om i in I user ”

W e h ave an ill us
. . .
trions example of thi s put b efore u s in th e very b eginni ng of th e

Church for al th ough Saul wh o was b reath ing th reatenings and
, ,
slaugh ter ( A c ts 0 ix ) heard th e voice O f Chri st Himself an d asked

.
, ,
from Him Lord wh a t wilt Th ou h ave m e to do ? h e w as neverth el ess

,
sent to Anani as at D am ascu s: A rise and

go in to th e city an d th ere i t ,
sh al l b e told th ee Wh a t th o u m ust do It must al so b e kept in min d .
that those wh o foll ow what is more perfect are b y th e very fact enter
5 40 Th e Na t io nal P er iod
With thi s op n on i i
t natural virtu e another is in tim ately con
ab ou ,
“
ne cted accor di ng to whi ch all Ch r i sti an virtues are d ivided as it w er e

,
into two cl asses p assi ve as th ey say and acti ve; and th ey add th e
, ,
form er wer e b ett er su i ted for th e past tim es b ut th e l atter ar e m ore ,
in keeping with th e pre sent It i s pl ai n wh at i s t o b e thought of su ch

.
divi sion of th e virtues Th ere i s n ot an d cann ot b e a virtue whi ch i s

.
really passive Virtue says St Thom as denotes a cert ain perfec

.
“
, .
,
“
ti on of a power ; b ut th e O b j ect of a power is an act ; and an act of

vi rtue is nothing el se th an th e good u se O f our f ree will ( I II a I ) ”
. . .
,
th e divin e gr ace of cou r se h el pi ng if th e act of vi rtue is supern atu r al

, .
Th e one wh o woul d h av e C hr i st i an virtues to b e ad apted som e t o on e ,
age and oth er s to anoth e r h as f orgotten th e word s O f th e Apostl e

,
Wh om h e foreknew h e also p red estina ted to b e m ade co n orm ab l e to

f
th e im age of H is S on ( R om ans viii , , Th e M aster an d e xem pl ar
of all sanc t i ty is Chr i st to wh ose rul e all must conform
, wh o wi sh to
att ain to th e thron es of th e b l esse d Now th en Chri st does n ot at all .
, ,
ch an ge with th e progr e ss of th e age s b u t i s y este day and to day and ,

r ,
th e sam e fo e ver ( H e b re ws x iii

r To th e m en O f all ages th e
, , ,
phr ase i s t o b e appl i e d : L e arn o f M e b ec ause I am m ee k a nd h um bl e ,
of h eart ( M a tth e w x i 29 ) an d at al l tim es Chri st shows Him self to

, ,
us as b ecom ing o b e dien t u n to de a th ( Ph il ip p ians ii 8 ) an d in every , ,
age al so th e w or d O f th e A po stl e h olds : A n d th ey th a t are Ch ris t s

’
h ave cruci fied th eir flesh wi th th e vices an d con cup iscences ( Galatians ,
v , Woul d that more would cultivate those virtues in our days ,
as did th e h ol y m en Of b ygon e tim es! Tho se wh o b y h umb l ene ss of
spi rit b y O b e di en ce and ab stin ence were p owerfu l in wo rd and work

, , ,
were O f th e greatest help not onl y to rel igion b ut to th e State and

soci ety .
F rom thi s species O f conte mpt O f th e ev an gel ical virtues wh i ch ,
are wr ongl y call ed p assi ve it n aturall y foll ows th at th e mind is

,
imb ued l ittl e b y l ittl e with a f eel ing of di sdain for th e rel i giou s l ife .
A n d th at th i s i s comm on to th e advocates of these n ew opini on s

we gather from cert ain expr essi on s of their s ab ou t th e v ows whi ch
rel i gious order s pronou nce For say they such vows are al together
.
, ,
out of keepin g with th e spirit of our age inasm uch as they narrow ,
th e l im it s O f hu m an l ib erty ; are b etter adapted to w eak m inds th an

to strong on es; av ail l ittl e for Chri sti an perfection an d th e
good O f
hum an society and r ather ob struct and interfere with it But h ow
, .
f al se th ese assertions are i s evid en t fr om th e usage and doctrine

,
of th e Chu rch which h as al w ays given th e hi gh est approval to

,
religi ous l if e A nd surely not undeservedl y For those wh o not con

.
.
,
E ncy cl ica l on A m e r ica n ism 54 1
tent with th e comm on dutie s of th e precepts enter of their own ,
accor d upon th e ev angel ical counsel s in ob ed ience to a d ivine v oca

,
tion present them sel ves to Chri st as His prompt and v al i an t soldiers
,
.
A re we to con sider this a m ark of we ak m in d s? In th e mor e pe rf ect

m anner of l if e i s it unprofit ab l e or hu rtful? Th o se wh o b in d th em sel v es
b y th e vow s O f r el igion are so f ar from throwing aw ay th eir l ib erty
th at they enj oy a nobler an d full er one th at n am el y by wh ich , ,
Ch ris t h as se t us free ( Gala tian s iv , ,
Wh at they add to this n am ely th at religiou s l ife h elps th e Chu rch

,
n ot at all or v ery l itt l e apart fr om b ein g inj ur iou s t o r el i giou s
or de r s will b e adm itted b y n o one wh o h as r e ad th e hi st ory of th e

,
Church Did n ot your own Un ited St ates receive from th e memb er s

.
O f rel i giou s orde r s th e b eginnin g O f i ts f aith an d civil i z ati on ? F or
o ne of th em r ecen tl y and it r edou nd s to y ou r cr ed it

, you h ave ,
decreed th at a st atue sh oul d b e pub li cl y e rected A nd at thi s very .
tim e with wh at al acrity and success are these rel igious orders doin g
,
their work wherever we find them ! How m any O f them h asten to

impart to new l ands th e lif e of th e Gospel and to e xten d th e b ound
aries of civili z ation with th e gr e atest e arn e stn ess of soul an d am i d
th e gr eatest d anger s ! Fr om th em n o l ess th an fr om th e r est of th e

cl ergy th e Chri sti an peopl e ob t ain pre ach er s of th e Wor d of God direc ,
tors of conscience instru ctor s of you th and th e entire Chur ch exampl es

, ,
of h ol y l ive s Nor i s th ere any di stin ction O f pr ai se b e tw een th ose wh o

.
l ead an activ e lif e and th ose wh o attr acte d b y secl u si on give th em

, ,
sel v es up to pr ay er and m ortification of t h e b o dy How gl oriou sl y .
they h ave m erited f rom hum an soci ety and do still m erit th ey shoul d , ,
b e awar e wh o are not ignor ant of h ow th e con tin ual pray er of a jus t
m an ( J am es v 1 6 ) especi all y wh en j oin ed to aflii cti on of th e b ody
, , ,
av ail s to propiti ate an d conc il i ate th e m aj e sty of God .
If the re are an y therefore wh o prefer to unite togeth er in one

, ,
society with ou t th e O b l i gation O f v ow s l et th em do as th ey desire , .
Th at i s n ot a n ew in stitu tion in th e Chu rch nor i s it to b e di s ,
approv ed Bu t l et them b ew are of setting such associ ati on ab ov e

.
rel igiou s order s; nay r ather since m ankind is more prone n ow than
,
h eretofore to th e enj oymen t of pl easu re m u ch gr e ate r e steem i s t o ,
be accorded to th ose wh o h a ve left a ll th ings an d h ave followed Ch rist .
Lastl y not to del ay too l ong it i s al so m aint ained that th e way

, ,
an d th e m eth od whi ch C ath ol i cs h ave f oll ow ed th u s f ar f or r ecall in

g
those wh o diff er from u s i s to b e ab an doned and anoth er r esort ed to .
In th at m atter it suffices to adve rt th at it i s not prudent B el oved

, ,
Son to negl ect wh at antiquity with its long experience gu ided as it

, , ,
is b y t i teachi ng h as st amped with its approval F rom th e

apo s ol c ,
.
w r of God we have it th at it is th e oflice O f all to l ab or in helping

o d
th e sal vation of our n eighb or in th e or der and degr ee in whi ch each

one i s . Th e f aithf ul indeed will most u sef ull y fulfil th e ir du ty b y _
integrity of lif e b y th e works of Ch risti an ch arity b y in st ant an d

, ,
assi duous pr ay er to God Bu t th e cl ergy sh oul d do so b y a wi se

.
p re ac hing o f th e Gosp e l b y th,

e deco rum an d sp l e n dor O f th e sac r e d
cer em oni es b ut e speci ally b y e xpressin g in th em sel ves th e form of
,
doctrine whi ch th e apostl es del ivered to Titu s an d Tim othy So th at .
if among th e diff erent m eth ods of pr eaching th e wor d O f God th at ,
som etim e s seem s p refe r ab l e b y whi ch th ose wh o d i ssent f rom u s are
spoken to n ot in th e chur ch b u t in any priv at e and pr oper pl ace

, ,
not in d i spu t ati on b u t in am i cab l e conf er ence su ch m eth od i s in deed ,
n ot t o b e r epr eh ended ; provi ded h ow ever th at th ose wh o are d evot ed

, ,
to th at work b y th e au th ority of th e b i sh op b e m en wh o h ave fir st
given pr oof of sci ence and virtu e For W e think th at there are very
.
m any am ong you wh o diff er from C ath ol i cs r ather throu gh ign or ance
th an b ecau se of any disposition of th e will wh o perch ance if th e , , ,
truth is put b efore them in a f amili ar an d frien dl y m anner m ay m ore ,
easil y b e l ed to th e one sh eepfold of Chri st .
Hence f rom all th at We h ave hitherto said it is cl ear Beloved

, , ,
Son th at W e cannot approve th e opini ons whi ch some com pri se

,
un der th e h e ad of Am eric ani sm If in deed b y th at n am e b e desig

“
.
, ,
n ate d th e ch ar act eri stic qu al ities whi ch r eflect honor on th e

peopl e of
America j u st as other n ations h ave what is speci al to them ; or if it
,
impl ies th e condition O f you r comm onweal th s or th e l aws an d cu stom s ,
which prevail in th em there is surel y no r eason why We shoul d deem

,
th at it ought to b e di scarded But if it is to b e u sed not onl y to

.
sign if y, b u t even to comm end th e ab ove doctrines th ere c an b e no ,
doub t b u t th at our Vener abl e B rethren th e b i sh ops of Am eri ca w oul d

b e th e fir st to r epu d i at e and con demn it as b eing e speci all y unj u st
“
to them an d to th e entire n ation as well For it r ai se s th e su s i cion .

p
th at there are some among you wh o conceive of and desire a church
in Am erica diff eren t f rom th at whi ch i s in th e re st of th e world O ne .
in th e un ity of d octrine as in th e unity of governm ent su ch i s th e ,
C athol ic Chu rch and since God h as establi shed it s centre an d foun
, ,
dation in th e C h air O f Peter one which i s rightly call ed Roman

, ,
for wh ere Peter i s th ere i s th e Chu rch Wh erefore h e wh o wi sh es t o .
b e call ed b y th e n am e of Catholi c ought to empl oy in truth th e words

“
of Jer meo to P pe Darnasus
o 1 following none as th e first except
,
5 44 Th e Na t io na l Pe rio d
Am eri ca b ri ngs U s speci al joy b oth on account of th e conditions ,
which give you r country prom inence over m any others and of th e ,
speci al l ove W e ent ert ain for you .
Y ou h ave b een pl e ased b el oved Son an d Vener ab l e B roth er s in

, ,
your j oint l etter to U s to m ention in det ail wh at prom pted b y love ,
f or you W e h av e done f or y ou r chu rch es du rin g th e cou rse of O ur

,
P ontificate W e on th e oth er h an d are gl ad to call to m in d th e

.
, ,
m any diff erent w ay s in whi ch you h ave mini stered to O ur consol ation
throughou t thi s period If We found pleasu re in th e state Of things
.
which prevail ed among you wh en W e first entered upon th e ch arge of

th e Su pr eme Apostol ate now th at W e h ave adv anced b eyond twenty
, _
fou r y e ar s in th e sam e ch arge W e are con str ain ed to confess th at

,
O ur fir st pl easur e h as nev er b een d im in i shed b ut on th e contr ary , , ,
h as in cre ased f rom d ay t o d ay b y re ason O f th e in cre ase of C ath oli city

among y ou Th e cau se of this incr ease al thou gh fir st of al l to b e
.
,
attrib u t e d t o th e provi den ce of God must al so b e ascrib ed to you r ,
en er gy and act i vity Y ou h av e in you r pruden t po

. l icy promoted ev ery
, ,
kind of C athol i c organiz ati on with such wi sdom as to provi de for al l

necessiti es and all contingenci es in h arm ony with th e r em arkab l e
,
ch ar act er of th e peopl e of you r coun t ry .
You r ch i ef pr aise is th at you h ave promoted an d sedul ou sl y con

tinue to foster th e u n ion of your chu r ches with thi s chief of chu rche s
and w i th th e Vi car O f Chri st on e arth Herein as you ri ghtl y conf ess .
, ,
is th e apex and centre O f gov ernm ent O f t eachin g and of th e pri est ,
hood ; th e sou rce O f th at unity which Chri st destin ed for His Chu rch ,
and whi ch i s on e O f th e m ost strikin g not es d i stingui shin g it f rom all

-
human sects A s We h ave never f ail ed to exerci se with advant age

.
this most sal ut ary ofli ce of teaching and governm ent in every nation ,
so W e h av e neve r pe rm itte d th at y ou or you r peopl e sh oul d suff er th e
l ack of it For W e h ave gl adly av ail ed O ur sel ves of every O pportun ity
.
to t e stify th e con st ancy of O u r sol i ci tu de for you an d f or th e i nte re st s

O f r el igi on am ong y ou A nd O u r d ai l y ex eri ence ob l i es U s to confess
.
p g
th at We h ave found your people throu gh you r influence endowed , ,
with perfect docil ity of m ind and al acrity O f disposition Therefore .

,
whil e th e ch anges and tendencies of ne arl y all th e n ations whi ch were

C atholi c for m any centur ies give cau se for sorrow th e state of your ,
chu rch es in th eir fl ou ri shing you thf uln ess ch eer s O ur h e art an d fill s
, ,
it with deli ght True you are shown no special favor b y th e l aw

.
,
of th e l an d b ut on th e oth er h an d you r l awgivers are cert a

, inl y
entitl ed to pr ai se for th e f act th at th ey do nothin
g to restr ain you
in your j ust liberty You must th erefore and with ou th e Cath ol ic
y
.
, ,
Pop e Leo X III C ongrat u lat ions 5 45
’
s
host b ehin d m ake strenuous u se of th e favorab l e time for acti on

'
which is now at you r di sposal b y spreading ab road as f ar as possib l e

th e l ight of tru th again st th e err or s and ab su r d imaginings of th e
sect s th at are sp ri ngi ng up .
W e are n ot un aw are Vener ab l e B roth er s of all th at h as b een

, ,
done b y every one of you f or th e est ab l ishm ent and th e su ccess of

sch ool s an d academ ics f or th e proper edu cation of chil dr en By y our .
zeal in thi s r espect y ou h av e cl earl y act ed in conform ity with th e
exho rt ati on s of th e Apost oli c See an d th e presc ripti on s of th e C oun cil
of B al t imor e Your m agn ificent work on b ehalf of th e ecclesiastical

.
sem in ari es h as assu redl y b een c al cul at ed to in cre ase th e prospect s of
good to b e done b y th e cl ergy an d t o add to the ir d ignity Nor is .
thi s all Y ou h ave wi sel y t aken m easures to enl ighten dissident s an d

.
to dr aw th em to th e tru th b y appointin g l e arn ed and worthy m em b er s

O f th e cl ergy to go ab ou t f rom d i st ri ct to d i st ri ct t o addre ss th em in
pub l ic in f am il i ar styl e in chur ch es and oth er b u il dings an d to sol ve ,
th e difli cul tie s th at m ay b e adv anced A n e x cell ent pl an . an d one ,
which We know h as alr eady b orne ab undant fru it Nor h as your .
ch arity b een unmi n df ul of th e sad l ot of th e n egro an d th e Indi an
you h av e sen t them t each er s h el ped th em l ib er all y and you are m ost
, ,
z e al ousl y provi d in g for th eir etern al sal v ation W e are gl ad to add a

.
stim ul u s if such b e n ecessary to en ab l e you to contin u e t h ese unde r

, ,
t akings with full confidence that your work is worthy O f comm endation .
F in all y not to om it th e expressi on of O ur gr atitu de W e woul d

, ,
h ave you know wh at satisfaction you have caused U s b y th e l ib er ali ty

with whi ch you r pe0 p1e are ende avoring to contrib u te b y their O ff er
ings to rel ieve th e penu ry of th e Hol y See M any indeed and gr eat are.
th e n ecessitie s f or wh i ch th e Vi c ar of Ch ri st as suprem e Pastor an d

F ath er of th e Chu rch i s b ound to pr ovi de in order to avert evil an d
to prom ote th e f aith H ence you r gen erosity b ecom e s an ex erci se an d
.
a t e stim ony of you r f aith .
F or all th ese re ason s W e wi sh to decl are to you again an d again

O ur aff ecti on f or y ou Let th e Apo stoli c b l e ssing which We b e stow
.
,
m ost l ovingl y in the Lord upon you all and upon th e fl ocks entrusted
to each on e of you b e t aken as a t oken of thi s aff ection and an
,
au gu ry of divi ne gif t s .
5 46 Th e Na tio na l P e r io d
Abb é Klein s Im pressions of Bish op McQu aid

’
1 903
BERN A R D J . M cQU A I D ( 1 8 2 3 Roch es e , w as first B i sh op of tr

tt i t i r t t i t t
o n e o f th e ou s an d n g C a h ol c p e l a es of t h e l a e n n e een h an d ea l y r
tw t t
en ie h ce n u es t ri Af e a t r hi h
g l y su cce ssf u l ca ee
. r r i
in th e D oce se o f
wr fi t r i t t
Ne a k as rs p e s d en of S e on H al l C ol l ege an d vi r r
ca ge n e al , h e w as -
r t tr
p om o ed to t h e n ew Se e of Roch e s e i n M a c , 1 8 6 8 ,rh w r
h e e f or o e f o v r rty
r i r r t t r i r
y ea s h e d spl ay e d em a k abl e al en s as an o gan z e , a p om o e O f e du r tr
ti
ca on and a co n o e s al s
, tr v r i i tH is con se a e rv tiv vi w
e s pu t h im i n oppos
. iti
on
i r
t o th e so cal l ed l b e al s in th e
-
hi r r y
e a ch , an d th e s on g tr i fl
n u en ce O f h is
ir t r i t i t r
d e c f e a l ess, an d n el l ge n app o ach o n a nu m b e O f h is f ello
, r w ih
b s op s ,
i
e spec ally M c ael Aih Co rri
gan ( 1 8 3 9 . r ih
A ch b s op o f N ew o kY r ,
r
w as m a ked M cQu aid w as u s l
. j ty r i i ti t ti
p ou d O f h i s d oce san n s u on s an d
w h en t h e A b b F lé é ix i
K le n ( 1 8 62 r
a p o f e sso r it r t r
O f l e a u e i n th e
t i tit t
C a h ol c I n s u e O f P a s r i vi i t
s ed Ro ch e s e tr ,
t r
i n th e l a e su mm e o f 1 9 0 3 ,
ih i t t
th e b s op w as at pa ns h a h e sh ou l d see th
em i
K l e n h ad b een deepl y .
i v v tr v r
n ol e d in t h e co n o e sy o e vr ri i
A m e can sm a f ew y r r
e a s b efo e ( cf .
tit
Vol u m e IV of h is S o uve n irs e n l e d U n e h e re sie fa n tcim e l A m e rica n ism e
’ ’ ’
.
' ’
[ Pa s ri , i
B ut K l e n s s m pa
’
y thi w t
es r r i
i h th e m o e lib e al m n de d A m e r .
-
i i i
can b sh op s did n ot b l n d h im t o th e ad m ab l e ir q i ti
u al e s O f on e w h o a s h e ,
i
sa d , w as r r
ega de d in Eu ope r“
as th e m os t
c on se a rv tiv r t
e p e l a e i n th e
it t t
U n e d S a es
”
ri i
N o A m e can b sh op O f h is d ay b e e
. tt r r r t
ep e se n ed th e co n
servative wi
n g O f th e hi r r h t
e a c y h an M cQu aid b u t h is con se a sm w as rv ti ,
i t t rv t r
n ot th e k n d h a p e e n e d h im f om m ak n g sol d c i ion tri ti
b u on s t o h is ow n
i rh ti
d ocese an d t o th e C h u c of th e n a on S ou ce : F l r é ix i
K l e n I n th e La n d .
,
of th e S tre n uo us Life ( C hi
ca go : A C M c c l u g r Co pp
. 9 6 — 1 04
. .
, .
,
1 1 2— 1 1 3 .
Al m ost imm edi atel y th e B i shop appear s and O ff er s m e h is h and ,
in th e wh ol e soul ed f ashion which I adm ir e so m uch in B i sh op

-
Spal ding Nothing th at I h av e yet seen i s so th orou ghl y Am e rican

}
as thi s ol d m an O f e ighty y ear s str ai ght thick set vigorous with , ,

-
, ,
a f r ank an d resol u t e b e arin g F ar f r om all owing m e a w ord of ex cu se

. .
,
h e decl ares in a ton e th at adm it s of n o d en i al th at h e i s pl eased

t o see m e an d is at m y di spo sal Y ou come t o l ook for i de as of
'
“
, .
,
cou r se and for infor m ation ? Ju st so Monseigneur ; th e encouragin g

” “
, ,
e x am pl e of wh at is t aking pl ace in th e Un i t ed St ates You r “

.
cou nt rym en i n dee d m ight profit much b y wh at is good h ere in stead

, , ,
of They do not see things in th e ri ght l i ght your countrym en , .
How much tim e can you spare m e? I m eant to t ake th e ten O cl ock ” “ ’
tr ain for B uff alo I s there one at noon? Th e onl y answer is a frown
.
”
.
I
JO h n Lancaster Spal d i ng ( 1 840 fi t Bi h
rs s op of Peor i a .
548 Th e Na t ion a l P er iod
good i t r woul d b e ready to fli ng th em sel ves into th e fir e and

s s e s ,
th at h e knows it .
Th e Norm al Sch ool i s n ow at th e en tr ance of th e city whi ch con

tinnes to grow Th e price of ground h as ri sen a great deal since B ishop
.
MacQu aid [sic] pu rch ased sixty acres h ere for th e sister s; h e h as
recently sold twenty acre s of it for a sum suffi cient to cover not onl y
th e cost O f th e wh ol e prope rty b ut of all th e b u il din gs al so H e tell s ,
.
me all thi s as th e carriage conveys u s to th e gor ges and f all s of th e

,
Genesee River W e descend at a very pictu resqu e b ridge Th e B i sh op

. .
invites m e to adm ire th e l andscape which is very pretty An d all ,

.
“
say s h e i s as instruc tive as it i s b eau tif ul Th ese grou nds are

“
th a ,
.
very rich in fossil specimens; and you O b serve th e river h as cut , ,
throu gh and expo sed th e d i ff e ren t stratific ation s It i s a re al geol ogic al .
mu seum which Providen ce h as fu rn i sh ed t o th e sem in ari an s of Roch es

t er . We have gather ed a fin e coll ecti on f rom it with ab undant ,
materi al for exch anges He wel com ed m y off er of pu ttin g him for
.
,
thi s pu rpose in comm un ication w i th M de Lapparent wh o super

,
.
intends our coll ection in th e C athol ic Institute O f Paris

“
sai d th e B i sh op i inary
“ ”
Now , y ou ar e go n g t o se e m y S em ,
.
A nd one can guess from th e ton e of thi s sim pl e phr ase h ow mu ch th e

good old B i sh op s i dea of h is Sem in ary r epresent s of work accom
’
plish ed of h opes still gr owin g an d of consci en ce sati sfi ed Indeed

, , .
,
one qu ite un der st an ds af te r h aving seen it th at it is som ethin g to

, ,
b e pr ou d of I am afr ai d of f all in g into th e Ameri can ab u se O f

.
superl ativ e s; b u t trul y n owh ere h av e I seen a b e tter pl an

, , or a b ett er ,
ad apt ation of ev e ry th i ng th at m ay serve m at eri al l y in tell ectuall y and , ,
m or all y t o prep are y ou ng cl e rics f or th ei r gre at m i ssion From th e

, .
very entr ance where you pass under th e Gothic arches of th e gr aceful
,
tower which divides th e b u il ding into two portion s you are stru ck ,
with th e harmony and ampl i tu de of th e general l ines as well as ,
with th e ex act adaptation of all th e in terior det ail s to th e pu rpose

in vi ew Everything mu st h av e b een l ong m edit ated and settl ed b y
.
th e f ou n der b efore th e con structi on w as t aken in h an d Th e Sem in ary .
h as b een b u il t t en year s; B i sh op M acQuaid spent thirty ye ar s in

pl ann i ng it In th e ex ecu ti on it i s tru e simpl i city was ev erywh ere
.
, ,
con sul ted ; b ut at th e sam e tim e el e ance an d comf or t as well Elec

g .
t ricity ste am h e ating sci entific v entil ati on ntun erou s b athr oom s com
,
-
, , ,
m odiou s furnitur e a good door and win dow pl an ; a b akery equ ipped
,
with m achines for knead ing; a refectory th at is a real dining room -

,
with its separate t ab l es and its si lver service; a reading room which ,
’
S mi d di t d A g t 20 1 8 93
’
4
St B . d ern ar y w s e nar as e ca e on u us , .
—
A b be K le in an d B ish op Mc Qu a id 5 49
’
is a s a l on , with ne w spaper s
riodi c al s; stu dent s room s fur an d pe
’
h i sh ed with sob er el egance ; corridor s whi ch are gall eri es fil l ed with
p h ot o r
g p a h s a n d en gr avi n gs fit t o dev el op th e a rti st i c sen se ; every
thing in short speaks of cul ture and b ear s witness to a nob le

, , ,
sol icitu de to b rin g up as gentl em en th ese y oung m en sprun g f rom
th e peopl e yet dest ined t o serve th em as gu i des in th e hi gh er lif e

,
.
Ev en in a recent l etter t o his pri est s recommen ding to th em b oth 5

,
th e Pr epar atory and th e chi ef Sem inar y B i sh op M acQ u aid vigorousl y ,
insist s upon th e necessity of provi ding for th e heal th an d comf ort of

th e stu dent s A m ist aken notion prevail s th at onl y h ardsh ips and
“
.
su ff e rings b u il d u p str ong ch ar act e r s Thi s n oti on m ay h ave som e .
force b ut in a full estim ation of th e v alue O f thi s sy stem som e account

,
mu st b e t aken O f th e wrecks th at l ine th e road wrecks of ru in ed ,
st om ach s d i sord er ed nerve s weaken ed l ungs and pr em atu r e corpses

, , , ,
that h ave paid th e pen al ty of di sregard of th e l aws of he al th .

”
Th e B ish op of Roch est er can w ell j udge of th e l if e which h is

sem i n ari an s l e ad ; f or h e sh ares it O n arriving with ou t b e ing receiv ed .
,
b y anyb ody we go straight to hi s r oom s Th ese are no sol em n su ites

, .
O f ap artm ent s o ccu pi ed b u t twi ce a y ear ; th ey con si st O f a b e droom

,
which h as b een u sed yesterday and i s ready for u se today or to

m orrow and a stu dy wh er e th er e i s a desk cov er ed with b ooks th at
,
are b e in g re ad an d l ett er s w aitin g to b e an swer ed Wh en w e go to .
th e r efecto ry th e B i sh op s entr ance though unann ounced is not ’

, , ,
an ev en t It is m erely a m atter of two addition al cover s; in f act

.
,
not even th at b ecau se th er e are v acant pl aces sev er al O f th e pro

“
, ,
fessors b ein g ab sen t assi sting in th e n ei ghb oring parishes f or th e

[
Sunday .
Th e onl y exceptional f eatu r e of th e meal i s th e numb er O f win es

serv e d fou r or five unl ess I m i st ake which i s som ethin g in
, , ,
Am erica an d ab ove all in a sem in ary th at c all s for expl an ation It

, , .
must b e ob served th at l ike th e l at e C ard inal L avigeri e; wh ose ,

6
ch ar act e ri stics B i sh op M acQ u aid m or e th an once r ec all ed to m e th e ,
l atter i s a gr eat viticul tur ist He gr ows I do not kn ow h ow m any .

,
kinds of excell ent wine gr apes; an d h e i s as proud of th e dipl om a -
hi s win es won at B ordeau x as h e i s of h i s Sem in ar y H e qu estioned .
m e n ot with ou t a l ittl e qu ib as to wh at wines we we re th en d rinking;

, ,
and I wh o de spite h i s inj uncti on s h ad b een drown in

, g my wine with ,
water took a m ou thful of m eat wondering wh at I shoul d repl y At

, , .
a ventur e or to b e fr ank af ter castin g a h asty gl ance at th e

, , ,
5
A p t ral l tt as of A g t 2 0 1 90 3 e er O u us , .
6
Ch l C di l L vi g i ( 1 8 2 5
ar es ar A h b i h p f Al gi
na a er e rc s o o ers
.
5 50 Th e Na t io na l Period
O b l ong f o m r
of th e b o l e s,
— “
tt
th e air of a conno sseu wi thr I
pro i
nou nced it
to b e Mosell e , or, m ore p ob ab lr y ti
s ll , Rh e n s i h I hit it .
x ty
e ac l ; f or th e vi t ih
n age s O f th e B s op of R oc es e
_
h tr i
cl a m , pe aps rh
not with t r
ou e ason , t o r iv i hi r
al th e D e des e m e an d Li r
eb f au enm l c i h
one s . I b eli eve it w as at this poi nt th at th e Bi shop s tone tow ard .
’
m e passed from kindness to sympathy My sentim ent s tow ard him . .
h ad al re ady ch an ged from f ear into cu ri osity th en to respect an d , ,
n ext to adm ir ation .
I should h ave no r eservation wh atever to m ake regardin g h im ,
if h e h ad n ot fr om on e O cl ock to three du rin g a terribl e h e at an d

’
,
-
aft er a sl eepl ess n ight l ed m e n otwith st and ing m y tim id hin t s thr ou gh
, ,
-
,
al l th e m arv el s of h i s Sem in ary f rom th e well fill ed win e cell ar s to

,
- -
th e top stor i e s wi sel y arr an ged as gymn asi um s and r ecr e ati on h all s for
rain y days Hence I h ave ret ained onl y a rather vague impression
.
ab ou t m any highl y in t er estin g thi ng s th e l ib r ary m useu ms l ab or a , , ,
tori es and th e ch apel it self ; all I can say is th at m any a uni ver sity
,
would b e gl ad to see it self so well equ ipped At l ast however as .

, ,
th e h ou r fix e d f or a conf er ence whi ch th e B i shop w as to give to

th e stu dent s was appro aching I fl atl y decl ar ed th at I could n ot t ake
,
adv ant age of it u nl e ss I sh oul d get a n ap Th e i n def ati ab l e

g patri arch .
l ooked at m e with aston i shm en t b ut d ir ected m e to a sof a upon , ,
which I dropped l ike a log Waking up in tim e thoroughl y refreshed

.
, ,
I l i stened w i th th e gr eatest in ter est to hi s t alk O f an h our an d a qu arter

“
H e spoke to a sel ect au dience in whi ch every f ace shone with ,
intelli gence Upri ghtness candor and heal th b oth m or al an d physical

, , , , .
D oub tful and in capab l e candi dates are got rid of with out h esit ation ;
vocations are sur el y nu m erous enough to perm it of a r igorou s sel ec
ti on and th e B i shop toler ates no m ediocrity in th e priesthood O f
, .
th e one hundr ed an d thir ty—f ou r sem in ari an s eighty n ine com e f rom ,
-
here there and everywhere on account of th e high repu tation whi ch

, , ,
th e cour se enj oy s To Roch ester b el ong f orty five a nu mb er suff icien t

.
-
,
f or a di ocese of on e hun dred an d ten thou san d soul s B etw een thi s .
fine b ody of youn g m en and thi s wonderful ol d m an wh o addressed

them th e current of sympathy i s n ot for a m oment b roken nor ceases ,
to m anifest itself Fr om th e b eginn in g to th e end of h i s d i scou r se

.
,
h e rem ain s m aster O f al l th ese soul s c arryin g th em al ong with h im ,
from l aughter to deep em oti on from l of ty ideas to famil i ar on es , ,
from r eason in g to enthusi asm Nothin g coul d b e mor e animated and

.
pictu resque B ut wh o can give a summ ary of such an addre ss? Th e

“
.
open ing r etr eat h e said in sub stance fin i shed yesterday and heart s “
, , ,
were opened to th e l ove of God ; now m in ds are to b e opened to “

55 2 Th e Na t ional P e r iod
own ri e ts O ne wh o took keen i ntere t in their w el f are w a H ngar ian

p s . a s as u
prel ate Pét r V ay ( 1 8 6 4

, wh o m de
e v r l trip to th e U ni ted a se e a s
St t e aa ti g s,h pl in on an i mm igr nt hip in 1 8 9 5 th t s il ed from

c n as c a a a s a a
F l m wi th ov r 2 000 H
u e g ri i m mi gr nt on b rd Ten ye r l ter h
e un a an a s oa . a s a e
ret r d thi tim e a gu t t th e i g r ti n f Pr i dent Theodore

u ne ,
s s a es a n au u a o O es
Ro sev l t in M r h 1 9 0 5 D ri g th i
o e xt d d vi i t V y p nt l ong
a c , . u n s e en e s a s e a
per i d in N w Y ork where h e w rk d m

o e g hi m p tri t in th e p ri h o e a on s co a o s a s es
of St St ph n n d St E l i b eth
. e d pre h ed nd l ectu r ed in town l i ke
a . za an eac a s
P ssai c P ter on
a n d H b oken wh r
,
a th r w r l arge mb r f H n
s , a o , e e e e e e nu e s O u
g ti n
a Th f ll wi ng xtr t f r om h i m m i r d
a s. e o rib h i i m pr si on
o e ac s s e o s esc e s es s
of n w H ng r i n p r i h in C hi
a e go u d of th m oth er p ri h of th e
a a a s ca an e a s
M gy r in th U i ted St t
a a s t Cl v l d S ou rc
e M on i gnor C o nt V y
n a es a e e an . e: s u a
de V y n d L kod Th
a a a I Lif f th U i t d S t t
us ( N w Y rk : E
, e nn er e o e n e a es e o .
P D tt
. d Co
u pp
on 1 8 1 1
an 8 5 3 3 6 — 340 .
,
.
-
,
.
reason of my visit to Chicago thi s time was as already said

Th e , ,
to in au gur ate th e l ittl e C ath oli c chu rch } erected b y th e im m i gr ant s

recently arrived from th e shore s of th e D anub e and th e Tisza I h ad .
l eft th e Unit ed St ates som e tim e previ ousl y an d wh en th e am i ab l e ,
invit ation of m y compatriot s r each ed m e I was in th e extrem e north ,
of C an ada on th e sh ore s of th e Atl antic ; I h ad j u st b een vi siting a

,
col ony of Hun gari an arti san s working in th e iron f oun dri es of Sidney
( Nov a Scoti a) Al thou gh it w as a l ong w ay b ack to Chicago I

.
,
willingl y un dertook th e tediou s j ourney occupying thr ee d ays and

three n ight s in order to compl y with th e complim ent ary requ est .
O n arr i ving at Chi cago I f ound th at th e pl ace of m y d estin ation was

r ather diffi cul t to get at and a good w ay off b eing situ ated in th e , ,
sou th ernm ost sub urb O f th e t own F ir st I h ad t o tr avel b

y r ail up to .
a cert ai n point then b y th e overh ead r ail road and fin all y b y street
, ,
car W e wen t ri ght thr ough th e city past sumptu ou s pal aces and
.
,
w arehou ses through l ab yrinth s of m odest street s until at l ast I

, ,
found myself dem ocr aticall y seat ed in an or d inary street car which ,
carri ed m e aw ay into wh at seem e d th e h eart of th e cou ntry T o ri ht

g .
and l eft str etch ed endl ess fi el d s of m aiz e an d w ith th e exce ti on of

p ,
a f ew t all chim n ey s on th e h ori zon th e scene b ef ore m e a ear ed in

pp ,
its prim ev al verdur e on e im m ense expanse of untill ed l oneli ne ss NO , .
street s no h ouses! — Bu t all th at will com e b y an d b y I w as “ ”

,
,
told and on m y n ext visit I shoul d see this rural l andscape tr an s

,
form ed into b l ocks of h ouse s an d streets j u st l i ke all th e re st O f ,
th e town .
O 1
L dy f H g y Ch
ur h Ch i g
a w f
o d d i un
1 9 04 b y th ar ur c , ca o , as ou n e n e
R d F
everen G Th mb i d f m
ranc1 s h h d t y p
roszd . e co ne ra e c u rc an rec or O e ne on
th f V y vi i t w
O
’
e occas1 on l t d t 92 1 8 D
o l St t a s s as oca e a r exe ree .
Hunga r ian I mm igran ts in th e Un ited S tates 553
At a l ittl e di st an ce
m ar shy pasture l an d I detected th e
among th e
sm all wooden str uctu r e From its roof w aved th e A merican and .
Hungarian fl ags, st ars and stripes and th e tricolour (red, white and
gr een ) h arm on i ou sl y b l en din g t ogeth e r “
Th at i s th e ch u rch ,
an d th e .
h
sc ool is u ndernea th
volunteered A humb l e edifice
, som e one prou dl y .
trul y b ut speaking of much sacrifice and l ab ou r These simpl e fol k

,
.
have b u ilt it with their h ard earned savings for th e glory Of God -
,
an d th e r el i gious e duc ation of th eir children .
More th an h alf th e popul ation O f Chicago are f oreigners Th ere fi’

.
are over It al ians and th e Hungarians proper not included , ,
in othe r catego ri es m ust b e estim ated at n earl y

,
new arriv al s
within th e l ast few year s These l atter are chiefly employed as b utcher s.
in th e sl au ghte r h ou se s an d as b l acksm ith s an d carpenter s in th e

-
,
Pull m an est ab l i shmen t It was at th e expen se of th ese peopl e th at

.
th e li ttl e ch u rch w as b u il t whi ch now m et m y vi ew It st ands l i ke .
a b eacon am i d th e su rrou nd ing m ar sh es; it i s th e nucl eus of a n ew
sub u rb which will spring up around it and will cert ainl y b e no l e ss

, ,
important a part of th e m etropoli s th an th e others which h ave arisen

at 1 6 m i l es f rom th e centre O f th e t own It is a first step tow ards .
pr ogr ess anoth er f ou ndati on ston e O f civil i sati on and cul tur e
,
.
Th e workm en and th eir f am il i es awaited m e at th e entr ance of th e

b uil di ng For th e gre ater part th e y w ere still dre ssed in th eir simpl e
.
co st u m e fr om ov er th e sea and th e ir whol e d em eanou r sh owe d

“
,
th at they h ad not l ong sin ce arrived in these part s Set adrif t in .
th at gr eat city withou t knowin g th e l angu age withou t friends or

, ,
any one t o advi se th em th e se poor fol ks are at th e m ercy O f ch an ce

,
.
A n d in addition to all th e oth er d iffi cul ti es an d pr ob l em s which th e

,
muni cip al au th orities h ave to f ace w e c an w ell un der st and th at th i s ,
qu estion O f deal ing with th e foreign popul ation of inf erior civil i sation
i s on e of th e gr e atest an d h ardest to sol ve Th ey h ave n ot onl y to b e .
fed they h av e al so to b e pr otected and edu cated Th e chur ch and

, .
th e school are th e ir onl y safe gu ar ds A s l on g as th e peopl e will go .
to chu rch an d are wil l ing to h av e th e ir childr en b r ou ght up on r el i gi ou s
principl e s th ere i s nothing to f e ar A s l on g as th ey recogn ize th eir .
du ty towar ds God th ey wil l al so r eco gn i se and ful fil th eir du ty tow ar ds

their neighb ou r .
Th e i n augur ation of th at hum b l e l ittl e chu rch an d it s simpl e w or

shipper s h as l eft an indel i b l e imme ssion u pon m e It was one of .
those never to b e—forgotten scene s which in spite of their apparent

- -
,
Th 1 9 00 g v Ch i g p p l ti f f wh m
2
e ce nsus a e ca o a o u a on o o o
li t d ig b
_
w e re s ef as ore n- o r n .
uni mpo rtance form a page in th e ann al s of history This small b egin
,
.
nin g repre sentin g th e accumul ated savings of th ose h ardy workmen is

, ,
th e centr e O f new eff ort s and new struggl e s Let us h ope th ese m ay .
l ead h ere to as succe ssful an i ssue as th ey h ave don e in oth er part s

of th e t own Let us h ope th at its i nh ab it ant s m ay one d ay b e as
.
p r o spe r ou s an d w e al thy as th eir fel l ow citizen s in ol der Chic ago Ab ove -

.
all l et us hope th at th e l ittl e church m ay grow into a cath edr al

,
and ,
it s el em ent ary sch ool into a gr e at scientifi c est abl i shment A n d al th ough .
in th e past th e pl ace h as so often b een sh aken b y strikes and tum ul t s ,
l et u s h ope th at h encef orth f aith an d cu l tu re m ay en su re pe ace an d

pro sperity to thi s m arvell ous city .
O ur church a modest wood en b uil d i ng of two stories u sed al so

, ,
as a sch ool an d as a h ab it at i on of th e pri e st

-
ri ses l i ke a l an dm ark ,
in th e m id st of a desert of f actori es for h er e are th e ironworks of ,
th e Ill inoi s Steel Trust and th e f am ou s w orksh ops O f th e Pull m an

,
C ar Company In b oth of th ese great enterpri se s th e numb er of h and s

.
empl oy e d gre atl y ex ceed s dr awn for th e m ost part f rom

Austro Hungary Th at i s why this parish was form ed Th e popul ation
-
. .
,
cal l ed i nto exi stence b y these w or ks requ ired th e consol ations of ,
religion and their num erou s progeny needed e ducation and care in an
, ,
atm osph ere impregn ate d with sm oke an d al coh ol .
When at l ast I arrived after a l ong j ourney I found th e church , ,
cr am m ed with w orkm en an d their f am il i es all per sons wh o e arned ,
the ir daily b read b y th e sweat O f their b row This sympathetic crowd .

,
an d th e w arm th of th e i r reception al m o st m ade m e f orget th at th e ,
congregation h ad gathe red in an er ection m ade O f

pl anks more l ike
“
a b arn th an a pl ace of w o r sh i
p .
Wh at was m y surprise at th e end O f m y sermon when th e priest

appeal ed to t h e generosity of th e w or shi
ppers an d a sh eet of paper , ,
in h is h an d held a m eeting of th e con gregation

, asking th em to ,
furni sh th e empty b u il di ng Th e al t ar cl oth ornam ent s

. . ev eryt hi ng -
,
was sub scrib ed with a truly Chri sti an gen erosity an d if ever Provi ,
dence sh oul d again t ake m e b ack I am cert ain th at I sh oul d find ,
th at hum b l e pari sh a most flou ri shin g centre .
At Chicago I witnessed th e initiation of an Am erican cur e of soul s ,
wi th its prel im inary work ; at Cl evel and on th e contrary I w as ab le , ,
to adm ir e th e fu ll d evel opm ent of one of the se imm i r ant

pari sh es
fi
g
St El i b th C h fi t cl i ly M gy p i h i
’
3 . h Cl
za e l d w ths u rc , ev e an , as e rs ex u s ve a ar ar s n
th U it d St t
e n eTh h h h d b
a es b g .
i 1 8 9 3 b y th R v
e c urc d Ch l a ee n e un n e e eren ar es
B h m th
oe pi, H g i
e p i t i
o n eer th U i t d St t un B hm gh t
ar an tr es n e n e a es . oe sou ou
H g i
un ar anC th l i i i p t f th
a o cst y n d d d i
var ou s
g tt i gar s o e cou n r an su cce e e n e n
55 6 Th e Na t ion al P er iod
f or him to kno w and care for a furth er divi sion is m ade In Europe ,
.
there are parishes of forty or fifty thou sand soul s In America on .

,
th e con tr ary th e numb er r arel y excee ds twel ve or f ou rteen th ousand

,
.
Th e dwell er s in each pari sh form so to speak a l ar ge f am il y in , , ,
whi ch th e m emb ers know one another at least b y sight and each is , ,
known to th e priest Thu s they con stitute as I h ave said l arge

.
, ,
f am il ies e ach memb er contrib uting accordin g t o hi s pow er to the

,
welfare of th e comm unity Thi s is h ow th e success to day recogni sed.

-
b y th e worl d i s m ade possib l e an d why th e C ath ol ic Chu rch in th e ,
United States h as ri sen to h er pl ace of general respect and honou r .
Th e Origin s of th e C ath ol ic Ch urch Exten sion

Society, O ctob er 1 8 , 1 905
r ty r i hr tr
T H E p e dom n an l u b an c a ac e O f A m e ri C th l i i m i triki gly can a o c s s s n
i tr t tt t
l l u s a ed b y th e f ac h a ou t of 30 70 cou n ti i t h U it d St t th ere es n e n e a es
are 8 1 9 cou n e s ti r i r
em b ac n g an a ea O f q re m ile or b t s ua s a ou
o n e f ou rth t
o f t h e cou n ry wh r th r
e e e e is n r id t priest Mor over o es en . e ,
th r e e are m ll t wn d h m l t with n o pri e t t

s a o s erve th an a e s s o s e
r l i gi o n d f th e C th l i c p ple E rly in th pr ent cent ry Fr nci

e us ee s o a o eo . a e es u a s
C l m nt K ell y ( 1 8 70
e e e th n p t r f Imm l t C n pti e as o o acu a e o ce on
Ch r h L p r M i ch i g
u c , a ee b m e co vi n ced f th e
, an , e si ty t do som
ec a n o n ec s o e
th i ng t rem dy thi it ti on Th e r lt f h i ff rt w th e f di g
o e s s ua . e su O s e o s as ou n n
o f th C thol i Ch r h Exte i n S ci ty wh i ch dur i n g th e p t fi f ty y r

e a c u c ns o o e as ea s
h a s coll ted ec d d i p r d to th A m er i n r r l m i si o
an s e se vr e ca u a s ns o e
i
n pr vi d i g h r h e
o n pp rt to pr i t
c u c s, n d th e fsuil i t i of r l i gi es s, a ac es o e ou s
w r hip i c try di tri ts C mp i g f o e l i ting pport h v b

o s n ou n s c . a a ns r n s su a e een
c o dn t d pri i p lly th ro gh th
uc e nc a i ty fli i l rg E t i M g
u e soc e
’
s O c a o an , x e ns o n a a
zi n e, b g in 1 9 06
e un d h vi g t th pre nt t i m e
an ci r c l t i n
a n f v r a e se a u a o o o e
pi m thl y I n t h f l l wi g d o m nt t h e soci ety f n d r

’
co es on . e o o n cu e s ou e ,
wh o w oas c r t d in O ct b er 1 9 24
n sec a e nd B i h p f O kl h m C i ty
o , , as seco s o O a o a ,
recou n e t d th ircu m t c th t b r gh t th e rg n iz ti on i nt e xi t
e c s an es a ou o a a o s en ce .
So r u ce : Fr n i C l m t K el l y Th B i h p J t I t D w
a c s e en A A t bi
e , e s o o s o n . n u o o
g phi l S t i
ra ca M m i
ra n ( N w Y rk : H rp r
on e Br
o r es pp e o a e os .
, .
1 1 4—1 23 .
Th e d r eam ? Ith ad b een growing on m e f rom th e d ay wh en I r ead

.
a l etter of appe al fo r th e Soci ety f or th e Prop agation of th e F aith
sen t Ab b é M agnien
ou t by I w as then too poor to help b ut .
hopeful enough to promise that som e day I Should I felt as I read .
th e Ab b é s ci rcul ar th at th e wh ol e Chu rch in Am eri ca ou ght to h el p

’
.
It was not gr atitude for what th e great Society h ad done for th e

Th e C a th ol ic C h u rch Ex te nsion Soc ie ty 5 57
Church of Am e rica th at moved m e b u t th e th ou ght th at we h ad a ,
du ty to vind icate our C athol icity in m i ssion ary action within and
ev en b ey on d our b or de r s There w as f or m e an eff ectiv e l ect u re on .
that particul ar m ark of th e Church in th e appeal of th e Gr and O ld

M an of B al tim ore .
1
Then c am e tr av el in g and l ectu rin g I saw A m er1ca not th e Am eri ca .

