eq} s t leq

iluEm€ts:r mo.'{ uI qslp snorcllep }solll

UOu
aLuuoqslt.lslQcop lqcoQqLnzuorpuQ+

i,44 i d?

rqsrAtqs6u9unq 0u

ilqqs ellqA\ stql sl I{3ruu ,'\

!9quQllQ
upqsuQtlc
ugb ooqsgnp

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ll e leeds uz

SnqsrnLQ
rlAupptuPtPlA

f.r; 1 ,{uy41 a.Lrduosso'l

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I t:l
l
 dnos (N)
tkl

tnos UDNS ('fpY)

6uBloluQns
dnosmos-Pu?-loq
+:4tW
roq',4.raddad al ( fpv)

1?e Irl3 ('A)

g qss DA (N)

re?sur,t Qc (N)

reEns orpi (N)

E' tr qt 33n"smosPu?leel^suI qsIJ lAqcOuo1

qslp lQc (N)

snorcrtop lqcoQl-l ('fpv)

lsouraql lnz ('^pv)

lu?m?lsar uQlpuQ+ ('N)

9/XA,

eulot tpl (N)

*

Qu ('[uo3)

.{-4 Lt.ls ("\)

-V slu?d 'sJosnoJl !ZQ) ('N)

*v
:!'l- '31e'qsg 'sJe^u 'sP?ol's$-DIs

'srosnoJl JoJ Plo,^i. smsearu 3 o9!] (arN)

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'uosroalsel€seql, soqloir '{nq ol doqs € o1 seoS eq d€poJ r!\ou euq

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Ji6 kd: Ni hdo!

Xidojie: YO, Nin hui shuoHdnYU?

Ji6 kd: W6 hui shuoYididnr.

Xidojie xidngmdi sh6nme?

Xidnsheng

Ji6 kd W6 xidngmdiyi jidnchdnshonZhdjidn b6i c

du6shooqion?

Xidolie Sibdidrshibokudi.

Ji6 kd Tdi gui le! Nd jidn h6ngchdnshdnne?

pid
Xidolie Ybdi liishiw[ kudi.Bijidopidnvi,v6 biiido

Ji6 kd Hdo, wd Ydond Yfjidn.

Xidojie Nin hdiydo mdi sh6nme?

Ji6 kd Y tido kizi. N6ngbu n6ngshi Yi shi?

Xidolie Dongrdnk6Yi,

Xidolie Z6nmeydng?

Ji6 kd ZhCtidotdi dd.

Xidojie Nd nin shi shi zhetido bo, zhdtido b6 tdi dd

 '?1qos 1.uem,{eryuo eseql,fu

'?rq oo1e.re

eueql a{IJ no.{ oP

'esm

's1ued n
;uo ruaqtd+ I ,(e11i 1o

ilu? \ nod op oEe

'euot€qt alsl 'q8
Il.I

'roueq s{ool pu? red€oqos,{ u"nd a,rg-dlxs pu? perpm

'e^lsusdxeool s
aeuopoJtreqllnoqs l?I{tY!
'uen,(1q3ledlue4
Pu€Perpun

il{qs alrq^r srql sl qcruu^\oH ulqs € dnq 01

ilu?lir no,{ op

'slgq e
{"eds rl?c

;eseqq3 leeds rr?t no

io
 (-) '!&*1'fi.it'E?
"'4mo"is trot added'
A tone of surpdseis usedhere ln suchcases
But uDlike"AY"' "4
Both "iE neng" atrd"Ahul" car rcferto ability'
of study"'e g :
"masteringa skill by mea'ns
o
kudizi, e/topstb*s W6 hul ydng kudizi'
,\*.Fl'Ef

*"4+n o W6 bi hul ydngdidnndo

€,Bfididnndo,comPate'

(:)"+i T"."€'*nn"."a+6 il.Jr"

is trormally put on "d"
"i " T' iudicatesa high degee The stress
pi6nyi le!" ff the adj€ctiveis stresse4tle last "
Ttdi gui le!" "t&-f f tdi
jidnyif
iodicating
omitted, asin "'!i'l*ixL XX('|)' *"6#'4 Zhd
excess,
w6 bUnengchuon."

