Cebu Technological University

Moalboal Campus

THE

BRAIN
PRENATAL, INFANCY,
CHILDHOOD, AND ADOLESCENCE

Child and Adolescent Learners and the Learning Priniciiples Rosie Fe B. Legaspino, MAEd, RGC
 OVERVIEW

1. WHAT MAKES UP THE BRAIN

2. WHAT GOES ON INSIDE THE BRAIN

3. BRAIN DEVELOPMENT

2
WHAT MAKES UP THE BRAIN 3
 the upper
the largest
part of the
and the the
spinal cord
most uppermost
the
developed part of the
cerebellum
part brainstem
controls the
consists of controls
body's vital
the reflex
functions
cerebrum actions,
such as
and the involuntary
respiration
structures movement
and heart
beneath
rate

Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain

WHAT MAKES UP THE BRAIN 4
 CEREBRAL CORTEX
layer of tissue that covers the
forebrain like a wrinkled cap
has two halves, or hemispheres

PREFRONTAL CORTEX
cerebral cortex covering the front
part of the frontal lobe
plays central role in cognitive control
functions

WHAT MAKES UP THE BRAIN 5

 RIGHT HEMISPHERE
specializes in humor and the use of
metaphors, abstract reasoning skills,
spatial reasoning skills, facial
recognition, nonverbal memory

LEFT HEMISPHERE
specializes in speech and grammar,
arithmetic, writing, complex motor
functions, short-term verbal recall

WHAT MAKES UP THE BRAIN 6

 LATERALIZATION
specialization of function in one
hemisphere of the cerebral cortex

complex functions such as reading or

performing music use both
hemispheres

WHAT MAKES UP THE BRAIN 7

WHAT MAKES UP THE BRAIN 8
The Inner Brain (Limbic System)

WHAT MAKES UP THE BRAIN 9

Neuron (nerve cell)
runs on programming and
follows genetic code
handles information
processing at a cellular
level
sends electrical and
chemical signals to
communicate with each
other
WHAT GOES ON INSIDE THE BRAIN 10
 Dendrites
receive information from other
neurons, muscles, and glands

Axons
transmit information away from
the cell body

WHAT GOES ON INSIDE THE BRAIN 11

Myelination
the process of encasing axons
with fat cells
occurs during prenatal through
adolescence

Myelin sheath
covers most axons
speeds information transmission

WHAT GOES ON INSIDE THE BRAIN 12

Terminal Buttons
releases chemicals called neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters
carry chemical signals from one
neuron to next target cell (nerve
cell, muscle cell, or gland

Synapses
the points of contact between
neurons where information is
passed from one neuron to the
next
Receptors
protein molecules inside the
target cell or on its surface that
receive a chemical signal

WHAT GOES ON INSIDE THE BRAIN 13

Blooming and Pruning
During infancy, billions of brain cells form connections with one another,
blooming like a tree. Like a gardener trimming the excess branches,
synaptic pruning clears away unneeded connections. Too much or too
little pruning can contribute to a range of psychiatric disorders

WHAT GOES ON INSIDE THE BRAIN 14

BRAIN DEVELOPMENT 15
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT 16
 At birth
contains 100 billion+
neurons
25% of its adult's weight
rapid growth begins in all
areas (frontal lobes are
immature; occipital and
temporal lobes are in
progress; and sensory areas
of the parietal lobe mature

BRAIN DEVELOPMENT 17
Infancy (Birth
- 2 years)
at birth, contains 25% of its adult weight
approximately 100
billion + neurons

rapid growth begins in frontal lobe- immature

all areas occipital and temporal
lobes progress
sensory areas of
parietal lobe mature

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 THANK U

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