,
of th e great citi es b ut th e r e al Am e ri c a which f ee d s an d sust ain s th e
oth er th e Am eri ca O f th e sm all towns vill ages an d country si de In , , .
th e West an d Sou th I r an into sm all gr ou p s of C ath ol i cs thre atene d

with b eing swallowed up b y ind iff er ence pastorl ess pe0 p1e as well as ,
chu rchl ess peopl e A n d th e con victi on c am e to m e th at ou r l e ade r s h ad

.
m i ssed som eth ing gre at b ecau se th ey h ad b een ov erwh elm ed b y num
b er s pou rin g out of ships in t o th e ci ti es W e h ad I th ou ght b een .
, ,
f or ced to n egl ect th e m in ority th at h ad gon e to th e l ittl e pl aces B ut .
these were th e hope of th e citie s of th e fu tu re th e f athers an d m other s ,
O f th e n ext an d su cceed in g gen er ati on s of city dwell er s Coul d we .
aff or d t o l o se th em ? I w as su re we could not .
Th ere i s som eth ing sub st anti al b ehin d ev ery dr eam n o m atter h ow
f ant asy m ay di stort it D ream s are th e pl ay s of th e sub con sc iou s
“
m em ory Th e sub st anti al b ehind min e was th e C ath ol icity of th e

. .
Chu rch So deep rooted b ecam e m y desire to h elp th e rur al pl aces th at

.
-
I fel t no d iscour agem ent would prevent m e from pl anting a seed in

soil I h ope d w oul d b e fe rtil e en ou gh to giv e it str en gth an d gr owth .
Th ere c am e t o Tr i n i ty Rectory one ev en in g wh en I w as th ere a

_
ste rn dignifi ed an d al oof appear i n g m an whose n am e h as al re ady

, ,
-
b een m en ti on ed H e w as J ohn Henn essy B i sh op of Wi chit a

. H is , .
2
b e arin g did not in vit e confi dences e v en conv er sati on for th at m atte r .
B ut youn g m en with dr eam s are n ot afr ai d I t alked O f m in e in hi s .
p r e sen ce H e sh o w e.d i n t e r est T o th e D e an s astoni shm en t h e e v en .

’
invit ed m e to pay hi m a vi sit if my l ectu rin g b r ought m e n ear W i chita .
I th anked h im for th e in vit ation with ou t determ ining to accept it I .
w as afr ai d t o accept it B ut wh en I did actu all y fin d m y self n ear .
Wichit a I recall ed it an d paid h im a vi sit He questioned m e cl osel y .
ab ou t th e thin g th at was in t er estin g m e I w as l au nch ed in t o th e su b j ect .
of h om e mi ssi on s b efore I kn e w it b ecau se I w as soon aw are O f th e ,
fact th at I h ad a sym path etic l i st ener To m y su rpri se th e B i shop took .
1 A lph o n se L . M agni e n S S ( 1 8 37 , . . w as sup er or i of th e Su l p ii

c ans in
i
th e U n t e d S t ate s from 1 87 8 t o hi s de ath . I n Novem b er , 1 89 6 , h e w as app o i nt e d
Na ti
o n al D irector of th e S o c iety f or th e Prop agat i on of th e F a th i .
2 J oh n J . He nnessy ( 1 847—1 920 ) w as con se crat ed f or th e new S ee of W ich ita

on No v mbe er 30 , 1 888 .
55 8 Th e Na t ion a l P e r io d
i
ion when and where I l eft O ff and suggested th at I sh ould
'
“
up th e d scu ss
m ake an eff ort to found a Society d ed icated to th e work .
Wh at we need fir st O f all h e said is financial help to put up

“
,
”
,
“
ch apel s f or sm all gr oups scattere d h ere an d th ere all ov e r th e West .
Som eone l ike you mu st m ake a stu dy of th e situ ation an d b egin

th e w ork .
Wh en I su ggested th at I was too unimport an t a person to do more

than m ake th e study h e answered For som e good pu rpose of Divine
, ,
“
Providence you h ave b een forced ou t to see con ditions f rom one en d
of th e cou ntry t o th e oth er Learn all you can ab out home m i ssion
.
so ci eti e s el sewh e re and write on th e su b j ect Th at i s th e w ay to b egin

”
. .
I did m ake th e study b ut rem ained doub tful that I was ind icated
as th e f ou nde r of such a wo rk Th en som ething el se h appen ed an d
.
,
again in K an sas I visited Ell sworth to l ecture for th e high school

.
of th e town an d th e re m et th e p astor F athe r Arthu r Lu ckey Wh at ,

.
h appened to m e in Ell sworth was read b y thousands when th e appeal

I fel t forced to write w as pub li shed in th e E cclesiastical R e view of 3
Phil adelphi a an d reprinted m an y tim es in p am phl et form For ye ar s .
after th e Chu rch Ext en sion w as f ounded th at appe al w as known as th e

“
Littl e Sh an ty [ There foll ow s th e fir st part of th e articl e
which describ ed th e m i ser ab l e sh anty in which th e pastor of Ell sworth
l ived an d th e equall y depl or ab l e conditi on of th e l ittl e chu rch ] .
Th at Littl e Sh anty Story founded th e C ath ol ic Chu rch Exten sion

Society b oth in th e Uni ted St ates an d C an ada b ecau se it pl ay ed a
sym pathy if not a sym ph ony on th e h e art strin gs of m any peopl e In th e .
spring O f 1 9 05 n othin g was w anting for th e f oun ding of th e soci ety b ut
a di stin gui sh e d spon sor defin it el y the archb i sh op of on e of th e l arge

,
m etropol itan sees of th e Uni ted St ates I w ant ed to go ou t search ing .
for one b ut h ad n o m oney to pay m y w ay aroun d TO m y r escue c am e .
a gr oup of th e K night s of Col u mb u s in M ichi gan and O hio Th ey .
gave me a one h ou r job an d pai d well for it I was invite d to preach on

'
my h obb y at th eir summ er ou tin g at Cedar Po int O hio with th e col , ,
l ection as recom pen se Th at coll ecti on n etted m e ab out two h un dred

.
doll ar s I coul d tr avel as f ar as th at sum woul d carry me

.
.
Natur all y New York was my fir st ob j ective I w anted Archb i shop .
Farl ey t o b e th e h onor ary h e ad of th e soci ety His r efusal was ki ndly

4
.
expressed b u t cl e arl y defin ite I trie d Archb i sho

p Ry an of Phil adelphi a
5
. .
i E l i ti l R i w XXXII ( J
“ ”
Ch h E t Am i
57 Z
urc x ens on , er can cc es as ca ev e , u ne,
58s
-
4
J h F l y ( 1 842—1 9 1 8 ) b m A h b i h p f N w Y k i 1 902 d
o n ar e eca e rc s o O e or n an
w asm d a e di al i a car 191 1
n n .
5
Pat i k J Ry
r c ( 1 8.3 1 —1 9 1 1
an
) w a am ed A rch bi h p f Ph i l d l ph i i 1 884
s n s o o a e a n .
son ali ty .
h at worried m e for my confidence w as all in th e argum ents
T ,
.
Tru th w as th at th e Archb i shop kn ew th em as well as I did sin ce for ,
ye ars h e h ad h ad th e sam e thought on th e sub j ect which in m e w as

onl y devel oping B u t wh at I h ad seen in m y tr av el s aroun d th e W e st
.
an d Sou th in t erest e d h im an d it w as pl ain th at h e l ov e d a sto ry w i th

,
a l e sson to en d it Th e strong impr ession I got from w atch ing and

.
hearing h im was th at h e w as a m an of wide vision I mu st admit .
th at h e fr i ghtened m e B ut I knew th at here was a per sonality an d a

.
“
p r o tec to r w e ll w o rth w i nni ng H e prov ed e asy to win n ot b ec au se I h ad

.
,
winning ways b ut b ecause h e him self h ad b een over th e groun d When .
th e l i ght f ade d an d a b ell c all ed h im to th e ch apel f or th e O penin g of

th e r etr e at h e w as th er e to att end h is m in d w as m ade u p and h e said so,
.
I h ad foun d my protector and knew th at if I l ost h im l ater it woul d

n ot b e b e cause h e f ail e d t o sti ck b u t b ecau se I f ail ed to m ake good .
Th e C athol ic C hur ch E xten si on Soci ety w as founded in Archb i sh op

Q uigl ey s h ouse in Chicago on th e 1 8 th of O ctob er 1 9 0 5 I w as giv en
’
.
,
m ou nt ains to cl imb I knew well wh at w as on th e oth er si d e of th em

.
-
b u t I n ever expected to see it Y e t I think th at throu gh a n arrow pass .

,
h i gh upon th e most desol ate part of one O f them perh aps I caught a ,
gl i mpse of it Crypti c? No ! I am onl y thinkin g of th e adv an ce d guard

.
O f a n ew gener ation O f pri est s i m it ati ng th e poor m an of A ssi si in a,
m odern w orld ; or if you will im i t ating th e Apostl e to th e G ent il es

, _ ,
in h is own good way pri est s of th e highway s and h edges .
“
I can t under stand you priests said a b u sin ess friend as h e shook
’
h ands in f arewell when I w as l eaving L apeer for Chi cago Here you .
are ab andon ing y ou r n ew chu rch and y ou r fi ne n ew h om e alm ost t h e
d ay af ter you got i nto th em to st art all ov er again in a Chi cago fl at

,
wi th nothing b ut a dream and not m u ch of a dre am at th at .

”
A dream ? Th e m an did not know th e compell ing force and per sistent
gl ory of a dre am Whil e I am n ow as a b i sh op comm itted to a di sl i ke
.
, ,
for dre am er s onl y yester day a m oth e r m y own si ster pou ring out O f
, , ,
h er arti st soul a pr ayer of r esign at i on ov er h er afll icted son b rou ght ,
te ars acknowl edging th e truth an d power of a dream from my eye s .
H ad I b een l eaving f or a prom ot i on f ew would h ave th ou ght or

expressed any w ond er m ent But th e b u si ness th at h as to w ait for
.
ete rnity to p ay it s divi dend i s an oth e r m att er Th ose wh o f oll ow th e .
red gold l ure O f th e Cross are m y st eri ou s even t o som e wh o ou ht

-
g ,
to un der st an d .
I h ad a friend in Detroit Edward H Doyl e wh o would have h is , .

,
1 4
Ec1
w zrd H D oy l e ( 1 8 49— 1 9 1 9 ) w as C omm i i i i h ig
14
ss o ner of B ank f or M
g
.
ng c an ,
191 1 19
Wh ite s D ec isions 56 1
’
C h ief J ust ice
j oke . He w as one Of tho se wh o thou ght I was risking too m u c h by

th e b u n ng r ihips of my s .
Did you e ve r h e ar th e definition for a prom oter m ade b y my u nu su al

fri end M arcu s Poll asky? h e asked wh en I cal l ed at h is O fli ce in th e
”
,
M aj esti c B uilding to say good b y -

.
Neve r Wh at i s it ?
“ ”
.
He w as on th e witness st and in a cou rt c ase Th e ex am ining l awy er .
asked h is n am e and h i s b usin ess M ar cus gav e h is n am e and said th at

'
his b u si ness w as th at O f a prom oter

”
.
Wh at is your definition of a promoter Mr Poll asky? , .
A promoter? Why a prom oter i s a m an wh o h as nothing to sell

,
and wh o sell s it t o a m an wh o doesn t w an t t o b u y it

’ ”
.
I saw th e point and tried to expl ain wh at my kind of prom oter was
‘
an d wh at h e h ad to sell My frien d li st ened pol it el y f or awhil e Reall y

. .
I w as onl y tryin g to give him inf orm ation not to sell him an ything ,
“ ”
.
Th at will do Th at will do h e interrupted B efore you go you ou ght

.
,
.
to m ee t m y f rien d M arcu s He w as right Bu t I ll b uy it

’ ”
. . .
Buy it expen sivel y h e di d In h im I l an ded my fir st b ig fish It . .
weighed ten thousand doll ars .
Th e society st ayed onl y one year in L apeer Th en it w as m oved to .
Chicago and I h ad to go with it Th e Bishop O f D etroit granted m e .

l‘5
th e usu al Ex eat tr ansferring m e to th e ar ch di oce se of Chicago I mu st .
adm it th at h e seem ed to t ake hi s l oss in a spirit of r esi gn ation .
C hi ef J u stice Wh ite s D eci sion s in Regard to

’
Divorce April 1 9 0 6 an d to th e S el ective

, ,
Draft Law J anu ary 7 1 9 1 8 , ,
ED W A RD D O U G LA S W H IT E ( 1 8 4 5— 1 9 2 1 ) w as a mem b e of th e r
r
Sup em e C ou rt it tt
of th e U n e d S a e s f o r tw t v y r h v
en y -se en ea s, a i n g b een
i t r t r
app o n ed in 1 8 9 4 an d p om o e d to t h e ank of c h i j ti
ef u s ce i n 1 9 1 0 D u ng ri .
his se rvi
ce on th e b en ch W eh it wr t i i
o e O p n on s in o e vr
700 cases, b u t is it
fi t h r t ri ii
d if cul to c a ac e z e h is d e c s on s s n ce ati ti
m es h e s de d i
h th e so wi t
c l l e d l i b er l
a n d ag i how d a n rvative i nterpr t tion of th e l w
a s a a n s e co se e a a .
H w as th e secon d so th r C ath ol i D m ocrat t b

e u e n hi f j ti Rog r c e o e c e us ce , e
Br k e Too y h ving h l d th e O ffi ce f r m 1 8 3 6— 1 8 6 4 W hit w d t d

an e a e o . e as e uca e
t M ou nt S i nt M ry s C ol l ge Em m i t b rg nd G rg t wn C ll ge Two
’
a a a e , s u , a eo e o o e .
of h is m or n otabl e opi i n e r giv n b l w I H dd k v H dd k of

n o s a e e e o . n a oc . a oc
A pr i l 1 2 1 906 h , p k f or a co, rt d i
e v i
s d ed o 5 — 4 in
e d iv r i t th t u a o ce su a
rem i n d th r l ing nd
a e etrolli ng d i i on f
u a q rt r
con t ry ntil ec s or a ua e cen u u
expre ly v rr l d in W illi m v N th C li in D ec m b r 1 9 42
ss o e u e a s . or a ro na e e , ,
J h S F l y ( 1 8 33 —1 9 1 8 ) b
1 5 o n . o e m Bi h p f D t i t i 1888 eca e s o o
. e ro n .
562 Th e Na t io n a l P e r io d
whi h r g i d th v l i di ty f N v d d iv r
c ec o n ze apply in g t
e a p r o e a a o ces as o e son s
l i vi g i oth r t t
n n Th H d d k h d ri gi n ll y b e n d om i i led i N w
e s a es . e a oc s a o a e c n e
York b t th h b nd h d l ef t th t t te tak n up re id
, u e us a in C onn ecti c t
a a s a , e s en ce u ,
a nd h d ther a O b t in d a d i vorce b ye ervi e up on hi

a w i f e T h e wi f e l t r
e s c s . a e
sue d f r d ivorce i n N w Y rk nd w
o i nform ed O f th e e rl i r cti on of h
e o a as a e a er
h b u s an d wh i h wo l d h v prev nt d hc f rom u ring h er ri ght t h i

a e e e er secu s o s
es at te l im o y t Th c e c m e b f r th S pr m e Co rt u d r th
, a n , e c . e as a e o e e u e u n e e
co n ti t ti n l provi i n th t on
s u o a t t i b l i ged to give f ll f ith nd cr dit
s o a e s a e s o u a a e
to th p bli
e ct Of v ry th r t te I th
u c a s nd d i i n f W h it
e e o e s a . n e seco ec s o O e,
h an d d d ow on J n ry 7 1 9 1 8 f
e n un ima ua rt th c tit ti l ity, , or a an ou s cou e on s u on a
o f t h S l e tive D r ft L w f M y 1 9 1 7 en te d t
e e c a gm t th e rm d
a O a , , ac o au en a e
f r e
o c s O f th U it d St t d r i n g W rl d W
e n I w
e u ph l d A n i tem
a es f u o ar as e . o
p r on l i t r t i th l tt r
e s a n e es e w th t W hite h d hi m l f l ft G e rg
n e a e c as as a a se e o e
town ll g noffi i l ly t th ge of fi ft n t o nl i t s soldier in a C

co e e u c a a e a ee e s a a on
f d r t r gim nt th
e e a e f r m i ng i n h i n t i v L i i n
e e en So r : H dd k
o s a e ou s a a . u ce a oc
v H dd k 2 0 1 U S 5 6 2 ( pp 5 7 5
. a oc ,
A v U it d S t t ; G h l
. . . rve r . n e a es ra
v U i t d S t t ; O tt W g i v U i t d S t t ; W l t W g i v U i t d
. n e a es o an er n . n e a es a er an er n . n e
St t ; K m
a es v U it d S t t ; G b d v U i t d S t t 2 4 5 U S
ra er . n e a es ra u ar . n e a es , . .
36 6 3 — 37 8
( pp 77 .
,
HA DD O CK vs . HA D D O CK
No on e den ies th at
t ates at th e tim e of th e adoption of th eth e S ,
Constitu tion possessed full power over th e sub j ect O f m arriage and
,
divorce NO one m oreove r can d eny th at pri or to th e adoption of

.
, , ,
th e Constitution th e exten t to whi ch th e St ates wou ld r ecogni ze a

,
divorce ob t ain ed in a f orei gn j u ri sdi cti on depen ded u pon th eir con
ceptions of d uty and com ity B esides it m ust b e conceded th at th e .
,
Consti tution del egated n o au thority to th e Gove rnm ent of th e United

St ates on th e sub j ect O f m arri age and d ivorce Y et if th e proposition .
,
b e m aint ained i t w oul d foll ow th at th e destructi on of th e power of

,
th e States ov er th e di ssol u tion o f m arr i age as to th e ir own citi zen s , ,
woul d b e b rou ght ab ou t b y th e O per ation of th e full f aith and credit

cl au se of th e C onstitu ti on Th at is t o sa
y it woul d come to pass th at .
, ,
al th ou gh th e C on stitu tion of th e Uni te d St ates does not i nte rfere

with th e authority of th e State s ov er m arriage neverth el ess th e full ,
f aith and credit cl au se O f th at i n stru m en t de stroyed th e auth ority of

th e St ates o ver th e m arri age r el ation A nd as th e Gov ernm ent of th e .
United States h as no delegated authority on th e sub j ect th at Gove rn ,
m ent woul d b e pow erl ess to preven t th e evil thus b rou ght ab ou t b y th e
ful l f ai th an d credit cl ause Thus n ei th er th e St ates nor th e Nation al .
G overnm ent would b e abl e to exert th at auth ority over th e m arri age
tie po ssesse d b y eve ry o th e r c iv i li ze d governm ent Y e t m ore rem ar kabl e .
would b e such resul t when it is b orne in mind that when th e Constitu ,

5 64 Th e Na t iona l P erio d
to it an d whi ch therefore can onl y b e exerci sed provi ded th e citi zen
consent s to it s ex ert i on i s in n o sub st an ti al sen se a pow er It i s ar gu e d .
,
however th at al thou gh this i s ab stractl y tru e it i s not concretel y so

, ,
b ecause as compell ed m il itary service i s r epu gnant to a free govern

m ent and in conflict w i th all th e gr e at gu ar antees of th e C on st i tut i on
as to in divi du al l ib erty it m u st b e assu m ed th at th e au th ority t o r ai se
,
armi es w as in ten de d to b e l im it ed to th e ri ght to c all an arm y int o
exi st ence cou nting al on e u pon th e will i ngn ess of th e citizen t o do h is
du ty in time O f pub l i c ne ed th at i s in t im e Of w ar But th e prem i se of

, ,
.
this proposi tion is so devoid O f foundation that it l eaves n ot even a .
sh adow of gr ou nd upon wh i ch to b ase t h e con cl u si on Let u s see if th i s .
i s n ot at once d em on str ab l e It m ay n ot b e doub ted th at th e v ery

.
concept i on of a j ust gove rnm en t an d it s du ty t o th e cit i zen incl u des

-
th e r ecipr ocal ob l i gation of th e citizen to ren der m il it ary servi ce in c ase

of n eed an d th e r i ght t o com pel it V attel Law of Nation s B ook II I
.
, , ,
c 1
. 2 TO do m ore th an st at e th e propositi on i s ab sol u tel y unn eces
.
sary in Vi ew O f th e pr actic al ill u str ation afforded b y th e al most u n iv er sal
l egi sl ati on to th at eff ect n ow in f orce .
F in all y as w e are u n ab l e to conceiv e upon what th eory th e ex acti on

,
b y governm ent from th e cit i zen of th e perform ance O f h is su prem e an d

nob l e duty of con trib u tin g t o th e d ef en se of th e right s an d h on or of
th e n at i on as th e r e sul t of a war d ecl ar e d b y th e gr eat r epr esen t ative

,
b ody O f th e peopl e can b e sai d to b e th e im position of invol unt ary

'
servit ud e in viol ati on of th e prohib itio n s of th e Thirt eenth A m en dm en t ,
w e are con str ain ed to th e c on cl usi on th at th e con ten ti on t o th at eff ect

i s refu ted b y it s m er e st atem en t .
L oui se Im ogen Guin ey on a Preferen ce for

Livin g in En gl an d April 1 907 , ,
r t iv ri th i it r ry
A M O N G th e el a el y f ew Am e can C a ol cs o f l e a i
f am e w as Lou se
i y
I m ogen G u ne ( 1861 y r r r t r
Two ea s b ef o e sh e g adu a ed f om Elm
rt v t r rt r vi ri r th r
h u s , th e C on e n of th e S ac ed H ea in P o d ence , h er I sh b o n f a e -
,
tri
Pa ck R ob e rt i y t r r ivi
G u n e wh o h ad h ad a gall an ca ee in th e C l W ar d ed
, i
r t r r ti y
a he d am a call t tr t rh i
i n a B os on s ee in M a c , 1 8 7 7 Speak ng of thi s .
i ti with
ep sod e in co nn ec on t r t t ri
t h e B os on ese n m en of th e I sh , V an W yck
r i i y
B ooks w h o cl asses M ss G u ne am ong T h e Ep gon ,
,
“
i i r r ”
t t
e m a k ed h a in
Jh y ’
t i i i
h er an d o n B o l e O Re il ly t h e B os on ans f ound c om pen sat on s H e sa d : .
i i ri t r
M ss G u iney s sp ’
rw r
o de f o th r ti r
a d in h er f a
‘ ’
t i
e s s r u p s N on e O f h s .
t
w as l os u pon th e city ri t
o f th e P u t i w
an s T h e B os on an s kne
. ir
a sol d e as ,
th y w
e kne t
a p oe v y ww t t r i
H ea en on l kn e
. q r r
h a f u u e g f ts th e con ue o s
Lou ise I m ogen G u iney 56 5
tr
h ad in s o e f or a l a e New Engl and ; and th e tr ankees e e n ot u ng a e f u l Y wr rt
to h e m t”
( N e w E ng l a n d : I n d ia n S u m m er 1 8 6 5 —1 9 1 5
[New o k , , Yr
pp 4 1 2
. th t
A l ough b y th e l a e cen u t ry i
M ss G u ne h ad ga ned f am e i y i
t it r ry ir
an d accep an ce i n l e a c cl es, on tw o tri
p s t o E n gl an d she h ad l os h er t
h rt th t
ea to tr
a cou n y an d i n 1 90 1 sh e en t o l w t iv r
e pe m anen l y i n O f o d t x r .
In thi hr ti t
s sh e s a e d t h e sen m en Of o e A m e can l e a th r ri
gu es and it r ry fi r
arti t i r J
s s l ke H e n y J
am es i am es W h s l e , E d , t r
W a on , and G eo ge P i th h rt r .
y iv
A Heal wh o l ed m uc O f
. h th i r iv e r
l es ab oad A m on g h er b es essa s w as t . y
A Li ttle E ngl ish G a ll ery ( 1 8 9 4 ) an d h er b es poem s e e ga th e e d oge e t wr r t th r
in H ap p y E n d ing B u t A m e can eade s ri r r wi
ll , pe aps, fin d m o e rh r
i t r ti
n e e s n g an u n s gn ed essa i
of 1 9 07 , t h e de n y of i tity
ch w a s m ade whi
w
kno n b y M ss G u iney s b og ap e
’
i i r hr
E M T e n i son in a c ap e e n l e d , . h tr .
, ti t ,
“
A n A m e can V e ri
of En gl an d ,
”
iw
Lo u ise I m og en G u in ey ( Lon don ,
pp 2 1 5 22 5 S ou ce :
.
— r r r
O n A P e f e ence f or L n g in Engl an d , A tla n t ic
.
”
i vi
M o n th ly X CX IX ( A p l , 5 69 — 5 72 ri , .
When m en pit ch th e ir l i f e t en t s f ar a w a y th e y h av e m an ifol d causes

-
,
an d reason s : som e soun d som e question ab l e som e wh oll y w e ak an d

, ,
un worthy It is one thing fel oniou sly to cast O ff one s derivation ’

.
,
nu rtu re and re spon sib il iti e s ; and qu it e anoth er thin g to b r av e h om e

,
sickn e ss in or der to ou twit and e sc ape too diflicu l t ou tw ar d con dition s .
It is th e pride O f ab sence to rem em b er Argos forever to rest upon ,
its garn er ed gl ori es and b r oodin g upon it s fu ture with th ou ghtful aff ec
,
tion to ,
le n nd h rk n ft r it a a ea e a e
A n d gr w erect th t m h m o as a co es o e .
Th e purpose of thi s paper i s t o h ol d a b rief not so m u ch for th ose

wh o go as for th ose wh o cannot st ay Eu rope an passport s for
, .
,
instance m ust b e cheerfull y fu rn ish ed to our artist fraternity With

, .
u s th e hi st ori cal se
, n se th e sch ol asti c m ind th e in stin ct f or col o r an d
, ,
form mu st b ring in tim e th eir own ob session Wh oever h as a r age for

, , , .
ori gin a l ust f or thi ngs at first h an d

, i s f oredoom ed t o ch af e at a
-
,
civil i z ation which d at es fr om thi s m o rn ing an d s end s it s ener i es on

p g ,
t asks f ar other th an th e eff ort to see lif e steadil y and see it whol e .
Th er e i s som ethin g r ational su r el y in an attr action which h as alr eady, ,
dr ain ed th e Unit ed St ates O f so m u ch geni u s l iter ary and arti stic ; ,
which h as r esul ted in form in g so m any wi se devoted and detached , ,
c ritics to whip u s up to our i de al s an d r em in d u s of our sin s , .
But th e fell ow citizen of all oth e r s wh o mu st h ave th e ri ght of w ay

-
, ,
over th e sea i s th e w ou n de d m an , th e tired m an th e su ff ere r fr om , ,
H ustl eri um Trem ens si ve A m eri cani tis Let th at true l ov er of th e .
Repub l i c f e ar n ot b ut sink h is foot in al ien tu rf f or th e m ost defen sib l e

'
reason in l ife ; l ike D enh am s hero unb l amed ’
, ,
566 Th e Na tiona l Period
If hr
e e h e f e s, h e rt
n d s at Rom e , fi
i ri h
A t Par s, or M ad d , hi s om e .
He h as gone to b e a f airy not f or am b ition not f or excitement nor

, , ,
for vogue ; b ut for th e vel vety f eel O f th e P ast u nder foot l ike moss o f ,
th e fore st fl oo r to a b arefoote d ch il d ; or for th e h ardl y l e ss gen tl e feel

of th e Pr esent whence noise and worry seem mir acul ou sl y to h ave
,
vanished aw ay Well for him when at l ast from hi s own fool ish impetu s
.
, , ,
as w ell as from th e epic newness and st artl in g dev el opm ents and too , ,
e ager gyn accocracy O f th e St ates h e h as fl ed int o tr an sm ari ne twil i ght , ,
and th e ever nob l e St ate of Su spended A nim ation !
A n American l iving on th e Contin ent sugge st s som ehow a car eer , ,
of geni u s or of crim e A n Am erican in Engl and on th e oth e r h and i s

.
, ,
a perfect working hypoth esis Scotl and W al es Ir el an d (and Ir el and

.
, ,
especi all y ) are b ri stl ing with i deas as wi th so m an y spi ri tu al b u r s

, ,
and m osqu itoes B ut Engl and with h er queer and meek cl im ate
.
, ,
presents no such in tim idation s to th e w e ary wh o woul d rest th e re Sh e .
is a h eaven for retired an d non rh eu matic r acer s wh o are set onl y u pon -
,
a smoke and a sl eep Th e qu al ity of th e P ast an d of th e Peace proff ere d

.
i s incomparabl y th e b est for th ese deb ased reason s: t h at th e past i s

,
th e very one next hi s own ab ou t which th e aver age educ ated Am erican
, ,
know s most ; and peace is cert am pr om oted in th e adul t b r east at ,
l east wh en n o n ecessity exi st s f or th e ful l dress of a f oreign l angu age

, .
Th at ghostl y encounter with ch aunt o r gul ph

“ ” “ ”
in col umn s yet wet ,
f rom th e prin ting pre ss th at str ange se a ch ange O f wh at w as a spool

-
,
-
of cott on into a reel of thr ead these and their l ike are pleasing
“ ”
,
titill at ions and to th e trul y l azy min d are b eatific sub stitute s for th e
,
d ipl om aci es of L atin i diom and th e str angl in g vocab ul ary O f th e

,
F ath erl and .
O h th e grav e ch arm of ru r al Engl and! Every h edgerow seem s to

,
imply a raci al age l ong del ib er ate choice of sim pl icity and sincerity over
-
al l whi ch woul d dim th em or drive th em aw ay Non e can kno w thi s .
peopl e at h om e w ell en ou gh to poke fun at th em with ou t reve rencing ,
th em al l th e wh il e : thei r mor al etiquette is so sure thei r standards so ,
di sin terested O utsi de t ainted Lon don l ou d succe ss i s accorded l ittl e

.
,
preem inence A ll othe r things b eing equ al th e rich str anger not th e
.
, ,
poor one i s put on h is soci al prob ation Th e re i s extr aor din ary t ru st
, .
ful ness in b usiness r el ations; f ab rics are gen uine ; str eet n oi ses com e _
un der l e gi sl ation ; a f are in any conv ey an ce ( ex ce t wh ere A m e rican s

p
are in con tr ol ) m ean s a seat ; th e childr en are wh ol esom el y chil d i sh
“
and th e ol d fe arl e ssl y age d ; th e deco rum an d h on or of life e xcl u d in

g ,
sensatio n al i sm r ul e th e n ation al im aginat i on Here are som e rath er

, .
568 Th e Na t ional Pe r io d
th e f ull l f e l
a ong p assiio n f or
-i s l en ce an d i
se cl u s onwi H e ll n o t b e .
aske d b y an in e t rv w r i t
i e e at 4 A M , and at th e po n O f th e m o al r. .
ba oy tn e ,
f o r hi s i r
m p ess i o n s co nr i
ce nr ng p o b fi
l em s scalr i
o r f o e n s c I f _
.
rt
h e i s u nde s ood t o a e e h v xhi it h v ih
b ed in th e S al on , or to a e pub l s ed
a sonn et n ot a l i ving B riti sh cr eatu r e will think any th e b etter of
,
hi m f or it M en t i on w as m ade a m om en t ago O f a gar den w all

. , ,
u b iqu it ous and b el ov ed symb ol ; C on sciou s th at it i s st one ten feet ,
hi gh and ninety one feet in circumf erence th e Am erican m emory run s

,
-
,
acr oss in th e w ake of ships to th e e xqu i sit e su b urb an str e et s wher e th e

, ,
g r ace f ul h ous e s w i th th eir w oo den gabl es an d v e r an d as th eir l il acs

, ,
an d syrin gas an d wi de gr av el ed path s lie open t o on e anoth er an d to

, ,
th e r oad A n Am e rican f e el s su r e of a su dden th at th e E n gli sh in

.
, ,
cl o su re gi v e s a f re edom th at h e n ev er knew an d th at ev en a kin g in , ,
su ch a f astness coul d defy th e dem on of pu b li ci ty To o m u ch pr ai se

,
.
cannot b e gi ven t o th e u n iv er sal i nvi ol ab l e r espect f or priv acy in t h e
l an d O f th e garden w all Th e hum an e ar even in a dr awin g room i s as

.
,
-
,
holy as any m edi aeval am b ry There have b een two cel eb r ated in st ance s
.
,
in ou r own gen er ati on wh er e r e al n am e s of En gl i sh wr i ter s O b j ect s of

, ,
cu ri osity t o th e wh ol e r e ad i ng w orld w er e kept f rom it thr ou gh m any ,
ye ar s and up to th e death s of th e au thors al thou gh th e secret O f

, ,
i dent i fication h ad b een qu ite casually sh ared f or l ong b y scores O f , ,
di screet f ri en d s Su ch i n st ances comm en d th e con dit i on s ( h o

. w unl ike
our si ) wh i ch m ake th em possib l e Indeed they arou se enthu si asm in .
,
any n atu r al en em y of n ew spape r h e adl in es .
A wit once rem arked th at th e Engl ish love Am eri can s b ut not
Am er i ca and that th e Am erican s l ove Engl and b u t not th e Engl ish
, ,
.
Th e tru th of thi s di sce rn i ng rem ark i s ob vi ou s wh ate ver th e expl an ation ,
of it m ay b e B u t ev ery d ay on e h ear s som e an ecd ot e or oth er wh i ch

.
m akes one f eel th at sh ell an d sn ail at l east with th em are in separ abl e : , ,
that an Engl ishm an is j u st wh at h e i s b ecause Engl and i s j ust what ,
sh e i s He re i s on e sl i ght i ll u str at i on of th e poin t D u ring th e A u gu st

. .
O f 1 9 0 6 a party of thr e e Am eri c ans w en t n orth fr om E u sto n St ati on in
London Th e r ail w ay porter put them ab o ard th e train after h is wont

.
, ,
O b serving as it wou l d appear

, th e n am e m ar kin g th e ir l u ggage Th e
, .
gentl em an of th e party asked th e porter wh ethe r h e sh ould h ave to

ch ange c arr i ages b efor e r e ach i ng h is de stination ; th e port er an swered
in th e n egativ e th e door w as sl amm ed to an d th e d ay l ong j ou rney

, ,
-
b egan .Hour s l at er at a st ati on as th e tr ain sl owed up an i n spector

, , ,
c am e al ong th e corr i dor r epeating in a l ou d v oi ce a n am e which th e

,
tr aveler s recognized as the ir own He held a tel egr am in his hand . .
Thi s h ad b een sen t to h im direct askin g h im t o fi n d ab oar d a cert ain ,

Lo u ise I m oge n G u in ey 5 69
r i Mr
t an . b oun d for and to t ell h im th at h e h ad b een
m i sinformed and th at h e mu st m ake a ch ange at Junction NOW .
th at London porter must have known that th e Americans were mere

sight seeing str anger s th at h e w ould n ev er see th em or h e ar of th em
,
again ,and th at th e odds wer e th at they would in qu ir e anew ab ou t
ch anging on th e j ou rney and fin d th eir w ay to ,

as sch e dul ed or , ,
for th at m atter not l ose th eir wit s or li v es if th ey did not : in f act ther e
, ,
was eve ry in ducem ent to m ake him w ash hi s h an ds of th em Y et it w as .
h e wh o sen t th e wir e t aking all th at thoughtful troub l e to set hi s

,
bl unde r right C oul d such a thin g h ave h appened un de r ordin ary circum
.
st ance s in ou r country ? W e h av e h ero i sm s on ev ery si de ; b u t we are

‘
too b u sy for con triti on s E xerci se of sc rupul ou s con sci ence in O fli ci al

.
m atter s i s pr ecisel y E ngl and and th e Engl ish ; th e l ittl e fortu itou s erro r ,
th e ab und an t repar ation are n ot exception al an d in divi du al b u t as

, ,
typical as they can possib l y b e Here is a pe0 p1e which fumb l es which
.
,
drops m an y stitch e s which h as its mul tiform in effi ciencies B ut it m ay

,
.
b oast trul y th at a passion for duty i s in its very m arr ow ; it will n dt in

th e end con sc iousl y go forward with unrepented wrong in its b osom .
I s it any wonder if som e children of a m ore h eedl ess and ell iptical
n ati on h ar asse d b y ru de co rpor ation s an d th e ir unit s think it pl e asan t
, ,
to dwell amon g th e mill i on b l ood r el ativ es of th at u nkn own ador ed

-
r ailway porter ? For so soothin g a privil ege th ey will even endu re th e ,
immemori al cabb age th e sacred B ru ssel s sprouts of Great B ritain

,
an d Irel and f or three hun dre d an d sixty five d ay s O f th e gastron om ical

,
-
year .
In Engl an d n ot ab l y in m i ddl e E n gl an d fl ou ri sh es th e m ost uh

, ,
b el iev ab l e and ub iqu itou s density of m ind It i s th er e indeed ; and it .
i s di scipl i nary ; it i s funny it i s m addening D oes it d ash y ou r joy in

, .
,
som e vill age of h e av enl y pictu r esqueness to find ( as you are al w ay s

'
finding! ) th at th e parson i s a stock and th e l aundress a stone? Well , ,
n ever ul tim atel y ; for th e stocks an d stones are ex cell en t to l iv e with
and h ave st aying qu al iti es Th e secr et of h appin ess f or u s u n der th eir

.
,
roof as el sewhere is th e spirit of conf orm ity and com prom ise Th e
, , .
Engl i sh eth nol ogical key seem s to b e D min or an d th e h ou sehol d ,
m etronome to b e set at A dagio M arcato; un til you h av e tried th e tune

of Y ankee D oo dl e in th at u n expected key a nd to th at r ev olu tioni zing ,
m easure you c an h ave no idea of it s m oving eff ectiven ess and its
, ,
power s of accom modation Th e expatri ate if any on e shoul d get a .

, ,
ri ght perspective an d an unconf used Sen se of val u es He know s th at

, .
for th e joy of l ife ; for zest th orou gh and perm eating; for organ ization
an d inven ti on ; for au tum n forest p age antry in it s perfecti on ; f or i dyll ic
5 70 Th e Na t iona l P er iod .
things to eat and th e m agical cooking of th e same; for th e preval ence

,
of per son al and dom e stic t ast e ; f or true t ou ch st ones O f hum an w orth
and worthl essness; for exqu i sit e chiv alry in th e r el ati on s b e tween men
and wom en — h e kn ow s th at for th e se h e must cross th e b oundin

, g
m ain: h e mu st go home B ut dear as th e se things are deepl y as th ese .
,
thi ngs ( especi all y th e l ast ) are respected and l amented b y all wh o
knew th em one can do with ou t th em for a whil e Th e Past and Peace
,
.
, ,
are dearer yet Th e f acti on which st ay s on and on in a l and n ot quit e

.
,
foreign i s agr eed qu ite passionatel y ab ou t th at

,
.
M oth er Kath arin e Drex el Drafts th e C on stitu i

tion s o f Her C ongregati on May 2 5 1 90 7 , ,
W HEN th e hi t ry f twenti eth century Cath ol i ci m m th e U ni ted St t s

s o o -
s a e
i fi ll y wr itten th r e will b e n o m or hon or d n am e th n that of M oth er

“
s na e e e a
K th r i
a a Dr x l ( 1 8 5 8
ne e G ra dd gh t r of F r
e i M Dr x l n au e an c s . e e
( 1 792 th A tr i n b rn i mm i gr n t wh o cam e t o Ph i l d lphi a in

e us a -
o a a e
1 8 17 d in 1 8 3 8 pe ed a b roker ge off i e th t l ed in tim to th e w rl d

an o n a c a e o
f m a b nk i ng h o se of Drexel
ou s a C omp ny K ath r i e n d h
u t wo i t r a , a n a er s s e s
b c m e t h e h ir e
e a s of an i mm n e f ortun
e sse pon th e de th of th i r f ther e s e u a e a
in 1 8 8 5 H vi ng b n th e recip i nt of th e fi
. a ee t typ f reli gi us tr ining e n es e o o a
fr m h r pi
o e f th r an d step m other K th ri e D r x l w
ous a e d pl y i m -
, a a n e e as ee
pr d b y th e ppe l O f th e b i h p of th e T h ir d Pl en ar y C un cil in 1 8 8 4
esse a a s o s o
f or h l p t o th e I nd i n a d N gro m i i
e I a pr i v t n d i nce of Leo e ss on s . n a a e au e
X II I i n J a u ry 1 8 87 sh e p k
n a f th i s i ter t wh er p
, , th e p tiff
s o e o n es , eu on on
prom pt d to W h y n ot b ecom e m i i on ry yo r el f m y ch i l d ?
“ ”
w as k e as , a ss a u s ,
Th t ettled M i D r xel v tion f r l i f G i d d b y J m O c onn r ’ ’
a s ss e s oca o e . u e a es o
( 1 8 32 fir t Bi hop of O m h wh o a th e p t r O f Hom b urg

s s a a, s as o es ,
P enn sylv i h d kn wn th D r x l f m i ly v ry well h e m de h e

an a , a o e it i e e a e , s a r n ov
a te wi th t h S i t r f M rcy i P i tt b rgh n d i n F eb r ary 1 8 9 1

e s e s O e h t ok n s u a u , , s e o
th v i le ed wi th th i rteen th r W m n l
an h d th Si t r f th e Bl do e o e au n c e e s e s O esse
S r m nt f O I n di n
ac a e n d C ol or d Peopl e Ev en b ef or
r a s a h en try i nt th e . e er o e
r l i gi
e l i fe M i
ou s D rex l h d given ssm i ll i d ol l r t th m i i on s f
e a a on a s o e ss or
th e two r se d ll dur i ng th next i xty f our ye r

aces, an a h c n ti d t e s -
a s s e o n ue o
p r h
ou v t w l th i to th e c e b y b i lding d
er as ea n f hur h e ch p l au s u ozen s o c c s, a e s,
sc h l o o s, d th r m i io ry b il di g A t M oth er K ath ri s d th th
an o e ss na u n s . a ne
’
ea e
co mm i ty n m b r d 5 1 1 pr f
un u d r el i gi
e e t tio ed i fi fty one h o esse ou s s a n n -
ou ses
l o t d i tw ty o
ca e n t te and th D i tri ct of C ol m b i Th i ter taff
en -
ne s a s e s u a . e s s s s
s ixty two s hool i l di ng f rty n ine elem nt ry twelv high sch ool
-
c s, nc u o d -
e a , e s, an
th e l y C th ol i N gr o
on a iv r i ty in th e oun try X vi r U niversi ty of
c e un e s c , a e
N w O rl e n f o n d d in 1 9 2 5 n d h vi ng f ul ty of 1 1 5 wi th over 1 1 00
e a s, u e , a a a ac
m en d w man t d t Not ly did M th er K th ri e se all of h er

o en s u en s . on o a a n u
tr m d
e en i com f r th dv m t f th e C thol i f ith mong the
ou s n e o e a an ce en o a c a a
A m ri c n I d i
e a d N egr
n b t h
an s an nd h r congre g ti n h ve l i k wi oes, u s e a e a o a e se
giv en
g r ly t m i i f th r
e n e ous oi Al k C n d
ss o n s A f ri c and
or e se aces n as a, a a a, a,
572 Th e Nat iona l P e r iod
usefu l w
rding to their needs capacities;
kno l edge acco
TO c are for th eir orph an s spiritu all y or corpor all y
dest i tu te ch i ldren ;
To atten d to th ei r si ck b y vi siting them in th eir h om es or ,
b y th e conducti n g of h ospit al s;
To vi sit their h om e s in o rder to l ook after th eir spiritu al
tem por al welf are ;
TO vi sit instruct Indian Colored inm ates of prison s;
To s h el ter di stressed dese rving wom en of th e se R aces;
T o aid in as f ar as th ey are ab l e n eedy pri est s rel i gi ous ,
com m u n i t i e s oth er rel i ab l e per son s en aged in m i ssion

g
ary w ork am on g th e In di an Col ored R aces .
Th e L aunching O f th e C ath olic Foreign Mis

sion S oci ety o f Am eri ca ( M aryknoll ) M arch ,
25 1 9 1 1
ON J U NE tit ti S p i ti
2 9 , 1 9 0 8 , th e il i o f Pope P i
co n s Xt u on a en c o ns o us e
mo v d th e Ch r h f th U it d St t f rom th j ri di cti on f th Con
e u c O e n e a es e u s o e
g g t ion d e Pr p g d F i d
re a n d th u s offi ci al l y d cl ared th t it s m i i on ry
o a an a e a e a ss a
tt w t
s a us d L g b f r th i d ate how v r th A m er i
as a an e n . on e o e Ch r h s , e e , e can u c
h d tt i d
a a p i ti n f tr gth in b oth
a ne a os o mb r o n d r eso r
s d i
en nu e s a u ces an ,
n
f t b y 1 9 1 0 th r w r
ac , tim tede e C th ol i
e e an e s in th try a a cs e cou n .
Th r ghou t th i et thou t ry A m ri n C th l i h d d
e n n ee n cen u r l tively e ca a o cs a one e a
l ittl f eth f r i g m i i n
or e l tho gh in 1 9 04 th i r m on t ry
o e n ss o s, a trib ti on u e e a con u s
p assed th m rk
e d r t adi ly in th ye rs th ere fter A s y et
a an ose s e e a a .
,
h w v r n f ll fl d g d ff rt h d b e
o e e , o u -
m d t
e e l i t A m ri
e o p r l
a en a e o en s e can e sonn e
for th f r ig m i i n fi ld I
e o e n- S pt m b er 1 9 1 0 tw
ss o A m r i n pr i t
e . n e e , , o e ca es s,
J m A nth y W l h d Th m Fr d ri k Pri e wh o h d l g tho gh t

a es on a s an o as e e c c , a on u
an d pl n d f thi
a ne m t t t h e Inter ti
or s c au se l E h ri t i C gr
e a na on a uc a s c on e ss
i M
n tr l d f r m th t m ti g th r t mm d th f di g f th fir t
on ea , an o a ee n e e s e e e ou n n O e s
d i ti tly A m r i
s nc C th l i f or i gn m i i on so i ty W l h
e can a o c d Pr i e -
ss c e . a s an ce se
cu e r d th p r h ip f C rdi l G ibb o s d th A p tol i c D l g t

e s on so s o a na d n an e os e e a e , an
a t th l m e t i g f th
e annu a r hb i h p f th U ited States A pri l 2 7
e n o e a c s o s o e n on ,
19 1 1 t th, C th l i U iv r i ty
a e a f A m ri
o c ppr v l w
n gi v
e s f th e o e ca a o a as en or
O p n i ng f
e m i ry f r thi p rpo
O a se naM ryknoll s i t i s pop l rly k w
o s u se . a , a u a no n,
b g e an m d tl y in 1 9 1 1 n d t d y th e
o es i ty n mb r ver 6 00 pri t
a o a soc e u e s o es s,
m re th
o 1 0 0 b r th r
an d rly 7 5 0 t d t t dying f
o e s, an i th r th e
n ea s u en s s u or e e
pri th es d b rotherhood in i ght tr i i g

oo or t r O ther A m ric n rel i e a n n cen e s . e a
gi no rd r d ngr g ti n m nwhil i r ed thei r p rti ip tio in

s o e s an co e a o s ea e n c e as a c a n
th w rk d b y D c m b r 1 9 5 3 th re w
e o an e e t t l O f 47 5 5 A m eri an
e , , e as a o a c
pri t b roth r d i t r rving b r d in m i s i n t ti o l l over th

“
es s, e s, an s s e s se a oa s o s a ns a e
w rld S r A r hiv f M rykn ll S m in ry copy

o . ou ce : c es o a o e a , .
Th e M ary kno ll F ounda t ion 57 3
Toth e Most Reverend Archb ishops of th e United St ates :

VENE RABLE B RETHREN
At th e request of His Excell ency th e Apostol ic D el egate I sub m it , ,
1
to y ou r con si der ation a pl an to e st ab l i sh an A m eri can For ei gn M i ssi on

Sem inary .
Th at such a Sem in ary i s needed an d u rgen tl y seem s d ail y m ore , ,
evi dent Th e prestige of our country h as b ecom e wide spread ; and -

.
Protest ant s e speci all y in th e F ar E ast are profitin g b y it t o th e posit i ve

, , ,
hindr ance of Cathol ic m issioner s I u nderstand that even th e edu cated .
cl asse s in Chin a m i sl e d b y th e al m o st compl ete ab sence O f A m e ric an

,
Cathol ic priests b el ieve th at th e Chu rch of Rom e h as no standing

,
in Am eric a .
2
Conscious th at we are sti ll short of priest s in m any dioceses I ,
would cite th e words of C ardinal M anning referring to th e fou ndation

of M ill Hill :
It i s u e ue q it tr
a we a e n ee d o f m en an d m e an s at th t
om e ; an d hv .
h it
is BEC A U S E we a e n e ed of m o e m en an d m o e m e an s b y a g e a hv r '
r , r t
deal , th
an w e as y e t p osse ss h a I am con n ced w e ou gh to se n d b o h , t t vi t t
m en an d m eans ab oad I f w e d es e to fi n d th e su es w ay to m u lr . ir r t ti
i
pl y mm en sel O ur own m a e al m ean s f or yo k s at om e , is b y n ot t ri wr h it
i i ti x
l m n g th e e pan s on o f C h a y an d b y n ot par al z ng th e zeal O f i ri t yi
sel f de n al
- 3
i .
Th e p es s ri t
United St ates num b er m ore th an of b ut I
th e
i r
am nf o m ed that there are hardl y sixteen on th e fore ign m i ssions This .
f act recall s a w arn ing which th e l ate C ar din al V au gh an gav e in a

kindl y and b roth erl y l etter addr essed to m e twenty two year s ago -
,
u rgin g u s A m e rican C ath ol i cs n ot to del ay p articip ati on in f ore ign
m issions LE ST O U R O WN FAITH SHO ULD SUF FE R

, .
4
1 i
D om ede F al con o O F M ( 1 842 i
w as th e h r d A p ostol c D el e gate
, . . . ti i
i t
to th e U n te d S t a es, h av ng ser e d f rom 1 9 02 t o l ate in t h e y ear 1 9 1 1 i v .
2 B
etween 1 8 8 1 —1 8 8 8 five F r an c scans h ad go ne to C h n a f rom th e U n t ed i i i
tt i i
S a e s b u t o nl y one O f th em w as a n at ve-b or n A m er can ; th ere w ere al so two
i i it i
Am er can b orn S sters O f Ch ar y in Ch na in th e l ate y e ars of th e n ne ee n h
-
i t t
t y
ce n u r .
3
G ibb n t k th o s M i g q t ti f m l tt h h d
oo .
e i d f m ann n uo a on ro a e er e a re ce ve ro
H b t V gh
er er ( 1 8 32 au Bi h p f S lf d
an d ft 1 8 92 A h b i h p s o o a or an a er rc s o
f W tm i t V gh l tt d t d M i ll H i ll O t b
’
o es ns er . au 28 1 8 89 an sd th e er a e , c o er , , u se e
i f th
occas o n o t i l f th Am i h i e cen e nn ahy t g p th C th l i o e er c an er arc o ur e u on e a o cs
f t h U it d St t p ti ip ti ig m i i “
O e n e i th f a es f th Ch har A c a on n e o re n ss ons o e u rc .
C h ll g t th A m i
a en e Ch o h It O e H d dth Bi th d y er canC th l i u rc on s ne un re r a ,
”
a o c
H i t i l R i w XXX ( O t b
s o r ca ev e 297 , c o er, .
4Th f h
e re ere n cew t th l tt t d b th f ll t t f wh i h i
ere as o e e er no e a ove , e u ex o c s
p i t
r n ed p cit pp o2 9 0—29 8
. .
, . .
574 Th e Na t ion a l P er io d
We m u st th at as a C th
confess
a ol i c b ody w e h av e o nl y b e gun whi l e ,
ou r Prot e st an t f ell ow countrym en h ave p assed th e centu ry m ark in

-
foreign m i ssion work and are repr esen ted t od ay in th e h eathen worl d
b y som e th ou san ds of m i ssi on e rs wh o are b acked b y y earl y contrib u ,
tions runn ing up into th e m ill ions .
A sem inary such as th at contempl ated if estab l i shed with th e good

, ,
will of th e entire A rnerican H i er archy can h ardly f ail to draw em , ,
p h ati c al l y th e atten tion O f Am e ric an C ath ol i cs

,
.
It is time to u se th e word s of th e Apostol ic D el egate th at th e

“
,
”
,
American Chu rch shoul d b egin to m ove in thi s direction .