&'tt 4t,FE ". " /Sj6 * * +l 2 "

( -) " v.'#-4a-ir,
"#" is u
Chinese"f'h6" is oot exactly th€ sameas "and" in English
nouns ol noun phrasesas in "?
limite<lway. It is usually usedto connect
tA", dlt0 he M6igu6diti" butnot to co
'+ E,&,K fr € E ]&,ElZhonggud

iL+n+4iked'ik'+4'"
h6npi6nyi,h6npidoliong'
ZhejidnchCnshdn
we cannotuse"fr"
In the abovesentetrc€
'dryC"atrd "j6-hdl", etc. oot only hav€ their ovn meanilgs but can a
th€ fome! aod the lattel e
cono€ctclauses."-t " implies sirrilarity between
jL+Nt4L&n' rL&'&ft'
hdnpidnyi,y6 hdnpidoliong'
Zhdiidnchdnshon
 'E\\OJ emq

e uI reuErpSul^eq oJerT el,^lpu€ 'ueqs 8u€rl 'Sueqsu€HSurC '8uo

{-l

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AbN .?":!?F
oqnbQ^^6uau .",+_
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I sossoJdxo
,,a! ,,e

,,4,*FV.1Y

'rznloprl rpr! oQArpq'upqsuQr.lo

uQtfJi rpruoQ
LA
"+*+-x6v',tu&+r-
'3 e uourpp€lo
lueuelddnssel€
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6

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w{q"
eql ol) :
" we,!*t$ El* Gse.4l€.&

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W
VE or)'99n*f*2oe€4Y
zt#<4t2r?lvv 7v*l (Suoqoety
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Ar?qsuaH

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 Oingzud.... Oingh6 chd'

JiongShdn,BdiXi6oh6ng'DTngHdnshcng:Xidxie
Ldiyididnrsh6nme?
Xidojre,nimenfdndidnzul hdochide cdi sh
TdngcUyu.
Hdo, ldiYfgd tdngcuytl.
Wd zui xihuonchTld de.
(to Bai Xaohong)NI n6ngbu nengchi ld de

BdiXidoh6ng:Wd n6ngchiYididnr'
JiongShon, Ldigd suonldtong'
(to thewaitress)

Xidojie: Hdo.Ydobu Ydoldi ge ni0rdu?

K6yi.Ldiy( gd h6ngshooni0rdubo'
DTngHdnshang,
Xidojie: HdiYdoshenme?

BdiXidoh6ng:Mifdn.
: Shuijido,
DingHdnsheng
Xidojie: Hdo, qingd6ngYixio.
 'es?eld'elnu-rtr 1T€l[)'o
"
'sAqldumc
.E'RI

i1u€ \ nod op eslo l€rl!!

uI pesl?JqJaeqo eq 01o{I plnolr\ I'se^ | Sueg

'acnBsdos

tJaeqftI€ lu€a no.,{oo lIIE[lI

'dnosmos-pue-1oq
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'e1g11
sL#lL e,{1uo
E ^luw 1nq
'so1 : Euo
+rrY Dd]\

lpoo; .{crdspe no,{rm3 (Euoqo"X I€g ol )

'lsoru eql u
PooS,tcrdsa41 1
'5Cn€smos pue leoarsuI qsg eql lu"-e\e [ ) o
'ecrus mos pu" loe {s w qsrd
'sslntr
lluemelser mof ur qslp snolclep lsolu eql s.13qa
;nof Suuq1,{eu 1eq16
Eulc 'Suoqosx pg 'ueq5Eu
's{wqJ, : SuoqsuEH
'ee1;odnce e.,re11sseeld'u,!\op1lS
 (-)" +'k)L+'a"
"*"in this casemeans"to causeto come",to bring".

(:)"rF- ^+96*4"."4n4rF^+r4"
Here both "*66*-&"and"4 A " refer to dishes, so the measureword sh

(a)" *+6.lh,a"
This is the sameas " *'+ffl,#.)h" "-" havingbeenomitt€d.