”
With pl easure therefore actin g on His E xcell ency s requ est I sub
, ,
’
m it th e foll owing ou tl ine of th e pl an secu red afte r conference with ,
those imm ediatel y inter ested :

It is proposed to e stab l ish an Am erican Fore1 gn Mission Seminary
for th e tr ain ing O f secul ar prie st s .
Thi s Sem in ary l i ke th ose of Pari s Lon don ( M ill Hill ) M il an et al

5
.
, , , , ,
would necessar il y b e independent O f any d iocese an d directl y under ,
Propagan da which would control it s st atus rul es etc an d appor

, , ,
.
,
tion it s fiel ds of l ab or .
It woul d b e n ation al in its ch ar acter organized an d sust ained b y

“
pri est s of th e U n it e d St at e s gu i d ed of cour se b y th e b e st t r ad i ti on s , , ,
of sim il ar in stitu tion s ab ro ad It w oul d appe al t o young m en re are d .
in this country .
It is proposed to b egin th e work on a sm all scal e , n ea r som e
e st abl i sh ed h ou se O f C ath ol i c phil osophy th eol ogy It would seek and .
it s PERM ANENT h ome well r em ov ed from th e h eart of city lif e , ,
gr adu all y secur ing it s own profe ssor s an d devel opin g an ex cl usively ,
apostol i c atm osph ere No de fin it e l ocation is su ggest ed .al th ou gh a ,
pr efer en ce h as b een expr essed b y th e or gani zer s for a center reason

ab l y conven i en t t o th e mor e popul ou s C ath ol i c zon e s an d if possib l e , ,
5Th F e h S i ty f
re nc F ig Mi i w f
oc e d d i 1 6 58
or d th eore n ss o ns as ou n e n an
f m
a ou s mi sey f th i ty w p d i P i i 1 6 6 3 I J ly 1 8 5 0
n ar O e so c e as O e ne n ar s n . n u , ,
th h i
e h y f L m b dy
erarc t tho gg t i f Pio IX f ard d th P tifi l
, a e su es on O us , ou n e e ‘
on ca
I t it t
ns u ef SS P t o d P l . d SS A m b e er d Ch l an f th F
au ig an . ro se an ar e s or e ore n
Mi i ss o ns Th h dq
. t f th i ti t t w
e ea t b li h d i
u ar ers Mil i J
O e ns u e ere es a s e n an n u ne ,
1 8 5 1 St J ph M M ill Hi l l
’
. . C ll g
ose p d i h 1 86 6 i
s o e e o b b f
e ne n arc , , n , a su ur o
with H b t V gh d fi t p id t Th fi t
_
L d
o n on , th f d
er er au an as e ou n er an rs re s en . e rs
mi i y fi ld
ss on ar ig d t th M il l Hill F th b y th H ly S w th
e ass ne o e a ers e o ee as e
p t l t t
a os o a e th Am i o N g Fe f th m mb f th
er can mm i tye roes . our o e e ers o e co un
b g
e an th i igi l A m i f u dati n at St Fra i Xa ie Ch h Balti
e r or na er c an o n o . nc s v r u rc ,
more l ate in 1 87 1
, .
57 6 Th e Na t io n a l P er iod
b ) To r
sp e ad a knowl e dge of th e mi ssion s b y me ans of conf erence ,
and ill ustr ated talks and b y an outpu t of mission li teratur e .
) To seek m ate ri al i rt hiefly

n cre asing th e sub scription by
'
0 suppo , c
l i st of THE F IELD AF AR whi ch

h as al ready a wide circl e of
,
interested and generous re ader s am ong th e clergy and l aity .
It i s my pu pose tor ask th e M ost Reverend Archb ishops at our
n extm eeting:
1 If th ey will
. comm end idea
th e p oposed r .
2 In th e event of th eir f avor ab l e con si der ation if th ey will fix or

“
.
, ,
at l e ast su ggest on e or m ore desir ab l e l ocations fr om whi ch a choi ce

,
m ight b e m ade b oth for a prov i sion al an d f or a perm anent Semin ary
,
.
I would therefore ask th e Most Reverend Archb ishops to discuss

, ,
with their suff ragan s this proposed schem a that th e views and sug ,
gestion s of all th e B i sh ops of th e country m ay b e ob t ain ed an d a

comm on u nder st andin g arrive d at and our comm on desir e and th e
,
u nit e d comm end ation O f th e Hi er archy b e m ade known to Rom e an d to
th e C ath ol i c b ody of th e Un ited St ates .
F aithf ull y your s in Chri st ,
J Card Gibb ons . .
Feast of th e Annu nci ati on [M arch 191 1 .
Th om as Fortun e Ryan Expl ain s Hi s Mo st

Striking Fin ancial Tran saction , Au gust 1913
tr t h
O N TH E d ay af e th e dea h of T om as F o une R an ( 1 8 5 1 — 1 9 2 8 ) th e rt y
Y r v r tt
New o k Tim es of No em b e 2 4 s a e d , Th e caree of T om as F o u n e
“
r h rt
y x
R an is as good an e am pl e as any in A m e can ri
s o y o f th e p o ss b l es hi t r i i i ti
th t thi
a s cou n try r r
O ff e s to a p o o , u n educa ed b oy
”
t
It w as al oge e ue . t th r tr ,
rh ry with rt
_
f or h e h ad b een o p ane d at an ea l age n o m ean s o f su ppo and h ad
wr o k e d as an e rr an d b oy in a g oce r ry t r
s o e i n B al m o e an d l a eti as a r tr
r r r tr t
m essenge in a b oke age fi rm in W al l S ee Bu t th e con es o e th e New . t t vr
Y r tr t r i w y v y
o k s ee a l a s ga e R an h i s c an ce an d af e h tr
1 8 8 3 h e ose ap dl r r i y
thr ou gh th e fi i
n an c n g O f t h e s ee tr t r i w y ri
a l a s, t h e A m e ca n Tob acco C om
y i r i
pan , an d th e gol d , d am on d , an d coppe m nes O f th e Bel gian C on go W e n h '
i rt v ri y ti t t t r
h e d ed h is f o un e w as a ou sl e s m a ed to o al f om 1 00 to 5 0 0 m ll on i i .
r t fi i
d ol l a s H is m o s u nu su al n anc al d eal — d esc b ed in th e docu men
. ri ha tt t
w
f ol l o s rh J tr i
w as h is pu c ase in u n e , 1 9 05 , O f th e con oll ng b l ock o f s a es hr
q it i r
in th e E u abl e L fe A ssu an ce C ompan I n d o ng y i thi
s h e s a ed
. a het t th t
t i i tr t r r
h ad ac ed sole l y in th e publ c n e es in o de to pu t th e nances of t h e fi
com pan y iti
in a sou n d cond on , set u p a tr t
u s to m an age , an d it
e n per th
son ally h ad wi t r w i
h d a n fr om th e b us ness Ry an w as gen erou s in h is dona
.
Th om as F ortune Ry an , F inan c ie r 57 7
ti ons t v ri s C th l i
o a ou rm lly giv t hr gh h i fir t wi f
a o c cau se s, n o d a en ou s s e , an
a m ng th e i n ti t ti on th t b
o fit d m o t were th e C th dr l O f th e S red
s u s a ene e s a e a ac
H rt in R i hm d V i rgi ni
ea hi h m
c tt
on d th e Chu r ch
, f St J e n a, s o e s a e , an o . a
B pti t in N w Y rk f r m wh i h h w
a s e e b ri d H w
o pr m i o t in t h c e as u e . e as o n en e
D em o r ti P rty d ex it d th e i f m n l i k W i ll i m J i g B y
‘
c a c a an c e re O e e a e nn n s r an
wh o p ted h im of wi l d i g
su s ec i ni t r ort of i fl n b y r n of h i e n a s s e s n ue ce e aso s
m n y B ec
o e .he w ass i t d i th fi n ci l w rl d with n m l i k
au se as oc a e n e an a o a es e
M rg n W h itney H arri m an etc th e N ew York Tim

o a , ,
d i t ri l f N v m , .
,
es e o a O o e
b er 24 1 9 2 8 poke of Ry n a rviv r f gr p f N w Y ork “

, th e
, s le a s so su o O a ou o e
fi n n ier wh o po ed f r th e first c m po it p i ture of Big B i e

a c s
“
s o o s e c
‘
u s n ss .
’
So r Thom s F Ry n Wh y I Br ght th e E q it abl ”

u ce : a . N th A m i
a ,
ou u e, or er c a n
R i w C X CVII I ( A g st
ev e , 1 6 1 —1 6 9 u u ,
.
In sp ite
y expl anations th at h ave b een m ade b oth b y
of th e m an
m e an d on my b eh alf ab ou t th e pu rch ase of th e sh are s O f th e E qu it ab l e
Life A ssurance Society in Ju ne 1 9 0 5 th e qu estion that h as since b een , ,
aske d m e of t ener th an any oth e r h as r el ate d t o th at p arti cul ar act .
A s th e t erm of th e tru st then cr eated h as expir ed an d as I no l onger , ,
b ear any rel ation to th e prope rt y it seem s to m e th at I m ay perh ap s , , ,
b e j u stifi ed in giving a som ewh at m or e det ail ed accou nt of m y own er

ship of it and m y r eason s f or b uyin g it .
No mor e serious qu arrel h as di sturb ed b u sin ess for a gener ation

th an th at which rose out of condition s th at b ecam e known as existing
in th e Equ it ab l e e arl y in 1 9 0 5 Revel ations of one kin d or anoth er .
then b egan to appear so that it was for weeks th e qu estion upon which,
new sp aper s w e re expected to m ake a di sp l ay e ach day To ou tw ard .
seemi ng thi s quarr el cam e ou t of a cl e ar sky b u t as in sim il ar cases

, , ,
event s sh ow ed th at it h ad b een in
prep ar ation f or year s an d th at ,
predi ctions h ad l ong b een fr eel y m ade th at some kind O f storm was
b rewin g .
It will not b e necessary for th e pu rpose I h ave in m in d to enter , ,
into th e detail s as to th e cl ashin g individu al ities th e m any and strong ,
j eal ou sies which com b ined to f om ent th e trouble It did n ot com e .

,
however as th e resu l t of m achination s b y th e gr eat financi al hou ses

,
O f th e Stre et In re al ity it h ad onl y a sl i ght rel ati on to wh at i s

.
,
f am il i arl y kn own as W all S tr eet In e ach O f th e thr ee l arge l ife .
insurance companies which h ad b ecom e a m arvel of th e tim e b oth ,
as b u sine ss or aniz ation s and as

g provi ding th e m achi ne ry for savi ngs ,
there were some O fli cial s wh o b ecame j e al ou s either of each other

or of th ose in l ike p osition s in riv al com ani e s
p ; in o th er w ords it ,
w as a fi er ce incrim in atin g quarr el b etween in si der s an d th ose of th e

sm all er and l ess r esponsib l e order It was alm ost wholl y factional .
an d th e f act s fixin
g thi s were full y b rought forth b y th e ex am inati on
57 8 Th e Na tion a l P e riod
Of th e coun sel fo r th e Arm strong Committee Mr Ch arl es E Hugh es , . .

,
l ater Governor of New York and now an associ ate j ustice of th e ,
United States Supreme Cou rt .

1
It woul d b e as difli cul t to ex aggerate th e intensity of thi s quarrel

.
as it woul d b e to m e asu r e it s eff ect upon b u siness For a ti m e whil e .

,
a th ousan d gr oun dl e ss repo rt s we re set in m otion th e im pr ession w as ,
given to th e pub li c th at th e m anagem en t O f gr e at fidu ciary in stitu

tions not onl y of life in su rance companie s b ut of all th e corporations
, ,
or com pan ies or in divi dual s which c arri ed on gr e at b u siness oper ation s ,
w as rotten to th e core .
I h ad taken no part in th e m an agem ent of any insu rance company ,
and h ad no O fli ci al r el ations with th em I was inter ested in insu r ance .

,
as I h ad b een f rom m y entr ance in to b u siness l if e b u t it was as a ,
poli cyh ol der a stu den t and adm ire r of th e devel opm ent of agenci es
,
which h ad h ad such a r apid growth and whi ch at th e same time h ad , ,
so com m ende d th em sel v e s to th e country as to comm an d pub l i c con
fidence and m ake th eir w ay in al m ost every country in th e worl d as

m odel s of wh at such in stitution s sh ould b e .
I could b ut note with serious and gr owing concern th e unseemly

, ,
cont est th e b ittern ess of which w as d ail y emph asized and al so th e

, ,
indiff erence to pub lic interest which was m anifested b y m any of th e

men wh o as dir ect ors or O fli ci al s ou ght to h ave b een th e fir st to
, ,
com e to th e r e scue Th e pub l i c good seem ed to b e ah n ost entir el y

.
forgotten in th e desire of m o st of th ose on th e in si de an d m any oth ers

on th e ou t side to t ake adv ant age of any m i st ake th at m ight b e m ade
b y th eir O pponents an d th at th eir onl y i de a w as to m ak e the se quarrel s

,
serve th eir own pur oses

p .
In spite of th ese f acts I did n ot in th e b eginnin g of th e con test , ,
feel m y self call ed u pon eith er to thr ow m y self into th e b reach or to

m ake any attempt to u se wh at resou rce s I might comm and for com
posi ng th e troub l e For some tim e it did n ot seem possib l e to m e th at
.
responsibl e men woul d pe rmit reall y seriou s conditions to develop and ,
as I hel d an entir el y i nde en dent

p position it did not appeal to m e ,
as l yi ng within th e
power of an i n divi du al so situated t o intervene ;
b ut as th e contest b ecame m ore an d m ore b itter and as th e con
, ,
te st ants sh owed increasin gl y a determin ation to con si der th em sel ves

, ,
onl y thus f ail ing to real ize their ob l igations to th e comm unity th e
, ,
conviction f orce d it sel f u on m e th at if oth er s did not com e to th e

p , ,
1
v
Ch arl es E ans Hugh es ( 1 8 6 2- 1 948 ) w as appo n ed an assoc ate just ce i n i t i i
1 9 1 0 and serve d as Ch ef i J i
u st ce of th e U n ted St a es from 1 9 30 un l h is i t ti
r tir
e em en t
in 1 9 4 1 .
5 80 Th e Na tio na l P e r iod
f rom th e scenes of activity an d stru ggl e aw ay f rom news and fin ancial ,
g o ssip f r e
,
e f ro m all int erru pti on and y et cogn izan t of all th e un der
l yin g con dit i on s in th e prob l em th at pr esented it self I coul d l ook ,
ov er th e whol e situ ation m uch m or e cr i ticall y th an if I wer e on th e
g rou n d T h e
. m att e r w as t oo del ic at e t o b e di scu ssed with anyb ody ,
and ,
b esi des as it fin all y pr esented it self to m e it did n ot concern
, ,
any one el se It seem ed to b e m y t ask In th e b eginn in g I h ad th ou ght

. .
that perhaps I would need financial co—O peration b ut when I l ooked ,
ab ou t I foun d th at tw o diffi cul t i e s present ed th em sel v e s in thi s r espect .
It b ecame cl ear th at if I l imited my associates t o those wh o h ke ,
m y self we re onl y desi rous of do ing a publ i c serv i ce b oth th e num b er

, ,
and amou n t of th e con trib ut i on s they cou l d m ake w er e t o o sm all t o
b e of vit al assi st ance ; if on th e oth er h an d I accepted th e off er s of

, ,
one or two m en wh o wan ted to participat e I was in dan ger of b e ing ,
overwh ehn e d not onl y with advice whi ch I w ou ld n ot t ake b ut with

, ,
an assi st an ce which wou l d h av e h amper ed m e in ev ery m ov em ent .
I retu rned to New York withou t re achin g any definite conclusion

b ut st ill deepl y impressed with th e n ecessity for acti on But th e wh ol e .
qu estion h ad t aken posse ssion of m e an d so I went to my Virgini a ,
f arm wh ere still with ou t advi ser s I could again con centr at e m y att en
, ,
tion upon th e m atter th at h ad b een of ab sorb ing in terest to m e It w as .
there and then th at I fin all y saw m y way cl ear to take up th e t ask ,
still l eavin g u nim po rt an t det ail s ou t of accoun t .
Fr om th e b eginn ing I h ad n o oth er i dea th an th at of pu rch asing

th e stock control O f th e E qu it ab l e at such a pri ce as I mu st pay and ,
of pl acin g it at on ce in th e h an d s of Tru stees of wh om ex President ,

-
Grover Cl evel an d w as to b e one 2

and n atu r all y th e Ch ai rm an
, ,
and al so of doin g thi s onl y u on such t e rm s as sh ould imm ed i atel y

p
dive st m e of all control over th e stock an d of det ail m an agem ent of ,
th e Soc i ety it self I h ad d eterm ined to do th ese thin gs with th e on e

.
con dition th at so f ar as th e l aw s pe rmitted th e m an agem ent O f th e

, ,
Soci ety shoul d b e turn ed over to a m aj ority of d irector s to b e ch osen

b y th e poli cyh ol der s f rom th eir own numb er s
, .
I h ad l ong b een an admi rer of M r Clevel and and b y reason O f .

,
per son al and pol iti cal affil i ations h ad com e in to cl ose rel ati on s with
,
him K nowing th at I h ad no am b i ti on s h e h ad often asked m y advi ce

.
,
and assi st ance m ainl y in m atter s rel ating to cu rrency and co in age
, .
Th u s in perfect accor d with h is aim s wh ethe r p arti san or patri oti c

, , ,
cogn i zan t of hi s u nr iv al ed
posit i on in th e country I h ad al so not ed , ,
2
G
—
Cl
rove r l d ( 1 8 37 — 1 9 0 8 )
ev e an
pi d th Wh i t H
occu e f tw t m e e ouse or o er s,
1 8 8 5 1 8 89 and 1 89 3— 1 8 9 7 .
Th omas F ortune Ry an , F inan c ier 58 1
with sorrow th at h e was h ampered b y l ack of m eans to m aint ain th e

,
d ign ity O f a m an wh o h ad twice fill ed with such di stinction th e

Pre si dency O f th e Un ited St ates I vi sited h im in P rinceton soon after .
_
h is remov al there an d n oticed w i th gre at conce rn thi s f act whi ch w as ,
confirm ed b y him sel f and further em ph asiz ed b y fri end s wh o kn ew
h im even b ette r th an I did It seem ed to m e th at h e ou ght t o b e .
rem oved from th e necessity of doing l iter ary work of th e kind in

which h e w as engaged in order to O b t ain th e m oney n ecessary for
keeping him self and f am il y in th e position th at h e fel t incumb en t u pon
h im I soon fou n d th at sch em es r an gi ng f rom th e m an agement of a
.
,
winter hotel to th e presidency of a trust com pany h ad b een su ggested ,
for him b ut none of them u n w orthy as th ey w ere c am e t o anythin g

, , ,
.
I then resol ved an d announced especi all y to one f ri end th at I woul d , , ,
at som e tim e m ake an oppo rtu nity to b ring ab ou t th e desired resul t

,
.
B u t th e onl y con dition th at I fix ed in thi s w as th at th e sol u ti on of

th e diffi cu l ty must b e on e which would b ring no pr ofit t o m e in any
fo rm an d sh oul d at th e sam e tim e en ab l e th e f o rm er Presi den t t o
do som e pub l ic servi ce r eall y w orthy of h i s position and ch ar acter .
Fu rth er I fel t th at th e cre ati on of an E qu i t ab l e T rust with M r

, ,
.
Cl evel and at its head would m eet th e idea I h ad in mi nd b oth so far

, ,
as it rel ated t o him an d at th e sam e tim e en ab l e m e

,
ev en withou t ,
h is kn owl edge t o do a gr eat se rv i ce to th e cou ntry It w oul d sol i dif y

,
.
th e new appreci ation O f h im whi ch h ad b e gun t o com e b ack ab ou t

thi s tim e and b est of all it wou l d save our financi al in stitution s b y
, , , .
restoring confidence No b u sin ess proposal of any kin d w as ever m ade

.
t o him b y m e or any one acting for m e fr om th e b eginnin g u ntil _
h is rel ati on s to th e trusteesh ip w ere ended b y de ath Wh en th e pre .
limi naries wer e com pl ete an in tim ate frien d of m y own and O f th e
,
former P resi dent w as in trust ed with th e present at i on of th e m atter .
Th e rest O f th e story is w ell known

Th e announ cem ent of th e appoin tm ent O f th e tru stees acted like
m agic u pon th e unwh ol esom e b u siness condition s pr ev ail in g at th e
tim e F rom their first m eetin g th e onl y one I ever attende d in order
.
t o execu t e th e deed of trust accompan i e d b y th e i ssue of a f o rm al
addr ess f oll ow e d b y th e fir st l i st of dir ecto r s ch o sen b y th em

,
con ,
fi den ce assert ed it self Sen sation al r eports di sappe ared and ev en th e

.
threat of danger — m uch less dan ger itself — w as no l onger powerful .
Mr Cl evel and s action thu s t aken added to th e pr estige of a great

.
’
n am e h ad entirel y cl eared th e air in a m om en t

, .
Af ter this prelim in ary work h ad b een done th e rest w as compar a , _
tivel y e asy Confi dence w as at on ce r estored in th e w ay th at I h ave

.
582 Th e Na t ion a l Per iod
no ed, t and frOm th at m om ent pr acticall y all danger of pamc dis

r
appea ed not onl y so far as th e insuran ce compan ies were co nce rned ,
b ut from every b r anch O f fin anci al activity .
M aurice Francis Egan U rges th e P urch ase of

th e D ani sh West I n di es M arch 8 1 9 1 5 , ,
A C O NSID ERA B LE nu m b e of C a ol cs th i h v h hi
a e el d r t
gh pos s in th e
ri i
A m e can d pl om a c se ti rvice , am on g th ri r i
em M au ce F anc s Egan ( 1 8 5 2
i itr r r
wh o w as M n s e to D enm a k f om 1 9 07 to 1 9 1 8 Egan h ad b een .
r r i it r t r th i
p of esso of En gl sh l e a u e in th e C a ol c U n e s iv r ity ri i
of A m e ca s nce
1 896 wh
en h e r i t
es gn e d to ake th e C op en h agen l ega on , ti h vi r vi y
a n g p e ou sl
done n e spapew rwr
o k in N ew Y r
o k ( 1 8 7 8 —1 8 8 8 ) an d t au gh t at th e U n i
v r ity
e s tr
of No e D am e ( 1 8 8 8 i ti r r
H is d pl om a c ca ee i s b es em em tr
r
b e e d f or th e pa rt y r i
h e pl a ed in th e pu ch ase of th e D an sh W es In d e s t i .
wi r
T ce b ef o e , in 1 8 6 7 an d 1 9 0 2 tr ti ti t
ea es h ad b een ne go a ed f or , th i
e r pur
h
c ase b u t h e t y w r v r r tfi
e e ne e r
a i ed W o l d W ar I q i ri
u cken ed A m e can i h
.
t i r y
terest l e s th e sl an d s sh ou l d f al l t o G e m an an d b ecom e a b ase of O pe a r
ti ri
on s f or sub m a nes O n A u gust 4 , 1 9 1 6 . a tr ty
ea i
w as s gn ed f or th i r
e ,
rh
pu c ase at a gu e of fi r t r
Egan s enu e of th e C open agen pos h t ’
i y r r t
du r n g th e w ar ea s b ou gh h im n o m o e i t r th r i ry r i
an o d n a p om nen ce ,
an d H en ry y
van D ke ( 1 8 5 2 r r i it r t r
p of esso of En gl sh l e a u e at P nce ri
iv r i t i itr th r
t on U n e s y an d M n s e t o t h e N e e l an d s, s a ed af e a tt t r vi it s t o th e
i it t “
D an sh cap al i n 1 9 1 6 th a Egan w as n ot onl y th e D ean of th e D pl om a i c i t
r ri hr i
C o p s, h e w as i ts P n ce C a m ng th e on e t o wh t r
om all u ne d f or h
el p in
,
i i ti i t tr ti
difli cu l ty an d f or con c l a on in d spu e ( I n odu c on to M au ce F an c s
”
ri r i
Egan , R eco ll ec tions of a H ap py Life [New Yr o k, p x) Sou ce r . .
Pap e rs R e la ting to th e F ore ign R e la tio n s of th e U n ite d S ta tes ( W as n g hi

vr t ri ti
ton : G o e n m en P n n g O fli ce pp 5 8 8 —5 9 0
,
. .
M INI STER A
EG N T O THE SE R ET C ARY O F ST ATE
(Wil l i am J ennings Br yan , 1 8 6 0—1 925 )
No 8 3 3 .
Ame rican Legation ,
Copenh agen M arch 8 1 9 1 5 , ,

.
Sir : It may seem out O f pl ace for me especi all y wh en th e m ost ,
terrib le events are m aking a cri sis in th e worl d to return to a sub j ect ,
on whi ch in th e p ast I h ave writt en m any des at ch es th e pu rch ase 1

p ,
A1 ly J l y 1 9 1 909 i d i p t h f m C p h g t A lv y A A d
s e ar as u , , n a s a c ro o en a en o e . ee ,
A i t t S
ss s an t y f St t
ecre ar Eg h d t t d
o I m q it a e, th t t im w il l
an a s a e :
“
a u e sure a a e
com wh eit w il l b
en p d i t if G e exm t ti e t h l d it d i b l
en , our overn en con nu es o o a v sa e,
to o p th q ti
en e f th D i h A ti ll
ue s on I om d i g m y b t t p v th
e an s n es a o n es o a e e
th i
.
”
w y f
a ( i b id p
or s .
, .
584 Th e Na t io n a l P e r io d
opened in 1 9 1 2ti rely f ail ed M y argument with th e principal O ppo

en .
ser s O f th e sal e O f th e i sl and s t o u s w as to t h e eff ect th at if th ey wer e
t o r em ai n a b u rden to D enm ark an d a b l ot on th e f ace of progre ss as ,
they were it would b e much b etter for th e n ational reputation of

,
D enm ark th at they sh oul d b e sold t o th e Uni ted St ates Thi s attitude .
w as l ooked upon as re ason ab l e R epr esenting th e ideas of ou r Gov .
e rnm ent I sai d publicly th at th e United St ates woul d gl adl y sym pa

, ,
thiz e with any attempt to m ake th e popul ati on of th e i sl and s m or e

cont ent e d an d pr osperou s Th e im provem en t s in St Th om as are still . .
g oi ng o n b u t in,
t er e s t in th e m o n th e part of t h e D an i sh eo
p p l e h as , ,
ahn ost entir el y ce ase d .
It is n ot necessary for me to comm ent on th e import ance O f th e

great h arb or O f St Th om as as a b ase O f O per ation s for any n ati on
.
that possesses it There is a rum or wi del y spread fou nded on th e

.
, ,
negot i at i on s of 1 9 0 2 th at th e Un it e d St at e s h ad secu red an O ption on

,
th e i sl an d s in quest i on Th i s i s withou t found ati on as f ar as I kno w

.
, .
It is not im prob ab l e th at one day D enm ark in spite of th e apparent ,
dr awin g togeth er O f th e thr ee Scandinav i an cou n tri es m ay b e ab sorb ed ,
b y Germ any not b y th e b re aking of h er n eu tr al ity wh i ch h owev er

, , , ,
i s f eared b ut b y wh at is call ed peaceful penetr ation If Germ any

”
, .
sh ou ld gain gr e at adv an t ages in t h e pre sen t w ar n eith er E n gl an d , ,
nor Russi a n or Fr an ce w ou l d b e i n a position t o pr ot est ; and pr o

,
test s from other n ations woul d of cour se b e u seless Th e D ani sh West .
India Isl ands would then b e th e propert y O f Germ any as Hel i gol and , ,
un der v e ry di ff eren t circu m st ances b ec am e h er pr operty A copy of , .
th e m em o ri al sen t b y m e t o th e D ep artm en t on Septem b e r 2 3 1 9 1 0 , ,
is appen d ed .
I h ave b een impressed b y th e f act th at th e D epartm ent notwith ,
st and ing its pr esent ar duou s and gr i ev ou s occupations h as kept its ,
eye s f asten ed on prob ab l e contingenci es which m a

y resul t f rom th e
pr esent war and I t ake th e l ib erty of call ing atten tion t o one of th ese
possib l e contingenci es
2
.
I h ave [ etc ] .
M au rice F r anci s Egan

Th
2 m th
ree ft thon i p t f th i d i p t h R b t L i g ( 1 8 6 4
s a er e rece o s s a c o er an s n
S t y f St t
ecre ar b l d Eg o J 16 a e, f ll w D p tm t i
ca e an on u ne as o o s:
“
e ar en s
of th pi i
e o th t pln on gg t d i a y d p t h Nan 8 33 M
su h 8 i
es e n ou r es a c o . arc s
d i bl i b l d y m y y di
, ,
es r a d m y b f
e an a e eas tl y pp h th p p
e an ou a ver scree a r o ac e ro er
offi i l w i th
c a s iw t at i i g w h th
v e p p o l h
ascer a n n t m pl t d e er a ro osa su c as con e a e
w ld b
ou e i d t f
re ce ve b ly ( i b id p
no u n avora
p l d m
”
.
, . erso n a an ore
l f l
co or u t f th
accou n g ti ti th t f ll w d m y b
o e ne o d i hi v l m
a o ns a o o e a e re a n s o u e
of m m i e T
o rs, Y N th en G m F
ears ti (N w Y k ea r e
pp er an ron er e or , .
26 3—28 8 .
B ish ops Progra m f SOc ial Reconstruction
’
o 585
John A Ryan and th e B ish ops Progr am of

’
.
Social Recon struction F eb ru ary 1 2 1 9 1 9 , ,
ti fl ti th i
TH E m os n uen al C a ol c in th e eld O f A m e can soc al e f o m w as fi ri i r r
J oh n A R an ( 1 8 69
. y r
F om 1 9 1 5 to h is e em en in 1 9 39 h e r ti r t
t
tau gh p ol cal econ om iti and m o al y eol og r th y
in th e C a ol c U n e s y O f th i iv r it
ri
A m e ca By m eans O f b ooks suc as A Liv ing W age ( New
. h o k, 1 90 6 ) Y r
an d D is tr ib u t i ve J u st ice ( New o k, Yr
R an es ab l s ed a n a on al y t ih ti
r t ti
epu a on B u t m o e f am ou s, pe
. r rh
ap s, w as a pamp l e of hi s com pos h t
on it i
en ti t
l ed S oc ia l Re con str uct io n : A G e neral R e vi e w of th e Prob l e m s a n d
S urvey of R e m ed ies ( W ash ng on , i t
th e o g ns o f c ri i
R an ol d whi h y t
ir
in h is m emo s, S o c ia l D o c trine in A c tio n ( N ew o k, pp 1 4 3 Y r .
r r
1 5 1 Nea th e cl ose of W o l d W ar I nu m e ou s p og am s O f soc al ef o m
. ri r r r r
r r v i
appe a ed f om r
ar ou s g ou ps Ry an tr i h
e d h is
. r r
and at such a p og am an d
t r it
af e r ih
h ad b een ead b y th e b s ops wh o compose d th e A d m n s a e i i tr tiv
i tt ti th i
C omm ee o f th e Na on al C a ol c W ar C ou nc l i th w r i r
ey e e m p esse d to
i t
th e po n o f m ak n g i i t th i r e ow n an d i i it v r th i r i t r
ssu n g o e e s gn a u es Th e .
r
p opo sal s set f o rth w r th ht
e e ou g sor iad cal at th e ti t t t h
m e h a S ep en C .
r i t ti i ti
M ason , p es den of th e N a o nal A ssoc a on of M anu f act u e s, p o es edrr r t t
r i i
to C a d n al G bb on s th t i t
a rti
“
r i i i ti
w as pa san , pro l ab o un on soc al s c prop a -
,
gan da
”
r hiv rh i ti r
( A c es of th e A c d ocese O f B al m o e , M ason t o G bb on s i ,
Y r
New o k , F eb rua y 2 5 , r tr h t
A decade l a e th e pamp l e w as desc b e dri
itt
b y a com m ee of th e N ew Yr tt t i v ti t i
o k S a e S ena e n es ga ng sed it i ou s activi
ties, in a r rt fi
epo ri
l ed on A p l 24 , 1 9 29 , as th e wr o k of rt i r
a ce a n g ou p
th i h r h th
in th e C a ol c C u c wi i t wr i i y
”
l ean ngs o a d S oc al sm ( R an , op c i t p . .
, .
h r ti
T e se eac on s w r vi v
e e e den ce of th e ad ance d thi i nk ng of R any
ih t
and th e b s ops w h o adop ed h is d af r t th ras ei i r t
O ffi c al p onou ncem e n Of .
v r ti
th e ele en p oposal s con a ned i n th e p amp l e , all h t hv a e n ow b een e ith re
wh yoll or pa rti y tr
all t i t t
an sl a e d n o f ac y rti i ti
O nl one , th e pa c pa on O f l ab o
. r
in m anagem en an d a t wi r i tri ti w r hi
de d s b u on of o n e s p h as m ade l l e i tt ,
r r r r ri t
p og ess Sou ce : B is h op s P rogram of S o c ial R ec o ns truc tio n [ ep n ] ( W as
.
’
h
ti th i r
ingt on : N a onal C a ol c W el f a e C onf e e nce , r
WO RD F O RE
Th e ending of th e G reat W ar h as b rought peace But th e onl y .
safegu ard O f peace is soci al j ustice and a conten ted peopl e Th e deep .
unr est so emph atical l y an d so wi del y v oiced throughou t th e world i s
th e most se ri ou s m en ace to th e fu tu re peace of eve ry n ation and of

th e entire worl d Gre at probl em s f ace u s Th ey cann ot b e put aside ;
. .
they m ust b e met and sol ved with j ustice to all .
In th e hope of stati ng th e l ines th at will b est gu i de u s in our right

sol u tion th e foll owi ng pro nouncem ent i s i ssued b
y th e A dmi ni str ative
Comm ittee of th e National Cathol ic W ar Council Its pr actical appli .
586 Th e Nat ion al P e riod
ti
c a on s are of cou se sub ec r
j t to discussion b ut all its essential decl ar a ,
tions are b ased upon th e principl es O f charity and j ustice th at have

al w ay s b een h el d and t au ght b y th e C ath ol ic Chu rch whil e its pr ae ,
tical proposal s are m erel y an adapt ation of those principles and that
tr aditi on al teachin g to th e soci al and industri al condition s and nee ds
of our own tim e .
{ PE TER J MU LDO O N C h airm an

4 .
, ,
B i sh op of Rockford .
{ J O SEP H SCHRE M B S 4 ,
B i sh op of Tol edo .
I PA TRIC K J HAYES >< .

,
B i sh op of T agaste .
4 WI LLIAM T RU S SE LL 4 .
,
B i sh op of Ch arl eston .
Washington D C , . .
F eb ru ary 1 2 1 9 1 9 ,
.
Reconstruction h as of l ate b een so tiresom el y r eit er ated not to ,
say vi ol entl y ab u sed th at it h as b ecom e to m any of u s a word O f

,
ave r sion Pol itici an s soci al student s l ab or l eader s b u sin ess m en

.
, , , ,
ch arity worker s cl er gym en and v ariou s oth er soci al gr ou ps h ave con

,
trib uted their quot a of spoken words and printed pages to th e di scu s
sion O f th e sub j ect ; y et th e m aj ority of u s still fin d our sel v es r ath er
b ewildered an d h el pl e ss We are un ab l e to say wh at part s of our

.
soci al sy st em im per ativel y n eed r econ str uction ; h ow m u ch of th at
which i s i mper atively necessary is l ikel y to b e seriously undert aken ;

or wh at specifi c m etho ds and m e asur es are b est su ited to r eal iz e th at
am ount O f re con structi on wh i ch i s at once im per at i vel y n ece ssary and
immediatel y feasib l e .
Neverth el ess it is worth whil e to review b ri efly som e of th e more

import ant st atem ent s an d proposal s th at h ave b een m ade b y v ariou s
soci al gr oups and cl asses Pr ob ab l y th e m ost not ab l e decl ar ati on f rom
.
a C ath ol ic sou rce i s th at cont ained in a

pastor al l etter written b y ,
Cardinal B ourne several months ago It is adm itted on all h ands .

,
h e say s th at a n ew order of thin gs new soci al condition s new rel a

“
, , ,
t ions b etween th e different sections in which society is divided will ,
ari se as a con sequence of th e de struction of th e fo rm erl y exi stin

g
cond itions Th e v ery fou ndation s of pol itical and social l ife of
.
,
ou r econ om i c sy stem of m or al s an d rel igi on are b ei ng sh ar l y scru

,
p
tinized and thi s not onl y b y a few writ er s an d s e aker s b ut b v ry
,
p y a e ,
58 8 Th e Na tio na l Pe r iod
w ages ; th e r i ght of l ab o r to fix it s h o u r s of work ; th e e i ght h o ur d ay ;

-
eq u al pay for eq u al work b y t h e two se xes; e xcl u siv e rel i ance b y l ab or
on tr ade u ni on e ffort to m ai nt ai n f air w age s ; est ab l i shm ent of co

-
oper ativ e st or e s ; an d no or gan ization of a pol itical party b y th e
workers L ab or l aw s dem anded are : prohib ition of w age working b y

.
chil dren und er s i xteen y e ar s of age ; ab ol iti on of pr ivate em pl oy m ent
agenci es ; prohib ition of al l imm i gration f or two y ear s ; an d v oca
tional educat i on which wil l fit th e young for l if e in an i n dustri al .
soci ety By impl icat i on b oth th e eight hou r d ay and th e l iv i ng w age -

.
are decl ar ed t o b e sub j ects for tr ade union action not f or l egi sl at i o n
-
.
,
Am ong th e m easures of general soci al legi sl ation recomm ended are

a speci al t ax on n ot cul tiv at ed b y th e own er
“ ”
u sab l e l and.
and ,
t ax es on l and val ues which would m ake th e hol ding of i dl e l and

u npro fit ab l e ; go v e rnm en t4
h ou sin g; gov e rnm en t ow n er shi p an d ope r a
t i on of docks wharves and water power s; taxes on excess profit s

, ,
i ncom es and inh erit ances; an d l imi t ation of th e power of th e cou rt s

_
to decl are l aw s u nc onstitu tional .
Wh ile this progr am is more practical and more moderate and

re ason ab le th an th at of th e B ritish L ab or Congress it s proposal fo ,
r
tax ing l and into u se coul d easil y invol ve confi scation O n th e other .
h and i t does not give suffi cient consider ation to th e case of th e

,
we aker sections of th e working cl ass those for whom tr ade u n i on ,
act i on i s n ot pr actic all y ade qu ate ; nor does it dem and or im pl y th at
th e worker s sh ould e ver aspir e to b ecom e owner s as wel l as u ser s of

th e i n strum ent s of production .
I I H Q UAKER EMPLO YE RS BR T S
Prob ab l y th e m ost defin ite an d com preh en sive st atem en t f rom th e

opposi te industr i al cl ass was put f orth sev er al m onth s ago b y a gr oup
o f twe nty Q u ake r em l oy ers in G r e at B rit ain In outlin e th eir pro

p .
gram i s as foll ows: A fam il y l ivi ng w age for all m al e em pl oy ees ,
and a secon d ary w age in e xcess of th i s for w orker s h aving speci al
skil l tr aining physical strength responsib il ity for hum an l ife ; th e

, , ,
ri ght of l ab or to organize to b argain collectively with th e em ployer

,
and t o participate in th e i ndustri al a rt o f b u si ne ss m anagem ent ;

p
se ri ous and pr actical m e asu re s to reduce th e v olum e an d h ard shi
p of
u nem pl oy m en t ;
provisions of such working conditions as wil l safe
gu ard h eal th phy si cal in tegrity an d m or al s; th e reduction so f ar as
,
pr acticab l e of profits and i nter est u ntil b oth th e b asic and th e second
'
4 Th i gl t m m t f H y G g ( 1 839 1 89 7 ) w til l li
e s n e ax ove en o e nr e or e -
as s a ve
issue t th i ti m
a s e .
B ish ops Program f soc ia l R econstruct ion 5 89
’
o
ary w age h as b een pai d , and transfe r to th e ity

comm u n of r tr
th e g ea e
pa rt o f surpl us profit s .
Th e irit
sp and tion of re sponsib il ity that permeate every
conce p
item of th e program are reflected in thi s st atem en t : W e would ask “
al l em pl oyer s to consider ve ry car efull y wh eth er th e ir sty l e of l i vi ng
an d personal expenditu re are restricte d to wh at is ne ede d in o rde r to
i nsure th e efficient performance of their functions in society More .
th an th i s i s w aste and is moreove r a great cause of cl ass divi sions

”
.
, , ,
AMERICAN EM PLO YERS

Th e onl y form al statemen ts on th e sub j ect of soci al reconstruction
th at h ave ye t come to our attention from an import ant group of
Am erican employers are a decl ar ation of principles and cert ain pro
,
p o sal s b y th e N a ti on al Ch am b e r of C o mm e rce T h e d ecl ar ation of .
prin cipl es was m ade at a convention of th e organization in Atl an tic ,
city De cemb e r 6
, 1 9 1 8 B ey on d a gener al comm endati on of peaceful
, .
and friendl y r el ation s b e tween e m pl oy er s and empl oyees it incl uded ,
noth i ng of i mport ance on th e l ab o r ph ase of r e construction It con .
dem ned governm ent oper at i on and own er ship of r ailr oads tel egraph s ,
an d tel eph one s an d dem an de d m o re m o de r ate t axes and a m odifica

,
tion of th e Sherm an Anti Trust Law More recently th e executive -

.
ofii ci al s of th e Ch amb e r h av e sub m i tted to a r eferen dum v ote of its
mem b er ship a statem ent with a view to furnishing a b asis on whi ch

,
Am erican i ndu stry c an b uil d a n ati onal l ab or program Th e m ai n .

”
specific pr opo sal s in this st at em ent are : r ecogn ition of th e right of
worke rs to organize ; ade qu ate repre sentation of b oth partie s in th e

determ ination of em pl oym ent cond i t i on s; a decen t h ome and proper
soci al condition s ; no re duction in w ages u n ti l all oth e r cost s of
production have been b rought down to th e l owe st possib l e l evel ; and

a sy st em of n ati onal em pl oym en t ofli ces In asmuch as thi s organi za .
tion represent s m ore employers than any other associ ation in th e

country th e v ote of it s m emb e r s on th ese propo sal s will b e of th e
,
gr eatest significance .
A N INTERDENO M INA TI O NAL STATEMENT

In Gre at B rit ai n an organ iz ation known as th e Int erdenom in ational
Conf erence of Soci al Service Unions compri sing ten religious b odies , ,
including Cathol ics spent m ore than a year formul ating a statement of
,
Soci al Reconstruction ( See th e summ ary an d an al y si s cont ained in

.
t h e C athol ic Soci al Year B o ok for Thi s st atement de al s with

5
A C h rist ian S oc ia l C rusade : C ath o l ic S oc ia l Year B oo k for 1 9 1 8 ( London ,
p 1 . .
p rin cip l e
,s evil s and rem e dies Presumin g th at Chri sti an ity pro vi des
,
.
indispensab l e gu iding principl es and powerful m otives of social reform ,
it l ays down th e b asic proposition th at eve ry hum an b eing is of in

estim ab l e worth and th at l egi sl at i on sh ou l d r ecogn i ze per sons as
,
m ore sacred th an property therefore th e St ate shoul d enf orce a

,
minimum l iving wage enab l e th e worker to ob t ain som e con trol of

,
industri al conditions; suppl em ent pri v ate in iti ative in providing decent
housin g; prevent th e occu rrence of u nemployment ; safegu ard th e right
of th e l ab orer and hi s f amil y t o a r e ason ab l e am oun t of rest and
recreation; remove those industrial and soci al conditions which hinder

m arri age and encourage an unn atur al restriction of f am il ies and ,
aff ord ampl e opportun ities for edu cati on of all chil dr en indu stri all y ,
cul tur all y

,
religiou sly and m or ally O n th e other h and right s irnply
.
duties and th e individu al is ob l iged to respect th e right s of oth er s

, ,
to cul tiv ate self control to recogn ize th at l ab or i s th e l aw of lif e

-
, ,
and th at weal th i s a trust F inall y th e st atem ent po int s ou t th at all

.
,
soci al refo rm mu st t ake as it s end and gu ide th e m ain ten ance of pu re
and wh ol esom e f amil y l if e .
Such in b arest ou tl in e are th e m ain propositions and prin cipl es of

thi s rem arkab le progr am Th e text contai n s ade qu ate expositi on of
.
th e devel opmen t and appl i cati on of all these points and concrete ,
spec ifications of th e m eth ods and m easu r es b y which th e aim s and
principl es m ay b e b rought in to eff ect In th e l atter respect th e st ate

.
m ent is not l i ab l e to th e f at al ob j ection th at i s frequ entl y and f airl y

ur ged again st th e ref o rm pronou ncem en t s of rel i i ou s b odi es : th at th ey
g
are ab str act pl atitu din ous and u su all y h arm l ess Th e st at em ent o f th e
, .
Interdenom in ation al Conf erence point s out specific rem edi es for th e
evil s th at it describ es ; spe cifi c m easu r e s l e i sl ative an d oth e r b
g , y which ,
th e prin cipl es m ay b e re al iz e d in actu al l if e Especi al l y pr actical .
and v al uab l e for C ath ol ics are th e ex l an ation s and m odifi cation s
p
suppl i e d b y th e Ye ar B ook of th e C ath oli c soci al Guil d .
NO PRO FO UND CHANGES IN THE UNITED STATES

It is not to b e expected th at as m any or as gre at social ch anges will
take pl ace in th e United States as in Europe Neither our h ab its of .
th inking nor our ordin ary w ays of l ife h ave un dergone a profound
“
disturb ance Th e h ackneyed phr ase : Thin gs will never a ain b e th e “

.
g
same af ter th e w ar h as a much m ore concrete an d deepl y fel t
” “
meaning among th e Eur opean peopl es Th eir mi nds are full y adj u sted .
to th e convicti on and expect at i on th at th ese words will com e true .

add ess rCongress endorsed th e prO po sal A s f ast as this prelim in ary
to .
6
task h as b een performed th e m en should b e assisted b y governm ent ,
l oans to est ab l i sh th em sel ves as farm ers eith er as owner s or as ten ant s , .
having long t i me leases It is essent i al that b oth th e work of prepara

- .
ti on and th e sub sequent settl ement of th e l and sh oul d b e effected b y

g r oup s o r col o n ie s not b y m en l iving in dependentl y of one anoth er
,
and in depre ssin g i sol ation A pl an of thi s sort i s al ready in ope r ation .
in Engl and Th e import ance of th e proj ect as an item of any soci al

.
reform program is ob viou s It woul d aff ord employm ent to thousands .
u pon thousand s w ould gr e at l y increase th e nu mb er of f arm own er s

,
and i ndependent f armer s and w oul d ten d t o l ow er th e co st of li ving

,
b y i ncreasing th e amou nt of agricul tur al produ cts If i t is to assum e .
any con si de r abl e propo rt i o n s i t m u st b e c arri e d ou t b y th e gove rn
m ent s of th e United St ates and of th e sev er al States Shoul d it b e .
u nde rt ake n b y the se auth o riti e s an d o per ate d on a sy st em atic an d

“
generous scal e it would e asil y b ecom e on e of th e m ost b enefici al

,
reform m easu res th at h as ever b een attem pted

' '
UNITED ST ATES EM P O L YM ENT SER VICE

reinstatem ent of th e sol dier s and sailor s in urb an industries
Th e
wi ll no doub t b e facil it ated b y th e United St ates Em pl oym ent Service .
Thi s agency h as att ained a f air degree of devel opment and effi ci ency
durin g th e w ar Unfortun atel y th e re i s som e d an ger t h at it will go
.
ou t of e xi st ence or b e
gre atl y weakened at th e end of th e peri od of
dem ob il i z ation It i s th e ob vi ou s du ty of Congre ss to contin u e an d
.
stren gthen thi s im ort ant institu tion Th e prob l em of unempl oym ent
p .
i s with u s al w ay s Its sol ut i on re qu ire s th e co o er ation of m any

p
.
-
agencies and th e u se of m an y m eth od s

, ; b ut th e primary and in
di spen sab l e in strum ent i s a n ati on al sy st em of l ab or exch an es acti n
g g ,
in h armony with St ate m un icipal and riv at e em l oym ent b ure aus
p p , , .
WO M EN W A R WO RK ERS
O ne of th e m o st i mport ant prob lem s of readj u stm e nt is th at created
b y th e presence i n i ndustry of i m mense numb e r s of wo men Wh o h av e
taken th e pl aces of men during th e war M e re j ustice to say nothing .
,
of chiv al ry dictates th at the se women sh oul d not b e com ell ed to

,
p
suff e r any
gre ater l oss or i nconven ience th an i s ab sol utel y n ecessary ;
Th
6
dd e a f W il w
ress o d li d nD mb so n
2 1918 F as
th i e vere o e ce er or e res
p
I t i kl i
.
, .
d nt
’
e d
s m t
e n orse f th p p l
en f S t y o f th e F ro osa o
K e cre ar o e n er o r ran n
i g l d f th t i g i m f C g
.
Lane ( 1 8 64 1 9 2 1 )-
concern n an s or e re urn n serv c e en c on res
( W a h i gt
.
stona l R d 6 5 11 C g
eco r 3 d S i :
, on ress,
LVII 7 r ess on s n o n, , .
Program f Soc ia l R econstruc tion 593
’
Bish ops o
for their rvices to th e n ation h ave b een second only to th e servi ces
se
of th e m en whose pl ace s th ey w er e c all ed u pon to fill O ne gener al .
p ri nc i pl e i s c l e ar : No f em al e w or k e r sh o u ld r em ai n in an y occupat i on
th at is h armful to health or m oral s Women should disappe ar as .
qu ickly as possi b le from su ch t asks as conducting and gu arding street

c ar s cl e anin g l oco motiv es
, and a gr e at n u m b e r of o th er activiti e s
,
for w hich conditions of l i fe and their phy sique render them unfit .
A nother general principl e is th at th e proportion of women in industry

o ught to b e kep t within t h e sm allest pr acti c al limit s I f we h av e an .
efficie nt n ati onal e m pl oym en t se rvice if a goodl y nu mb er of th e ,
retu rned soldier s and sailors are pl aced on th e l and and if w age s and ,
th e d em and for good s are kept u p to th e l e vel whi ch i s e asil y att ai n

ab l e all f em al e w o rke r s w h o are d i spl ace d f rom t asks th at th ey h av e
,
b een perform i ng o nl y since th e b egi nn i ng o f th e w ar will b e ab l e to

find suit ab l e em pl oym ent s in oth e r p art s of th e i n du stri al fi eld or ,
in th ose dom esti c o ccupation s whi ch sor el y n eed th ei r presence Th ose .
w om en wh o are en gaged at th e sam e t asks as m en sh oul d receive equ al

pay for eq ual am ount s a nd q u al iti es of w o rk .
NATI O NAL W A R
LAB O R B O ARD
O ne of th e m ost b en efici al gov ernm e nt al or gan i zations of th e w ar
is th e N ation al W ar L ab or B oard Upon th e b asi s of a few funda
.
7
m en t al principl es u n ani m ou sl y adopted b y th e r epre sent atives of l ab o r

, ,
c apit al an d th e pub li c
, i t h as prevented innu m erabl e strikes and
, ,
raised w ages to decent l evel s in m any diff erent indu stries throu ghou t
th e c ou ntry It s m ai n gu i d i n g pr i ncipl es h av e b een a f am il y l ivin g
.
wage for all m ale adu lt l ab orer s; recogniti on of th e right of l ab or to

o rganize an d t o de al with em pl oye r s throu gh it s ch o sen r e r esen t at i v e s;
, p
and no co er ci on of n on u n ion l ab or er s b y m em b er s of th e u nion Th e
-
.
W ar L ab or B o ar d ou ght to b e conti nued in ex i stence b y C ongress ,
an d e n dow ed with all th e w r f r eff ective action th at it can

p o e o possess
u nde r t h e F e de r al C onst i tu tion Th e pri ncipl es m eth ods m ach i ne ry
.
, ,
and re su l t s of thi s i nstit u tion co nstitu t e a defi nite and f ar r e achin

g
-
(
gai n for soci al j u sti ce No part of thi s adv ant age sh oul d b e l o st o r
.
giv en up in ti m e of peace .
PR ESENT WA GE RATES SHO ULD B E S USTAINED

T h e gen e r al l evel of w age s att ain ed du ring th e w ar sh oul d n ot b e
T h e N at i o nal W L b B pp i t d b y P id t W i l i A p i l
7
ar a or d w o ar as a o n e re s en son n r
h i m id t T ft ( 1 8 5 7— 1 9 30 ) d F k
,
1 9 1 8, an d h ad as . co -c a r f m en Por er res en a an r an
P . W alsh ( 1 8 64 It w i t dd t
as n en e t t o f l t
ac as t f a c ou r o as re sor or
l ab or d spu tes i .
594 Th e Na t iona l Period
lo wered In a few industries especiall y som e dir ectl y and peculi arly
. ,
conn ecte d w i th th e carryin g on of w ar w ages h ave re ached a pl ane ,
upon which th ey cann ot possib l y continu e for thi s gr ade of occupa
tions But th e numb er of workers in thi s situ ation i s an extrem ely

.
small pr oportion of th e entir e w age earni ng popul ation Th e over -

.
whelming m aj ority shoul d n ot b e compell ed or suff ered to undergo

any re ducti on in th eir r at es of remun e r ation for two reason s : Fir st ,
.
,
b ecau se th e average rate of p ay h as not incre ased f aster th an th e

cost of l iving; second b ec au se a co nsider ab l e m aj ority of th e wage
,
e arner s of th e Un ited St at es b oth m en and w om en w ere not receivi ng

, ,
l iving wages wh en pri ces b egan to ri se in 1 9 1 5 In th at y ear accord .

,
i n g t o L auck an d Syden stricker wh ose work i s th e m ost compre 8

,
h ensive on th e sub j ect four fifths of th e h eads of fam il ies ob t ained

,
-
l ess th an 80 0 doll ar s whil e tw o third s of th e f em al e w age e arn er s w ere

,
- -
p ai d l ess th an 4 0 0 d o ll ar s E v e n i f th e price of good s should f all t o

.
th e l evel on which th e y w e re in 1 9 1 5 som e thin g th at c annot b e
hoped for within five years th e aver age present r ates of w ages
would not exceed th e equival ent of a decent l ivelih ood in th e case
“
o f th e v ast m aj ority Th e exceptional i n st ances to th e con tr ary are

.
pr acti call y all am ong th e ski l l e d w orker s Th e refore w age s on th e .

,
whol e shoul d not b e reduced even when th e cost of l iving recedes

from it s presen t hi gh l evel .
Even if th e gr e at m aj ority of worke rs w ere n ow in receipt of m ore

than l iving w ages there are no good r easons wh y r ates of pay shoul d
,
b e l owered After all a l ivin g w age i s n ot n ecessaril y th e full m e asu re

.
,
of j u st i ce A ll th e C ath ol i c au th orities on th e sub j ect e x l i citl y decl are

.
p
th at thi s is onl y th e m ini mum of j u stice In a country as ri ch as .
our s th er e are very f ew cases in whi ch it is

,
possibl e t o pr ove th at
th e w orker w ou l d b e gettin g m ore th an th at to whi ch h e h as a ri ht
g
if h e Were pai d som ething in excess of th i s ethical m i nimum Why .
then shou ld w e assum e th at this is th e no rm al sh are of al m ost th e

,
whol e l ab oring popul ation? Sin ce our indu strial resources and instru
m ental it i es are sufficient to provi de m ore th an a l ivin w a e for a
g g
very l arge proportion of th e worker s why should w e acquiesce in a ,
theory which denies them this m easure of th e com forts of l ife? Such
a pol i cy i s not onl y of v ery q u estion ab l e m or al ity
; b ut i s u nsound
ec onomi c all y Th e l arge dem an d f or good s which i s created an d
.
m ain t ain ed b y high r ates of wage s and hi h urch asin w r b y th e

g p g p o e
m asses is th e surest gu ar ante e of a continuou s and ener al o er ation
g p
8 W Lau ck
.
J ett and
Yo k
Ed gar S y de nstricker , C o nd it io ns f La b or in
o A m er ican
I ndus tr i es ( New
.
r , p 66 . .
596 Th e Na t ional P er iod
ri
of p ces w o u l d b e t h e e st a b l i h t s m en r t i v e st
o f co - ope a
o r e s T h e e n or .
t
m ou s oll aken f t r o m in d stry b y t hu e v a r i o u s c l ass es o f m i dd l e m e n -
i s n ow f u l l y r e a l i z e d T h e a. s t o n i s h i n g d i ff e r e n ce b e t w e e n th e p ri ce
recei ved b y th e produ cer an d th at p ai d b y th e con sumer h as b ecom e

a sca n d a l o f o u r i n d u s tr i al sy st e m Th e o b v i o
. u s a n d di r e c t m e a n s
of r i
e du c ng th i s d i s c r e p a n c y a n d a b o l i h i n g u nn e ce
s s s a ry m i d dl e m e n -
i s th e ope r at i o n o f r e t a i l a n d wh o l es a l e m e r c a n t i l e co n ce r n s u n d e r t h e
w
o ne s pr h i an d m a n a g e m e n t o f th e c o n s m e r s T h i s i s u n o U t o pi an
.
sch em e It h as b een succe ssful l y c arr i e d o u t in E ngl and an d Sco t

l and
“
through th e Rochdal e system Very f ew ser iou s eff orts of thi s kin d .
9
have b een m ade in this country b ecau se our peopl e h ave not felt th e
n eed of these co ope r at ive enterpri ses as keenly as th e Europe an
-
working cl asses and b ecau se we h ave b een too impat ient and too
,
individu al i sti c to m ake th e necessary sacri fices an d to b e content with

'
m oder ate b en efits and gr adu al progress Neverth el ess our superior .
,
en ergy ,
initi ati ve and com m erci al capaci ty w ill en abl e u s once w e ,
set ab ou t th e t ask e arn estl y ev en t o su rpass wh at h as b e e n d on e i n

,
En gl and an d Scotl and .
In addi ti on to reduci ng th e cost of l i vi ng th e co oper ative stores ,

-
woul d tr ain our working people and consum er s generall y in hab it s of

sav i ng ,
in careful expen d i tu re in b u si ne ss m eth od s an d in th e , ,
c apaci ty f or co oper ation -

When th e working cl asses h ave l earned to
.
m ake th e sacr i fi ces an d to ex e rci se th e p at i ence requ ired b y th e

own er sh i p an d ope r at i on of co —ope r at i v e st or e s they w i ll b e eq u ipped .
,
t o u n de rt ake a gre at v ar i ety of t asks and proj ect s wh i ch b en efit th e

co mmu n i ty i mm ed i at el y and all it s con st i tu en t m em b er s u l t i m atel y
,
.
Th ey w ill th en re al i e th e f oll y of ex c essi ve sel fi shn ess and sen sel ess
z
indivi du al i sm Unti l they h ave acqu ired this knowledge t r aining and
.
,
c apaci ty desi r ab l e ext en si on s of governm ent al action in industry w i ll

,
not b e attended b y a nor m al am o u nt o f success No m achin ery of .
governm ent can ope r ate au tom ati call y and n o offi ci al and b ure aucr ati c ,
adm in i str ation of su ch m ach i nery can ever b e a sub stitu te for int ell i gen t
interest and co operation b y th e individu al s of th e community

-
.
THE LEG A L M INI MUM W A GE
rning now from those agencies and l aws that h ave b een put
Tu .
i n O pe r ation du ring th e w ar to th e
gen er al sub j ect of l ab or l egi sl ati on
and pr ob l em s w e are gl ad to n ot e th at th e re i s n o l on er an
, g y seriou s
Th i
9
y t m f
s s s e p ti igi t d i 1 844 t R h d l E gl d wh
o cc -o er a ve s or na e n a oc a e, n an en
f h ti t d O w it t
,
a g prou o c arw km s s
p d an f th enll d e or en o ene a s ore o e so- ca e
R h d l Pi
.
oc a e onee rs .
B ish op s Progra m f Soc ial R eco nstruct io n 5 97
’
o
j tion ur ged b y im partial person s against th e l egal m i nimu m wage

o b ec .
Th e sever al St ates sh oul d en act l aw s prov id i ng for th e est ab li shm en t

o f w age r at es th at wi ll b e at l e ast suffi ci e nt f or t h e de cen t m ai n
ten an ce of a f am il y in th e case of al l m al e adu l t s an d adequ ate t o th e

, ,
decent i ndivi du al support of f em al e worker s I n th e b egi nn i ng th e .
mini mum w ages for m al e w orker s sh ould su ffi ce on ly for th e present

need s of th e f amil y b u t they should b e gr ad u ally r ai sed u nti l they
,
are ade q u at e to f utu re n ee d s as w el l Th at i s th ey sh oul d b e u l tim atel y

.
,
high enough to m ake possib l e that am ount of sav i ng wh i ch i s neces

sary to prot ect th e w orke r and h i s f am i ly agai n st si c kn ess acc i dent s , ,
inval idity and old age .
SO CIAL INSURA NCE

Until this le vel
in i m u m wages is reached th e worker
of l egal m
st and s in n eed of th e devi ce of i n su r an ce T h e St ate sh oul d m ake .
com pr eh en siv e pr ovi sion f or i n su r an ce agai nst ill ne ss inval id i ty u n , ,
empl oym en t an d ol d age So f ar as po ssib l e th e i n su r an ce fun d sh ould

, .
b e r ai sed b y a l evy on i ndustry as i s n ow don e in t h e case of acci d en t

,
compen sation Th e i ndustry in which a m an IS em pl oy e d sh ould p ro

.
vide hi m with all th at is necessary t o m eet all th e n eed s of h is entire

l ife Th erefore any contri b u ti on to th e i n su r an ce f u n d from th e
.
,
gener al rev enues of th e St ate sh ou ld b e o nl y sl ight and tempor ary .
F or th e sam e reason n o contri b u t i on shoul d b e ex acted f rom any

.
worker wh o i s not getting a higher w age than is requ ired to m eet

th e pre sen t n ee d s of him self a n d f am il y Th o se wh o are b el ow th at .
l ev el can m ake su ch a con trib u tion onl y at th e expen se of th eir present

welf are Finall y th e adm in i stration of th e in su r ance l aw s shoul d b e
.
,
such as t o inter fer e as l ittl e as po ssib l e with th e in d ividu al fr ee dom of
th e w orker an d hi s f am il y A ny in su r ance sch em e or any adm ini str a

.
,
tive m ethod that tend s to separ ate th e workers into a distinct and
,
dependen t cl ass th at off end s against th eir d om estic priv acy and i nde
,
pendence or th at thre at en s i ndivi d u al sel f re liance an d sel f respect -

a
, ,
sh oul d no t b e tol e r ated Th e i deal t o b e kept in m ind i s a con

.
d ition in whi ch all th e w orke r s woul d th em sel ve s h av e th e i ncome

and th e r e spon si b i l ity o f pro vid i n
.
g for all th e needs and conti ngenci es

of l if e, b oth present and futu re H ence all f o rm s of St ate i n surance .
sh ould b e regarded as m er el y a l esser e vil and sh oul d b e so or ani zed

g ,
and adm in i stere d as to h ast en th e com ing of th e n orm al con dition .
Th e l if e in su r ance off ered to sol diers and sailor s durin g th e war

shoul d b e con tinued so f ar as th e enl i st ed m en are conce rned It i s
, .
very doub tful whether t h e time h as yet arrived wh en pub l ic opinion

59 8 Th e Na t io n a l Pe rio d
woul d sancti on th e extensi on of gener al lif e in su rance b y th e Govem

m ent to all cl asses of th e commu n ity .
T eh es t a b li sh m en t an d m ain t e n an ce of m u n i ci pal h eal th in spection
in all sch ool s pub l i c an d priv at e i s n ow pretty gene r all y recogn ized
, ,
as of gr e at im port ance an d b en efit M un i ci p al cli ni cs whe re th e poorer

.
cl a ss e s cou ld o b t ain th e ad v an t a g e o f m e d i c al tr e a tm en t b y spec i al i st s
at a re ason ab l e c ost w ou ld l i kew i se seem to h av e b ecom e a nece ssity .
A vast am ou nt of u nnecessary sickness and suff ering exi sts am ong th e

p o o r a n d t h e l owe r m id dl e cl asses b ecause th ey cann ot aff or d th e
adv ant age s o f any oth er tr e atm ent ex ce pt th at pr ovi ded b y th e gener al
p r ac t i t i o n e r E v ery eff o rt sh oul d b e m ade to suppl y w age e arn er s an d

.
-
their f am il i es wi th speci al i zed m ed i cal care throu gh developm ent of

g r ou p m e d i ci n e .F r ee m e di c al c are sh oul d b e gi ven onl y to those wh o
cannot aff or d t o pay .
LAB O R PAR TIC IPATIO N IN INDUSTR IAL

M ANA G EM ENT
Th e r i ght of l ab or to organize and to deal with empl oyers throu gh

represent atives h as b een asserted ab ove in connection with th e dis
.
cussion of t h e W ar L ab or B o a rd It is to b e hoped that this right

.
wil l never again b e call ed in qu estion b y any consider ab l e numb er

of em pl oy er s In addi t i on t o thi s l ab or ou ght gr aduall y to receive
‘
.
,
gre ater repre sent ation in wh at th e En gl i sh group of Q u aker em pl oy er s

have cal led th e indu strial part of b u siness m anagem ent
“ ”
th e con
“
trol of processes arid m achi n e ry ; n ature of product ; engagem ent an d

di sm i ssal of em pl oy ees; h ou r s of work r ates of p ay b onu ses etc ; , , , .
welf are work ; sh 0 p di scipline ; rel ations with trade u nions Th e .

”
est ab l i shm en t of sh op comm itt ees workin g wher ev er ,possib l e with th e

tr ade union i s th e m ethod su ggested b y this group of empl oyers for
,
givin g th e em pl oy ees th e proper sh are of industri al m anagem ent Th er e .
c an b e no doub t th at a f r ank ado tion of th ese m e an s an d ends b

p y
empl oyer s would n ot onl y pro m ote th e w elf ar e of th e worker s b ut ,
vastly i mprove th e rel ations b etween them and their empl oyers and ,
incre ase th e effi ciency and produ ctiveness of each est abl i shm ent .
Ther e i s n o n eed h ere to emph asi ze th e im po rt ance of safety and

san i t at i on in w ork
pl aces as thi s i s pretty gen er all y recognized b y
,
l egi sl ation Wh at i s r e qu ired is an exten sion and s tren th enin

.
g g of
m any of th e ex i sting st atutes an d a b ette r admi ni str ation an d enforce
,
m ent of such l aw s everywh ere .

U C
S F F I I ENT F O R THE PRE SENT
r
P ob ab l y t h e f o r e g o i n g p p r o o s a l s c o m p r i s eev e ryth i n g th at is li kely
to h v
a e p r ac t i c a l v a l ue i n a r
p g o r a m o f i m m e d i at e soci al recon strue
ti on for Am erica Su b stanti ally all of the se m ethods l aws and recom
. ,
m end atio n s h a v e b e e n r ec o g n i z e d i n p r i n c i pl e b y t h e U n i t ed S t ate s
r
du ing t h e w ar ,
or h a v e b e e n i n d o r se d b y i m p o rt a n t s o c i al a n d i nd u s
tr i al groups and organ i zat i on s Therefore they are ob j ect s th at we ,
can set b efo re t h e pe o pl e w i th goo d hope of ob t ai n i n g a sym path eti

c
and pr act i c al r espon se W er e th ey al l re al i zed a gr eat st ep would h av e

.
b ee n t a k e n i n th e d i r ec t i on o f s oc i al j u s t i ce Wh . e n th e y ar e al l pu t
i nto oper ation th e way will b e easy and ob v i ou s to st i ll greater and

'
m ore b en efi ci al re sul t .
U LTIM A TE A ND FUNDA M ENT A L R EF O RM S
D esp ite r ti an d i mm edi ate ch ar acte r of th e pre sent st ate

th e p ac c al
m en t w e c annot e n ti rel y n e gl ect th e quest i on of u l t im ate aim s an d a
,
sy st em atic pr ogr am ; f or o th e r grou p s are b usy i ssu i n g such sy ste m at i c

“
p r on ou n ce m e n t s an d w
,
e all n e e d som eth i n g of th e kin d as a ph i lo
'
Soph i cal f o u n d at i on and as a sat i sf ac t i on t o ou r n atu r al desi re fo r
co mpr eh en si v e st at em ent s .
It seem s clear that th e present indu str i al system is destined to

.
l ast for a l on gt im e in its m ai n ou tl i nes Th at i s t o say pr i v ate own er

.
,
ship o f capi t al i s not l i kel y to b e suppl ant e d b y a col l ect i v i st o r gan i z a
ti on of i n du stry at a d ate sufli ciently ne ar to j ustify any present

act i on b ase d on th e hypoth e si s of i t s arriv al Thi s f or ecast w e reco gn i ze
“
as no t onl y extrem el y pr ob ab l e b u t as hi ghl y de sir ab l e ; for oth er

, ,
ob j ection s apart So c i al i sm w ou ld m ean b u r e au cr acy pol itical tyr ann y

, , ,
th e h el pl e ssne ss of th e i n dividu al as a f acto r in th e or de ri n g of h i s ow n

l ife and in gen e r al soci al in effi ci ency an d dec adence
, .
MA IN D EF EC TS O F TH E PRE SENT S YSTEM

Neve rthel ess th e present sy stem st ands In gr i evous need of con
I
sid erab l e m od i fi cat i on s and i m pr ov em ent Its m ai n defect s are thre

. e
E norm ou s i neffi c i ency an d w aste in th e prod uct i on and di strib uti on

of com m odi t i e s ; i n su ffi ci en t i ncom es f or th e
gre at m aj ori ty of w age
r r and unnecessarily large i ncom es for a sm al l m i nority of
ea ne s,
privil eged c apit al i sts Inefli ciency in t h e prod uction and d i strib ution
.
of good s woul d b e in gre at m e asu re ab ol i shed b

y th e refo rm s th at
h ave b een ou tl i ned in th e foregoing pages Production would b e .
greatly i ncre ased b y u ni v er sal li vi n g w ages b y adequ ate industri al ,

B ish op s Progra m f Soc ial Reconstru ct ion 60 1
’
o
educa tion and b y harmoniou s rel ations b etween l ab or and capital on

,
th e b asi s O f adequ ate parti ci pati on b y th e forme r in all th e i ndustri al

aspect s O f b usi ne ss m an agem ent Th e waste s O f comm odity distrib u
.
tion coul d b e pr acticall y all el im in ated b y co O perative mercantile -
est ab l i sh m ent s and co oper ativ e sel l i ng and m arke ting associ ations
,
-
.
CO O PER
-
AT IO N A ND CC —P ARTNERSHIP
Neve rth eless i t i r
ful l poss b i l i i es O f n c eased p oduc i on
, th e r
i l l no t t w
be r i
eal zed so l ong as th e m a o j rity
O f th e w r r r i
o ke s em a n m e e age r w ,
e ar r
n e s Th e m a o
. j rity
m u s som e o t h w w r
b ecom e o ne s, or at l e as in t
p a rt, O f th e in str u m en t s O f pr o d u c ti o n Th e y c an b e .en ab l e d t o r e ach
thi s st age gr adu al l y throu gh co O per ative productive societies and co

-
p a rt n er s hi p a rra n ge m en t s I n t h e f o.r m er th e w o r ke r s o wn
, a n d m an age
th e in du stri e s th em sel ves ; in th e l atte r th ey ow n a sub st an ti al p art O f
th e corpor at e stock and exer ci se a r e ason ab l e sh ar e in th e m an agem e nt .
However sl ow th e att ai nm ent s O f these ends they will h ave to b e ,
reached b efore we can h ave a tho roughl y effi cient sy stem of produc
tion or an indu strial and soci al order th at will b e secu re from th e
,
d anger O f revol uti on It i s to b e n ote d th at thi s particul ar m odification

.
O f th e exi sting ord er th ou gh f ar r e ach i ng and i nv ol ving to a gr e at ext en t

,
-
th e ab ol ition O f th e w age sy stem woul d no t m e an th e ab ol iti on O f

,
priv ate owner ship Th e instrum en ts O f produ cti on would sti l l b e ow ned
.
b y in divi dual s not b y th e St ate

, .
INCREA SED INCO M ES FO R LA B O R

Th e secondreat evil th at of in suffi cient incom e for th e m aj ority
g ,
can b e rem ov onl y b y provi ding th e w orke r s with m or e i n com e

ed .
Thi s m eans not onl y u niver sal l iving wages b u t th e opportunity O f ,
ob t ai ni ng som ething more th an th at am oun t for all wh o are wi ll in g

to work h ar d an d faithf ul l y A ll th e oth er m easu r e s for l ab or b etter
“
m ent recomm ended in th e preceding pages would likewi se contrib u te

directl y or indir ectl y to a m ore j ust d i strib ution O f weal th in th e
interest O f th e l ab orer .
ABO LIT IO N A ND CO NTRO L OF MO NO PO LIES

F or the th ird evil m ent ion ed ab ove excessive gains b y a sm al l ,
m inority O f privil eged capit al i st s th e m ain rem edies are prevention

,
O f m onopol i stic control O f comm odi ties adequ ate gov ernment r e ul a
g ,
tion O f such pub lic service monopol ies as will rem ain under private
oper ation an d heavy t ax ation O f in com es ex cess
, profit s and inh erit ,
ances Th e preci se m eth ods b y whi ch genu ine com etition m a

.
p y be
6 02 Th e Na t ional P eriod
restored and maint ained among b usinesses th at are n atu r all y competi
tive cannot b e di scu ssed here; b ut th e principle is clear th at hum an
,
b eings cannot b e trusted with th e imm en se O pportunities for O ppres

sion and extortion th at go with th e possession O f m onopol y power
'
.
Th at th e own er s O f pub l ic se rvi ce monopol ies sh oul d b e restr i cted

b y l aw to a f air or av er age r eturn on th eir actual investm ent h as ,
l ong b een a recogni zed principl e O f th e cou rt s th e l egi sl atu re s and , ,
i i
pub l c O p n oi n It i s a pr i
.n c ipl e whi ch sh ou l d b e appl i ed t o com peti ~
tive enterprises l ikewi se with th e qu al ification th at something m ore

,
th an th e aver age rate of return should b e all owed to m en wh o exhib it

exceptional effi ciency How eve r good pub l ic poli cy as well as equi ty
.
, , ,
demands th at th ese ex ceptional b u siness men sh are th e fruit s O f th eir

effi ci ency with th e con sum er in th e f o rm O f l ower price s Th e m an wh o .
util izes h is ab ili ty to produce cheaper th an h is competitor s for th e
u r ose of e x actin g f r om th e publ i c as hi gh a price f or hi s pro duct as

p p _
is necessary for th e l east effi cient b u sin ess m an i s a m en ace r ath er ,
th an a b enefit to industry and society .
O ur immen se war deb t con stitutes a particul ar reason why incomes

and excess profits sh ou l d continu e to b e h eavil y t axed I n thi s way .
two impo rt ant end s wil l b e att ain ed : th e poor will b e r el ieved O f
inj uriou s tax b urdens and th e sm all cl ass O f speciall y privil eged capi
'
t alists will b e com pell ed to retu rn a part O f th eir une arned gain s to
society .
A NEW SPIRIT A VITAL NEE D

Soc iety
id Pope Leo X III can b e he al ed in no oth er way
, sa ,
than b y a return to Ch risti an lif e and Christi an institutions Th e .

”1 1
truth O f these words is more widel y perceived tod ay than when they
were written m ore th an twenty seven years ago Ch anges in our
,
-
.
economi c and pol itical sy stem s will h av e onl y

parti al and feeb l e
effi ci ency if th ey b e n ot rein forced b
y th e Chri sti an View O f work
and weal th Ne ither th e m oder ate reform s advocated in thi s paper
.
,
n or an
y oth er progr am O f b etterm en t or reconstructi on will prove
reasonab l y eff ective without a reform in th e spirit O f b oth l ab or and
capit al Th e l ab orer mu st com e to real i ze th at h e owes hi s empl oyer
.
and soci ety an honest d ay s work in r eturn for a f air wa e and th at

’
g ,
con dition s c ann ot b e sub st anti all y i

mproved until h e roots out th e
desire to get a m axi mum O f return for a m inimum O f service Th e .
capit al i st m ust li kewi se

get a new viewpoin t He needs to l e arn th e .
11 R m N
er u m M y 1 5 1 89 1 i J h I Wy
ova ru , a SJ ,Th G , tn o n . nne , e re a
X I II ( N w Y k
.
E cy l
n l L tt
c i ca f P p L p 2 25
e ers o o e eo e or , . .
6 04 Th e Nat iona l Period
turn ed ou t , m r th n M were O pposed to th e

o e a nd ve
cD onn ell a e n
tu all y e e a o r q t f it di
s ol t i on w
u s l i d b f re th e H oly See I n C jet
r ss u as a e o . a an
C rdi n l D L i ( 1 8 5 3
a a e Secretary f th C on i tori l C ongreg ti n
a o e s s a a o ,
th e m in ori ty p rty f o n d a strong ally D L i succeeded in convin i ng

u a . e a c
Be edi ct X V th t t h
n wa ari ky xperi m nt th t rri d in i t
e s a s e e a ca e
d n g ro
a e ov rt n e us f n ti n le h rch in th U ni ted S tate
o s O D L ia a o a c u e s . e a ,
th refore m d o t d cr e O f d i l ti on b t b efore Bened ict XV c ld

e , a e u a e e sso u u ou
si gn i t h e died n J n ry 22 1 9 22 Pi X I el ted on F b ru ary 6 f ou nd

o a ua , . us ,
ec e ,
th e decre mong th e nfi ni sh ed b u i n
e a f h i pr dece r g ve it h i
u s ess O s e sso , a s
asse nt d th e d ecr
, an w fixed on Feb r ary 23 N ws O f thi s action did
ee as u . e
not re ch th e U i ted St te u nti l l te M rch Th e A d m i ni str t ive C m m i ttee

a n a s a a . a o
O f th e h ld m rgency m t in g in C l vel nd on A pri l 6

e an e e ee e a ,
c bl e d
a ki ng th H ly See to wi thh l d p b l i c ti on f th decree in th e
as e o o u a O e
A t S
c a t S di
a nc ae nd d l g ted Bi hop Sch r m b
e s, a to go to Rome to pre e e a s e s
sent th i r i de O f th e
e s A f t r m ny nxi ous weeks Sch remb c b l d on
case . e a a s a e
June 23 F i ght i won K eep progr m B i hop m eeti ng S eptem b r O ffici l

:
“
s . a s
’
s e . a
n ti c
o wi ll b e c bled xt week H rd tru ggle C mplete victory A t f r
e a ne . a s . o . a e
well d i ence Pope b le

au Bi h p d W lf re C o n i l S i l O lympi c A g
sses s o s an e a u c . a u .
( A r hiv Di kf rd D i ry O f B i hop M ldo n )

”
z d u of t h c Of R
es e ocese oc o , a s u o .
Th e N ti on l C thol i c W lf re C on f ren e w s thu s

a a a ved f rom di s ol ution
e a e c a sa s
nd n Ju n e 2 2 1 9 2 2 decre f pprov l w i d b y th e Con i tori l

“
a o , , a e O a a as ssue s s a
C o gregati on Th e f l l wi g do m ent i ll tr t th e i n i ti ti on f th e proj ect

n . o o n cu s us a e a O
an d th e fi l pprov l O f th Holy S e f or th e
na a a nd t h e annu l e e a a
m e ti ng f th e A m ri n hi er rchy So rc s : Th S pt m b r Meeti ng of
“
e O e ca a . u e e e e e
th e A mer i n H i er rchy E l i t i l R i w LX I ( July 7 —9 ;

'
ca a , cc es a s ca ev e , ,
Th e Na t io nal C a th o l ic We lfare C o nfe re nce . I ts O rga n iza tio n , D ep ar tm en ts

a nd F u n c tio ns ( W as hi ngt on : A dm n s ai i tr tiv e Bo a d r , 1 9 42 )
( pri v tely pri t
a n ed ) , pp . 23—25 .
My Dear Archb ishop

After th e celeb ration O f my Episcopal Jub il ee which was honored
b y th e gracious pre sence O f so m any O f th e Hie rarchy th ere w as a ,
gener al meeting O f all th e Prel ates wh o h ad participated At thi s .
meetin g there wer e present nearl y all th e Archb ishops an d B ishops

O f th e country 1
.
O n this occ asion th e Prel ates pre sent u nanim ousl y ado ted th ree
p ,
important resolutions to which I desire to cal l your attention , .
Th e fir st w as th at we shoul d t ake extraordinary measu res to aid

th e Hol y Father in hi s resent fi nanci al str aits occasioned b
p y th e war .
Th e second measu re adopted b y th e assembl ed Prel ates w as th at

ann u all y all th e B i sho s including Auxiliaries and th e Rector of
p ,
Th
1 l b ti e w h l d i W hi gt
ce e ra o n
F b as e
y 20 1 9 1 9 nd d w n as n on o n e ruar a re
di al ( O c
, ,
tw
’
o car ll f B t
n s d B gi f Q“ b tw l o nne
hh h p O os on an e n o e ec e ve are is o s,
an d fifty ei gh t b i h p -
s o s .
Th e Nat io na l C a th ol ic Welfare C onference 60 5
'
th e Uni versity if h e i s a B ish op

,
sh all b e invit ed to b e presen t ,
in Washington at th e annual m eeting O f th e M etropol it ans .
Th e third m easure adopted w as th at th e Archb i sh op O f B al tim ore

nam e a comm itt ee O f five Pr el at es to b e known h er eaft er as
“
Th e
Committee on Gener al C athol ic Interests and Aff airs .
”
Th ese m easu res w ere all suggested and ur ged in an address to th e

B i shops wh o att ended my Jub il ee b y th e Speci al Repre sent ative O f our,
Holy F ather Most Reverend Archb i shop Cerretti

,
.
2
I assure you that gr eat as was my joy in b eing perm itted to com
,
m emor ate my fif ty ye ar s in th € Epi scopate and my gr atitude to ,
Almighty God for His m any b l essings th e pl easure O f th e cel eb ration ,
w as enh an ced b y kn owin g th at it h ad b een m ade th e occasi on for

this meeting O f th e Hier archy and for th e inau guration O f these
m easures whi ch I regar d as th e m ost im port ant sin ce th e Third
Pl en ary Council of B al timore .
Th e appoin tmen t of Th e C omm ittee on G en er al C ath oli c In t er est s

“
and A ff air s i s especi all y gr atifying to m e Hith ert o through th e

”
.
,
cou rt esy O f my Conf r ere s in th e Epi scop ate an d l ar gel y b ecause th e

.
cent er O f our Nation al Gov ernm en t i s within th e l imit s of th e B al ti
m ore Arch diocese th e b u rden O f th e Church s gener al in tere st s h as

’
in great m easure rest ed on m e My experi ence h as m ade m e f eel .
keenl y th e n ecessity O f such a comm ittee whi ch with adequ ate au th ority
and th e aid of sub c omm ittees cou ld accom pl i sh m ore th an any in d i
-
vidu al however ab le and will ing h e might b e

, .
It i s recognized b y all th at th e C athol ic Chu rch in America partly ,
through defective organization is not exerting th e influ ence which it ,
ought t o ex ert in propo rtion to ou r nu mb er s an d th e in d ivi du al pr om

‘
inence of m any O f our peopl e O ur di ocesan u nits indeed are well

’
organ ized B u t th e Chu rch in Am eri ca as a wh ol e h as b een suff e rin g

. .
from th e l ack O f a unifi ed force th at m i ght b e directed to th e f urth ering

O f th ose gen er al p ol i ci e s which are vit al to all It was th e gener al .
O pinion O f th e Pr el ate s present th at we n eed a com m itt ee O f th e
Hierarchy which sh all b e representative auth orit ative an d di rective , .
It shoul d b e representative in th e sense that it would st and for and

e xpress th e vi ew s of th e wh ol e H i e r archy It should b e au thorit ative .
in as m u ch as it wou ld possess th e confi dence and h av e th e support O f

'
2
Bonav entur a C erretti ( 1 8 7 2—1 9 33 ) w as i h p f C i th
at i
th e t m e A rch b s o o or n
and S ecre t ary Of th e g g ti

Co n re a f
on E t di y E l i ti l Aff i
or x raorIt n ar cc es as ca a rs .
was dur i ng C erretti

’
s ti m e as au dit of th
or A p t l i D l g ti i W hi gt
e os o c e e a on n as n on,
1 90 6—1 9 1 4,th t a he and G i bb h d b

on s m l a f i d H w l t
eco e c ose r en s . e as a er
A p osto li N
c i u nc o to F r an ce , 1 92 1 —1 92 5 .
60 6 Th e Na t iona l P eriod
th e whole Hier archy Prob ab l y too it s houl d b e empowered to act

.
, ,
when any emergency arises for wh ich no provi sion h as b een made ,
b u t wh en i mm edi ate action i s i mpe r ativ e and it woul d b e impossib l e

for l ack O f time to O b t ain th e views O f th e ind ividu al m em b er s O f th e
'
Hierarchy Such a comm ittee will unify our force s if entrusted with
.
th e power s ab ove ou tl ined .
I was asked b y th e Prelates wh o were present at th e m eeting to .
appoint th e m emb er s O f thi s comm itt ee an d I h av e n am ed th e com ,
mi ttee to act until th e next m ee ting O f th e Hierar chy For th e perm an ent .
an d regul ar m eth od O f choo sing thi s comm ittee however it will I , , ,
thi nk b e more sati sfactory to all th e Hierarchy and m ore authorit ative
, , ,
if th e comm ittee b e el ected b y secret b all ot b y all th e mem b ers present

at our annu al m eeting It m ight b e u nder stood that those wh o are
.
u nabl e t o attend th e annu al m eeting sh ou l d sen d th eir vot es b efore
th e m eeting .
Th e comm ittee so ch osen woul d n atur all y b e composed O f Pr el ates

represen tin g as f ar as possibl e all th e inte rest O f th e Chu rch at l arge ,
as well as th e v ariou s section s O f ou r coun try .
If thi s pl an f or organ i zi ng th e com mittee i s agr eeab l e to you we ,
sh al l at ou r next annu al m eeting el ect in th e w a

y I h ave suggeste d fou r
Prel ate s b y b all ot In th e m e an tim e as a tempor ary m easu re I h av e
.
, ,
.
asked th e fou r Prel at es O f th e Nation al C ath ol i c W ar C ounc il wh o w ere

,
sel ect ed with t h e con sent O f th e m aj ority O f th e Hi er ar chy to serve on

, ,
th e Com m ittee on General C atholic Interest s an d Activiti es ; and as

“ ” 3
I was Chairm an O f th e W ar Council I will act as ch airman O f th e new

C ommittee until our n ext gener al m eeting .
A meeting O f th e Committee will b e hel d du ring th e month O f

M ay Sever al very im port an t m atters n atu r ally impose them sel ves
.
4
for con si deration

Th e coll ection for th e Hol y F ath e r ;
Th e conti nu ation O f th e activiti es O f th e Nation al W ar C ouncil as
f ar as m ay b e deemed exped i en t ;
Measures to safeguard gener al C athol i c inter ests in National
Legi sl at ion ;
Th e vit al in terest s of C ath ol i c education ;
3 Th e m emb ers of it
th e comm tee were : Peter J . M u ldoon ( 1 8 63 B sh op i
of Rockf ord, i
Vi ce -ch a rm an ; J oseph S ch rem b s ( 1 8 66 i
B sh op O f To l edo ;
J oseph Gl ass, C M ( 1 8 74
S . . . i
B sh op O f S al t Lake ; and W ll am T i i “
i
.
Ru ssell ( 1 8 6 3 B sh op O f C h arl esto n .
4
i
Th e m eet ng w as h el d in New ork o n M ay 8 , 1 9 1 9 , Y on th e i
occas on of
i
th e conf err ng O f t h e p al l u m o n A rch b sh o i
H a es i p y .
no th i ng in common with co n c i l i a r l e g i s l a ti o n w hi ch i s g o v e rn e d b y a
,
p
r es c rip
t o f th e S a c r e d C a n o n s ( C o d C a n 2 8 1 th e y wi ll n
.
o t .
,
h ave force O f l aw since as from th e b eginning it h as b een cl e arl y , ,
un de s oor t d th e m ee ti n g s ar e h e l d m er e l y f o r f ri e n dl y c o nf e r e nce ab out
me as u r e s O f a c o mm o n p u b l i c i n t e r e s t f or th e s a f e g u ar din g O f th e
Church s work in th e United States

’
.
4 T .
h a t th e B i sh o p s m ay b e i n a p os iti on t o e n t er in t o th e d i sc us
s i o n s with p pr o e r d e li b e r at i o n th e y s h ou l d b e p r ovi
,
d e d in d ue s e aso n
b y th ose in ch arge O f th e m eetin g with a summ ary O f th e point s or

questions to b e con si dered Thi s however should not hin der any .
, ,
i
B s p h o f r o m r
p p o o s in g t o t h e m ee ti n g a n y o th e r q ue st i o n O f p a rti cu l ar
i nterest Y et all qu estions should deal with those topics proposed b y
.
His Hol iness Pope B enedict XV in th e B rief Comm un es d ated ”

, , ,
th e l 0th of April ,
5 Th e Ch ai rm an O f th e m eeting will b e dete rmined b y th e pre

.
scription s O f can on l aw .
tes ti t Hol y
.
6 . Th e m inu of th e m ee n g are t o b e sen t o th e See so
th at if See m ay dul y inte rvene

n eed b e th e Holy .
7 Th e O r din aries O f each eccl esi astical pr ovince m ay b efore th e

.
Gener al M eeting m eet with th eir M etropol it an or sen ior Bi sh op t o

conf er b efor eh and u pon som e po int .
8 Wh er eas th e nam e, th e Nation al C ath ol i c Welf are Cou ncil , i s

.
O pen m i sunder st andings, and in f act h as not b een accept ab l e

to som e
to all , it m ay b e well for th e B i shops to con sider wh eth er it wou l d not
b e wi se t o ch oose some oth er n am e , as for in st an ce , Th e Nation al
“
C athol ic Welf are Comm ittee Meanwhil e, all shoul d know that thi s
”7
.
organ i zation h owev er nam ed , i s not t o b e identifi ed with th e C atholi c
hierarchy it self in th e United St ates .
9 Th e B ishops in the ir Gener al M eeting m ay del egate an individual

.
I
6
hi b i f C m m
n s f A p il 1 0 1 9 1 9
r e o dd d t C di l G i b b
un es O r , , a resse o ar na ons,
di t XV h d t t d W l h v nim l d th t
“
B ene c a th t y
s a e : ly e e arn a ou a e u na ou s reso ve a a
y e ar l y m ti g Of ll th b i h p
ee n h ll b h ld t
a pp i t d pl
e s o in d r s s a e e a an a o n e ace, or e
t o d pt th
a o m t it b l me f p m ti g th
os su i t t
a ed w lf f
e ans O ro o n e n eres s an e are O
th e C th l i Ch a h o d th t y
c hurc pp i t d f m
, an m g th b i h p
a ou ave a o n e ro a on e s o s
tw o mm i ico f whi h w i l l d l w i th
ss o ns, o ne O i l q ti wh i l th c th ea soc a u es ons, e e o er
wi l l t dy d s u ti l p bl m
e uca d b th w i ll
on a p t t th Ep i
ro p l b th
e s, an o re or o e sco a re ren .
Th i i t l y s s w th y ru lv a d wi th th
or tm t ti f ti
reso W b t w e, an e u os sa s ac on e es o
up it O
on pp l E l i t i l R i w LX I ( J l y
ur a rov a . 4
c c es a s ca ev e , u , .
Th w d
7
e il i th ffi i l titl f th g i ti w h g d t
or
“
cou n c
”
n e O c a e O e or an z a on as c an e o
l m t i g f th S pt mb
”
f
con erence t th a e hi hy
an nu a 27 1 9 22
ee n O e er arc on e e er , .
Th h g w
e c m d b
an e thas f m w d w
a e b li d t i
ecau se l m e or er or as e eve o nvo ve so e
d li t
e d diffi l t p i t
ca e an f b th i il d
cu l w It w
on s A h bi h p
o o c v an c anon a . as rc s o
H y f N w Y k wh th titl
”
a es O gg t d th
e orw d f fo su es e e or con ere nce or e e .
Th e R igh t o f Pr iva te R e l igio us S ch oo ls 6 09
or a ittee to undert ake som e definite commi ssion du rin g th e

comm ,
interval b etween th e meetings B ut car e must b e t aken .
(a) Th at th e comm ission b e l im ited from th e b eginnin g b oth as to ,
time and method O f O peration .
( b ) Th at no inf rin gement O f canonical au th ority O f any O rdinary

in th e gov ernm ent of hi s d iocese b e m ade b y any agent or committee
thus est ab li shed .
( c ) Th at on due denun ci ation b y a Bi shop and proof of inte rference

in th e int ern al m anagem ent O f a d iocese b y any agent O f th e Welf are
Council th e said agent sh all b e summ aril y dismi ssed f rom O ffi ce
, .
(d) Th e choice O f those wh o are to b e thu s empl oyed as agents of

th e B i sh ops will b e m ade b y th e B i sh ops at th eir Gener al M eetin g and
'
at their pl e asur e Those w h o are so engaged will h old O ffi ce m eetin g to

.
m ee tin g an d mu st m ake report s especi all y O f th eir accounts at every

m eeting Th e B i shops if th ey so pl e ase m ay re el ect th ose agents
.
, ,
-
accor ding t o th e n e ed s O f th e w ork .
Given at Rome at th e O fli ce of th e S acred C on si stori al Congregation

on th e f ou rth day O f J ul y ,
C C ard De Lai B ish op of Sab ina . .