Lexical tones and sentenceintonation

Just as every Chinesesyllablehas its own tone, Chinesese

distinct tonal pattems. As in English, the rising tone is usedin
questionsin Chinesewhile the falling tone is usedin statemen
last syllable of a yes-or-noquestionsentenceis in the falling ton
last syllableof a statementis in the rising tone, what do we do?
use at the end ofthe sentence,the rising tone or the falling tone

Actually the sentencetone is like a large wave with many sm

on its surface.the overall sentencetone doesnot completelycha
 'tqsu?rlqsuQluowgnx6ug]
ap lu u966uptx911
iour lle)

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6uqp0u16
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1Aq)qA
iDuJDrtpgn66u9qzep lu uo) (14)up>1

L'^ENE4r'*try1_)grtb
'a e.xjtr l- 'euol oql x
+ )\ u:egedeql o{-q$nf
'ldrtrege ue
ll l?sodoJd ro uo4se88ns e ?utsserdxo secueluesoql q

osl" uec 1I 'suogcsJo uo4€mpFoqs sslouopsqJe^Jo uo4eerldnp

'rr.lsuQr |XAnxk*
rqsuQrxl-Yl-X1Yl'rx9nx
'?'a'gvgv sr sqre,rIqe11.{s1p;o
uuo; pepcqdnpereql'
' 6 u D r(xr A )o u p r x w ( - ) W' u o ) ( r A )u Q ) g ( - ) g
t q sY l ( - ) P
er{J pe
Jo IrrroJpelecqdnper
V,, sr sqre,Lctqeldsouoru
,, V(-)
eq uec sessocord3q4utg1 e,'rr1cepu€ suoqce Su4ecrpursqJel

sqre,l ;o uogecqd

'6upl
LqsQqZ"WEX
'6uQ1
LqsQqZ" V|EE

'spJo1(
oqt o1 uelsl.I 'eEueqcppo,Ll Suruealx ner0 ostaueqlo I€tl
 Elementswhich modi! and limit nouns are knotn as a
ln Chinese,attributivesalwaysprecedethe norm.

+\66 f E ]uE w6 de zhonggu6dlt6

af'4+ta 1+4 ndjidnh6ngchdnshon

+&fi{d=6&Xt,l'a1f;. w6menfdndidnzuihdochide cd

If the athibutive implies a possessiverelation, "6i " is often

* IF 6t t4 4ldoshTde cididn, tt- E #t 'z +fdndidn de mingz

"6i" maybe omitteclasin +\.*444w6 momo, AFl +wd t6n
fdndidn
wd iio, 1,i'fn*&nimen xu6xido,ti.{n'tRlEwdmen

When a monosyllabicadjective is used as an attributive," 6t

.en, X&E dd fdndidn, b N& h6ng
omittedasin }1L hdo
" 6t " is oftenusedas in ltt'fi
Otherwise * hdochTde cdi, 7

pidoliongde difong. If the adjectiveis modifiedby an adverb

alsobe used,asin iF S'jliiL fdichdnghdode r6n, vb4-X#

N4 hdnh6ngde chdnshon.
dd de fdndidn,41<tr#i
u,rol BurqJ(ougrlc ) ?rtu?JOugl
on06uQqz (YrE4)
dlps uplx ('tpY)

lee.]!.\s u9!l ( !pv)

{ulrp clloqocl" nlt ('tpY)

w 3td ttqz ('N)

B4 ue)lcIqs { ('N)

lueC u?+ ( ld,'I I)

quec 0I = o?III I (opur ) oQrl (',4A.'t{)

* Vv ,(cuermc

eseuqJ eql Jo eltreu lqulu..lu9E 4

lc?lq !cr-1 ( fpv)
.no1a.{ 6upnq ('fpv)
ueo.6 U ('FY)
enlq upl ( tpv)
moloc QsupA ('N)

uo lnd 'J€e1i\ upnLlc (^)

 Therearemanyplacesfolchioesepeopletogoshopping:sto'eso
goc€ry
all sorts of open-ai markcts For
specialtyshops, supermarkets,aod
go to faxlnels' malkets shops may be state
Chinese people generally

in openmarketsand tarmers' marke

pdvaxelyovned. Therc are many stalls
thesepl
catrbe rather dowded afld noi$y in
kinds of goodsarc sold thele lt

bargainingis very common'