, ,
S ecre tary .
A . Sin cero , A ssessor .
Th e S uprem e C ou rt Affi rm s th e Ri gh t O f
Private R el igiou s S ch ool s Ju n e 1 1 9 25 , ,
TH E ri ght f priv t h l h m r th n o
O a e sc b n q
oo s t i d i n th
as o e a n ce ee ue s on e e
U n i t d States b t n ever p erh p
e u m r e er i l y th n b y an O r go l w
, a s, o s ou s a e n a
O f N v mb er 1 9 22 wh i ch w l d h ave com pel l d ll childr n in th e t t
o e , , ou e a e s a e
b tween th e age
e f i ght an d i xteen t
s O att n d th e p b l i
e ch ool Th
s o e u c s s . e
co n ti tuti on al i ty O f th e l w w
s ch ll n ged b y th S i t r O f th e H l y N m
a as a e e s e s o a es
O f Jes s a d M ry wh o h d m
u n a y h l in O regon n ti n in whi h th y
a an sc oo s ,
a ac o c e
were j oined b y th H ill M il it ry A dem y

“
e d f n d t Th c e w a ca as a e e an . e as as
u l ti m tely pp l d to th e S pr m C urt O f th U i t d St te
a a ea e u d i n th
e e o e n e a s, an e
f oll owi n g u n ani m d i i on in P i ou sv S i ty f S i t h nd d d wn
ec s erc e . oc e o s e rs a e o
b y J tice J m e C M Rey nO l d ( 1 8 6 2 1 9 4 6 ) th
us
'
a s . c t te w f rb i dden to
s — e s a as o
d ny th r i gh t O f p r nt t choo
e e p ri v t
a e ho l f r th i r hil dr n
s o se a a e sc o o e c e as
a vi l tion f th f rt th a m ndm ent S r
o a O e ou eenPi v S i ty f e . ou ce : e rce . oc e o
S is te rs , 268 U S . 510 ( pp 5 29.
hese appeal s are f rom decrees b ased upon undenied all egations
T , ,
which gr anted prel im in ary order s restr ainin g appell ants from threaten -
6 10 Th e Na t iona l P e rio d
ing orttempting to enf orce th e Compul sory Education A ct adopted

a
Novem b er 7 1 9 22 under th e initi ative provision O f h er Constitu ti on b y

, ,
th e vote r s of O regon Th ey pr e sent th e same poin ts O f l aw ; th ere are

.
no controve rt ed qu estion s of f act Ri ght s said to b e gu ar anteed h y th e

'
federal Con sti tution were speci all y set up and appropri at e pr ayers ,
asked for th eir prot ecti on .
Th e ch all enged A ct eff ectiv e Septem b er 1 1 9 2 6 r equ ir es every

, , ,
p a r en t O f a ch il d b e tw een e ight an d sixt een ye ar s to sen d him to

‘ “
a pub l i c scho ol for th e period O f tim e a pu b l i c sch ool sh all b e h el d
du ri ng th e curren t ye ar in th e d i stri ct wh ere th e child resi des; an d

fai lure to do so is decl ared a m i sdemeanor Th e m ani fest pu rpose .
is to com pel gener al attendance at pub l ic sch ool s b y n orm al children

b etween eight and sixteen wh o h ave not com pl eted th e e ighth gr ade,
.
A n d wi th ou t doub t enf orcement O f th e st atu te would se riousl y im mi r ,
perh aps destroy th e profit ab l e f e atures O f appell ees b u sin ess an d

’
, ,
greatl y dim in i sh th e v al u e O f th eir property .
Appel lee th e Society O f Sisters is an O regon corpor ation organi zed

, ,
1
,
in 1 8 80 wi th power to c are for orph an s edu cate an d in struct th e

, ,
youth estab l ish and m aintain academies or school s an d acquire neces

, ,
sary r eal an d per son al prope rty It h as l ong devoted its prope rty and .
eff ort t o th e se cu l ar and r el igiou s education and care O f chil dr en and ,
h as acqu i red th e v al u ab l e good wi l l O f m any parents and gu ardi an s It .
condu ct s int er dependent prim ary and hi gh sch ool s an d j u ni or col l eges ,
and m ain t ain s o r h an ages for th e cu stody an d control of chil dren

p
b etween eight and sixteen In it s prim ary school s m an y chil dren b etween
.
those ages are t aught th e sub j ects u su all y pu rsued in O regon pub lic
sch ool s du ri n g th e fir st ei ht y e ar s Sy st em ati c reli i ou s in structi on an d
g g .
m or al tr aining according to th e tenet s O f th e Rom an C ath ol ic Chu rch

are al so regu l arl y
provi ded A ll cour ses O f study b oth tempor al and .
,
rel igiou s contempl ate continu ity O f trai ning under appell ee s ch arge ;
,
’
th e pr i m ary sch ool s are essenti al to th e sy stem an d th e m ost pr ofit ab l e .
It owns v alu ab l e b u ildings especiall y constructed and equ ipped for ,
sch ool pu rpo ses Th e b u sine ss i s rem uner ativ e th e ann u al in com e
'
fro m prim ary school s exceed s thirty th ou sand doll ar s an d th e suc
ce ssful con du ct O f thi s b u si ne ss re qu i re s l on

g time contr act s with teach
-
.
e rs and
parent s Th e Compul sory E du cati on A ct O f 1 9 2 2 h as al ready
.
c au se d th e with dr aw al f r om its sch ool s O f children wh o w ould oth e rwi se
1Th S i t
e f th H l y N m
s e rs O f J e d Ma y f
o d d i C
a d fi t
es O esu s an r , ou n e n an a a, rs
ca m t O g
e o i O t b
re on 1 8 59
n t th i it ti
c o f F n i N b t Bl
er, h t
, a e nv a on O ra c s or er anc e
( 1 79 5 fi t A h b i h p f O g C ity Th y w th fi t li gi
rs rc s o O re o n . e ere e rs re ou s
g g ti t ttl m t i O g wh r th y
[
co n re a f w m on O t m k o p m en o a e a er anen se e en n re on e e e
t l l d t me
s i con uc h l
nu rous sc oo s .
pub li c teachers onl y Th e chil d is not th e mere creatur e O f th e State ;

.
those wh o nu rture him and direct hi s destiny h ave th e ri ght coupl ed ,
with th e high duty to r ecognize an d prepare hi m for additional

,
'
O b l igati ons .
Th e suits w ere not prem atu re Th e inj u ry to appell ees w as presen t .
and v ery re al not a m ere possi b il ity i n th e rem ote f u tu re I f n o rel i ef

,
.
h ad b een possib l e prior to th e eff ectiv e d at e O f th e A ct th e inj ury woul d ,
h ave b ecom e irreparab l e Prevention O f im pending inj u ry b y unl awf ul

.
action i s a w ell r ecogn ized fu ncti on of cou rt s O f e qu ity .
Th e decrees b el ow are
A ffirm ed .
G ov ern or Sm ith s An sw er to th e Religiou s ’
Bigotry O f th e Presi denti al C am paign ,
S eptemb er 2 0 1 9 2 8 ,
i
F O LLO W IN G th e d ecl n e O f t h e A P A in th e l a e 1 8 9 0 s th e A m e can . . . t ’
ri
peopl e wr i
e e n ot aga n su b ec ed t o an o gan zed ou b u s O f j t el g ou s an d r i t rt r i i
r i i tr
ac al b go y u n l th e e ti
al O f th e K u Kl u r vi v
Kl an Th e secon d K K K x . . . .
v
w as f ou nde d in N o em b e , 1 9 1 5 , in G eo g a b y W ll am r S mm on s an d a ri
i i J i .
r i t r
g ou p o f assoc a e s f or th e pu pose O f oppos n g C a h ol cs, N eg oes, e s i t i r Jw ,
an d t h e f o e gn b o n ri r
O n e O f its p nc pal a ge s w as Al f ed E Sm t
-
. ri i t r t r ih .
( 1 87 3 f ou r ti
m es G o e n o O f New vr r
o k S m h w as a s ro n g con Y r it t .
te n de r r i ti
f or th e p e s den al n om n a on in th e D em oc a c con e n on s O f i ti r ti v ti
J
1 9 2 0 an d 1 924 , and on u n e 2 8 , 1 9 28 , h e w as n om n a e d on t h e i t
s b al l o fir t t
v ti t
b y th e con en on at H ou s on O n ce t h e nom na on h ad b ecom e an aecom . i ti
plish e d f ac th e K K Kt con ce n a e d all i ts fi re on Sm tr t h th e esu l ith wi t r t
t t y ti
h a h is T amm an H all con n ec ons h is O pp o s on to p o b on , b u t ab o e ,
iti r h i i ti v ,
al l h is C a
, th i
ol c f a hit w re e m ad e th e O b e c s O f th e m os scu j t
l ou s a ack s t rri tt .
r r
i
A s th e cam p a gn p og e ssed th e a acks on h is el g on b e cam e nc e as n gl tt r i i i r i y
i i i t r
n s d ou s an d on S ep e m b e 20 at O kl a om a C y S m
, b ou g h it
t h e su b ec ith r ht j t
i t
n o th e O p en r t w
A ecen . o k s a es a th e r t t th t
os l y at O kl a om a C y h ti i t h it
w as so m a ke dr th t th r
a e e w as r r
e al co n ce n f or S m h s p e son al sa fe y an d
’
it r t ,
tr
h is e as e n ad v se si r wr re e el e e d en t h e i v wh
el ep on e b ou g o d t h a r ht w r th t
vr r r h
th e G o e no h ad eac ed h is h o el saf el y af e an e m o on p acke d e e n n g t tr ”
ti v i -
r
( Edm u nd A M oo e , A C a th o l ic R u ns fo r P reside n t Th e C a m p a ign of 1 928
. .
[New Y r
o k, p th rity r
Th e sam e au o . em a k s,
“
A t O kl a om a r h
C ity, it
Sm h n e h e it r i v t
n e n ed n or i tr i
n o du ce d th e ssu e H is add ess e e . r th r
t i
s an d s b e s de h i s Repl
‘
y
’
rh r t rt
to M a s al l as a g ea eff o in th e a duou s s ru ggl e r t
xt r it
t o e e n d f ee do m in th e U n ed S a es tt ( ib id , p Y et h is cand o . . r
tr i ht rw r
and s a g f o ri i t r r
a dne ss, an d h i s b l l an eco d as G o e no O f N ew vr r
Yr o k , h ad l itt t
l e effe c on th e fi r t
n al e su l an d on N o em b e 6 w as ,
v r it
t t
f ou n d h a h e h ad ca ed o nl rri y i ht t t wi t
e g s a es h an el ec o al o e of tr v t
i hty v
e g se en aga n s
-
i t i
444 f or h is Repub l can r iv al I n sp e O f th e ab u se . it
to whi ch h e h ad b een su b j ted G over or Sm i th ec , n spoke to th e n a ti on
A l Sm ith P res id en tia l C am pa ign
’
s 613
t ti r
in a pos el ec on ad d ess on No emb e 1 3 w ith true m agnanim v r
in c
'
ity whi h
r ti
h e calle d f or t h e aid an d co O pe a on O f all c iz en s f or th e p es de n el ec
-
it r i t t -
.
r
Th e m easu e O f th e m an s g ea ness w as e d en in h is cl os n g
’
r t o ds en vi t i w r wh
i “
r
h e sa d , Rega dl ess O f th e ou com e , in a sp t
O f t h e deepes app ec a on i ri t t r i ti
o f th e O ppo u n rt i ti r
es aff o d ed m e an d O f th e l o al su pp o g en t o m e b y y rt iv
wr
up a d O f O f m y f ell o c w iti
z e n s I pl ed ge m y u n ce as n g n e e s , i i tr t
an d con ce n r wt
i h pub l c aff a s and th e i ir
ell b e n g O f t h e A m e c an p eopl e
”
w -
i ri
( op c i t p
. .
, . r
Sou ce : C a m p a ig n A dd resses of G o ver n or A lf red E .
hi t
S m i th ( W as n g o n : D em oc a c N a on al Comm ee, r ti
pp 4 3—4 5
, ti itt .
4 9 , 5 1 5 3— 5 8
, .
In pr esi den ti
a al c am ai
p g n th e r e sh ou l d b e b u t tw o con si de r ations
b efor e th e el ector at e: Th e pl atfor m O f th e party and th e ab il ity O f th e ,
can di d at e t o m ake it eff ective .
In thi s c am pai gn an eff ort h as b e en m ade to d i str act th e attention

of th e el ecto r at e f rom th e se t wo con si de r ati on s an d t o f asten it on
m al iciou s and u m American pr opaganda -

.
I sh all toni ght di scu ss and denoun ce th at wicked attempt I sh all .
spe ak O penl y on th e thi ngs ab ou t which peopl e h av e b een whi sperin g
to you .
T wenty five years ago I b egan my active pub li c career I was then
-
.
el ect ed t o th e A ssembl y r epre senting th e nei ghb orhood in New York

,
City where I w as b orn wh ere my wife w as b orn wh ere m y five children

, ,
were b orn and where my father an d m other were b orn I r epresented .
th at district continu ou sly for twel ve years u ntil 1 9 1 5 when I was , ,
el ect e d Sh eriff O f New York c oun ty .
Two ye ar s l ater I was el ected to th e positi on O f President O f th e

B oard O f Alderm en whi ch i s re all y th at O f Vi ce M ayor O f th e City
,
-
O f New York .
In 1 9 1 8 I was el ect ed b y th e del egate s t o th e St at e conven ti on as

th e can di dat e O f th e D em ocr ati c P arty for G ov ernor an d w as el ecte d .
Running f or re—el ection in 1 9 2 0 I was defeated in the Har din g ,
l andsl i de H oweve r whil e M r H ar ding carried th e Stat e O f New

.
, .
York b y more th an pl u r al ity I was defeated onl y b y some ,
votes .
After this defeat I retu rned to priv ate life keepin g up m y interest ,
in pub l ic aff air s and accepted appointment to an import an t St ate b ody

,
at th e h an ds O f th e m an wh o h ad d ef e ate d m e .
In 1 9 22 th e D em ocr ati c C onven tion b y unanim ou s vote renomin at ed , ,
m e for th e thi rd tim e f or Govern or I w as el ected b y th e record pl ur al ity .
Of and thi s in a St at e whi ch h ad b een norm all y Re ubli can

p .
In 1 9 24 at th e earnest sol icit ati on O f th e Democr ati c presi denti al

,
candid at e I accepted nom ination Th e State O f New York was carried

1
.
,
b y Presi dent C ool i dge b y cl ose to pl u rali ty b ut I w as el ected ,
Governor O n th e m ornin g after el ection I foun d m yself th e onl y

.
D emocr at el ected on th e State ticket with b oth h ouses of th e Legi sl atu re ,
overwh el m in gl y Repub l ican .
Renom inated b y th e un an im ous vote O f th e convention O f 1 9 2 6 I ,
m ade m y fi fth St ate wide run for th e govem orsh ip and w as again -
el ect ed th e D em ocr atic G ov ernor O f a n orm all y Repub l ican St ate .
Consequ ently I am in a posi tion to Com e b efore you tonight as th e

,
Governor of New York fini sh i ng out h is fourth t erm .
Th e r ecord O f accom pl i shment under m y four adm ini str ation s recom
mended m e t o th e D em ocr atic P arty in th e n ation an d I w as nomin ated ,
for th e pr esi dency at th e Hou ston conv enti on on th e fir st b all ot .
TO put th e pi ctu re b efore you com pl etel y it i s n ece ssary for m e to ,
refer b riefly to this record O f accompl ishm ent [ Governor Smi th .
then went into det ail concerning th e m ain legi sl ative enactm ent s ap ,
pointments etc O f his adm in i str ati ons ]

, .
,
O ne scan dal connected with my adm in i str ati on w ould do m ore to

help ou t th e Repub l ican Nation al Comm ittee in its campaign again st
m e th an all th e m ill i on s O f doll ar s now b ei ng spen t b y th em in m al ici ous
prop agand a Unf ortu n atel y for th em th ey cannot fin d it b ecau se th e
.
, ,
truth is it is not there I ch all enge Sen ator O wen an d all h is kind .
2
t o point t o on e singl e fl aw upon whi ch th ey can r e st th e ir case But they .
won t find it They w on t try to fin d it b ecause I know wh at l ies b ehind

-
’
.
’
,
all thi s and I will t el l

you b efore I sit down to ni ght
x
-
, .
I know wh at l ies b ehind al l this and I sh all tell you I specificall y

-
.
refer to th e qu estion O f my rel i gion O rdin aril y th at word shoul d never .

,
b e u sed in a pol iti cal campaign Th e n ecessity for u sing it i s forced on .
m e b y Senator O wen and h is kind and I feel th at at l east once in thi s ,
campai gn I as th e cand i d at e O f th e D em ocr atic Party ow e it to th e

, , ,
peopl e O f th i s cou ntry to di scu ss f r ankl y and O penl y with th em thi s

.
att em t of Senator O wen and th e forces b ehind h im to inj ect b i otry

p g ,
hatred intoler ance and un Am erican sect ari an divi sion in to a campai gn
,
-
which should b e an intell igent deb ate of th e import ant issu es whi ch
conf ront th e A m eri can
peopl e .
A recent newspaper accoun t in th e City O f New York told th e

‘
st ory O f a w om an wh o cal l ed at th e R e ub l ican National h ead qu art er s

p
J h W D i ( 1 8 7 3—1 9 55 ) h d b
1 o n . av s mi t d th l o3 d b ll t ft a een no na e on e r a o a er
a p l g d figh t b tw
ro o n e th f f Sm i th d Wi ll i m G M A d
e een e orce s O an a . c oo .
R b t L Ow ( 1 8 5 6—1 9 47 ) h d d th t m U i t d St t
2 o er . en a serve re e er s as n e a es
S t f m O kl ah m
e n a or ro 1 9 0 7— 1 9 2 5 H l f t th D m
o a ti P ty i 1 92 8 . e e e e ocra c ar n
t o
g o t th R p b li
over o th e th t Sm ith w
e u th
cans ont f e score a as e cre a u re o
Tamm any Hall .
616 Th e Na t ion a l P e r iod
th e cou n try ,
is th at r
v rnorship I appointed pr acticall y
du ing m y go e
n ob ody to O fli ce r own chu rch
b u t m em b e s O f m y .
Wh at are th e f act s? O n investi gati on I fin d th at in th e cab in et of

th e Governor sit fou rt een men Thr ee O f th e fou rt een are C ath ol i cs
.
,
ten Protest ant s and on e of J ewi sh f aith

,
In v ari ous b ure aus an d .
divi si on s O f th e C ab in et O ffi cer s th e Gov ernor appoin ted twenty six

,
-
p pe o l e .T w e l v e O f th em are C a th ol i cs an d f ou rt ee n O f th e m are
Protest an t s V ari ou s oth er St at e O fli ci al s m aking up b oards an d com

‘
.
,
m i ssions an d appoin ted b y th e G overnor m ake a t ot al O f 1 5 7 appoint

, ,
m ents of which thirty five wer e C ath ol ics 1 0 6 were Protest ant s twel ve
,
-
, ,
were J ewi sh and fou r I coul d not fin d out ab out

,
.
I h ave appointed a l arge numb er O f j u dges O f all our cou rts as well ,
as a l arge numb er O f county O fficer s for th e pu rpo se O f fill ing v acan ci e s ,

.
Th ey tot al in numb er 1 7 7 O f whi ch sixty fou r w ere C ath oli cs ni n ety

,
-
,
were Protestants eleven were J ewish and twelve O f th e O fficial s I was

, ,
u n ab l e to fin d anyth i n g ab ou t so f ar as th eir reli gi on w as concerned .
Thi s i s a com pl ete an swer to th e f al se m i sl e ading an d if I m ay b e , ,
perm itted th e u se O f th e h ar sh er word l ying st atement s th at h ave foun d ,
their way throu gh a l arge part O f thi s country in th e form O f printed

m atter .
If th e American peopl e are will ing to sit sil entl y b y and see l arge
am ount s of m oney secretl y pou r in t o f al se an d m i sl e adin
g propaganda
for pol itical purposes I r epeat th at I see in thi s not onl y a danger
,
to th e party b ut a d an ge r to th e coun try

, [ Here othe r in st ances O f .
b igotry in th e campaign wer e cited ] .
I h ave b een told th at pol iticall y it m ight b e expedien t for m e to

r emain silent upon this sub j ect b ut so far as I am concern ed no pol itical
,
expe di ency will ke e

p m e from speakin g out in an en deavor to destroy
these evi l att acks .
Ther e i s ab u ndant r eason for b el ieving th at R epub l icans high in

th e council s O f th e p arty h av e counten anced a l ar e
g p art of thi s fo rm
O f c ampaign if th ey h av e not actu all y
, promoted it A sin O f omi ssion .
i s some tim es as gri evou s as a sin O f commi ssion Th ey m a thr o h

y u g .
,
O ffi ci al spokesm en d i scl aim as mu ch as th ey l ea r i b il ity for

,
p s e espo n s
dr aggin g in to a n ation al camp aign th e qu esti on O f rel i i on some thin
g g ,
that according to our Constitution our history and our traditions h as ,
n o p art in an
y cam pai gn for el ective pub l ic O ffi ce .
O ne of th e things if n ot th e mean est thin ,

g in th e cam pai gn i s a ,
cir cul ar pr etendin

g to pl ace someone of my faith in th e position of
seeking v ot e s f or m e b ecau se O f m
y C ath ol ici sm Like eve rything O f .
this kind of cour se it is unsigned and it woul d b e impossib l e to trace

, ,
Th e A me r ican Liturgica l M ove m en t 617
its au thorship It reached me through a m emb er of th e M asoni c order

.
wh o in tu rn rece ived it in th e m ail It i s f al se in its ev ery l in e It

, ,
. .
was design ed on it s very f ace to in j u re m e with m emb er s O f chu rch es

oth er th an m y own .
I here emph aticall y decl are th at I do not wish any m emb er O f my

f ai th in any part O f th e Un ited St at es to vote for m e on any r el i giou s
g r o u n .ds I w a n t th em t o v o t e f or m e o n l y wh en in th e ir h e art s an d
con sci ences th ey b ecom e convin ced th at m y el ecti on will prom ot e th e
b est inter ests O f our country .
B y th e sam e t oken I c ann ot r efr ain f rom sayin g th at any per son wh o
,
votes against m e simpl y b ecau se O f my rel igion is not to m y way O f ,
thinking a good citizen

, .
Th e constitution al gu ar anty th at th er e shoul d b e no r el igi ous t est for

p u b l i c O ffi c e i s n ot a m e r e f o rm O f w o r d s It r ep r
. e sen t s th e m o st vit al
principl e th at ev er was given any peopl e .
I att ack those wh o seek to u ndermine it not onl y b ecau se I am a ,
good Chri sti an b ut b ecau se I am a good Am eric an and a pr odu ct O f

,
Am erica an d O f Am erican in stitution s Everything I am and everything

.
,
I h O pe to b e I owe to those institu tions

, .
Th e ab sol u t e separ ati on O f St ate an d Chu rch i s p art O f th e funda

m ent al b asi s O f our Constitu tion I b el i eve In th at separ ati on and in
.
,
all th at it impl i es Th at b el i ef must b e a p art O f the fu n dam ent al f aith

.
O f ev ery tru e Am eri can .
Dom Mich el Expl ain s th e Origin s O f th e

Liturgical Movem ent in th e U nited States ,
Feb ruary 24, 1 92 9
t ri it r t r
ri
O NE O f th e m os se ou s l acun ae in th e l e a u e O f A m e can C a h ol c sm t i i
is th t rt i i i r i
a pe a n n g t o th e nn e l f e of th e C u ch Y et e e y h r
v r hi t s o an m u s
. ri t
r i i rt
eco gn z e th e m po an c e th t r
a f o m s an d m e w r hi
od s O f th
o s p an d de o on v ti
y
pl a i n th e sp i ri t i
ual l f e O f th e peopl e In a . ti th t
conn ec on th e l u g cal it r i
v t
m o emen O f th e tw ti th
en e t ry
cen u i i ifi
h as b een O f spec al s gn can ce Th e .
v t whi
m o em en , ch h as sou g ht thr ou gh t h e doctri y ti
n e O f t h e M s cal B od to y
ri t i i t t iv rti i ti
b ng all C a h ol cs n o ac e pa c pa on in th e O fli cial wr o sh p O f th e i
h rh vr
C u c , i s n ow o e a cen u t ry r
O ld i n Eu ope Bu t it y
w as onl in th e 1 9 2 0 s
.
’
th t it
a t h i t t t wi t
b egan to ake s ap e in th e U n e d S a es t ih
h th e es ab l s m en O f th e
'
t
it r i r J y vi i t
L u g cal P ess O f St oh n s A b b e , C ol l ege ll e, M nn eso a, and i t s m on hl
.
’
t y
j r fir
ou nal , O ra te F ra tres ( n ow cal l e d W orsh ip ) , th e r
st n u m b e of w h ich ap
‘
v
pe ared in N o e mb e r v t w ri i
1 9 2 6 Th e m o em e n o ed it s o g n to a nu mb e O f
,
. r
r tt r thr h t
pe son s sca e e d tr
ou g ou th e cou n y , as th e f o l o wi
l n g docu m en m ak es t
618 Th e Na t ion a l Pe r iod
hi r t
b ut its su ccessful l au nc n g was du e t o n one m o e h an to V r g l
c l e ar , i i
i
M ch el , O S E ( 1 8 9 0 . fir t i t r
. s ed o
. t iv
O f O ra te F ra tr es and t o th e ac e ,
su ppo rt ri r
o f h is su pe o t i t h
A bb o A l cu n D eu sc ( 1 8 7 7, tt r I n a l e e to '
wr i i
a f ell o i h fix
el g ou s D om M c el t rt J
ed th e d a e O f t h e eff o s at St oh n s .
’
wh i
en h e sa d ,
“
Th efir t is wr
de as O f our pl an s r ry
e e pen n ed in F eb ua 1 923 ,
an d b y d ni t w rr
o f sl o co r w ti th y
e spon den ce t h e p l an s g e un l e are n ow
fu ll fl edged
-
”
r hi v
(A c Jh
es O f S t
’
y i r i .ti
o n s A b b e , M ch el t o F an c s A u gus n e
Wal sh ,
vi J r th t
C ol lege l le , anu a y 2 5 , 1 9 2 6 , c opy ) Th e su ccess a h as .
tt v
a e n d e d th e m o em en t t thirty y r
in t h e p as r rt
ea s m ay b e m easu e d in p a
t t t wh r
b y th e f ac h a , i i ri
e eas in 1 9 2 6 u se O f th e d a l y m ssal am on g Am e can
th i v r i it th r
C a ol cs w as e y l m ed , t y i t
e e are o da i ti
n n e e en e d ih
on s i n Engl s
'
i i i i t it ivi
O f th e m ssal i n m l l o ns O f cop e s f or h ose w h o ass s at M ass an d th e d ne
rh
O fli ces O f th e C h u c r vr ti it r i h y
M o eo e , t h e N a on al L u g cal W eek , el d ann u al l
.
v ri i ti i wi r r i r i i ti
in a ou s c es s n ce 1 9 4 0 , i s dr a ng a l a ge an d n c eas n gly enth u s as c
wi
f oll o ng each y r ea r “
t t
Sou ce : Th e A pos ol a e .
”
O ra te F ra tr e s III ( F eb ru , ,
ary 2 4 , 1 2 1 —1 2 3 .
It was onl y recentl y we rece ived two f all numb er s O f th e m idweek

secti on O f an ex cell en t C ath ol i c p ape r O n e numb er cont ai n e d an articl e .
in which St J ohn s Ab b ey was spoken of with enthusiasm as th e

’
.
sou rce O f th e Litu rgical M ove m en t Th e un n am ed au thor i s evi dentl y

“ ”
.
a v ery good fri end In th e secon d nu mb er th er e was an an sw er to t h e

.
first arti cl e written b y two int im ate f riends O f ou rs Th e second article

, .
b ri efly descr ib es earli er Eu ropean sou r ces O f th e Litu rgi cal M ove
“ ”
m ent m ention s th e f act th at th e spirit O f th e m ovem ent b egan to

,
manifest itself al most simul t aneou sl y in v ariou s section s O f th e Un i ted

St ates som e seven or eight y e ar s ago and th at v ari ou s pr om oter s of
”
,
it were at work independentl y and at fir st even u nknown to e ach other , , ,
until a n umb er O f th em we re b r ou ght t oge th e r Th eir del ib e r ati on s an d .
pl an s fin all y resul ted in an organized l itu r gi cal apost ol ate th e f ou nd ing ,
of th e L i tu r gi cal Press at St J ohn s A bb ey and th e

pub l i shin g O f O ate
’
.
, r
F ra t es b y th e m onk s O f St J ohn s with th e assi stance O f f ell ow edi tor s

’
r .
ou t si de th e m on aste ry In th e int ere st O f tru th w e are .
gl ad to add a f ew
f act s th at h appen to com e t o m in d at th e pr esent writin i all y
g es p ec ,
si nce n o w ritten r ecor d O f th e b e inni n f th m v m t xi t

g g O e o e e n e s s .
Th ere wer e v ari ous sour ces O f li turgical movem ent in th e United
“ ”
States quite i ndepen dent O f St J ohn s Abb ey an d ant ed atin th e ubl ic ’
g .
p ,
apost ol at e in whi ch th e l att er i s now en a ed F or em ost am on th

g g g ese .
m u st b e m ent i oned w ell known O F all on where F ather

-
’
Hell riegel an d th e l ate Father J asper comm enced activities th at h ave

1 ?
M a ti B H l l i g l ( 1 8 9 0
1
r n .
p i it l di
e t f th Si t
r e e
f th M t s r ua re c or O e s ers O e os
P Bl d O F ll Mi i 1 9 1 8— 1 940 ; p t f H l y C
’
rec1 0 us oo a o n, ssou r
,
Ch h as or o o ross urc
St L i
,
,
. 1 9 40
o u s,
A th y J p mp ti Mi i
2 n (d
on
p t asf A er Ch
.
h O F all as o r o ssu on urc ,
’
o n, ssour .
620 Th e Na t iona l Per iod
pen de n t sou rces O f l i turgi cal aw akening Th ey h ave al so b een co .
oper ator s in organi z in g an d dev el opin g th e w ork th at cent er s in our
abb ey ; and thi s first of all b y th eir act i ve part in th e pl an s an d di scu s

'
, ,
sion s pr eceding th e l aunching of our v entur es; and th en b y th eir
continued advi ce an d th eir f ree contrib u ti on O f eff ort s

,
whi ch l ater
assi st ance i s O f n o m e an import ance f or a n ew j our n al i stic un dert aking ,
especi all y in ou r own d ay wh en m oney rul es th e day and i s all deci sive
-
.
Som e O f our contrib u tor s h ave al so h elped u s in a simil ar way not ab l y ,
Miss Ell en G ates St arr wh ose articl es on th e B revi ary received speci al
,
9
m ention from m any of our corr espondents .
All O f the se are doin g th eir own p art t ow ards wh at i s n ow con

sciousl y a com m on cau se one whi ch it i s al so our pri vi l ege to prom ot e
“
to th e b e st O f ou r ab ili ti e s All O f th em h ave th eir eff ort s an d intenti on s .
recorded in th e B ook O f Life and they are not seeking for recognition
O f thi s w ork h ere b el ow Y et we h av e m en ti on ed th e ab ov e f act s here
.
,
not so m u ch for their sake for w e kn ow th e ir good will and desir es

b u t for our own sake l est in any w ay we sh oul d appear willi ng to
-
,
receive credit b eyond our desert God forb id ! It is from Hi m and Him . .
al one th at all su fli ciency com es .
Th e l itu rgical apostol ate i s b i gger th an an y in divi du al th an any ,
ab b ey th an any or der th an any l arger gr oup O f m en th an th e entire

, , ,
b ody O f th ose wh o are spen ding th eir eff ort s in its promotion through
ou t th e worl d For it i s in truth a spiritu al f erm ent destined to perm eate
'
'
th e enti re b ody my stic O f Chri st accor din g t o th e w or ds O f its O ff ici al

“
in au gur ator Its aim is to imb u e th e m emb er s O f this b ody more

.
1 0
thoroughly with th e true Chri sti an spirit and through thi s renewed
“
,
”
vigor to institute al so a r enewed growth of that m ystic b ody u nto an

ev er gr eat er att ainm en t h ere on e arth O f th e
“
f ulln ess O f h im wh o i s
fil led all in all .
”1 1
Ell
9
G t
en St ( 1 8 59 a es b t k w arr f d w ith J es no n as a co - ou n er an e
A dd m a f H ll H u
s O Ch i g ui 1 8 89 th fi t ttl m t h
o se , i th ca o, n , e rs se e en ou se n e
U i t d St t ;
n e pi a es il w k a t d t
oneer C th l i i m i
soc a 1 9 20 d or er , co nver e o a o c s n , an
f th A m i l i t gi l m v m t i it
,
a p m otro er O e er c anly y ur ca o e en n s e ar e ars

St Pi X ( 1 8 35—1 9 1 4 ) b y hi M t p p i f N m b 22 1 90 3
.
1 0
. us s o u ro r o O ov e er , , on
th e subj t f ec d m i O d hi l t
sacre p m t th
us c an f m f th s a er ronou nce e n s on e re or O e
b i y f q t C mm i
rev ar , re tuen i l k d p o th fli i l i
u n o n, e c g t s oo e u on as e
“
O
‘
c a n au ura or
”
f th l it gi l m
.
,
O e m t ur ca ove en .
11
Eph .
Th e C a th ol ic Wo rker M ovem en t 62 1
Dorothy Day Describ es th e L aunchi ng of The

Ca th o l ic Worker an d th e Movem ent B ehi n d
It , May , 1 933
TH E g reat depressi on O f th e 1 9 30 s s t on f oot num ero s proj ect th ro gh ’

e u s u
out th e U ni ted S t ates f or t h e rel i ef O f th e i mm en se rmy O f u m ployed a ne .
D ur i n g thi s peri od O f severe di stre s th e ch r i t b l e ag i e O f th e Chur h s a a en c s c
were taxed as never b fore b ut there w s n mor di tinctive an d in p iring

e , a o e s s
exam pl e O f C ath ol i c ch ar i ty th n th at f t h e C thol i c W ork r M ovem ent
a O a e .
Through it ho s O f h osp i tal i ty it s or g n i

s u se tion f f arm i ng omm nes and , a za O c u ,
its program O f d i cus i n group s tu dy l ub an d publ i c ti on s d i s m i n ating

s s o , s c s, a se
th e so ci al d octr in e of th e Chu rch th e C athol i c W rker M ovem en t n ot onl y

s , o
gave a n ew tart in l ife to m ny O f th e victim O f th d pre i n b t i t

s a s e e ss o , u
l ikewi se in pired nd tr i n d you ng C th ol i work r

s a a n d i ntell ectu l s wh o
e a c e s a a
in th e ye rs th t f oll owed f ou d th i r way i nto other enterpri

a a l i k th e
n e ses e
A ssoci ati on of C th ol i c Tr de U n i on i ts and th e C th l i y th m ovem nt

a a s a o c ou e .
Th e u n dertaki ng w as d e i t h e m ai n t o D oroth y D y ( 1 8 9 8 u n w h o h ad a
b een a m emb er O f th e Soci l i t P rty th e a d comm n i t

‘
a s flili t a ,
n u s a a es
and wh o knew th r f r e at fi r t h an d wh at th e
, e e o ci l ph i l o ophy w s f rom
, s _
so a s a
th e angl e O f th e l ft I n D em b er 1 9 27 e . h e b e me conv rt t
ec C ath oli , , s ca a e o
ci sm , n d wh en t h e d epr es i n struck
a h e ch nn l d h r s o l n d l ov f or s a e e e zea a e
th e p oor in a w y th t pr ved em i nentl y pr cti a a l f or countl es m en an d

o a ca s
wom en wh h d b een cut drif t f r m their norm l w lks O f l if e In th e

o a a o a a .
excerpt s f r m h er m m oi r o th t follow sh t ll O f th e b eginni ngs O f th e

e s a e e s
m ov ment b e t kn wn p bl icat i on w ll m eth i ng b u t h ow th e

’
e s s o u , as e as so a o
or i gi
na l hou e O f h o p ital i ty ws oper te d i n i t
s e rl y days So rce : Thas a s a . u e
L ng L
o lione Th A t b i g p h y f D
n ess . e thy D y ( New Y rk : H rp r
u o o ra o oro a o a e
B ros .
, pp 1 8 2—1 86 . .
We s a t rted
i hing Th e Cath o lic Worker at 43 6 E ast Fif teenth
pub l s
Street in May 1 9 33 with a fir st i ssue O f ,
copies Within thr ee
,
.
or fou r month s th e circul ation b ounded t o and it w as che aper
to b rin g it out as an ei ght page t ab l oid on new sprint r ath er th an th e -
sm all er sized edition on b e tt er p aper we h ad st arte d with B y th e en d

- . .
O f th e y ear we h ad a cir cul ati on O f and b y 1 9 3 6 it was
It was cert ainl y a mu shr oom gr owth It was not onl y th at

_
.
some pari sh es sub sc rib ed for th e paper all ove r th e country in b un dl es
O f 500 or more Ze al ous young peopl e took th e paper out in th e str eet s
.
an d sol d it and when th ey coul d not sell it even at one cent a copy
, ,
they gave free copies and l eft them in streetcar b us b arb er shop and , ,
denti st s and doctor s O fli ce We got l etter s f rom all parts of th e country

’ ’
.
from peopl e wh o said th ey h ad picked up th e paper on tr ains in ,
rooming houses O ne l etter cam e f rom th e st ate O f Sonora in Mexico

.
62 2 Th e Na t ional Pe riod
and we re ad with t th at th e re ader h ad tossed in an uncom

am azem en
fortab l e b ed on a h ot n i ght un ti l h e got u p to tur n over th e m attress .
and u nder it found a copy O f Th e C a th o li c Wo rker A m iner f ou n d a

'
co py five m i l e s u nd er grou nd in an O l d m ine th at str etch ed ou t u nder
th e Atl antic O ce an O ff Nov a Scoti a A sem i n ari an sai d th at h e h ad sen t .
ou t his sh oe s to b e h alf sol ed in Rom e an d th ey cam e b ack to him

-
wrapped in a copy of Th e C th olic Wo ker Th ese l etters thrilled and a r .
i nspi red th e young peopl e wh o came to help sent b y Brother s or Sisters ,
wh o t au ght in th e hi gh sch ool s W e were in vited to spe ak in sch ool s an d .
p ari sh es and O ften a s a r e su l t O f our spe akin g oth er s cam e in to hel p

,
u s O n M ay D ay th o se fir st f ew ye ar s th e str eet s w ere l iter all y l i ne d

.
, ,
with paper s Looking b ack on it it seem ed l ike a gigantic adverti sing

.
,
c am pai gn entirel y u nprem edit at ed It grew organ i call y Pet e r u sed to

1
,
.
,
say h appil y and n ot thr ou gh or gan ization We are not an or gan ization “
.
, ,
we are an organi sm h e said , .
F ir st there w as Peter my b r oth er and 1 Wh en John took a job

.
,
.
at D obb s F erry a y oun g girl D orothy We ston wh o h ad b e en st u dying

’
, , ,
j ournal ism and was a gr adu ate O f a C athol ic coll ege cam e to help ,
.
Sh e l ived at h om e an d spen t h er d ay s w i th u s e atin g with us an d t akin g ,
onl y h er car far e fr om th e comm on fund Pet er b rou ght in thr ee y oung .
m en from C olumb us Circl e wh om h e h ad m et wh en di scu ssing th e ,
aff air s O f th e w o rld there an d O f th ese one b ecam e b ookkeepe r ( th at

,
w as h is occupation wh en h e w as empl oyed ) anoth er circul ati on m an ,
ager and th e third m arri ed D orothy W e st on A no th er

, girl c am e to t ake .
d ict at i on an d h elp with m ail in g th e p ape r an d sh e m arrie d th e circul a ,
tion m anager There were qu i te a numb er O f rom ances that fir st year

.
th e pape r appe al e d to y ou th Th en th ere were th e youn g in tell ectu al s

.
wh o form ed wh at th ey call ed C am pion Comm ittees in oth er citie s as

well as New York wh o helped to picket th e Mexican and Germ an con
,
sul at e s and wh o d i str i b u t ed l it er atu r e all over th e city Worker s cam e in .
to get hel p on picke t li n es to h elp m ove di s osse ssed f am il i es an d to

p ,
m ake dem onstrations in front O f r el ief O fli ces Thr ee men cam e to sell .
th e paper on th e street an d t o e at the i r m e al s with us Bi

,
g D an h ad .
b een a truck driver and a pol icem an Th e day h e came in to see us h e .
wanted noth i ng m ore th an to b ath e h i s tired feet Th at ni ht at su r

g ppe .
Peter indoctrin ated h im on th e di gn ity of poverty an d r ead some O f

F ath er Vin cent McNab b s Naza e th or S ocial Thi s d id not go
’
r
Peter M aur n ( 1 8 7 7
1
i a Fre n ch m an O f
p easan t o r g n, w as co-f ou nder ii
i
w th D oroth y D ay O f th e C ath o l c W orker Movem ent i
i i i
.
2 Th s
p art cu l ar vo lu m e O f th e m any b ooks w r tte n b y th e we ll -known
624 Th e Nat ion al Pe riod
to p r ovi d e l and an d hom e s f or th e un empl oy ed wh om in cre asing ,
technol ogy was piling up into th e m ill ions In 1 9 3 3 th e unempl oyed .

,
numb ered
Th e i dea O f th e h ouses O f h ospit al i ty cau ght on qu i ckl y enough .
Th e very peopl e th at Peter b rou ght in wh o m ade u p our st aff at fir st , ,
needed a pl ace to l iv e Peter w as f am il i ar with th e O ld l w w

4
. . .
.
techn i que of a comm on fl oph ouse and a pot O f mull igan on th e stove
.
.
TO my cost I t oo h ad b ecome well acqu ain ted with thi s ide a

,
.
B esi de s we n ever h ad any m on ey an d th e ch e apest m ost pr actic al

, , ,
way to t ake care O f pe0 p1e was to r en t some apartment s and h ave
som eon e do th e cookin g f or th e l ot O f u s M an y a tim e I w as cook .
.
and cl e an er as w ell as ed itor an d str eet sell er When Margaret a .

,
Lithu ani an girl from th e m ining regi on s O f Penn syl v ani a came to u s ,
and t ook over th e cooking we w er e h appy in dee d Sh e knew h ow t o ,

.
m ake a b ig pot of m ash ed pot atoes with mushroom sau ce whi ch fill ed
every one u p n icel y Sh e was a great sof t creatu re with a l ittl e b ab y
.
,
B arb ar a wh o w as b orn a few month s after sh e came to u s M argaret

,
.
went out on M ay D ay with th e b ab y and sold paper s on th e str eet .
Sh e l oved b ein g propagan di st as well as cook Wh en B ig D an teased .
h er sh e thre a tened to tell th e pasture O f th e church aroun d th e com er

’
”
.
,
TO house th e wom en w e h ad an apartm en t n ear F ir st Avenu e whi ch

cou l d hold ab ou t t en Wh en there w er e argum ent s am ong them M ar .
,
garet w oul d r eport th em with gusto givin g u s a b l ow b y b l O W accoun t

'
- -
.
,
O nce wh en sh e was t ell in g h ow one O f th e women ab used h er so th at

f el t as th ough th e crown O f th o rn s w as pre ssin g ri ght down On
“
sh e
h er head (sh e was full O f th ese m ystical experiences) Pet er paused

”
,
in hi s p acing O f th e O ffi ce t o tell h er sh e n eeded to scrub th e kitch en

floor Not th at h e was ever h arsh b ut h e was m aking a poin t th at
.
,
manu al l ab or w as th e cu re O f all such qu arreling M argaret once told .
B i sh op O H ara O f K an sas City th at wh en sh e ki ssed h is rin g it was

’
5
,
j ust l ike a b l ood tran sfu sion sh e got f ain t all over .
J acqu es M aritai n cam e to u s durin g these e arl y day s and spoke 6
to th e gr oup wh o wer e r ead ing F ee do m an d th e M o dern World [si c] r
4Th I t ti
e l W k
n ern a f th W ld g w
on a t f th or l t ik
ers O f e or re ou O e coa s r es O
1 904 fi di g it m i
, n n i t m g th
s ki ll d l b
a n re cru F m y y s a it
on e u ns e a orers or an e ar s
d i l l f t w i g f th A m i
.
w as th e ra ca l b
e m m t n O e er c an a or ove en .
Edw i V O H Bi h p C i ty f m 1 939 t h i
’
5
n ( 1 881 . f K ara s o o ansas ro o s
d th I J
ea . 1 9 54 h w
n u ne , m d hb i h p d p
, e m i g i ti
as n a e an arc s o a ers on a n reco n on
O f hi t t di g l d
s ou s an h ip i n i l m m ts d i th C f t ity f
ea ers n soc a ove en an n e on ra ern O
C h i ti
r s D t i an oc r n e .
6
J q M it i ( 1 8 8 2
ac ues th
ar F h b
a n ph i l ph wh h pl y d e re nc -
orn oso er o as a e
a l di g
ea l i n th vi l f h l ti i m p b l i h d h i F d m i th
ro e n e re va O sc o as c s , u s e s re e o n e
M odern World in 1 9 35 .
Th e E ncy cl ical Sertum l aetiti ae 625
at th at time . He gave speci al

ttention to th e chapter on th e pur ification
a
O f m ean s M argaret w as del i ghted with ou r di stin gui sh ed guest wh o so

.
,
e videntl y l ov ed u s al l an d m ade h im a b ox O f fudge to t ake h om e

,
wi th him wh en h e sail ed for Fr ance a few weeks l ater .
Ah those earl y days th at everyone likes to think O f now since we

,
h ave gr own so much b igger that earl y zeal th at earl y rom ance th at
; , ,
e arl y com panion abl ene ss! A n d h ow del ightful it i s t o think th at th e
y oun g one s wh o cam e into th e wo rk now fin d th e sam e joy in comm a

ni ty It i s a pe rm anent rev ol u ti on thi s C ath ol i c Wo rker M ovem ent
.
, .
Pope Piu s X II S Encyclical Sert um lae titiae

’
on th e S e squ icent enni al O f th e Am eri can
Hi erarch y Novemb er 1
, , 1 9 39
ri i r r hy
I N N O VE M BER , 1 9 39 , th e A m e can h e a c rt h r
cel eb a ed th e on e u n d ed
and fi ti th
f e iv r r
an n t i t r
e sa y O f it s e s ab l sh m en i i wi t
F om a s n gl e d ocese
. h
ih h rh
o n e b s op in 1 7 8 9 th e C u c it tt th t ti
in th e U n e d S a es h ad b y a me
x t i ti r vi
e p an de d to ni ne een eccl es as c al p o n ces with i 1 1 5 d oceses an d 1 30
i fi r th t i
b sh op s, gu es a hv i r
s n ce 1 9 39 a e tw ty
nc ease d t o enrh i S ix a c d oceses, -
i ih r ti
1 0 5 d oceses an d 2 1 6 b s ops In h is g ee n g on
. thi i i
s occas on P ope P u s XII
r vi w r ri h r
e e e d t h e p ogr ess O f t h e A m e can C u ch an d h ad wr i
o ds O f sp ec al
ti rt i i ti tiv y
c omm en da on f or ce a n d s n c ri
el th i i ti t ti
A m e can C a ol c n s u on s Bu t. .
h e al so wr i t r r ri
a ne d aga n s th e dange s t o good m o al s in A m e can soc ei ty by
r rv iv r
eason O f th e p e al en ce O f d irth
o ce an d b r w
c on t ol , t h e i eaken n g O f
r espe ct th rit yt
f or au o y , an d a s s em O f educa on ti th t i a r i i
gn ore d el g ou s
v t rt
al u es T h e l as pa
. y i v t ry
O f th e enc cl cal w as de o e d t o a su m m a r O f m o al
p ri i
n c pl e s as iapp l e d i t o soc al an d i r
econ o m c p ob l erm s S ou ce : S er t u m
.
Y r
lae ti tiae ( New it r
o k : P aul s P ess,
TO O UR B E LO VE D SO NS
WI LLIAM O CO NNELL CARDINAL PRIEST O F THE HO LY RO M AN

’
,
CHURCH A RCHBISIIO P O F BO STO N

,
-
.
D E NNIS D O U GHERTY CARDI NAL PRIES T O F TH E HO LY RO M AN

,
CHURCH AR CHBI SHO P O F PHI LADE LPHIA

,
.
A ND TO A LL THE VE NERAB LE BRETHRE N THE ARCHBISHO P S , ,
BI SHO P S AND O RDI NARIE S O F THE U NITED STATES O F A M ERICA ,
I N PEACE A ND C O M M U NIO N W I TH THE A P O S TO LI C SEE .
VENERAB LE BRETHRE N, HEALTH AND A PO STO LI C BENEDI CTIO N

In O ur desire to enri ch th e crown O f y our h ol y joy W e cross in spirit
th e vast spaces of th e seas and find O urselve s in y our mi dst as you

6 26 Th e Na t io nal P e r io d
r t in company with all you r f ai thful peopl e th e one hundred

cel eb a e , ,
and fif ti eth anniv er sary O f th e est ab l i shm en t O f th e eccl esi astical Hi er
archy in th e Un it ed St at e s O f Am eric a A nd thi s We do with great

1
.
l ad n e ss b e c au se an occasion is thus aff orded U s as gr at ifying as it is

g , ,
sol emn O f giving pub l ic t e stim ony O f O u r e st eem an d O u r aff ection

,
for th e y ou th ful l y vigor ous an d ill ustri ou s Am eri can peopl e .
TO one wh o turns th e pages O f y our hi story an d refl ects upon th e

c auses O f wh at h as b een accom pl i sh e d it i s apparent th at th e t riumt
progress O f divin e r el i gi on h as contrib u ted in n o sm all degr ee to th e

g l o ry a n d p r o sp e rity whi ch y ou r cou n try n ow e n j oy s It i s in deed true
.
that rel igion h as its l aws and inst i tu tions for eternal happiness b ut it
i s al so undeni ab l e th at it dower s l ife h ere b el ow wi th so m any b enefit s
th at i t coul d do no m ore even if th e principal reason for its exi stence
were to m ake m en h appy du ring th e b rief Span O f their e arthly l ife .
It is a pl easure for U s to recall th e well rem emb ered story .
When Pope Piu s VI gave you you r fir st B i sh op in th e person of

th e Am erican Joh n C arroll and set h im over th e See O f B al timor e
, , ,
sm all and of sl ight i mport ance was th e C athol i c

popul ation O f your
l an d At th at tim e too th e con dition O f th e Uni ted St ates w as so
.
, ,
peril ou s th at its stru ctur e and its ve ry pol iti cal un ity was threatened
b y gr ave cri si s B ecau se O f th e l ong an d exh au sting w ar th e pub l ic
.
treasury was b urdened with deb t industry l angu ished and th e citizenry
, ,
wearied b y m i sfortunes was spl it into contending parties Thi s ruin ou s .
and criti cal st at e O f aff air s was

put to right s b y th e cel eb r ated George
Washin gton f amed for hi s cou rage and keen in tell igence He w as a
, .
cl ose fri end O f th e B i sho

p O f B al ti m ore Thu s th e F ath er O f His
.
Country and th e pioneer pastor O f th e Chu rch in th at l and so dear

to U s b oun d t ogeth er b
, y th e ti es O f frien dship an d cl asping so ,
to spe ak e ach th e oth er s h and form a

pictu re for th eir descendants
’
, , ,
a l esson to al l futur e
gener ati on s and a pr oof th at rever ence for th e
,
F aith O f C hri st i s a h ol y an d est ab li sh ed i A m ri

'
pr n ci p l e O f th e e can
peopl e seei ng th at it i s th e fou nd ation O f m or al ity an d decency con

,
,
se quentl y th e sou rce of

p rosperity an d progress .
M any are th e cau ses to which m u st b e ascrib ed th e flowering of

th e C athol i c Chu rch in your cou ntry O n e O f th em W e wi sh to
.
point
ou t as w o rthy O f atte nt ion Num b er s O f p riest s f orced to fl ee to
.
,
your Shores from l ands where per secution raged b rought wel com e aid ,
to B i sh op C arrol l an d b th ei r active coll ab or ation in th e sacred m in i s

y
try sowed th e precious seed which ripened to an ab undant harvest
1
Th se f B l tim e was f m lly
ee O a or or a t d
erec ed C341 1 11 named firSt b h p
an 0
o
19 O
on Novemb er 6
‘
1
62 8 Th e Na tion a l Per iod
en et rpri ses proper to you r own n ation which devote them selves with
ze al and ener gy to th e wi der d iff usion O f th e C ath oli c F aith Th ey .
are : Th e C ath ol i c Chu rch E xt en sion Soci e ty an organi z ation which ,
h as gained glorious d i stincti on for its piou s b enefacti ons; Th e C ath

3
ol ic Ne ar E ast Welf are A ssoci ation which fu rni shes a providential

,
aid to th e int er est s O f Chri sti anity in th e O ri ent ; Th e In di an and
Negro M i ssi on s an associ ation approved b y th e Third C oun cil of

,
B al tim ore wh i ch W e confirm and recomm end b ecause it i s imposed

5
b y a very parti cul ar ch arity t oward you r fellow citizens .
We conf ess th at W e feel a Speci al patern al aff ection whi ch is ,
cert ainl y in sp ir ed b y h eaven for th e Negro peopl e dwell in g among

, .
you ; f or in th e field O f rel igi on an d educati on W e know th ey n eed

speci al care and comfort and are v ery deservin g O f it W e th er efore .
invoke an ab undance O f heavenl y b l essing an d We pr ay f rui tful suc

cess for th ose wh ose gen er ou s zeal i s dev ot ed to their w elf ar e .
Moreover in order to r ender more fittin g th anks to God for th e

,
inestim ab l e gif t O f th e true F aith you r countrym en e ager for ardu ous
, ,
enterpri se are su ppl ying to th e r ank s O f th e m i ssion ari es num erous

,
recruits wh ose capacity for toil whose in dom it ab le patien ce and whose
,
energy in n ob l e i niti ative f or th e K ingdom O f C hr i st h av e gain ed
merits whi ch e arth adm ires and whi ch h e aven will crown with
due reward .
NO l ess vigorous among you are those works O f ze al Which are

‘
organi zed for th e b en efit of th e children of th e Chu rch within th e -
confi nes of you r cou ntry : th e d iocesan ch arity O ffi ces with th en W i se ,
an d pr actical o rgan i zati on b

y me an s O f th e pari sh priest s an d throu gh
,
th e l ab or s O f th e r el igi ou s in stitu tes b ring to the poor t o th e n ee dy

, ,
and t o th e Sick th e
gi ft s O f Chri sti an m ercy an d rel i ef f rom m i se ry .
In carrying on thi s m ost im port ant m in i stry th e Sweet di sce rn ing ey es .
of f aith see Chri st

present in th e poo r and afl licted wh o are th e m y stic
’
su ff e ri ng m emb er s O f th e m ost b eni n Redeem er

g .
Among th e associ ations of th e l aity — th e l ist is tO O l ong to allow

O f a compl et e enu m er ation there are those which h ave won for
themselves l au rel s of unf ading gl ory : C atholi c Action th e M arian ,
Congregation th e Confr aternity O f Christian Doctrine: their fruits are

,
3 F ou nded on O ctob er 1 8, 1 90 5 .
4
Es t b li h
a s ed i i
in 1 92 6 to su pport m ss o ns I n th e N e ar and M iddle Eas t and
to aid refu gees i
am ong th e Eastern R t e C ath ol cs i .
5 Th e C omm i i
f or C ath o c
ss o n l i M i ssi o ns Am on g th e Colo red Peopl e an d the
I nd ans i i
was est abl she d in 1 8 8 6
Th e E ncy c l ica l Sertu m l aetiti ae 629
th e cau se O f j th ey b
oy an d
e ar th e p r omi se O f still m or e j oyf ul h ar
vests in th e futu re Likewi se th e Hol y Name Society an excell ent

.
,
6
l eader in th e promotion O f Chri sti an wor ship and pi ety .
O ver a m an if ol d activity O f th e l aity carried on in v ari ou s l ocal iti es

,
acco rdin g to th e needs O f th e tim e s i s pl ace d th e N ation al C ath ol i c

,
Welf ar e Conf erence an organ ization which suppl ies a ready and well
,
ad apted in strum en t f or y ou r ep i scop al m ini stry

7
.
Th e m ore import an t O f th ese in stitu ti on s W e w ere ab l e to Vi ew

b ri efly durin g th e month O f O ct ob er 1 9 3 6 wh en We j ou rn ey ed acr oss
, ,
th e ocean an d h ad th e joy O f kn owin g pe r son all y y ou an d th e fi el d O f

your activities Th e m emory O f wh at W e then adm ired with O ur own
.
eye s will al w ay s r em ain in deli b l e an d a source O f joy in O ur He art .
It is proper then th at with sentim ent s O f ador ation W e O ff er with

, ,
you th anks to God an d th at W e r ai se t o H im a c anticl e O f th anks

giving: G ive gl ory to th e God O f Heav en : for His m ercy en dur eth
“
for ever Th e Lor d Wh ose goodness kn ow s n o l im it s h avi ng fill ed

”8
.
,
your l and with th e b ounty O f His gift s h as l ikewise gr anted to you r ,
chu rch e s ene rgy an d power and h as b r ou ght to f ru iti on th e r e sul t s
O f th e ir tir el e ss l ab or s Having paid th e trib u te O f O ur gr atitude to

.
God f rom Wh om ev ery good th ing t akes it s ori gin W e recognize

, , ,
dearl y b el oved th at this rich h arvest which W e j oyful l y adm ir e with

,
you today i s du e al so to th e spirit O f in iti ative an d to th e per si sten t

activity O f th e p ast or s an d of th e f aithful W e r eco ni ze th at it i s due
g .
al so to y ou r cl e rgy wh o are incl i ne d to deci sive acti on an d wh o
execu t e you r or d er s with zeal ; to th e m em b er s O f all t h e r el i giou s
O rders an d congregation s O f m en wh o d i sti ngui sh ed in virtu e vie , ,
with each other in cul tiv atin g th e vineyard O f th e Lord : to th e inn u mer
ab l e r eli gi ou s w om en wh o O f ten in sil en ce an d unkn own to m en
, ,
con secr at e th em sel v es wi th exem pl ary de v oti on to th e cause O f th e
G ospel verit ab l e l il ies in th e G arden O f Chri st an d deli ght O f th e S aint s

, .
W e desir e h owev er th at Th i s O ur pr aise b e sal u t ary Th e con

, , .
si der ati on O f th e good wh i ch h as b e en done m u st n ot l e ad to sl ackeni n g
whi ch m ight degener ate in to sl u ggi shness; it mu st not i ssue in a vain

gloriou s pl easur e which fl atters th e m ind ; it sh oul d stimul ate r enewed
en e rgi e s SO th at evil s m ay b e av oi de d an d th o se enter ri se s whi ch
p
ar e u seful prudent an d worthy O f pr ai se m ay m ore surel y and m ore
,
6
i i
Th e H ol y N am e S oc ety w as organ ze d i n th e U n te d S t ate s in 1 9 0 9 i .
7 Th e
i i
Nat on al C ath ol c W elf are C onf erence d ates f rom th e rst annu al fi
ti
m ee n g O f th e hi erarch y i n S eptemb er 1 9 1 9 C f NO 1 5 8 , . . . .
8
Ps .
6 30 Th e Na t io n a l P e riod
sol idly m ature Th e Chri sti an if h e does honor to th e n am e h e b ears

.
, ,
i s al way s an apostl e ; it i s n ot perm itted to th e Soldier O f Chri st th at

h e qu it th e b attl efiel d b ecause onl y death pu t s an end to hi s mil i
,
tary service .
Y ou wel l know wh er e it i s n ecessary th at you exerci se a more

di sce rning vi gil ance an d wh at progr am O f action sh oul d b e m arked
out f or priest s and f aithfu l in or der th at th e r el igi on O f Chr i st may
overcom e th e O b st acl es in it s p ath an d b e a l um inous guide t o th e
m inds of m en govern th eir m or al s and for th e sol e pu rpose O f

, ,
sal v ati on perm e ate th e m arrow and th e arte ri es O f hum an soci ety
,
.
Th e progr ess O f exteri or and m at eri al po ssession s even though it i s ,
to b e con si dere d O f n o l ittl e account b ec au se O f th e m an if ol d an d,
appreci abl e u til ity which it gives to l ife i s n on eth el ess not enough for
m an wh o i s b orn for high er and b righte r destinie s Created in deed .
to th e i m age and l ikeness O f God h e se eks God with a yearni ng th at,

-
wil l not b e repressed and al w ays groanS an d weeps if h e pl aces th e '
O b j ect O f h is l ov e wh er e Su prem e Tru th a n d th e Infini t e Good can
not b e fou nd .
Not with th e conque st O f m ateri al space does one approach to

God separ ation from Whom i s death conver sion to Wh om i s l ife
, , ,
to b e e st abli sh e d in Wh om i s gl ory ; b u t u nde r th e gui d ance O f Ch ri st

with th e full ness O f sincere faith with unsull ied conscience and upright
,
will with holy works with th e achievement and th e employm ent O f

,
‘
that genu ine l ib erty whose sacred rul es are foun d procl aim ed in th e
Gospel If i nste ad th e C om m andment s O f G od are spu n ed not
.
,
r ,
onl y i s it i mpossibl e to att ain th at h a

ppi ness whi ch h as pl ace b eyon d
th e b ri ef sp an of tim e which i s all otte d to e arthl y exi stence b ut th e ,
very b asis upon which rests true civil ization i s sh aken and n aught is
to b e expected b ut ru ins ove r which b el ate d t e ar s must b e sh ed .
How in f act can th e publ ic weal and th e gl ory O f civil i zed life
, ,
h ave any gu arantee O f st ab il ity when right is sub verted and vi rtue
d espi sed and decri ed? I s not God th e Sour ce and th e Giver O f l aw ?
Is He n ot th e i n spir ati on an d th e rew ard O f virtue with n on e like
u nto Him am on
g l awgiver s? Thi s according t o th e adm i ssion O f all
9
,
reasonab le men is everywhere th e b itter and prol ific root O f evil s:

,
th e refu sal to r ec ogni ze th e D i vin e M aj e sty th e ne l ect O f th e m or al

g ,
l aw th e or i gi n O f wh i ch is from h eav en or th at r e rettabl e incon stan cy

,
g ,
which m akes it s vi ctim s w aver b etween th e l awf ul and th e forb idden .

,
b etween j usti ce and i ni qu ity .
Thence ari se i m m oder ate an d b l ind e o ti sm th e th i rst f or l easu re

g p , ,
“J ob
6 32 Th e Na t io n a l P e riod
O l d age, to rej oice their gr ay h air s with an affection which unqu enched
b y de ath will b e m ade m ore gl ori ou s and more compl ete in th e
,
m ansion O f heaven Th e m emb er s O f th e Chri sti an fam il y n eith er

. ,
querul ous in adversity nor u ngr ateful in prosperity are ever fill ed with ,
confi dence in God to Wh o se sw ay th ey yi el d will in g O b edien ce in ,
Whose wil l they acquiesce an d upon Wh ose help they w ait not in vain .
Th at th e famil y m ay b e est ab l ish ed and m aint ain ed accor ding to

th e wi se te achin gs O f th e Gospel th erefore th e f aithf ul Sh oul d b e
, ,
frequ entl y exh ort ed b y th ose wh o h ave th e directive and teachin g

functions in th e chu rch es an d th ese are to strive with unremittin g
car e to pre sent t o th e Lord a perfect peopl e F or th e sam e r e ason it i s .
al so suprem el y necessary to see to it th at th e dogm a O f th e uni ty and
indi ssolub il ity O f M atrim ony i s kn own in all its rel igious im port ance
and sacr e dl y r espected b y th ose wh o are to m arry .
Th at thi s c apit al poin t of C ath oli c D octrin e i s of gre at v al u e for

th e sol i d ity O f th e f am il y stru ctu r e for th e progr ess and prosperity of
,
c ivil soci ety f or th e h e al thy l ife of th e peopl e and for civil iz ation th at
,
its l i ght m ay n ot b e f al se i s a f act r ecogni zed even b y no sm all numb er

of m en wh o th ou gh e str anged f rom th e F aith
, are entitl ed to respect ,
for th eir pol itical acum en O h ! If onl y y our coun try h ad com e to kn ow
.
from th e experi ence of oth er s r ath er th an f rom ex ampl es at h ome of

th e accu mul ation o f ill s which derive from th e pl ague of d ivorce ; l et
reverence for rel igion l et fidelity tow ard th e great Am erican pe0 p1e
‘
cou n sel en ergetic acti on th at thi s d i se ase al as SO wi d es r ead m a

p , y be ,
cu re d b y extirpation .
Th e consequences of thi s evil h ave b een thu s describ ed b y Pope

Leo X III in words wh ose tru th is in cisive : B ecau se of divor ce th e
,
“
,
nupt i al contr act b ecom e s sub j ect t o fi ckl e whim aff ecti on i s we aken ed
; ;
perni cious incentiv es are given to conj u gal in fi del ity ; th e care and
education of offsprin g are h arm ed ; e asy O pportunity i s aff orded f or
th e b reakin g up of h omes; th e seed s of d i scord are sown amon
g
fam il ies; th e dignity of wom an i s l essen ed and b rou ht down and
g
Sh e run s th e ri sk of b ein
g desert ed after sh e h as served h er husb an d
as an in strum ent of
pl easur e A n d Sin ce it i s tru e th at for th e ru ina
“
tion of th e f am ily an d th e underm ining of th e St ate nothing i s so

powerful as th e corru pti on of m or al s it i s e asy to see th at divorce i s ,
O f th e gr e at est h arm t o th e r o rity f f i i t t

am l e s an d O f s a es? ”
p sp e o
With r egard to those m arriages in which one or th e ot her party

does n ot accept th e C ath ol i c te achi n or h as not b een b a tized We
g p ,
1 2 A rcan um di i F b y 1 0 1 8 80 i
v n a e, J h J Wy
e ru ar , SJ
, n Th
o n . nne , e
X II I ( N w Y k
. .
G t E y li l L tt f P p L pp 7 4—7 5
r ea nc c ca e e rs o o e eo e or , . .
Th e E ncy cl ica l Sertum l aetiti ae 633
are ce rtain th at rve exactl y th e prescriptions of th e Code

you ob se
O f C anon Law Su ch m arri ages in f act as i s cl e ar to you f rom wi de

.
, ,
experien ce are r ar el y h appy and u su all y o ccasion gr av e l oss t o t h e

,
C atholi c Chu rch A very efficaciou s me ans for driving out such gr ave
.
evil s i s th at in d ivi du al C ath ol i cs r eceive a th or ou gh tr ain ing in th e
divi ne truth s and th at th e peopl e b e Sh own cl earl y th e r oad wh i ch

l ead s to sal v ation .
Th erefore W e exh ort th e pri est s to provi de th at the ir own knowl

edge O f thin gs d ivine and h um an b e wi de and deep ; th at th ey b e
not con tent with th e in t ell e ctu al kn owl edge acqu ired in you th ; th at
'
they exam ine with careful scrutiny th e Law of th e Lord Whose ,
or acl e s are pu rer th an Sil v er ; th at th e y continu all y rel i sh and enj oy
th e ch aste ch arm s of Sacr e d Scr i ptu r e ; th at with th e passin g O f th e

ye ars they stu dy m ore deepl y th e hi story O f th e Chu rch its dog ,
m as its Sacr am ent s it s l aw s it s precept s it s l itu rgy its l angu age

, , , , , ,
so th at th ey m ay adv an ce in gr ace in cul tu re and wi sdom , .
Let th em cul tiv ate al so th e st udy of l ett er s and of th e pr of an e

sci ences e speci all y th ose whi ch
,
are m o r e cl osel y conn ecte d w i th
rel igion in order th at th ey m ay b e ab l e t o iIn part with cl arity and

,
el oqu en ce th e t e achin g of gr ace an d sal v ation which i s c ap ab l e of
b en di ng ev en l e arne d int ell ect s t o th e l i ght b u rden and y oke of th e

Gospel O f Ch ri st .
F o rtu n ate th e Chu rch in deed if thu s it will l ay it s foundati ons

, ,
with sapphir es Th e need s O f our tim es th en r equ ire th at th e l aity

.
”1 3
,
too an d especi all y those wh o coll ab or ate with th e Hi er archy of th e

,
Chu rch procu re for th em selves a tre asu re of religi ou s knowl edge not
, ,
a poor and m eager knowl e dge b ut one th at wil l h av e sol i dity an d

,
richn e ss throu gh th e m e dium of l i b r ari es d i scu ssi on s and stu dy cl ub s;

,
in thi s way th ey will deriv e gr e at b enefit f or th em sel ves and at th e

sam e tim e b e ab l e t o in struct th e i gnor an t conf u te stub b orn adver ,
saries and b e of assi st an ce t o goo d fri end s .
W e h ave l earned with n o l ittl e joy th at y ou r pr ess is a stu rdy ch am

pion O f C athol ic prin cipl es; th at th e M arconi R ad io whose voice
i s he ard in an in st an t rou n d th e w orl d m arvel ou s in vention and
el oqu ent im age of th e Apost ol i c F aith th at em b r aces all m ankin d
is f re quentl y an d adv ant ageou sl y pu t to u se in or der t o in sur e th e

widest possib l e prom ul gation of all th at concerns th e Chur ch and W e ,
comm end th e good accom pl i sh e d But l et th o se wh o ful fill thi s

.
mini stry b e caref ul to adh ere to th e dir ections of th e t eaching Chu rch
ev en wh en th ey expl ain an d prom ot e wh at pe rt ain s to th e soci al
1 3 I sa .
6 34 Th e Na t ional Pe r iod
r
p ob l em ; r r
f o getful O f pe son al gain, d esp s ng popul a , mpa al , ii rity i rti
l et them r r
“ ” 1 1L
speak as f om God , b efo e God, ia Ch ri st
‘
.
t t
B ecau se O f O ur con s an d es e ir th t i t fi r r
a sc en i c p og ess in all its
r h vr r
b anc es b e e e m o e un e sal l iv r yafli rmed, W e gl adl akey t s thi
rt i
oppo une occas on t o si gn f iy
t o you O ur co di al rn e es i tr t
in th e
University at Washingt on Y ou rem emb er well with wh at ardent wi shes
.
Pope Leo X III greeted thi s nob l e templ e of l earning when it came into
b e ing an d on h ow m any occ asi on s testim onies of particul ar aff ecti on
were b estowed upon it b y O ur imm edi ate pr edecessor He was inti .
m atel y per suaded th at if thi s gr eat sch ool h owever b l essed al ready ,
with success should b ecom e still stronger and gain even greater
,
renown not onl y would th e growth of th e Church b e aided b ut al so

th e civil gl ory and prosperity of you r fell ow citizen s
15
.
Sh aring thi s h O pe W e ask you to do your ve ry b e st l e aving nothin g

, ,
u ntri ed th at thi s Un iv er sity prot ected b y you r b enev ol ence m ay over

, , ,
com e its diffi cul ti es and, with ever m ore gr atifying in crease a b undantl y ,
ful fill th e hi gh h opes th at h ave b een pl aced in it We greatl y appreci at e .

,
too y ou r de sire to erect in R om e a m ore wo rthy and suit ab l e b uil din g

,
for th e Pontifical Coll ege whi ch rece iv es for th eir eccl esi astical educa
tion student s from th e United States .
1 6
If it i s in deed true th at th e el ite of our you th with profit t r avel

ab r oad to compl et e th eir education a l on
g and h appy experience shows
,
that candidates for th e prie sthood derive very great profit when they
are educat ed h er e cl ose t o th e Sec of Pet er wh er e th e source of f aith ,
is pu rest where so m any m onum ent s O f Chri sti an antiquit and so

,
y
m any tr aces of th e Saints incite generou s heart s t o m agnanimous
ente rpri ses .
W e desire to touch upon another qu estion of weighty import an ce ,
th e soci al qu estion whi ch r em ainin

, g un sol ved h as b een agit ating ,
St ates for a l ong time an d sowing am ongst th e cl asses th e seeds of

hatred and mutual hostili ty Y ou know f ull well what aspect it .
assum es in Ameri c a wh at acrim onies wh at di sorder s it produces

, , .
It is not necessary therefore th at We dwell on th ese poin ts Th e .
fundam ent al point of th e soci al question i s thi s th at th e

goods ,
cre at e d b y God fo r all m en sh ould in th e sam e wa r ea ch ll j ti

y a us ce ,
guiding and ch arity h el ping Th e hi story O f every age teach es th at

.
1 4 2 C or .
1 5 Cf
.
i t
Pope P us XI S l et er O f Septem b er 2 1 , 1 9 3 8 , to th e A m er can h e
’
rarch y i i
itt ti i i i i
wr en in an c pat on of th e u n vers ty ’ s gol den jub lee Th e C ath o l ic U n i versit
, y i
of A m erica B u lle t in, VII ( Novemb er 2—3
, .
16
i
Th e new North Am er can C olle ge on th e an cu l um H l l , Rome was dedi
,
J i i
c ated on O ctob er 1 4, 1 95 3 .
636 Th e Na t ion a l P e riod
ment of more f avor ab l e con d i ti ons eff ect

,
th e real ization of these
reasonab l e hopes to th e adv an t age of all .
Becau se soci al rel ation s i s on e of m an s n atu r al requ irem ents and

’
since it i s l egi t im at e t o pr om o t e b y comm on effort decen t l iv el ihood ,
it is not possib le with out in j ustice to deny or to l im it eith er to th e

p r o duce r s or t o th e l ab oring and f arm ing cl asses th e f r ee f acul ty O f
uni ting in associ ation s b y m e an s of whi ch the y m ay defen d th eir
p pr o e r ri ght s an d se cu r e t h e b ett er m en t O f th e good s of soul and of
b ody as w ell as th e h onest com fort s of l if e B ut t o uni ons of th i s

,
.
kind which in past centu ries h ave procu red imm ortal gl ory for Chris
,
ti an ity an d f or th e profession s an u nt am i sh ab l e spl en dor on e cannot ,
everywh er e i m po se an i denti cal d i scipl in e and structu r e whi ch there
fore can b e v aried to m eet th e diff erent temper am en t of th e pe0 p1e

and th e diver se circu m st ances o f tim e .
But l et th e un i on s in questi on dr aw th eir vital force from principl es

of wh ol esom e l i b erty ; l et th em t ake th eir f o rm from th e l ofty rul es
of j usti ce an d O f honesty an d conform in g th em sel v e s to those n orm s

, , ,
l et th em act in su ch a m anner th at in th eir c are f or th e in tere sts of

their cl ass they Viol ate no one s rights; l et th em continu e to strive
’
f or h arm ony an d respect th e comm on weal O f civil soci ety .
It is a source of joy to U s to know th at th e ab ove cited encycli cal

Quadragesim o anno as w ell as th at of th e Sovereign Pontiff Leo X III
, ,
R erum no varum in whi ch i s in di c ated th e solu ti on of th e soci al ques

,
tion in accordance with th e postul ates O f th e Gospel and of th e

et ern al phil o sophy are th e O b j e ct in th e Unit e d St at e s of c areful an d
,
prol onged con si der ation on th e p art of som e m en of keen er in tell ect
whose generous wish pushes them on tow ard soci al r estoration and
th e strengt h en ing of th e b on ds of l ove am ongst m en and th at som e ,
em pl oy er s th em sel v e s h av e desire d t o settl e th e ev er r ecurrin con

g
-
troversies with th e working m an in accor dance wi th th e n orm s of th ese

encycl ical s r especting al w ay s th e comm on
, good and th e di gnity of
th e hum an per son .
Wh at a prou d v aun t it will b e for th e Am erican peopl e b y n ature ,
inclin ed to grandiose undertakings and to l ib eral ity if they untie th e ,
knotty and diffi cul t soci al question b y f oll owing th e su re path s ill u
m inated b y th e l ight O f th e Gospel and thu s l ay th e b asi s of a
h appier age ! If thi s is to com e to pass power mu st not b e di ssipated
through disun ion b ut r ath er strengthened thr ough h armony TO this .
sal u t ary u ni on of th ou ht an d
g pol icy wh en ce fl ow m i ghty dee ds in
, ,
al l ch arity W e invite th em too wh om M oth er Chu rch l ament s as

, ,
sep ar ate d b rethr en M any O f th ese when O u r gl oriou s predecessor

.
A m erican Cath ol ics and th e I n te l lec tual Life 6 37
reposed in th e j ust and when W e shortly after h is death

Sl eep of th e , ,
through th e m y steriou s d i spositi on of divi ne m er cy ascen de d th e throne

of St P et er ; m any of th ese
. an d thi s d id n ot escape O u r attention
expre sse d b y w o rd O f m ou th and b y l e tte r sen tim en t s ful l of h om age
and n ob l e r espect Thi s attitud e

. W e openly confess h as encour
age d a h ope which t i m e d oe s not t ake f r om U s which a sanguine ,
mind ch eri sh es and which r em ai ns a consol ation t o U S in h ard and

troub lous tim es .
M ay th e enorm i ty of th e l ab or s wh ich i t wil l b e necessary fervently

to u ndert ake for th e gl ory O f th e m ost b en i gn Redeem er and for th e
sal v ation O f soul s n ot d au n t you D e arl y B el ove d b u t m ay it r ath e r
, ,
stim ul at e y ou who se confi dence i s in th e d ivin e h el p sin ce gre at w o rk s

, ,
gener ate m ore rob ust Virtues an d achi e ve m ore respl en den t m e rit s .
M ay th e attem pt s with which th e enem ies secretl y b anded together

seek t o pull do wn th e scepte r O f Ch ri st b e a spu r to u s t o w ork in
u n ion for th e est ab l i shm ent and adv ancem ent O f Hi s r ei gn NO gr eat er .
fortun e can com e to in divi du al s f am i l i es and n ations th an t o O b ey

, ,
th e Au thor of hu m an sal v ation e xecu te H is com m an ds accept Hi s

“
, ,
reign in whi ch w e are m ade f ree an d rich in good works; A kingdom

,
of tru th and l if e ; a ki ngd om of hol i ness and grace a k in gdom O f ,
j u stice l ove and pe ace

, .
”1 9
Wishing f rom O u r he art th at you and th e spiritu al flock f or whose

welfare you provide as dil i gent shepherds m ay advance always toward
b etter an d h i gh er goal s an d th at al so f rom th e pr esen t sol emn cel e
b r ation you m ay gath er a rich h arv est O f virtue W e im part to you as ,
a pl e dge of O ur b enev ol ence th e Apost ol ic B en e di cti on .
G iven at th e V ati c an on th e F e ast of A l l S aint s in th e Ye ar of

, ,
O ur Lo rd 1 9 3 9 th e first of O ur Pontificate
, , .
PIU S PP X II .
Am erican C ath ol ics an d th e Intell ectu al Life

1 956
iv i t t i i i
O N E of th e l el es op cs of d scu ss on am on g edu ca ed C a ol cs du n g t th i ri
tr r th i r i r
th e 1 9 5 0 s c en e e d a ou n d
’
e f a lu e to m ake a con b u on to t h e tri ti
t r i ti i wi th th ir
cu l u al l f e of t h e n a on i n k eep n
g e n u m b e s, eal h , an d i n r w t
hi h r t
creasingl y r t
g p e cen age of coll ege g adu a es T h e C a h ol c C o mm ss on . t i i i
t t t r ir t
for In el l ec ual an d C ul u al Aff a s ook up th e m a e an d d e vo ed its tt r t
ti i r thi
annu al m ee n g of 1 9 55 i n S t Lou s l a gel y to s sub ec
. O n M ay 1 4 at j t .
1 9
P f ce
re a f th M o f Ch i t th
e Ki g
ass O r s e n .
38 Th e Na tion al P eriod
one of th e i
sess ons of J hn Tr y Ell i pr f r f chur h
th e o ac s, o esso O c
h i t ry in th C th l i U n i v r i ty f A m ri
s o e a o r d a p per titl d A m ri
c e s O e ca , ea a en e e
n C th ol i d th I t l l t l Li f whi h in t r pr v k d g d ”
ca a cs an e n e ec u a e c ,
u n, o o e a oo
d l of d i
ea i Th e p p r w fir t p b li h d in Th gh t ( A t m
scu ss on . a e as s u s e ou u u n,
1 955 ) d ppe r d i b o k f r m t h f ll wi g
an a a e m m r wi th
n pr fo o e o o n su e a e ace
b y th M t R v r d J h J W r i gh t th
e os e e en Bi h p f W r o t r d in
n .
, en s o o o ces e an s ce
1 9 5 9 B i h p f Pi tt b rgh Th
s o o t t m t f B i h p W ri gh t i giv h r
s u . e s a e en o s o s en e e
as o e f th m t th
n o ghtf ul
e n d r pros nt t i v f th eou t ib t i fi t a e ese a e o con r u o s o
wh t h h h im lf c l l d th gr t d b te So r Pr f t ry N t b y
a e as se a e e
“
ea e a .
”
u ce : e a o o e
Joh n J W ri gh t to J h Tr cy Ell i A m i C th li
. o n d th I t ll t l
a s, er ca n a o cs an e n e ec ua
Lif (eC hi go H r i t
cag F d t
: i I e ppa e5 —1 0 ou n a on , nc .
, . .
Monsignor r r v reaction th at is in it self irrefu

Elli s pape p o oked a
’
tab le ev w ti
i dence of h ow ell accu r ate are hi s con tenti on s A
med an d .
gre at numb er of oth er s were emb ol den ed b y h i s st atem ent s to lif t

their own voi ces on th e urgency of a re eval u ation of C athol ic intel -
l ectual li fe in th e Uni ted St ates an d th eir witness fre quen tl y added ,
proof b oth th at th e cau se is criti cal and th at it i s far from hopel ess .
Th e passion with which th e f ew di ssenter s from M on si gn or Ell i s

’
position set forth th eir ind ign an t reserv ations proved th at h e h ad

touched a tender nerve In an articl e in A m erica M onsignor Ell i s .
,
1
himself summ arized some of th e reactions to h is or i gi nal piece He .
h as rece i ved sev er al hundred l etter s A ll b ut fou r seem t o b e in agree .
m ent with hi s anal y sis Th e articl e itself i s an im portan t contrib u tion

.
to th e docum ent at i on on th e great deb ate b u t th er e i s no r eason ,
to b el i eve th at all th e r eact i on s are b y an y m e an s et r e istered O ne

y g .
aw ait s with m ingl ed sen tim ent s O f dre ad an d cu ri o sity thi s se ason s
’
comm encem ent addr esses f or ex am l e !

p ,
Wh at we have call ed th e great deb ate r aging here in th e United

St ates at th e m om ent i s doub tl ess no m ore th an a ph ase within our
own l and of an argum en t th at h as b een
going on in Europe for dec ades .
Tr adi ti on all y th e Eu rope an intell ectu al h as b een ackn owl ed ed b h is

,
g y
contempor aries ev en th ose wh o m i ht di sa r ee with h im to h ave a
, g g ,
‘
vocation b eyond th e l imit s of h is own profession of writing or science
’
or te achin g It i s a v oc ati on qu it e a art f rom th at of t h e f uncti on ary

.
p
or represe nt ative of Chu rch o r of St at e an d it h as O b vious an d r av
g e ,
peril s as wel l as el ement s of pr estige Th ese peri l s are as r eal as .
ignominy exile or pri son even death th e frequent destinies of th e

, , ,
traditional in tell ectual s in Eur ope A nd yet th e intell ectual h as usuall y .

,
enj oyed a vener ation in Eu ro e whi ch scarc el y h as a r

p p all el in th e
a
J h T y Elli N C mpl
1
o n rac
y Am i
s, X CV ( A p il 7
O o 1 4—2 5 acenc , e r ca, r , .
6 40 Th e Na tio nal P er iod
th e n i s tin ct s o r a n y o f t h e o th er f acu l ti es t o whi c h v o l u nt ari sm h as
al w ay s appe al e d whether in Lu ther s dogm a th e m oral theorie s of

’
, ,
J ansenius th e rel igi ou s psychology of th e m oderns or th e poli ti cal ph i

,
l osoph y of tot al it ari ani sm .
We u su all y think of th e Council of Tren t th e V at i can Council an d ,
th e syll ab us again st M odern i sm in t er m s of th e defen se of r eveal e d

dogm as an d su ch of cou r se th ey w ere B ut h e unde r st an d s th em
, , ,
-
.
p o or l y w h o f a i l s t o pe r ce iv e th a t th e y w er e fr e qu en tl y C ath ol ic affi rm a
ti ons of th e v ali di ty of re ason as well as of th e re al ity of revel ation ,
and th at they b or e w i tness to th e e ssen ti al part O f r ational el ement s
even in th e supe rn atu r al act O f f aith , an d to th e d i v i ne o ri gin of th e
p ri m a cy a n d ri g ht s o f t h e in t ell ec t i n th e n atu r al order .
It is therefore a probl em for th e Chu rch wh en any wh o m ight b e

, ,
taken as h er representatives in any sen se in th e worl d of th e campus ,
th e press or th e foru m reve al c ontempt f or th at wild l ivin g i ntell ect

“
,
O f whi ch C ar d in al Newm an spoke o r cyn ic i sm ab ou t th e

”
of m an ,
Sl ow som et im es f al te ri ng b u t p ati ent per sev er i n g pr oc e sse s b y whi ch

, , ,
th e i ntel l ectual se eks t o wr est som e m e asu r e O f or der fr om th e ch aos

ab ou t u s .
Th e prob l em i s m anifol d M on si gnor Ell i s paper an d oth er s whi ch

’
.
foll owed g1y e good h ope th at it s sol u ti on m ay b e in process of r eal i za

tion First of all there i s a prob l em Of defin ition s Wh at preci sely do
.
,
.
we now m ean when w e u se th e wor d intell ectual and wh en w e speak

“
O f eith e r th e virtues of f aul t s of intell ectu al i sm ? It i s thi s initial prob

”
l em which h as b een highl i ghte d b y th e e di tor of th e B rooklyn Table t

in h is ev al u at ion of r ecent wr i tings on th e sub j ect .
Th en th ere is a pr obl em which we c an b est call spi ritual or apostol ic .
Wh at is th e vocati on of th e intell ectu al in th e l if e of th e C hu rch ? H ow

c an h e b est b e ar h i s specifi call y i nt ell ectu al witn ess a witne ss which
'
m ay invol ve a l iving m artyrdom given th e tem per of th e tim es an d

,
th e suspi ci on with which ev en h is own will all to o of ten views h i s
gif ts an d h is works? H ow sh all we per suade i ntell ectu al s to fin d in

Christ th e Logos th e etern al Word m ade flesh to dwell am ong us a
, , ,
d ivin e prototype O f th ei r Speci al v ocati on and un ique d igni ty as w e ,
h ave persuaded worker s to find their m odel in th e carpenter s Son ’

,
Chr i sti an youth to find a m odel in th e you thf ul Christ s ob edien ce to ’
J oseph and M ary at Naz areth and patriotic citizen s to see th e

,
exempl ar O f the ir proper l oy al ty i n th e C hri st wh o

pai d th e coin of
trib ute and wept tears of predil ection over t h e capit al ci ty of His
n ation? A sp iritual ity of Chr i sti an hum an i sm cent er ed ab ou t t h e
,
con cept O f Ch ri st th e divin e Int ell ectu al i s a critic al need of ou r

,
A merican C ath ol ics a nd th e I ntellec tual Life 641
r ti if th e evidence presented here proves as much as we have

gene a on
good re ason to b el ieve it does .
Th e prob l em of th e apostol i c rol e of th e C ath ol i c intell ectu al can

not b e too O ft en em ph asized F ath er Raym ond L B ruckb erger O P
. .
, . .
,
ou r f ri endl y F rench c ritic in an articl e in H arp er s M agazin e f or

’
F eb ru ary ,
on th e p at riotic r esponsib il iti es of th e Am e ric an in t el
l ectual m akes a poin t worthy O f m editation b y C ath ol i c int ell ectual s

,
wh o sincerel y seek to u nder stand th e ir contempor ary r el igious responsi

b il itie s Th e Am erican intell ectu al often t end s to say th at h is cou ntry
.
h as f ail ed h im th at sh e will not giv e h im th e honor whi ch i s hi s due

, ,
and th at h e feel s l ike a spiritu al exil e P e rh aps th e contr ary i s m ore .

,
ne arl y tru e an d th e A m erican int ell ectu al i s m ore deepl y m i ssed th an

,
i s at fir st apparen t Wh en th e intell ectu al tu rn s hi s b ack on h is country

“
and confin es him self to b er ating h er h is pl ace r em ains empty all th e , ,
while th at h e compl ain s th at h e h as no pl ace at all A m ore v ali ant .
gen er ation of Europe an i ntell ectu al s accepted it as th eir destiny to b e

un appreci ate d an d m ocked f or f al se proph e t s ; in th i s th ey found a secret
con sol ation and O f ten th eir ab iding gl ory .
Catholic intell ectual s h ave a point for medit ation here Intell ectually .
gif ted C atholi cs suff e r all too O f ten f rom a whini n g ten dency in th eir
“
attitu de tow ar d th e Chu rch Th ey l am ent th at th ey are n ot su fii cientl y

.
appr eci ated or encou r aged Th ey b e r at e th e indiff eren ce O f th eir f ell o w

.
C atholi cs to the ir vocation In a curiou s par adox on th e l ips of Chris

.
tians particul arl y Chri stians with presum ab l y keener powers of insight
,
and under st and in g th an th e r est they prote st again st b e ing m ade m ar

,
tyrs Wh ere in th e New Test am ent th e Chu rch of th e F athers or th e

.
, ,
history of th e saints fr om Paul to Thom as More were th e genu inely ,
thoughtful promi sed any other l ot whether at th e h ands of th e worl d ,
or at th e h and s of th e ir uncom pr eh en d ing b rethr en th an contr adiction ,
and con st ant testin g?
F in all y and urgentl y the re i s an intensel y pr actical probl em in thi s

, ,
m atter of Americ an C athol ic intell ectual lif e It i s th e prob l em of h ow .
w e can i ncrease th e proportion s O f au th entic sch ol ar s and tr ained ,
com petent int ell ectu al s amon

g us .
St ati stics h ave b een O ff ered recentl y which po int u p and anal yze
th e de arth of C athol i c l ay schol ar s These st ati sti cs h ave b een ch al .
l enged b y those wh o r esent ed cert ain O f its impl ication s al th ough th eir ,
resentm ent did not in spire much in th e way of eff ective ref utation of
th e f act s Th e f act s add u p to a concl u sion whi ch i s a prim ary u stifica
j
-
.
A ig m t f I t ll t l
“
2 R yma d L B
on kb g. O P
ru c er e r , . .
, H p ss n en or n e ec u a s,
”
ar
’
er s
M g zi
a a C CXII ( F b
n e, y 6
e ru ar8 —72
, .
t i on f or th e repub lication of thi s present paper b y a m an wh o cle arly ,
l oves th e F aith and i s one O f tho se wh o spar e them sel v es nothin g to

contri b u t e t o th e sol ution of wh atever prob l em s impede th e f reedom
an d wel l b e ing of our Hol y M oth er th e Chu rch .
In th e e arl y d ay s of th e C hurch in Am erica humb l e C athol i cs ,
str uggl e d to ret ain th e F ai th in an an ti C athol i c atm osphere Th ese -

.
earl y pi oneer s b u il t school s and chur ches which are r e spon sib l e for
th e su rv i v al of C ath ol ic A me ri c a tod ay Th ese foun d at i on s for growth .
and e xpansi on h av e b een firml y rooted within th e A m er i c an tr ad i ti on
in ou r soil b ut f uture progress an d expan sion wil l com e onl y through

,
a d et e rm i ned eff ort b ased u po n th e dev el opm ent of C ath ol i c schol ar
shi p I t i s t o th i s prob l em th at M on si gn or Elli s addresses hi m self so

.
eff ect i v el y and w e r ecomm en d a r eading and r ere ad ing of h is pro

,
vocative m essage at regul ar interval s Both C atholici sm an d Am erica .
have need of an intell ectual apostol ate of distin ction .
Th e Am erican C ath ol ic Bish ops an d Raci sm ,
Novemb er 1 4, 1 95 8
IT W O U LD b e d iffi cu lt p ob l emr a th t
h as don e m o e t o
to think
r of any
it r i tr it
d s u b t h e n e n al peace of th e U n ed S a e s t t th i ri i t i
an d sc m n a on aga n s i t
v ri r r
a ou s g ou ps o n t h e sco e o f r
ace or n a on al ti ity ri ti
F c on b e een tw w it
h es .
an d n a t iv i r
e I n d an s an d N eg oes h as b een a f a rl i y
con s an t t h
p enom e non
ri i t ry
in A m e can h s o , b u t it
h as b een e spec al l i y
acu e in t r r
ega d t o th e
tt r i r t ri th i h v
l a e s nce W o l d W ar I I T h a som e A me can C a ol cs a e b een infl u .
en ced b y r it
ac s tri rt t
d o c nes i s u n f o u n a ely , tr
ue , and h ad th
ey accep e d , t
th e C h r h t ch i ng th i b j ct th re would prob bly b e m r th
’
u c s ea on s su e e a o e an
ol or d p eopl e a d
c e I nd i n s am on g th e A m eri c n Cathol i
n a a cs
t th p r e e t ti m Y t str n ff ort h ave n ot b een l cki ng

“
a e s n e e e uou s e s a
in rece t y ear o th p rt f m m b er s O f th e hi rarchy t emph i e in

n s n e a o e e o as z
pr cti l w ay th Ch r h m i i on t o m n O f ll race and n ti on l i ti

’
a a ca e u c s ss e a s a a es .
An d the e effort h ave prod ced ff tive r

s s l t even if in cert i n l oc l i
u e ec esu s, a a
ties r e prejudice h a ot p rm itted m ore progre to b e m de F r

ac s n e ss a . o
ex m pl e
a J eph E Ritt r A r h b i h p f St Lou i s ord r d th e i ntegr
,
os . e , c s o o .
,
e e a
ti on of th e sch ol O f h i r hd i o s i n S ptem b er 1 9 47 s eve n ye r

a c o cese e , , s a s
in advance of th e S pr m C rt rul i ng f M ay 1 9 54 Li k wi e in th ’
u e e ou s o ,
. e s e
a ut m n of 1 948 i nte gr t i on of t h e C thol i

u ch o l
a O f th e n ti on l capi t l a c s o s a a a
was b egun at th e i n t nce O f P tri k A O Boyl e A rchb i hop of W hi ng

’
s a a c .
,
s as
t on ,
n d in J u n e
a 1 95 4 Vi e t S W t r
, B i hop f R l ei gh i n stit t d
,
nc n . a e s, s o a , u e
th e same pol i cy in all th e chu r h e and d i o an i nsti t ti on s of h i s south ern

c s ces u
s ee Nat i onall y spe k i ng however th e

.
itu ti on h as yielded if at all
a , , S a
o nl y af ter gre t resi t ce It w s wi th th t b ack gr ou n d th at th e C th ol i

a s an . a a a c
b i sh ops determ ined to t f orth in det i l t h e C h u rch doctri ne on th i

’
se a s s
an d w e h O pe th e v rwhelming m aj ority O f our white citizens to see

o e ,
that our colored ci tizens ob tain their full rights as given to them b y
G od th e C re ato r O f all and guar ante ed b y th e dem ocr at ic tradition s
, ,
O f ou r n ation .
There are m any f acet s to th e prob lem s r ai sed b y th e quest for

raci al j ustice There are i ssues of l aw of h i sto ry of economics and
. , , ,
O f so ci ol ogy Ther e are q uest i on s of procedu re and techn iqu e Th ere

.
.
are confl i ct s in cul tu res Vol um es h av e b ee n writt en on e ach of the se

.
p h as e s T h.e ir i mpo rt ance we d o not deny B ut th e tim e h as come in .

,
ou r con si dered and pr ay e rful j u dgment to cu t throu gh th e m aze of ,
secon dary or l ess e ssenti al i ssu es and t o com e to th e h eart of th e
prob l em .
Th e h e art of th e r ace questi on i s m or al and rel igi ous It conce rn s .
th e r i ghts of m an and our att i tu de tow ar d our fell ow m an If our .
attitu de i s gove rn ed b y th e gre at Chri sti an l aw of l ov e of neighb or
and respect f or h i s ri ght s th en we can work out h ar m on i ousl y th e

,
techni ques for m aking l egal education al economic and Soci al adj ust
, , ,
m ents B ut if our h eart s are po isoned b y h atred or even b y indif

.
,
ference tow ard th e welf are an d ri ght s of our fell ow men then ou r ,
n ation f aces a gr ave intern al cri si s .
No one wh o b ear s th e n am e of Christi an can deny th e un iver sal

l ove of God for all m ankin d Wh en O ur Lord and Savi or J e su s .
,
C hrist took on th e form of m an (Ph il 2 7) and walked among ”

, .
,
m en He t au ght as th e first two l aw s of l if e th e l ove of God and th e

,
l ove of fell ow m an By thi s sh all all m en know th at you are my

“
.
d i scipl es th at you h ave l ove one for th e oth er ( J ohn 1 3 35 ) He

'
”
, , .
,
off er ed His l if e in sacrifi ce f or all m ank in d His parting m andate to .
H is f oll owers w as to teach all n ations (Mat 2 8 1 9 )

“ ”
. .
,
O u r Chri sti an f aith i s of its n ature u nive rsal It know s n ot th e .
d i st inction s O f r ace color or n ati onh ood Th e mi ssion ari es of th e

, , .
Church h ave spread throughou t th e worl d vi siting with equ al ,
parti al ity n ations such as Ch i n a and Ind i a wh ose ancient cul tur es ,
an ted ate th e com in g of th e S avi o r and th e p rim i tive trib es of th e ,
Americas Th e love O f Christ and th e l ove of th e Christian knows no

.
, ,
b ounds In th e words O f Pope Piu s X II add re ssed to Am erican Ne ro

.
g ,
pub l i sh er s twel v e year s ago A l l m en are b roth er ed in J esus Ch ri st ;

“
,
for He though God b ecame al so m an b ecam e a mem b e r O f th e

, , ,
hum an fam il y a b rother O f al l (May 27 1 9 46)

, .
,
Even those wh o do not accept our Chri sti an tr adit i on should at

l east acknowl edge th at God h as i mpl anted in th e soul s of all men
som e knowl e d ge of th e n atu r al m o ral l aw and a r es e ct for it s t e ach
p
A merican Ca th ol ic B ish ops a nd Rac ism 6 45
ings . Reason taught philosopher s through th e ages respect for

al one
th e sacre d dignity of e ach h um an b ei ng an d th e f undament al ri ghts of

man Every m an h as an equ al right to l ife to j ustice b efore th e l aw
.
, ,
to m arry and rear a f am il y u nde r hum an con diti on s and to an e qu it ab l e ,
opport u n i ty to u se th e good s of th i s e arth f or h i s n eeds and tho se of
F rom these solem n truth s there foll ow ce rt ain conclu sion s vit al for
,
a pr ope r appr oach to th e prob l em s th at tr oub l e u s t od ay F ir st w e m ust .

,
repe at th e principle emb odied in ou r Decl aration of Independence

th at all m en are eq ual in th e S i ght O f G od B y equal we m e an th at .
they are created b y God and redeem ed b y His D ivi ne Son th at they ,
are b oun d b y Hi s Law and th at G od desir e s them as H is friend s in

,
th e ete rni ty of He aven T hi s f ac t con fe r s u pon all m en hu m an di gn i ty

.
an d hum an ri ght s .
Men are une qu al in t al ent an d achievem en t They diff er in cul tu re .
and per son al ch ar acteri st i cs Som e are sai ntl y som e seem t o b e evil
.
, ,
m ost are m en of good will th ou gh b ese t with hum an fr ail ty O n th e

, .
b asi s of per sonal d iff erences w e m ay d i stingu i sh am ong our fell ow

men rem em b e ring al w ay s th e adm onition : Le t h im wh o i s with ou t
“
,
Sin cast th e fir st st one 8 7 ) B ut d i scrim in ati on b ased ,
on th e accidental f act of r ace or col o r an d as such I nj u ri ou s t o h um an

,
rights regar dless of per sonal qual ities or achievem ents cannot b e ,
reconciled with th e truth th at God h as created al l m en with equ al

rights and equ al dignity .
Secondl y w e are b oun d to l ove our fell ow m an Th e Chri st i an

, .
l ove we b espeak i s not a m atter of em oti on al l ikes or d i sl ikes It is .
a firm pu rpose t o do goo d to all m en to th e ext en t th at ab il i ty an d ,
opport unity pe rmi t .
Am on g all r aces and n ation al groups cl ass distinct i ons are i n evi ,
t abl y made on th e b asis O f li ke m in de dne ss or a comm unity of inter

-
.
e st s
. Such di stinctions are no rm al an d con stitute a u nive rsal soci al
ph enom enon The y a re accident al ho wev er and are sub j ect to ch ange
.
, ,
as conditi on s ch ange It is unre asonab l e and inj u ri ous to th e right s

.
of other s th at a factor such as r ace b y and o f it sel f , Sho u l d b e m ad

, e
a cause Of di scri m ination an d a b asi s f or u ne qu al treat m en t in ou r

“
m utu al rel ations .
Th e question then ari ses : C an enforced segregat i on b e reconci l ed

with th e Christian view O f our fellow man? In our j udgm ent it cannot ,
an d thi s f or two f undam ent al re ason s .
1 ) L egal segregation or any fo rm of compul sory segregati on in

, ,
itself and b y it s very nature imposes a stigm a of inf eriority upon th e

6 46 Th e Nationa l Period
r
seg ega ed t peopl e . E ven if th e t Cou rt doctrine of sepa
n ow ob sol e e
r ate b ut equal h ad b een carried ou t t o th e fu ll est extent so that all

”
,
p u b l i c a n d se m i p u b l i c f ac il it i e s w ere in f act e qu al th ere i s n oneth el ess ,
th e j u dgm ent th at an ent i r e r ace b y th e sol e f act of r ace and r egardl e ss ,
of i n divi du al q u al itie s i s not fit t o associ ate on equ al te rm s with

,
m em b er s of another r ace W e cannot reconcil e such a j u dgment with

.
th e Chri sti an vi ew of m an s n atu re an d ri ght s H ere again it is appropri

’
.
ate to c i t e th e l angu age of P ope P iu s X II God did n ot create a

“
.
hum an f amil y m ade up of segregated di ssoci ated mutuall y in de , ,
p e n d e n t m e m b e r s N . o ; H e w ould h av e th em all u ni t ed b y th e b on d
O f t ot al l ov e O f Him and con sequent self dedi cation to assi sting each
-
o the r to m aint ain th at b on d in t act ( Septem b er 7 1 9 5 6 ) .

,
2 ) It is a m atter of h i sto ri cal f act th at segregation in ou r coun try

h as l ed t o oppr essiv e condition s and th e d eni al O f b asi c hum an right s
for th e Negro Thi s i s evi den t in th e fund am en t al field s of education
.
,
jo b O pp o rt u n ity ,
a nd h o us i n g F l o wi n g f rom these areas of negl ect and
.
di scrim in ati on are prob l em s of h e al th an d th e sordi d tr ain of evil s

SO O ften associ at ed with t h e con sequ ent sl u m cond itions Sur el y Pope .
P i us X I I m u st h av e h ad th e se condi ti on s in m i n d wh en h e sai d j u st
two month s ago : It is onl y too well known al as to wh at excesses
“ ‘
, ,
pr i de of r ace an d r aci al h ate c an l ead Th e Chu rch h as al w ay s b een .
en er ge ti cal l y opposed t o attem pt s of genoci de or

pr actices ari si ng from
wh at is call ed th e col or ‘
( Septem b er 5 1 9 5 8 ) ,
O n e O f th e tragedies of r aci al oppr essi on i s th at th e evi l s we h ave

ci t e d are b e ing u se d as ex cuses to con ti nu e th e ve ry cond itions th at
so strongl y fost er ed su ch evil s Today we are t old th at Ne r oes I n .

g ,
d i an s and al so som e Span i sh spe aking Am ericans di ff er too mu ch in

,
-
cul tu r e an d achi ev em ent s t o b e assim il at e d in our sch ool s f act ori es

, ,
an d n ei ghb orh oods Som e decades b ack th e sam e ch arge w as m ade

.
agai nst th e i m m i r ant Irish J ewish Ital i an Pol ish Hun gari an Ger
g , , , , , ,
m an Ru ssi an In b oth inst ances diff erences we re u sed b som e as a

,
y
.
b asi s for d i scrim in ation and ev en for b i goted il l tr eatmen t Th e i mm i -

.
gr ant fortun atel y h as achi ev ed h i s rightfu l st at u s in t h e Am eri can

, ,
co m mu nity . Economi c o pportu nity was w i de open and e d ucation al

eq u al ity w as n ot deni e d to h im .
Negr o citizens seek th ese same O pportuniti es They wi sh an educa .
tion th at does not carry with it any stigm a of inf e ri ority They wish .
econo m i c adv ancem ent b ased on m erit and skil l Th ey wi sh the ir

civil .
ri ght s as A m e ri c an ci tizen s Th ey wi sh acce t ance b ased u r v

.
p po n p o ed
ab il ity and achiev em ent No one wh o trul y l ov es God s chil dren wil l
.
’
deny th em thi s O pportu nity .

648 Th e Na tional Pe riod
i
S gned b y memb e sr O f th e A dm in i str ativ e B o ar d Nation al C athol i c ,
Welf are Confe rence in th e name of th e Bishops of th e United St ates :

,
F RANCI S CARDI NAL S PE LLM AN ,
Archb i shop of New York .
JAM ES F RANCIS CARDINAL McINTYR E ,
Archb ishop of LO S Angeles .
FRANCIS P KEO U GH, .
Ar h i h ti re
c b s op of B al m o .
KARL J A LT ER
.
,
Archb ishop of Cincinnati .
J O SE PH E RITTER.
,
Archb ishop of S t Louis . .
WI LL1A M O . B RADY ,
Archb ishop Of St . Paul .
A LB ERT G MEYER .
,
Archb ishop of Ch icago .
’
PA TRI C K A O BO YLE ,
_
.
Archb ishop Of Washington .
LE O BI Nz ,
Archb ishop of Dub uque .
EM M ET M WALSH .
,
B i shop O f Youngstown .
JO S EPH M GILM O RE
.
,
B ishop of Hel ena .
A LBERT R ZURO W E STE .

,
B i shop of Bell evil l e .
Th e I ssu e O f Rel igious Freedom in a Presi

dential C ampaign , O ctob er 5 , 1 9 60
TH E p re i d n t i
s e i dacy of Senator John F K ennedy of M as ach u setts
al can d . s
which ended su ccessfully in th e election O f Novemb er 8 1 96 0 was pre , ,
ceded b y a cam pai gn in wh i ch t h e D em oc rat i c can d i date s C ath ol i c f ai th

’
b ecam e one of th e m aj or i ssu es Th e can d i dates of b oth maj or parties

.
sou ght to b r th e qu e sti on of rel i gi on ; b u t as one wr i ter h as state d

“
a th e l en ,
s
o f n tional reportin g w as soon to f ocu s attent ion on th i rel i gi ou s im

a s
pon der abl e as th e ce tr al p ol i ti cal questi on of th e campai gn

n B oth .
can d i d ate s were t o den ou nce th e prej u d i ce ; b u t n e i ther coul d erase th e
i ntrusi on of rel i giou s feeling ( Th eodore H White Th e M king f th

”
.
,
a o e
P esid e t 1 9 6 0 [N ew York
r n , p Th e questi on O f th e C ath ol i c
.
d octri ne on rel i gi ou s f reedom occu pi ed a f orem ost po si ti on in th e deb ate

R e l igious F reedom in P residen t ia l C amp a ign 6 49
and ve ri se to statem ents of th e wide t vari ety an d v l i dity from

ga s a
n n o th l ic ources In an eff ort t m ake cl ear their un compr m i i g

-
Ca o s . o o s n
acc ptan ce
e f th e A m ri n tr d iti n of
O par ti f Ch ur h n d S t t
e ca a o se a on o c a a e,
an d wh t th t i m pl i e d b y w ay O f f r ee dom f or
a a iti f l l r el i gi o c zen s O a us
f i th and n o e o O ctob er 5
a s m o th in dv nce of th el ecti on
n ,
n gr p, a n a a e , a ou
of 1 6 6 C th l i c l ym n i u ed a
a o t t m e t em b odying thei r view n thi
a e ss s a e n s o s
sub j ect S r : C th li M i d LIX ( M rch A pri l

. ou ce a o 1 7 9 —1 8 0
c n ,
a -
,
.
resen t controversy ab ou t th e C athol i c Church an d th e Presi

Th e p
deney prove s once again th at l arge n u m b er s o f o u r f ell o w citizens
—
seriou sl y d oub t t h e com mi tm en t of C ath ol i c s t o th e prin cipl es of a
free soci ety Thi s f act cre ates prob l em s which extend f ar b ey on d thi s
.
year s elections an d threaten to m ake perm an ent b itter divi sion s in

’
,
ou r n ati on al l if e Such a r esul t wou ld ob viou sl y b e tr agic from th e

.
st an dpoin t s b oth of r el i gi ou s tol er an ce an d of civic peace .
In order to ave rt thi s w e ask all Ame ri cans to ex am in e ( m ore c are

,
f ull y perh aps th an th ey h av e in th e p ast ) th e rel ationshi p b etween

, ,
rel igiou s conscience and civil society W e thin k that in th e present .

,
situ ati on C ath ol ics especi all y are ob l ige d t o m ake th eir position cl ear
,
.
Th ere i s m uch b igo try ab road in th e l an d som e of it m asquerad ,
ing un der th e n am e of f reedom There is al so genuin e conce rn To

“ ”
. .
th e exten t th at m any C athol i cs h ave f ail ed t o m ake kn own th ei r

devotion to rel i giou s li b erty for al l to th e ext ent th at th ey at tim es ,
have appeared to seek sectarian advantage we mu st admi t th at we ,
h ave contrib uted to doub t s ab out our intention s It is our hope th at

'
this statement m ay help to dispel such doub ts .
To this end we m ake th e foll owin g decl ar ations O f our conviction s

ab ou t rel i gi on and th e f r ee society W e do thi s with an u ncom rom i sed
p .
an d u ncom prom isin g l oy al ty b oth t o th e C ath ol ic Chu rch and t o th e
American Repub l ic .
1 W e b eli eve in th e f ree dom of th e rel i gi ou s con science and in th e

.
C athol ic s O b l igation to guar antee full freedom of b eli ef and wor ship
’
as a civil right Thi s O b l igati on fol l ow s f rom b asic Chri sti an convi c
.
tions ab ou t th e dignity of th e hum an person and th e inviol ab ility of

th e in divi du al con scien ce A nd w e b el i ev e th at C ath ol ics h av e a speci al
.
_
du ty to work for th e r eal i zation of th e prin cipl e O f freedom of r el i gi on

in every n ation wh eth e r th ey are a m in o rity or a m aj ority of th e
citi zens .
2 W e depl or e th e den i al of rel i giou s fr eedom In an y l and W e

.
.
especi all y depl ore thi s deni al in count ri e s wh e re C athol ics con stit ut e
a m aj ority ev en an ov erwh el m in g m aj ority In th e word s O f G i acom o .
C ardinal Lercaro th e pre sent Archb i shop of Bologna : Chri sti an

,
teaching r
conce ni ng th e pr esence of God in th e hum an soul and
b el ief in th e tr an scenden t v al u e in hi story of th e hum an person l ay s

th e f oundation for th e u se of per su asiv e meth ods in m atter s of r el igious
f aith and forb i ds coerci on an d vi ol ence Th e C ath ol ic s commi tm ent
’
to r el igious l i b erty th er efor e h e say s

,
i s not a concession suggested
, ,
b y prudence and grudgin gl y m ade to th e spirit of th e tim es R ather

”
.
,
it is rooted in th e perm anent principles of C athol icism

“
.
”
3 W e b eli eve const i tu tion al separ ation of Church and St ate O ff er s

.
th e b est guar antee b oth of rel igi ous fr eedom and O f civic peace Th e .
p rin cipl e of se p ar ati on i s p art of ou r Am erican h erit age an d as ,
citize ns wh o are C ath oli cs we v al u e it as an integr al part of our
n ation al l if e E ff ort s which tend to underm ine th e prin cipl e of separa

.
tion whether they com e from C atholi cs Protestants or J ews b e

, , ,
li evers or unb el iever s sh oul d b e r esi sted no m atter h ow w ell in tentioned

,
-
such eff o rt s mi ght b e .
4 W e b el i eve th at am ong th e fund am ent al s of reli gi ous l ib erty are

.
th e fr eedom of a church to teach its m emb er s and th e fr eedom of its

memb er s to accept th e te achings of th eir church Th ese f reedom s shoul d .
b e invuln er ab l e to th e pr essu res O f conf ormity F or civil society to .
dict ate h ow a citizen form s hi s conscience woul d b e a gross vi ol a

tion O f fr eedom Civil soci ety s l egitimate interest i s l im ited to th e
’
.
pub l ic act s of th e b eli ever as they aff ect th e whol e comm unity .
5 In hi s publ ic acts as they aff ect th e wh ol e commu nity th e

.
C atholi c is b ound in conscience to prom ote th e comm on good and

'
to avoid any seeking of a m erel y sectari an adv antage He is b oun d

_
.
al so to recogn ize th e proper scope or in de en dence of th e li ti l

p p o c a
order . A S J acques M arit ain h as poin ted out th e Church pr ovide s ,
C atholi cs with certain gener al prin cipl es to guide us in our life as

citizens It d ir ect s us to th e pur su it of j ustice n d th r m ti on of
.
a e p o o
th e comm on good in our attitu des t ow ard b oth dom estic an d inter
national prob l em s B ut it i s as in d ivi du al citizen s and ofli ce h ol der s
.
,
not as a reli gi ous b l oc th at we m ake th e s ecific a l i ti f th

, p pp c a on o ese
principl es in poli tical l if e Her e we function not as Cath ol ic c itizens

“ ”
.
b ut as citizens wh o are C ath ol ics It i s in thi s spirit th at we sub mit

.
this statement to our fell ow Am ericans .
Federal A id to Religiou s Sch ool s April 1 9 6 1

, ,
IN THE m ds o f ai t con troversy in 1 8 9 0 b etween Cathol i cs n d Prote t t a s an s

r r i
ega d ng paroch al i sch ool s a con tr oversy th at al o i nvol ve d ser i o s us
ti x
n a on al e cell ence ( St at em
. en t b y P r e si de n t K enn e dy ) Whil e C
. ath
2
ol ics h ave al way s held st e adf astl y t o th e uphol d ing of th e C on stitution ,
an d still d o n ev e rth el ess i t i s th e po siti on of C ath ol i c p arent s

,
th e ,
C athol i c hier archy and m any other s that it is contr ary to principl es of -
soci al j u st i ce equ al tre atm en t an d n on di sc rim in ation to pr ovi de m on ey

,
g r an t s t o pu b l i c sch ool s b u t t o with h old such gr ant s fr om priv at e
and p arochi al sch ool s an d th at such u nj ust tre atm ent an d di sc rim in a
tion is contrary to th e b est interest s of our national exi stence .
No critici sm is r ai sed to th e giving of Feder al aid to e ducation It i s .
th e posi tion of C ath ol ics th at th e gr antin g or w i thh ol din g of Fe der al

aid i s a pol itical an d econ om i c d eci si on to b e m ade b y th e c iti zens O f
ou r country acting within th e struct u r e of ou r rep re sen t ative f o rm of
governm ent But it i s fu rth er th e C athol ic position once Congr ess

.
,
deci des th at F eder al aid i s necessary th at th ere sh oul d b e full equ ali ty
,
of tr eatm e nt with r espect t o all chil dr en wh eth er th ey b e enr oll ed in
publi c priv ate or chu rch rel ated sch ool s

-
, .
Thi s i s a m atter of high prin cipl e Th e parochi al sch ool s of thi s

.
country are di sch arging a pub l i c se rvice Th ey

provi de an education al
.
progr am which f ul l y sati sfies pr esen t governm ent al st an d ard s for com
petence Th e state an d all th e cit i zen s th ereof b en efit from thi s edu c a
.
tion al eff ort I f m assive F eder al expend itu r es are to b e m ade fr om th e

.
t ax coll ection s of all th e peopl e thi s aid sh ou ld n ot go onl y to a sel ect

,
segm en t however l arge of th e popul ation To th e exten t that paro

, , .
chi al sch ool s provi de a reco ni e d and accre d i t e d secul ar educ ation
g z
they are entitl ed to equ al tre atm ent .
A ch il d in a parochial school deserves th e sam e opportun ity to

achieve e xcell ence ( th e n ation al
pu rp ose as st ated b y Presi dent K en
,
n edy ) as h i s
publ ic school n ei ghb o r A phy sics l ab or atory provi ded
.
,
b y F e der al funds doe s not t each the t en et s O f an r el i iou s f aith It

, y g .
is equ all y su i t ab l e for instructi on wh eth e r i t b e l ocated in a ub l i c or

p
par ochi al sch ool A ny oth er j u dgm en t err oneou sl y assum e s th at th e
.
gove rnm ent m ay expect to achi ev e th e ex cell ence of it s fu tu re citi

zen s onl y in th e
pub l ic sch ool s .
If it is wrong in prin ci pl e to so di scri m in ate a ai n st th e riv ate an d

g p
parochi al school childre n of thi s coun try th en any pr oposed l egi sl ation
,
whi ch seeks to eff ectu ate thi s di scri m i n ati on would b e wrong It is .
u pon th i s h i h
g ground th at C athol ic paren ts and th e hi er archy h ave
determ ined to O ppose any aid ro r am wh i ch seeks to de rive C ath ol ic
p g p
childr en of th eir o
pportuniti es for futur e intellectual devel opment .
2 I b id .
F e de ral A id to R e l ig ious S ch ools 653
Th e p rincipal argum ent r aised

i t th e C atholic position i s a aga n s
constitu ti on al on e O ur O pponent s say it cl e arl y viol ate s th e F ir st

.
Am endm ent and b reaches th e wall O f separation b etween church and

st ate Th e qu e sti on i s l argel y one of th e m e an s to b e em pl oyed
. .
Cathol ic l awyer s together w i th di stin gu i shed n on Cathol ic constitutional -
schol ar s l ike Profe ssor C o rwin of P rincet on an d Prof essor Su th erl and
3 4
of H arv ar d f eel th at equ it ab l e tr e atm en t can b e aff or d e d th e p aren t s
of par ochi al school childr en with ou t off endin g th e Co n stitu ti on .
It i s helpf ul to recall th e l an gu age of th e First Am endm ent It .

5
does not say th at th er e sh oul d b e an ab sol u te w all of separ ati on

b e tween chu rch an d st at e It say s in rel ev an t part .
,
C on gre h ll m ke n l aw r specting n t b l i hm t f r l i gi
ss S a a o e r a es a s en o e on , o
pr oh ib i ti g th f ree ex r i
n there f e e c se o .
Th ese words h ad a cl e arl y defin e d purpose to th e f r am er s of th e

Constitution Th e word est ab li shm ent possessed an hi storical signifi
.
“ ”
cance n ow l ost to m an y int erpr et er s of th e C on stitu tio n It referred .
to th e pr actice in E ngl an d and m any Eu ropean cou ntri es of est ab

li sh in g a stat e rel igion to which all citizens wer e r equ ir ed to t ake an
o ath of all e gi an ce an d t o support b y con tr i b u tion s or t ax es M any .
Am erican col onies not abl y Virgin ia and M assachu setts B ay fol lowed
, ,
thi s tradition in their earl y ye ar s Y et to escape th ese b urden s of .
con sc i ence m any col on ist s h ad ori in all y com e to A m erica and it w as
g
to avoi d thi s pr actice th at th e l an guage of th e F ir st Am endm e nt w as
fr am ed Th er e w as to b e n o n at i on al chu rch Per son s wer e to foll ow
. .
th e dict ate s O f th e ir con science Th e l angu age of th e F ir st Am end .
m ent w as fr am ed as a m eans t o prese rve in d i v i du al freedom of con

sci ence Th e l atter was th e end i ntended not th e secul arization of
.
,
soci ety .
However there h as b een engrafted b y th e Suprem e Court upon th e

,
words of th e First Amendm ent a phrase t aken f rom th e writi ngs of

Thom as J eff er son a w all O f separ ation b e tween chu r ch and st at e
“ ”
.
Th at thi s does n ot m e an a w all high and impen etr ab l e i s cl e ar f rom , ,
th e m aj o rity opin io n of M r J u sti ce D ou gl as in Z o a h v C lauso n

.
6
r c .
,
343 U S . 30 6 , 3 1 2
3E dw ard S C o r w n ( 1 8 78 . i i
ret re d in 1 94 6 af ter h old n g th e M c c o rm ck i i
i i
prof essorsh p O f j u r spru de nce at Pr nceto n U n vers ty s n ce 1 9 1 8 i i i i .
4 A rth u
r E Su th erl and ( 1 9 02
. h as b ee n prof essor of l aw i n H arv ard
i i
U n vers ty S nce 1 9 50 i .
5 M ade
appli c ab l e t o th e st ates b y th e F ou rtee nth A m en dm e nt C f E ve rso n . .
v. B o ard of E d u ca t io n, 330 U S 1 .
6 W ll
am 0 i i D ou gl as 1 89 8. h as b een an as soc ate j u st ce of th e U n te d i i i
t
S t a es Su prem e C our s nce 1 939 t i .
irst A m endm ent however does not say th at in every and al l

Th e F , ,
re pect th ere sh l l b e a eparati n O f Ch u rch d St te R th r it

s s a s o an a . a e ,
tu di o ly define th m nn er th e p ific w ys i which there hall b

s us s e a ,
s ec a , n S e
n
o o c rt or u i
c n e r d pen de ncy o e o
n on o t h e oth er T h at is th e com
e n n .
m on se e of th e m tter O therwi se th e tate

ns a d rel i gi on w ld b
. s an ou e
al i e s t e ch oth er —
n o h o ti l e s pi ci ou s
a nd e e u n f r i e n dl y
s , us ,
a v n .
M r Ju sti ce Reed in h is b rill i ant d i ssent in M cCol lum V B oard of

.
7
.
E ducation 3 3 3 U S 20 3 2 3 8 ( 1 9 48 ) h as sugge sted th at th e C ou rt

,
.
,
Sh ould r e tu r n to th e l an gu age O f th e A m endm en t and int erpr et th at ,
rather th an J efferson s phrase Wh atever th e m erit s of th at sugges

“
’
.
ti on it is clear th at th e meaning of th e m et aphor h as gotten so con

,
fu sed th at m any peopl e c annot di sti ngu i sh th e m et aph or from th e

principl es i nvol ved .
Th e F ir st Am en dm ent mean s simpl y th at th e Governm ent m ay n ot

ac ti vely an d d irectly support an y rel i gi on A ccordin gl y any l e gi sl ati on .
,
whi ch is intended to favor di rectl y a particul ar r el igion i s forb idden .
Th e w ord s of em ph asi s are activ el y directly Legisl ation

“ ” “ ”
an d .
wh i ch h as an i ncident al and secondary eff ect upon rel i gi ous activity

is not f orb i dden Legi sl ati on which accord s rel igi ou s per son s th e sam e
.
b enefits aff orded th e pub l ic gener all y i s n ot forb idden .
Th ese p ri ncipl es are cl e ar f rom th e deci ded case s an d f rom ou r

Am erican traditi ons This is wh at we demand as Cathol i c parents
.
, ,
frOm G ov ernm en t c on st i tu ti on al l y
perm i ssi bl e treatment which at
tem pts to equ al ize our b u rden with those O f our non Cathol i c “
-
ne i ghb or s .
7
St l y F R d ( 1 8 8 4
an e . ti d i
ee 1 9 5 7 ft h i g re d f re i t n a er av n serv e or n ne ee n
ye ars as an i t j ti f th U it d St t S p m C t
assoc a e us ce o e n e a es u re e ou r .
65 6 I ndex
first h gh M ass i n Tex asi report C ath oli c sm in U n te d

on i i
2 3—24 t
S ate s 1 47— 1 5 0
Bosto n P i lo t e d tor al on i i w e ster n i
and se l ect on of b sh op f or LouIS I i
i i i
,
C ath o l c co l o n z at o n 31 1 an a 1 8 5—1 8 8
i i
,
314 serm o n o n t ak ng p osse ss o n of h is
B g i i ll
ou a nv Lo u s n o ne d e , f o un
e, i A ti see , 1 72 — 1 7 3
der of F alkl and I sl and co lo n y ,

i
as sup er or o f A m er c an m ss o n s i i i ,
n oted 1 23 n 1 42— 1 44
,
Bou q u il l on Th om as ,
i
C arth u s ans, i n U n te d S t ates no te d i , ,
E du cat io n : To Wh o m D oes I t Be 29 5
lo ng? note d , 4 7 1 n C ast afie d a C arlos E , uo te d o n rst q fi
i i
.
,
ed ucat onal co n trover sy , no t e d , 5 2 1 n h gh M ass in Texas 23

i
,
Bo wers H enr y F , f o u nder of A m e r C astaii ed a Pedro d e , o n death o f uan J

i i i
.
,
i
,
c an Prot ect ve A ssoc at o n , 47 9 d e P ad ll a, 9— 1 0

Br é b euf , e an J
de , S I ,
“
I nstru ct o n s i C ath edral of S t Peter s i n C h a ns
’
i
i
. .
i i i i
.
f or th e F ath ers o f O u r S oc ety w h o ( C nc nn at ) , consecr at on of , 278

” —
Sh all b e se nt to t h e H u r o n s, 4 9 51 27 9
Brooks, V an W y ck, o n Lou se G u ney , i i C ath oli c C h urch
5 64
Broth ers of th e S acre d He ar t arr v al i ed u c at o n i
,
C ath o li c co l leges f or m e n
i
i n U n te d St ates noted 5 1 1 n 2 6 1 —2 6 3
i i
, ,
m en
Brow ne , Rob ert ( A u gu st n an )
tioned regar d ng t ruste e sm 2 1 6 n i i
,
i
C ath o l c U n v ers ty o f M er ca, i i . i
4 60—4 6 2
i i
,
Brow nson , O reste s A , o n m ss o n of

i
.
i
h gh er, 29 1 —294 , 526—5 2 7
U n ted St ates 38 3— 38 5
B uff al o C o nvent o n
,
i i
n ece ss ty O f , 4 0 1 —4 0 4
st ate sch oo l s, 4 6 9 —4 7 5
H u gh es pos t o n on 3 1 7—32 1
’
ii i
and P ou s F u nd , 394—400
i i
,
p l an f or w estern C ath ol c co l o n z a
t on i 3 1 1 —3 1 4
i
in pub l c aff airs, 1 9 th ce ntu ry , 4 9 5
507
Burke, oh n J , J Nat o n al C ath i and sl av ery , 37 8- 3 8 3
i i
.
o l c W ar C ou nc l , 60 3
i
and Sp a n i n New W orl d , 5—7
in Texas 253—25 8
C alderé n, G ab r el D az Vara Bp , re i i in U n ted St ates i Leo III X
i i i
.
,
or t ou Fl or d a m ss o ns 1 8—23
p on , 543—545
i i i
,
C alif orn a, m ss o ns, 3 1 —4 7 i n U n t e d S t a esi t

P us XI I i
i
P ou s Fu nd and 3 94—40 0
on , 6 25—6 37
i i i
,
C al f orn a ( d ocese ) , erecte d , 39 4

C al vert C e c l us ii i
C ath ol c C h u rch Ex ens o n So c ety , t i i
i t 556— 5 6 1
,
and B al t m ore ch ar er , 9 5—9 8

i i
n stru ct on s to col on st s, 9 8— 1 0 0 i i
C ath ol c F ore gn M ss o n S oc ety o f i i i i
C al vert, G eorge , co nvers on to C ath o l i i
A m er ca, 5 7 2—57 6
icism m ent o ne d 9 5 i ii
C ath o l c sm
C an ad a Queb ec A ct , 1 30— 1 32
,
and i
n te ll ectu al l e adersh p , 4 1 1 —4 1 3 , i
ii
,
C apu chi ns, in Lou s an a 8 4—8 6 6 37—6 42

ii i i n M ar y l and
,
C arey , Henr y C , p ol t cal eco no m st .

,
1 0 8— 1 1 0
n ote d , 2 37 1 9 th ce ntury , 2 0 2—220
C ar , M ath ew O l ive B ra nc h 2 36 Lecl erc o n, 49 1 —4 9 4
ey
, ,
z i n ru ral are as, 5 5 6

C arroll , Ch arl es def ense of h is re i
i n U n ted St ates 1 47— 1 5 0
ii
l g o n , 1 2 8—1 30
,
i n W sco ns ni i
i
C arroll , D an el , r at fi cat o n of C o nst i i i ( 1 845 274—2 7 7
tu t io n u rge d , 1 5 7— 1 59 357—3 6 7
C arro ll , oh n, Ab p J C ath ol cs i
i fi i ii
.
app o ntm e nt o f , as rst b sh op O f and rel g ou s f reedom ( 1 7 7 6

i
U n te d S tates 1 6 3—1 6 7 1 37—1 40
i i i
,
attack of Wh arton on C ath ol c d sf ranch sem e nt of , i n M ary l an d

i
f a th , 1 45— 1 4 7 —1 1 5
i
and com ng O f S u l p c ans to B al t ii i nu m b e r i n
m ore , 1 75— 1 7 6
co nse crat o n as b sh op , 1 7 2 i i 5 72
p r y er f or th e c v l au th o r t es, 1 74 ii ii W i sco nsi n 274
so
é p ersecu t o n i of , i n V rg i i i n a, 1 1 0— 1 1 1
I ndex 65 7
’
t i
C a h ol Su mm er Sch ool O f A m er c a
c i nu m b er and e nrol hn ent 52 6
p i t
,
o en ng no ed 522 n 5 27
th l i iv i i i
,
C a o c U n e rs ty of A m er ca C ol o n e s
i
and B sh op Sp al d ng, 4 1 1 i ri i
B t sh , eccl es ast c al j ur sd ct on in i i i i i ,
corners one l ay ng, 4 60— t 4 62 i 1 2 4—1 2 8

e nr oll m e n 4 60 t i
Engl sh , 9 5—1 6 2
K eane s rectorsh p , 433
’
i Fre nch 49—9 3
i i i i
,
C ath ol c U n vers ty of I rel and O pe n S p an sh , 1 —4 7

i i ii
,
i ng no te d 3 34 n , C ol or ado , m ss on ary act v ty in

C a th o l ic Wo rker , 6 2 1 —62 5 40 5- 4 0 8
i
C h al loner R ch ard , Bp , o n eccles as i C omm ager, He nr y S teel e u o te d o n q
i i i i iti i i
.
, ,
t cal jur sd ct o n i n Br sh col on es F nl ey D unn e, 5 2 7

i
,
1 24—1 2 5 C o mp any of th e I nd es 8 4 —86

i ii
,
C h apl a ns, i n C v l W ar , 37 6—3 78 C om p any of t h e West , see C o m p any

it
C h ar y of th e I nd es i
i
C ath ol c, 62 1 —625 C ompu l sory E du ca o n A c t ti
it i
S oc e y O f St V nce n de Pau l i n t 609—6 1 2
t t ti ii
.
U ni ed S ates, 28 8—2 90 C oncep on de l a Ve ga, H a t ( dio

i i
C h arl evo x , P erre F r ancois av e r , X i cese ) , erec e d , 6 n t
SJ , on t i
C a h ar ne Tegahkou it a s
’
ti
C o ngrega on de Prop agand a F ide , and
i it i i
. . .
l f e, 6 3- 7 1 necess y of C ath ol c e d uc at o n
C h ar ter of Lib erties and P rivileges 40 1 —404
( N e wY o rk ), 1 1 6- 1 1
8 ti
C ongrega o n o f M ss o n ar e s of S t i i i
i i ii i
.
Ch cago ( d oce se ) , cond t ons in C h arl es Borrom eo , f ou n d ng n oted ,
3004 0 1 464 n 479 n

i i i
,
C hirou se, Eu ge ne C as m r , Consecrat o n of S t Peter s C ath edr al

’
l et
i i i i i i i i i i
.
ter descr b ng m ss on l f e , 2 9 6 - 300 l —279

( C n c nn at ), e d to r a 27 8
i i i i i
,
C h o l era, ep dem c C onst tu t on, see U n ted St ate s, C o n

M ob l e i 2 3 1 —2 3 3 stitution
S avannah 3 1 0—3 1 1 t
C o n empl at e iv
l f e , i n t h e U n te d i i
Ch urch of th e Im m acu l a e C oncep t t
S ates, 29 4—296
ti on ( M ob l e ) , i
rs c anon cal Fre nch fi t i ti
C on nent al C ongre ss, react on to i
i
p ar sh i n th e W es , 8 2 t Q u e b e c A ct 1 34 — 1 36
ii
,
C h urch of R om e in h er Pr im it ive C o nvert s, t o C ath ol c sm ( 1 8 40

P ur ity co mp ared to th e C h u rch of 306—3 0 7
R om e at th e P resen t D ay , Th e 25 1
“
C ooney , Pe er P , tch apl a n w th i i

r tt i
.
,
C h u ch and S a e U n on A rm y , 37 6—37 8
Ch arl es Bon ap ar e on , 4 6 6—4 6 9 t t i
C oo e , R ch ard , E arl O f Bell om ont,
in French co l oni es, 1 7th ce n ury , t rl cl an -pr es ti i t
l aw s, m ent oned , i
60—6 3 als
it
in U n ed S ates, 1 9 th century , 457 t C O pl ey , Th om as, S I , esu in M ary J it
i
. .
4 59 , 49 0—4 94 l and , m ent o ned , 1 0 8

i i ti
C nc nn a , St Pe er s C ath e dr al , e di
’
. t C orr gan , i M ch ael A Abp , i and .
torial o n , 278—279 M cG l y nn, 454

ii
C v l W ar, see U n ed S ates, C l it t ivi C oxey s A rm y , m arch no e d , 5 0 5 n
’
t
W ar s itkovicz , A l exander , on
C l ib
a orn e , W il l i am d sf ranch s i ii ng of i i
col on z at on proj ec in Penn sy l an a, t v i
M aryl and C at i
,
h ol cs, 1 1 4—1 1 5 2 6 5—2 69

C l ergy
An ican, qi
ses u ce ntenn al i of , 6 25 D abl on, C l au de, S ] th e S au l t S te
ge
g i
.
M ar e cerem ony 60—6 3

ti p i t i t i i
,
an -
l aw s p assed in M assa
r es D an sh W es I n d es, M aur ce E gan
ch u se tts B ay , 1 1 1 — 1 1 2 an d pur ch ase of , 5 8 2—5 8 4
v
C l e el and S t El z ab e h s C h urch
’
r st i t fi r
D a u , Napol eo n, C om e , and p ap al i n t
i t i i it
.
, ,
M agy ar p ar sh in U ni ed S t ates f all b l y , 387 n

tr it i
,
55 4 n D au gh e s of C h ar y of St V nce nt
J i i t ivi
.
C l oriviere , oseph P erre P co de de Pau l , and C l W ar , 3 6 8—370

Limoé l an de , and sch sm i n Ch arl e s i i i é
D au d n H enr , A bb , and A cad ans i
t
,
t on, 2 1 8 n i n M assach u se ts, 1 20

C oll ege of No re D ame in M ary l and , t t i
D ay D oro h y , and th e C ath ol c W ork
t
,
ch art er, 5 26—5 27 er M ovem e n , 62 1 —6 25

C o ll eges and u n ers es C ath ol c, iv iti , i ti t i t i
D el ega o n , A p os ol c , es ab l sh ed 5 0 1 ,
65 8 I nd ex
D em arcati on, line of , l , 37 5 apo sto l ate to th e Ne gro sl aves , 325

D em ocracy and C ath o h ci sm 32 9
i tt tr
,
2 33—23 6 El l o W al e , Th e Life of
i i
,
D em ocr ats, and sch ool i ssu e F ath er H ecker and A m er can sm , ,
39 1 3 3 9 5 33
i J J
,
"
D e Sm et P erre e an S I , aid to Elli s, ohn T , A m e rican C ath o l ics an d .
i i i i
. .
, ,
m d b d 2 5 9 —2 60 t h e I n te llect ua l Life 6 3 7— 6 42
I nd an s s o n s es cr e
i i J
, ,
D eu tsch , A l cu n an d th e l tur ,
E ngl an d oh n , Bp , .
accou n t of speech b ef o re C on gress

gical m ovem e nt , 6 1 8
i
D sf r anch sem ent , iof C ath o l cs in i , 22 8 —23 1
M ary l and 1 1 4—1 1 5 U n ited S tates C ath o l ic M iscellany ,
i i
,
D vorce, Edw ard D ou gl ass Wh te o n 227— 22 8

i
,
5 6 1 —5 6 3 Engl and , l terar y tre nds i n

D om n cansi i 1 90— 1 9 7
i
and C al f orni a m ss on s, 39 4 i i E ngl and , Lou se I m o ge n Gu ney on , i i
in F l or da, 1 1 — 1 2 i 5 64 - 5 7 0
and Fr anc sc an co ncor d at co nce r n i q it
E u ab l e L f e A ssu rance S oc e y and i it
i i i
,
ing C al f or n a m i ss o ns 3 1 —3 3 Th om as F ortu ne R y an , 5 7 6 —5 8 2
ii i
,
D o ngan , Th om as f ur th e rs rel g o u s E x h a c ap osto l icae ( b r ef ) , 1 6 3—1 67

i
,
to lerat o n 1 1 6—1 1 8 ,
E x te ns io n M agaz in e 5 5 6 ,
D oo l ey M r
i i
.
,
Th e C h urc h F a ir 53 0—5 3 1 F a th , C o ngre gat on of th e Prop aga

i i ti
,
1 924 ( D em ocr at c Nat o nal C o nven on of th e se e C ongr egatio de

i i
,
t o n ) , 5 3 1 —5 3 3 Prop agan d a F de
Th e Ph il ipp in e P e ace , 5 2 7—5 30 F arm er, F erd nand S I , on th e mi s i
J i i i ti
. .
,
D o y le , oh n T , and P ou s F u nd , 39 9 n
’
s o n ar es reaso n s f or n o t w an ng
i i
.
D r af t , Edw ard D ou gl ass W h te on a b sh op 1 25- 1 2 8

i
,
1 9 1 8 d raf t l aw , 5 6 1 , 5 6 3— 5 64 F enw ck , Edw ard D , O P , de ath

t ii i
. . .
D red Sco t D ec s on , no te d regar d ng not ed , 2 3 1

sl avery , 32 2 F igaro Le , newsp aper, note d, 45 8 n
i
,
D rexel , Moth er K ath ar ne , f ou nder , i

Filicchi , F li ppo , f r end of Mo h er i t
i
S sters of th e Bl essed S acram e nt f or Seton , 1 8 8 n
i
I nd ans and C o l ored Peopl e 570 , i
F nance Th o m as For u ne Ry an and t
q it i
,
572 th e E u ab l e L f e A ssur ance Com

D rexel and C om p any , not ed 57 0 a n 5 7 6 —582
p y,
i J i
,
D u b o s, e an Bp , m ent oned as m is
sion ary in M ary l and , 1 8 2 n
, .
i ”
F r st C t ze n , 1 28 ii
q i i FitzSim ons, Th om as, and ra ifi ca on t ti
D u b u u e ( Iow a ) , e d tor al o n Bu ff al o
i
3 1 1 —3 1 4
of th e C o ns u on , 1 54—1 5 6 tit ti
co nvent o n ,
i i Pl a et, Bene d c
g oseph S S m pres it J i
i t i i
, , . .
Du l any , D an el , deb ate w th C arro ll , si o ns of hi s M dd le Wes b sh opr c,

1 2 8 —1 3 0
1 9 7- 1 9 9
i
D u nne , F nl ey Peter excerp ts f ro m ,
Fl or da i
Mr D ool ey , 527—5 3 3
.
q t
co n u es o f , b y Sp a n, 1 2—1 4 i
E arl y , J
am es M , and p ap al inf all i
ii
D om n can m ss o ns i n, 1 1 — 1 2 i i
.
mi sio s, report of B sh op C al deron , i

b ility , 38 6 —39 1
Eccl esto n, S am u el , S S , and Soc et y i 8 3 sg
f or th e Prop agat on of th e F a th , i i i
w th dr aw al of esu ts f rom , 1 4 —1 5 J i
24 6—2 5 1 F rance, n eu r al ty of , dur ng C v l t i i ii
E ch o d I ta l ia, noted re gard ng Am er
’
i i W ar, 370—373
i
can l b erty an d th e Ho l y Se e, 33 1 n r i
F anc s Borgi a, S t , w h draw al of it
J i i
.
Edu ca on, ti C ath o l c, see C ath ol c i i esu ts f rom F l or d a, 1 4—1 5
Ch u rch , e du cat o n i i
Franc scans
Ed c tion, f reedom of ch o ce i n, 65 1 i i
and C al f orni a m ss o n s, 394 i i
gj s and D om n can co ncord a i i co nce rn t
i
Edu cat on, rel g ous, se e Rel g ous edu ii ii i i i i
ing C al f orn a m ss on s, 3 1 —3 3
t ca i on i
m ssi o ns, 9—1 0
Ed ti
uca on: To Wh om D oes I t B e l o ng ? i n New M ex co , 1 5—1 7 i
td no e 47 1 n i
Franc scans, French se e R co ll ts é e
M aurice Fr ancis and pu rch ase Y
, ,
Egan, F reem an s J o urn a l ( New ork ) , ed i

’
of D ani sh W est I nd i es 5 8 2—5 8 4

,
t or note d , 342
El der W i ll i am He nry
,
, Bp on th e , .
, Freem aso ns, co ndem n at o n noted, 4 14 i
6 60 I ndex
States 5 5 1 —55 6 Ju an de l a C ruz , m ss o n ary i i

i
,
I t al an, Le o X I I I s p le a f or
’
t o I nd ans, 9 —1 0 i
4 62—4 6 5 Ju an de Pad ll a, i
see P ad ll a i
J
,
nu m b er u an de , G P M
J li
. . .
i n K entucky 1 70 u u s II , Pop e, U n i ve rsa l is ecc l e s iae

n ineteen th ce ntu ry 47 6 477 n (bu l l ) , 4 —6
i i i i Y
, ,
”
I nd an and Ne gro m ss ons and Ju s , w r ter f or N ew o rk F ree
i
,
M m an s J o u rn a l 38 8 n
’
h D l 5 7 0 — 5 72
o t h er K a t ar n e r exe , ,
i
I n d ans, A m er can i
i
aid g ven b y D e S m et 2 59 2 6 0
— J
K e ane , oh n J , Bp
vi i
. .
i i
,
a n e l z a t o n o f 9 — 1 1 3 4—47 49 ad ce t o G b b ons, 4 3 3—437

ev g
ivi i i
, , ,
62 , 7 2—8 4, 1 0 0 1 0 8 -
on c l l e g sl at on i n a de m ocracy ,
H e nnep n s w ork w th , 7 5— 8 1
’
i i 507—5 09
in Texas , 2 5 3— 258 i i
d sm ssal f rom C a h o l c U n vers ty t i i i
i
I nd es C omp any o f th e , 8 4—8 6 of A m e r c a n o e d , 5 1 0 i t
i ii i i
,
,
I nf al l b l ty , p ap al se e Pop e s nf al l 1 K ee ly , Patr ck C h arl es, and ni netee nth

t i
, ,
b il ity ce n ury ch u rch arch t ectu re , 40 8

i
I nstruct o n s f or th e F ath ers of O u r 41 1
i
S oc ety W h o S h all b e se nt t o th e K e l l ey , Franc s C l emen , Bp , C ath o l c i t i
i i
.
”
Huron s, 4 9—5 1 C h urch Ex tens o n S oc e ty , 5 5 6— 5 6 1
I ntell ectu al l if e , A m er can C ath o l cs i i K e nne dy , J
oh n F , rel g o n i n p res ii i
i i
.
and , 6 37—642 d e nt al c am p a gn , 6 48—6 5 0

I n ter c ae te ra ( b u ll ) , 1 —3 i
K e nr ck , F ranc s P atr ck , Ab p i i
i i i
.
I nternat on al W o rkers of th e W orl d and A m er can C o ll e ge in Lo uv a n

i i
, ,
b e g nn ng no ted , 6 24 n 3 1 5—3 1 7
I ntol er ance , rel g ou s see T ol er at o n ii i and North A m er can C olle ge at i
ii ii i
, ,
rel g ou s ; Re l g ou s l b ert y R om e , 3 3 5
I rel an d J oh n , A b p on p apacy s rel at on to tem p or al
’
i
i i
.
,
o n M cG ee an d Bu ff al o co nv e nt o n , aff a rs, 25 1 —25 3

319 n K e ntucky , C ath oli c C h urch i n , B ad n s
’
i
sch ool co ntroversy 4 69—4 7 6 i i
d escr pt o n of , 1 79— 1 8 4
i i i
,
o n so c al sm , 4 8 5—4 9 0 K indeken s, Peter, appe al f o r A m e r

i
I r sh C ath ol c C o l o n z at o n A ssoc a i i i i c a n C o ll e ge i n Lou v a n 3 1 5— 3 17 i
i i i i i i i i i
,
t on organ zat o n m e nt o ne d 3 1 7 K ng, Ru fus, r es gn at o n as m n ste r

J
, ,
I saac o gue s S t 5 2—60 no ted , 374

i i
.
, ,
K no , Euseb us, S I
J q i i i i
. .
ackso n ,A n dre w , uot e d o n th e O l i ve m ss o n ary in co l o n al A m er ca,

B ra n ch 2 37 no t e d , 3 9 6 n
i
,
J ackso n J H and th e A m er can Pro ! report o n m ss o ns of Pim e r ia A l t a i i

i i i
. .
, ,
te ct iv e A sso c at on , 4 8 0 n ( A r z o n a ), 24 —27
Jeff erso n Th o m as reassur anc e o n f u i
K le n , F l x , A b b , éi m pre ss o ns o f é i i
i i
,
t ure g1 v en to U rsu l nes 1 8 4 1 8 5 -

B sh op McQu aid , 54 6—55 1
i
, ,
Je nk n s C ourtney and sl avery , 3 7 9 i

K n gh ts o f Lab or
i
, ,
J esu its and A rch b sh o p I r el and , 4 8 5

and ant p r e st i i
l aw s i n M assach u
-
d ef ende d b y G b b ons, 440— 45 3 i
se tts 1 1 8— 1 20 , i
K n gh ts of Lab or ( C anad a ) , co n
i
b an sh e d f ro m Lo u sian a 8 6 9 3 i dem n ation note d , 434 n 440
i i i
, ,
in M ary l and 1 00— 1 0 7 K o ssu th , Lo u s, tr p to U n te d S t ates,

i i
,
m ss o ns 49 — 5 1 3 3 3 n 3 34 n
ii i ii i
, ,
o ppos t o n to b sh op f o r t h e co lo K u K lu x K l an , and re l g o u s b go try

n es i1 25— 1 2 8 o f 1 92 8 cam p a gn, 6 1 2—6 1 7 i
i
,
a nd th e P ou s F u n d 39 4—400
i i
,
w itl dr aw al f ro m F l or d a m i ss o ns Lab or Jo h n A Ry an o n 5 8 5—60 3

z
.
, , ,
l l7 Lae t are Me dal 40 8—4 1 1 40 9 11

i J i
.
“
J oh n II of Port u gal , and l ne of de LaF arge oh n and p ai nt ng of Th e
i
, , ,
”
m arcatio n 3— 4 A sce n s 437—440 on ,
i i i J i
,
Jol n G ilm ary Sh ea Pr ze n st tu ted , ,

Laffo nt , e an B ap t ste , at t ack o n Vi n
i 18 c e nne s, 1 4 1 — 1 42
Jo urnal sm i
A m e r ca n C ath o l c be i i Lai , C ajetan de , C ar d n al , and th e i
i i i i i
, ,
g n n n g o f 22 7 —22 8 N at on al C ath ol c W e l f are C ou nc l ,

i
,
Jo n al ists F nl e y Pe ter D u n ne , 5 2 7 604

gg J
,
3 Lal em ant, erom e , S I , H ow F ath er . .

I ndex 66 1
J ogues w as Take n b y th e H iroq u ois ec cl es ast cal i i st ate of 1 85
and W h at He S u ff ered o n h is F rst i 188
E ntrance nto Th e r C o u nt ry , i 52 i igi
re l o u s co nd 1 t 1 o ns in 1 77
60 1 79
i J q
Lam b erv l le , ac u e s de , S J , co n ver L dwig M i
u -
ssio nsvere i n
i i di g
. .
s o n o f C ath ar ne T e gah kou it a, 6 3 f ou n n n o te d , 287 n

J
Lam y , oh n B apt st , A b p i rep t or on Ca t ii
h ol c sm i n W i sco nsi n ,
ti i
.
accou nt of r p acro ss th e pl a ns, 274 —2 77

30 3—304 Ly nch , D om inik le di g a n C ath o l i c l ay
ti
,
i i
m press o ns o f th e S ou th we st 30 1 m an, m en one d 171 n
i ivil
, ,
30 3 Ly nch , Patr ck N .
, Bp .
, and C W ar ,
Lancaster , oh n , J
p rom ne nt C ath o l c i i 34 7—35 6
i n K entu cky , m e nt oned , 1 8 2 n i
Lav al , F ranco s de M o ntm orency , rst i fi McC l ell an G eorge , B , no te d as co m
.
i
_
B sh op of Qu eb ec, 82 m ander of th e D ep artm ent of t h e

Le akage , f ro m C ath o l c C h u rch n oted , i i
O h o 344 n ,
477 n M cD onnel l C h arles E , Bp , and th e

i ii i ti i i
. .
,
Lecl erc, M ax m l e n , o n A m er c an C a N a onal C ath ol c W elf are C ou nc l ,
t h o l ici sm , 49 0— 4 94 60 3
’
Le C lerc q i
M ax m ( R coll e ) , de ath é t M cG ee , Th om as D A rcy , note d as an
’
i
,
no te d , 72 or gan zer of Bu ff al o co nve n t io n

i i ii
,
Le g sl at o n , c v l , in a de m ocracy , 319 n
vi
K e ane s ew s o n , 5 07—509
’
M cG l y nn , E dw ard
Leo XI II , Pope H enry G eorge s
’
and advoc acy of
o n th e C h u rch i n th e U n e d St ates, it t h eor e s, 45 3 i
5 43—5 4 5 exco mm u n c at on , 4 2 8 , 4 32 i i
Lo ng in q ua o cean i, o n A m er can so i M cM ah on H all , C ath ol c U n vers ty i i i
ci ety , 4 95—50 7 i
of A m er c a, d e d cat o n no te d , 4 9 9 n i i
pl e a f or It ali an mm grants in i i M cM aster, am e s A J
i iti i i
.
A m er ca, 4 6 2—4 66 cr c sm of th e L nco l n ad m i n is

Testem b enevo le n t iae, o n A m er i t rat io n , 342—347
can ism , 53 3—5 4 3 and sl avery , 3 7 9
ti i J
.
Leop ol d inen-S f tu n g of V e nn a, aid M cQu aid , Bern ard Bp

i i i é i i i
.
to G erm an C ath o l c m ss o ns not ed , Kl e n s m pre ss on s of 5 4 6

’
A bb ,
27 5 n 55 1
Le tte r to th e R o m an C a th o l ics o f t h e and p ap al nf al l b l t y , 38 5— 39 1i i ii
C i ty o f Wo rce st er, 1 4 5 i J
M ad so n , am es, Secret ary of St ate on
i i i ii
,
L b ert y , A m er can , and th e H o l y See , a b sh op f or Lou s an a , 1 8 5— 1 8 8

Hu gh es o n 3 29—3 35 i
M agn en, A lph onse L , S S , note d as
it
. . .
Life of F ath er H e cker, Th e 5 33 D irector of S oc e y f or th e Propa

i
L nco l n , A b rah am , cr t ci sm o f ad ii gation of t h e F a h , 557 n it
i i
m ni strat on b y M cM aster , 342—347 M aguen ( M agu a ) ( see ) , su pp ressed ,
i i i
L nto n , W ll am S , and th e A m er can i 5 n—6 n
t ti i ti fi t i i
.
Pro e c ve A sso c a on, 48 0 M agy ars, rs p ar sh i n U n ted St ates,

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g nn ng of , n o ed , 24 9 n t M an, b roth erh ood of , 7—9
i i
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i t é
M ar ch al , A m b rose, S S , Ab p
t i ii
. . .
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Lit ical Press of S t
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gfg t i
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repo rt o n t ru s ee sm , 220—22 7
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M art nell , Seb as ano ,i apti
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A m er can soc e y , 49 5—5 0 7 it i
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,
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14 a M ary l and
descr p on of i ti
ch ol e ra ep dem c i i t
A c o f Re l g ous To l erat o n , 1 1 2 ii i
23 1 —233 233 n 1l4
i i
Lotb n ere , Lou s E C an ad an ch ap i i C ath o l c sm in ii 1 0 8 —1 1 0
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co l on sts i n , 9 8—1 00
i i
ecc l es ast c al j ur sd ct o n of i i i ti
D ec l ar a o n of R gh ts ( 1 77 6 ) and i
8 4—8 6 i
rel gi o us f reedo m , 1 3 7
I ndex
m i iss ons, 1 0 0-4 0 8 , 1 24 —1 25 M u ll anp h y Bry an m e nt o ne d as i

i
, ,
p er s e cu t o n o f C iath oli cs 1 6 5 6 ) M ay or of S t Lou s 29o n

i
.
1 1 5— 1 1 6 M u l l anph y J oh n S t Lou s ph il anth ro

i
. .
, ,
i
r at fi cat on of iCo nst tu t o n u rge d i i p st , no ted , 29 0 1 1
in , 1 57— 1 59 M u ll edy , Th om as F SJ and sl aver y
i
.
, . .
,
M ason , Steph en C , pre s de nt of th e

" P ro ra m
. i ssu e, 3 8 3 n
on B is h o p s g of
S oc ia l R eco n s tru c t io n , 5 8 5 Nago t Fr anco s C h arl es, S S , i rs t fi

i ii i
.
, .
M aso ns ( secret ord er ) , see F reem ason s su p er o r of Su l p c an s i n U n te d

M ass, h gh , rst i fi
t m e cel eb r ated i n i St ate s, 1 7 6 n
T ex as 23—24 N ap o l eo n III ( Fr ance ) , on eff ect of
M assach u setts ii
C v l W ar and F rench co m m erc al i
i
A cad ans i n , 1 2 0— 1 24 in tere st s, 37 1 n
i i
ant p r est l aw s in
- i
N at on al C ath ol c W ar C ou nc l i i
1 1 1 —1 1 2 B ish ops P rogr am of S o cia l R e co n
’
1 1 8— 1 2 0 s tr u c t io n , 5 8 5- 60 3
i i
C o n st tu t on ( 1 7 8 0 ) an d re li g ou s i . i
se e a lso N at o n al C ath o l c W e lf are i
f re edo m , 1 39— 1 40 C o nf erence
M ath ew, Th eo b ald ( C apu chi n ) , tem i i
Nat on al C ath ol c W elf are C o nf ere nce ,
per ance w ork note d, 272 i
f ou n d ng, 60 3—609
i
M aur n , Pe ter, an d C a h ol c W orker t i i it i
N at on al L urg cal W eek, note d , 6 1 8
M ovem e nt , n ote d, 6 22 n i ii
N at o n al M u n c p al Le ague, f ou nd er
Maz zu ch ell i , S am u el Ch arl es, O P , n o te d 4 6 6
i
. .
,
3 65 n N at o n al W ar Lab or Boar d , appom t

on C ath o l c tem p erance soc et es, i i i m e n t n ote d , 59 3 n
2 7 2—2 7 4 ii
N at v sm , A m er can , b e g nn ng of , i i i
é
M em b r , Zénob e ( R coll e ) , m ss o ner é t i i 26 3—265
i n Ill no s, 72—7 4 i i Ne al e , Fran c s, S J , pres dent of i i
i i
. .
Me nendez d e A v l es, Pe dro , an d con~ G eo rgetow n C ol l ege , m en t oned ,

quest of Fl or d a, 1 2 — 1 4 i 1 83 n
M er to n , Th om as, u oted o n co ntem q Ne groe s
pl at ive m on ast er es, 294 i an d J oh n Bo y le O Re illy s camp a gn
’ ’
i
M e trop o l itan R ecord, st ar te d by f or , 42 8—4 32
Hu gh es, 342 i
B sh ops o n d scr m n at o n agai nst , i i i i
i
M ex co, an d P ous Fu nd, 39 4—400 i 6 42—6 4 8
M ey er v N e b raska, 6 1 1 n i
see a lso S sters of th e B l e ssed S acr a
i i i i
.
M ch el , V r g l , an d th e l tur m ent f or I nd an an d C o l ore d i

g i c a l m o v e m e n t , 6 1 7— 62 0 Peop l e ; Sl avery ; av er U ni er X i v
M c igan Essay or I mpe r ia l O bserve r,
géa sity
New M ex co i
M i ddl e W est , Pl aget
’
s im p i
ress on s of , i
im p ress ons of Lam y 30 1
1 97— 1 9 9 30 3
ii
M l t ary tr a ni n g, Edw ar d D ou gl ass
'
i i i
m ss o ns, 1 5— 1 7
i
W h te o n draf t l aw , 5 6 1 , 5 6 3—5 64 New O rl e ans, S atoll i s v s t , 5 0 9—5 2 6 ii
i i
M ss on ary S sters of th e S acre d He art i New Y o rk
of S t F rancesca C ab r n , f ou n d n g
. i i i i ti
C o nst tu on ( 1 7 7 7 ) and rel g ous ii
no te d , 465 n , 5 1 2 n
f ree dom , 1 3 8—1 39
M i ssio ns
i
I n d an , 49—5 1
ii
grant o f rel g ou s tol erat on ( 1 6 8 3 i
1 1 6—1 1 8
O b l ate , 29 6—300
M is is i pi Val l ey , C ath ol c C h ur ch in , i t i
l ay trus ee sm i n 1 50- 1 5 4
g sgp é New Y
ork C om m ttee of S a e S enate , i tt
i o n B ish op s P rogram of S oc ia l R e
’
Mob le , C h urch of th e Im m acu l at e

C o ncept on , r st i
French p ari sh i n fi co ns tr uc t io n, 5 8 5
New Y
ork F ree m an s J ou rn a l, ed tor
'
i
th e W est , 82
’
Mott, Frank Lu th er, u oted on attacks q no te d , 342
o n governm e nt 343 i
North A m er can C olle ge at Rom e, ap
M y l an, S teph en , p atr ot sm no te d , i i —
_
p ea l f or , 33 5 339
oég i
North C arol n a, G aston s pl ea f or re
’
M u l ker n , M B , resolu t ons of Buff al o i li gious f ree dom in , 242—24 6

i
. .
co nve nt o n, 3 1 1 —3 1 4
M ul l al y , Joh n , and sl avery , 379
Notre D am e , U n vers ty of , b ro ad s d e i i i
o n , 29 1 —2 9 4
6 64 I ndex
Purcell , Ed war d, stand on sl avery , St C h arl es C o lle ge , E ll cott C ty , i i

i t
.
3 7 8—3 8 3 ope n ng no e d , 25 1 n
Purce ll , oh n B , A b p J i
S t E l z ab eth s C h urch , C l e e l and , r s
’
v fi t
i t
.
i i ii
. .
an d p apal nf all b l ty , 3 8 9 n M agy ar p ar sh in U ni ted S ates,

and sl avery ssue , 37 8 i 554 n
St . M ary s ’
Sem nary B al m ore , i , ti
ue b ecA ct, 1 30— 1 32 opene d , 1 7 5— 1 7 6
Q
i —
and C o nt nent al C o n gress, 1 33 1 3 6 St M ary s S em nary , Perryv ll e , M is
’
i i
i
.
sou r , est ab li sh m m t no te d , 253 n

i
R ac sm , A m er can b sh op s o n , 6 42 i i St R aph ael sverein , and ne gl ec of th e t
i i i
.
64 8 m m gr ant C at h o l cs, 47 6—4 7 9

Ran d al l , A l exander W , and Ar ch S t Rose Pr or y ( K e ntucky ) , open ng
. i i
i
.
b sh op H u gh es, 3 7 1 noted 2 8 2 n
i i i t i
,
V nce n s Pr ory ( Pennsy lv ani a) ,

’
Raym b au l t , C h arl es, S I , m ss oner to St
i
.
. .
i
.
I nd ans, 52 f ou nd ng no te d , 28 0
Raym on d , H e nry e d tor , note d as J i S alz b ach er , J
ose f ( C anon ) , report o n
supp orter of L ncol n , 3 45 n i i

A m er can C ath o l c C o ll eges f or m e n i
é
R co ll ets, Fre nch , in I ll no s i i 2 6 1 —263
7 2—7 4 J
S alzm ann , oseph , f ou nder of S ee b o te ,
i
Re de mpto r sts, and th e G erm an C ath 359 n
i
o l c B ro th erh oo d , 2 6 5—2 6 9 , 277 n S an C arl o s de M o nterey M ss o n, re i i
ii
Re l g ou s e d u cat o n i p o r t of S e rra o n 3 4—4 7
i i i ii
,
n eed f or North A m er c an C o ll e ge S an D om ngo , D o cese o f ( H a t ) ,

at Rom e , 3 35—33 9 erecte d 5 n
i i
,
and pu b l c f u n d s 39 1 —39 3 S an F ranc sco , C ath oli c C h urch i n

and S u prem e C ou rt de c s on ii 304—3 0 6
6 09— 6 1 2 J
S an u an , D o cese of ( Puerto R co ) i i
ii i
,
Re l g o u s l b erty , 1 3 7— 1 40 erected 5n
i it i i ti
,
in C anad a, 1 30— 1 32 S ant a M ar a I nst u te ( C nc nna ) ,
G aston s p l e a f or , 2 42—246 no ted , 405

’
in M ar y l and, 1 37—1 3 8 S ap ien t i consi l io , 572

in M assach u setts, 1 39— 1 40 i
S atol l , F r ancesco , C ard nal , s to i vi it
in New Y
o rk , 1 3 8— 1 39 New O rl e ans 50 9—5 2 6
i n Pe nnsy lvan a, 1 37 i S au l t S te M ar e , and F r ance s new
’
i
i ii i
.
see a lso Per se cu t on , rel g o u s ; To l co l o n al poli cy , 6 0—6 3

i
cr at o n , rel g ou s ii i
S ch l es nger , A rt h u r M e er uote d o n i q
ii i i i i
,
Re l g ou s o f th e S acred H e art , arr val A nl erican Protect ve A sso c at o n ,

ii
i n Lou s ana, no te d , 5 20 n 47 g
Re i b l ican s, an d sch ool ssue i i
Sch ne der , Th eodore , S I , G erm an
gg J it
. .
1 esu , 1 60
Rib ourde , G ab r el d e l a ( R col l et ) , i é it
Sch oo l S s ers of No re D am e arr val t i
i i i i it t
,
m ss o ner in I l l no s, 72—74 in U n ed Sta es, 35 8 n

i
R ch ar d, G ab r el , S S , i S ch ool s
i t
. .
d eath noted , 23 1 a i n O o n 609 —6 1 2

p r v e , r eg ,
M ich iga n E ssay or I m par tia l O h p ub h c

se r ve r, 227 and C a h ol c chi l dren s
’
t iatte n
i
R d der, H erm an, new sp aper m anager, dance, 40 1 —404
n ot e d , 4 2 5 n and p ar och al , I rel an d o n , 4 6 9 i
i
Ro ch d al e P oneers, co-operat v e e nter i 47 5
i
pr se , noted , 59 6 n ii
rel g ous, f ederal aid to , 6 50—6 54
Ro secrans, W l l am S no te d , 3 76 i i s ee a lso C ath ol c Ch urch e duc a i
J i ii i
,
Ry an , oh n A , M sgr , B ish o p s P ro t o n ; Re l g ous e du c at o n ; N am es

’
. .
m of S o c ia l R e con str u c t io n , 5 8 5 of i ii
nd v d u al sch ool s
a
ga
,
g Schr em b s, J
oseph , Bp , and th e N a
i i
.
Ry an, Th o m as F ortu ne, and th e t i n al C ath o l c W elf ar e C ou nc l ,

q i
E u t ab l e L f e A ssur ance S oc ety , i i 6 4 g
57 6—5 82 ifi
S co tt, W n e l d, l oy al ty to th e U n on i
t
no ed , 344 n
St A nth ony F al ls ( M nne apo l s ) , d is i i i
Secess o n , and th e S ou th 347
i
.
covery m e nt o ned , 75 35 6
St Bernard s
.
’
Sem n ary , Roch e ste r, i i i
S e cret soc e t es see S o c et es, secre t i i
New Y
o rk, d escr pt o n , 5 4 6—55 1 i i S e de l l a, A nton1 o de ( C apu chi n ) , and
I ndex 6 65
ii i i
Lou s ana b sh opr c, 1 8 5 and Th i
Pl en ary Cou nc l o f Balt
rd i i
it i
Segale , S s er Bl and n a, and C ol orado m ore , 4 1 4- 4 1 7
i i ivi i
m ss o n ary act t es, 40 5—4 0 8 se e a lso A m er can Prote c ve A sso i ti
iv
S e lect e D r af t Law Ed w ard c i at io n ; F reem asons
i
D ou gl ass Wh te on, 5 6 1 , 5 6 3—5 64 i i
So c ety , A m er can , Longin q u a o c ean i,
Semm es Th o m as J , A m er can B ar i 4 9 5 —5 07
i i i t i J J i
, .
A sso c at o n p re s de n , noted , 5 1 4 n S oc e ty of e su s, se e esu t s

S err a, Ju nipero , O F M i
Soc e ty of St V nce n d e Pau l , i t rst fi
i i i i i
. . . .
d ep artu re f or C al f or n a m ss o n s co nf ere nce in th e U n ted S tate s,

i
,
2 7—3 1 m nu tes, 2 8 8—29 0

rep o rt o n S an C arl o s d e M o n erey t i
S or n , E dw ard , b ro ads de o n i
i i
m ss on 34—4 7 i
U n vers ty of i
N o r e D am e 2 9 1 — t
2 94
i i
, ,
S ert u m lae t it iae ( ency cl cal ) o n ses Sou th , and secess o n 3 47—3 5 6
i i
,
qu ice nte nn ial of A m er can h er arch y , Spa n i

62 5—6 3 7 and C ath oli c C h u rch in N ew W orld ,
i t tt
S e to n , E l z ab e h , Moth er, l e er p l an 4 —6
ii
11 1 8 h er re l g ou s comm u n y it i i i
co l o n z at o n of F l or d a, 1 1 — 1 2
90
1 88
q t i
,
1 and co n ues of F l or d a, 1 2—1 4

i i
Sew ard , W l l am H i i i
t e rr tor al cl a m s 1 —3
i i i i i i J t
.
A m er can d p l om at c re l at o n s w th S p al d ng, oh n Lancas er , Bp

i i t i
.
Pap al St ates, 374—37 6 and C ath ol c nt ell ec u al l e adersh p ,

an d F re nch i i ii
n eu tral ty dur ng C v l 4 1 1 —4 1 3
W ar 370—3 7 3 i i i
and C ath o l c U n vers ty of A m er c a , i
J
,
S h e a o h n G ilm ar y
, 4 6 0—4 62
H ist ory of th e C a th o lic C h urch in n o t ed as o ne of th e f ou n ders o f
th e U n ite d S ta t es 4 1 8 —4 28 i i
I r sh C ath ol c Co l o n zat o n A s i i
i i t t
,
Laet are Med al rec p en , no ed , 40 9 n i i

so c at o n , 3 1 7
i i it
Pr ze nst u te d , 4 1 8 i
Sp al d ng, M ar n oh n , A b p ti J
i i i i i
.
S mm ons, W l l am J , and th e K u K l ux . and A m er can C oll e ge , Louva n ,
K l an 6 1 2 3 1 5—3 1 7
i i i i i i i i
,
S sterh oods, contr b u t ons in U n te d m press o ns of Protest ant rev val sm

t
,
S ate s, 405—4 0 8 2 6 9—27 2

i
S sters of th e Bl esse d S acr am en f or t J
S parks, are d , no te d , 422
i
I n d ans and C o l ored Peopl e, co n i
St anl e3y , D av d S , co nvers o n no te d . i ,
st itu t io n , 57 0—5 7 2 37 6
i
S sters of th e G oo d Sh eph erd ( N ew S tarr , El z a i
A ll e n , conver s o n to i
O rle ans ) , arr v al i n U n ted St ate s i i ii
C ath o l c sm , 30 6—3 1 0
i i
,
515 n S t arr , E ll en G ates, an d l tu rg c al

i
S sters of th e H ol y F am l y , f ou ndi ng i m ovem e n t note d , 6 20 n
not ed 524 n S tu de nts, co ll e ge l f e i
29 1 —294
i J
,
S sters o f th e H ol y Nam es of e su s S u bl im is D e u s ( b u l l ) , 7 8 -
an d M ary , an d O regon sch oo l l aw , Su ff o l k Re sol es, 1 33—1 3 6 v

609—6 1 2 ii
Su l p c ans, in U n ted S t ates, n n e i i
Sl avery
and th e C ath ol c C h u r ch , 325—3 2 9 i t
t eenth ce n ury , 1 75—1 7 6 , 2 0 2—220
,
3 78 3 8 3 4
Tab le t Th e ( London ) , Th e Va t ic a n
,
controv ersy 347—356 A Wee kly R eco rd of th e C o u n c i l

in M ss ss ppi i i i 325—329 404 n
,
’
i
T aney s v ew s o n, 322— 32 5 T aney , Roge r Brooke
S m arius C orne l us, S J , P o in ts o f
, i . .
as C h ef i J i
u st ce n o e d 5 6 1 , t ,
C o n tro versy 3 60 n , letter o n sl av ery 322—32 5

i
S m th A l f re d E and rel g ous b gotry ii i T a t sin gl e , Henr y G eo rge o n, 4 5 3
i i
.
, ,
of th e 1 9 2 8 c am p a gn, 6 1 2—6 1 7 §6
S oci a1ism , A rch b sh op I rel and o n , 48 5 i Tegahkou ita, C ath ar ne , 6 3—7 1 i
49 () Tem p er ance
ti J n eric a, M azzu ch e l l i o n , 27 2
36
5 0 1 1 j u s ce, oh n A Ry an on, 5 8 5 in
k
ai
.
3 z
i
Soc al ref orm , p ro gram s i n U n ted i i i
so c e t e s i n U n te d S ates i t
S t ates 5 8 5— 6 0 3 2 7 2- 2 7 4
i
S oc eti es, secre t Teste m b e n e vo le n t ia e ( e ncy cl c al ) , o n i
i t
and K n gh s of Lab o r, 440—453 i
A m er can sm , 5 33—543 i
6 66 I ndex
Texas, C ath ol c C h u rch i n i 1 84 1 ti in D o ce se of C hi cago

on s i
2 53—2 5 8 300—30 1
i
Th ngs i n D u b u u e , e di tori al , 3 1 1 q 0 0
v an D yke , H enry , u o ed o n M aur ce q t i

3 14 E gan , 5 8 2
Th ornt on , Sir Edw ard, and P ou s i V assar C ol l ege , ch ar ter of , not ed 5 4 5
i i i
,
Fu nd , 39 4 V at c an , A m er can l b erty an d , H u gh e s
i
T m on , J
oh n , C M , and S oc ety of i o n , 32 9—33 5
i
. .
S t V ncent de Pau l , 2 8 9 Va tica n: A Wee kly R e cor d of th e C o u n

q i i
.
Toc uev ll e , A l exi s de , on A m er c an c i l Th e , 3 8 8 n

ii i i
,
C ath ol c sm and d em ocracy , 2 33 V at can C ou nc l ( 1 87 0 ) an d p ap al

23 6 i
nf all b l y , 38 5— i i it
3 39 1
i
T ol er at o n, rel g ou s ii Vay , Peter , H u ngar an p ar sh l f e i i i
in 1 8 42 , 2 63—2 6 5 5 52—55 6
i n 1 8 4 3 , 2 6 5—269 Vel asco , Lu is de , and F l or d a m ss ons i i i ,
1 1 —1 2
_
in M ary l and , 9 5— 9 8 , 1 1 2— 1 1 4
'
i n New ork Y 1 1 6 — 1 18 i
V ll eneuv e A lph on se , on C ath ol c l e ak i
i
,
Tordes ll as, Tre aty of , 3—4 age , 4 77 n

i
Tr app sts, in U n t ed St ates, 2 94—2 9 6 i i ’
V ncennes G ib au l t s p art in at ack on , t
i i
,
Treaty of Ry sw ck , m ent o ned , 1 1 8 —1 4 2

Tre at y o f T or des l l as, 3— 4 i i i i
V rg n a
J i
Tre cy , erem ah F , pro m otor of w est l aw s aga nst C ath o l cs i 1 10 i
i i i
.
e rn C ath ol c co l o n z at o n , 3 1 3 n 111
Tru stee sm , 2 20 227 i -
i
tru stee sm in , 22 0—2 27
i
in fir st n at o n al p ar sh in U n te d i i
St ates, 1 60— 1 62 W aldeck Rou sseau -
Ren é and th e
Y
, ,
in N ew o rk 1 50 — 1 54 French C h urch , 543

W alm esl ey , Ch arl es, co nsecra
U b ed a, u s de , L i m ss on ary i i i
t on of C arrol l as b sh op , 1 7 2 i
t o I n an s, 9— 1 0 di J
W al sh , am es A nth ony , Bp , C ath ol c i
i i i i i i
.
U n ted St ates F or e gn M ss on Soc ety of A m er c a,

an d i
ap al d pl om at c rel at on s, 3 7 4 i i 572—57 6
37 g W al sh , Rob ert
i i
w orl d m ss on o f , Brow nson o n , i
o n l ter ary t rend s i n E ngl and
3 8 3— 3 8 5 1 9 0— 1 97
i
U n te d S tates, C v l W ar ii pro pectus f or
s A m e r ica n R e v ie w of
-
i
and n eu t r al ty o f F r ance , 37 0— 373 H is to ry a n d P o l it ics, 1 9 0—1 9 7
i i
nur s n g s ster s an d , 3 6 8—37 0 i i
W a el e r, W ll am , S J , G erm an esu t , J i
%%
. .
and sl avery , 347—35 6 1

i
U n te d St ates, C onst tu t on i i i
W ash ngt on , G eor ge
rat ifi i
c at o n of b ans G u y F aw kes D ay , 1 3 6
urge d b y C arr ol l , 1 57— 1 5 9 i
C ath ol cs congr atu l at o n s to
’
i
i i
u r ge d b y F tz s m o n s, 1 54— 1 5 6 1 6 9— 1 72
ii
re l g ou s f re e dom an d , 1 40 i i
W atrin , Fran co s Ph li b er , S J , o n b an t
J i ii
. .
i i
U n ted St ates h story , n at on al p er o d , i i ish m ent of esu t s f rom Lou s an a,
1 6 3—6 5 4 8 6—9 3 9
i
U n ted St ates, Su prem e C our an d t J
W eb b , am es W , n oted as e d tor of i
Y
.
i
p r v ate rel g ou s ii
sch ool s
New
346 n
o rk C o u r ier a n d E n q u ire r ,
60 9 — 6 1 2
i
U n te d S tates C ath ol c H stor c al S oc i i i i W eb ster Reply ng to H ay ne , p a nt i i
e ty of N ew Y
ork , f ou n d n g note d , i i
n g b y H e al y , 48 1
424 n i
W en nger, F ran c s X , S J , m ss on ary i i i
i
. . .
am on g G erm an C ath ol cs, 359 n

U n ite d S t ates C a th o lic M isc e l lany , p ro
spectu s, 22 7—22 8
Wh arton , C h arl es H , attack on C ath
i i
.
ol c f a th , 1 45— 1 4 7
U n iversa lis e cc les iae ( b u ll ) , 4 6
i i
-
Wh el an , Ch arl es ( C apu ch n ) , and l ay i
U n v ers ty of Not re D am e, see N otre
i i
tru stee sm , 1 5 1 — 1 5 4
D am e, U ni vers ty of i
Wh te , A ndrew , S J , on th e m ss ons of i i
i J
. .
U rsu l nes, e ff erso n s M ary l and , 1 00— 1 0 8

’
re assur ance on
th eir f u ture i n U n te d S t ates, 1 8 4 i i
Wh te , Edward D ou gl ass
l ss ii
d ec s on regard n g d vor ce , 5 6 1 - 5 6 3 i i
d ec s on ii
on sel ec ve d raf t l aw ti
Van de Vel de, J am es, SJ . .
, on cond i 5 6 1 , 5 6 3—5 64

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NIHIL O B STAT

C e nsor dep u ta ras

A rch b ish op o f Wash ing to n

Li b r ary o f C o n g ress C a ta lo g C ar d N u m b e r : 6 2—1 2 432

M ADE IN TH E U N ITED STAT E S O F A M E RI CA

b een pub l i sh ed on th e hi story O f th e C ath ol i c Chu rch in th e Unit ed

St ates a f act whi ch i ndi cate s a growing interest in th e part th at th e

on th e Am e ri can Chu rch h as any att em pt b een m ade to dr aw t ogeth er

in one v ol um e a samplin g f rom th e o ri gin al sou rc es from whi ch it s

b y th ose wh o wi sh ed to in tegr ate th e story of C ath ol ici sm w ith courses

such a coll ecti on h as li kewi se prove d a h an dicap to th e r el ativ el y few

wh o O ff er c ou r ses in th e hi story O f th e Chu rch in thi s coun try in

suppl ying thi s n eed in p art as al so t o m aki ng som e O f th e prin cipal

docum en t s of Am e ri can C ath oli ci sm re adil y av ail ab l e for in tereste d

In th e ch oi ce of th e con tent s O f thi s vol um e th e e ditor w as gui ded

ofﬁ ci al docu m ent s such as p apal b ull s an d encyclical s an d st at e l aw s

an d ch art er s as w ell as a wi de v ari ety O f writings O f a pu r el y priv at e

n ew sp aper e dit ori al s b i ogr aphi e s m em oir s an d ev en a f ew sel ection s

sam pl e m at e ri al th at w ould give som e i de a O f th e chief organ iz ation s

an d in stituti on s of th e Chu rch Y et in spite O f th e care th at w as t ak en

C athol ic society at whose b irth an ancestor stood sponsor or for th e ,

m ention of a l ocal or section al cel eb rity wh ose lif e reﬂ ected hi gh

th at h e did not feel h e should impose upon hi s pub li sher s generosity ’

b eyond th e size whi ch thi s vol um e h as assumed Moreover h e i s of .

th e con viction th at th e v ast extent and complexi ty of th e Am erican

A word shoul d b e sai d ab ou t th e m ethod used in coll ectin g and

col on i al pe ri od th e arr an gem ent i s chronol ogi cal Sin ce th e C ath ol i c

m i ssi on s O f th e three Eu ropean pow er s th at sent ou t col on ies from th e

and l i st th e entri es u nder th e h e ad i ngs O f Spain F r ance and E ngl an d

It w as al so thought preferab le to put two or more item s on a singl e

in Engl i sh b ut for th at written in f oreign l anguages st andar d tran sl a

are p ri nte d j ust as th e y appear in th e o ri gin al sou rce al th ou gh in ,

som e i n st ance s m i nor ch ange s h av e b een m ade e ith e r to im prov e th e

singl e sou rce h as b een cit e d in th e in tr oducto ry note al though in som e ,

inst ances th e sam e document m ay b e found in sever al collection s Th e .

o rigi n al m ay b e read in L atin Whil e reference h as frequently b een

m ade in th e introductory n otes to pe rtinent b ooks an d peri odi cal s no ,

eff ort h as b een m ade t o add a f o rm al b i b l i ogr aphy w i th e ach docu

m ent M o st O f th e b etter b ooks in Am eri c an C ath ol ic hi story cont ain

b ib l iogr aphi es an d for all th e essen ti al w orks pub l i sh e d up to three

w aukee : 1 9 5 9 ) will serve th e pu rpose .

Th e e ditor is consci ou s of th e f act th at som e re ader s m ay f eel th e

tory notes A n effort w as m ade to supply th e necessary b ackground

for a proper un der st an di ng O f e ach docum en t ; n oneth el e ss a few ,

ove r all comm en t s m ay h el p to cl arify cert ain m att er s th at recu r in a

num b e r O f th e entri es Thi s is especi all y tru

touches on ecclesi astical points O f a somewh at technical natu re th at

to th e questi on of ﬁn anci al support for th e cl ergy of th e Am erican

th e sixteen th to ei ght eenth centu ri e s f rom whi ch th e m i ssion ari es ,

cam e th e me th o d s O f suppo rt v ari ed wi del y I n Spain an d F r an ce

where Church an d St ate were united th e cl ergy received a stipend or

which h ad b een assigned to them Th i s w as al so true of th e mi s .

sion ari es in th e areas O f th e f utu re Un ited St at es th at w e r e rul ed b y

Spain an d F r an ce du ring th e wh ol e of th e c ol oni al period Th eir .

incom e was eith er direct in th e f orm of a ye arly stipend th at n ot

infrequentl y w as in arrears or indirect su ch as th e revenue s from th e

Pi ous Fun d ( NO In th e Engl i sh col oni es on th e con tr ary th e

m i ssion arie s w e re compell ed to suppo rt th em sel ves b y t aki ng up f arm

say Pr ot est ant En gl an d f urni sh ed th em no assi st an ce at a tim e wh en

th e cl ergy in th e m oth er country were r educed b y th e pen al l aw s t o

of ﬁn anci al support thu s f re qu entl y b ecam e th e source O f f ri ction

b etween th e civil O fﬁ ci al s and th e m ission aries in th e Ame rican

im agine for ex ampl e h ow th e successful enterp ri ses O f a mi ssion ary