Harmonic Suppression Strategies and Seamless
Transfer Control between Grid-Connected and
Islanding Modes in Renewable Energy System for
Hydrogen Production
2022 IEEE 5th International Electrical and Energy Conference (CIEEC) | 978-1-6654-1104-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/CIEEC54735.2022.9846714
Tao Sun Ziwei Yu, Dan Sun, Nian Heng
China Datang Corporation Renewable College of Electrical Engineering,
Energy Science and Technology Zhejiang University
Research Institute Hangzhou, China
Beijing, China
Abstract—In recent years, using renewable energy to produce
hydrogen has become one of the important ways to achieve
carbon peak and carbon neutralization. However, thyristor
rectifiers are commonly used in industry hydrogen production
systems (HPS), which may bring power quality problems such as
current harmonics. Besides, renewable energy system for
hydrogen production (RESHP) is expected to operate in both
grid-connected and islanding mode. Thus, it is necessary to
propose uninterruptible harmonic suppression strategies, and
have seamless transition between these two modes. Firstly, this
paper proposes the impedance regulation strategy for islanding
mode and direct harmonic compensation strategy for grid-
connected mode, since the harmonic characteristics and control
objectives of RESHP in two modes is different. On this basis, the
improved voltage loop and the improved phase-locked loop are
developed to enable a smooth transition between the grid-
connected and islanding mode of the RESHP. Finally, Simulation
results verifies the effectiveness of the proposed control strategies.
Keywords—hydrogen production system; renewable energy
systems; harmonic suppression; Grid-connected mode; islanding
mode; seamless transfer
I. INTRODUCTION
Distributed generation (DG) such as wind power generation and
photovoltaic power generation is drawing more and more attention
since they are consistent with the concept of sustainable development.
However, they all have the drawbacks of clearance and irregularity,
which seriously affect the safety of grid [1]. Then, the utilization of
energy storage system (ESS) has become one of the effective means
to solve the problem. Nevertheless, traditional ESS have
disadvantages of small capacity and short service life. Hydrogen, by
contrast, is clean, energy-dense, abundant and easy to store and
transport[2]. Therefore, it is one of the important research directions
of global energy utilization in the future to produce hydrogen to
suppress the fluctuating power of renewable energy.
Since high-power rectifier with low voltage and high current and
high reliability is needed in hydrogen production system (HPS), the
thyristor rectifier bridge is mainly used in the industry [3], which
brings the problem of harmonics to be dealt with urgently. At present,
the passive filter is widely used because of its high economy,
however its compensation capability is not adjustable [4]. Therefore,
978-1-6654-1104-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
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Tianqi Xia
China Datang Corporation Renewable
Energy Science and Technology
Research Institute
Beijing, China
some researchers put forward the method of active filter which has
the ability to compensate flexibly, such as APF (i.e., active power
filter), UPQC (i.e., unified power quality controller). Substantial
literature on high-performance control of these active filters is
available [5]- [6]. However, active filter costs a lot because of the
expensive equipment and maintenance. In recent years, some
researchers have found that the redundant capacity of DG can be used
for harmonic suppression. With the similar topology with active filter,
the DG in renewable energy system for hydrogen production
(RESHP), can perform like APF at no extra cost [7]-[8]. The RESHP
in this paper includes wind turbine system, photovoltaic system and
ESS, and all of them can be flexibly used to carry out collaborative
harmonic suppression. Besides, the RESHP will operate in two
modes: grid-connected mode and islanding mode, hence the
harmonic suppression strategy should change as the mode changes.
In islanding operation, the ESS runs in u/f mode to provide
voltage and frequency reference for other DGs and HPS. During grid-
connected operation, similar to other DGs, the ESS operates in P/Q
mode to control the current flowing into the grid. With all the DGs
and HPS connected to the point of common coupling (PCC), it is
necessary to control ESS to realize seamless transfer between the
aforementioned modes, so as to ensure the uninterrupted power
supply of other units and the uninterrupted suppression of harmonics
in RESHP.
Many control methods for seamless transfer have been suggested
in the literature [9]-[12]. In [9], a smooth transfer control is proposed,
which suppressed the dynamic rush current during the transition
process. However, the experimental results show that in the process
of transition, the bus voltage of the microgrid still has a relatively
large sag and overshoot, which easily leads to system collapse. In
[10], the transfer between two working modes is realized by
controlling ESS, but the phase difference between grid voltage and
PCC voltage in islanding mode is not considered. In [11], improved
phase-locked loop (PLL) and improved voltage loop for ESS in
micro-grid with master-slave control is implemented. However, the
transfer of power quality control strategy is not involved. In [12],
grid-connected/islanded control and output voltage harmonic
suppression strategy for onboard power supply converters is proposed.
However, only harmonic suppression in grid-connected mode is
considered.
The objective of this paper is to develop a seamless transfer
control between grid-connected and islanding modes with harmonic
suppression considered. In islanding mode, the control of impedance
regulation is put forward to provide low harmonic path for harmonic MW-level alkaline HPS
current generated by HPS, and then suppress the PCC voltage H2
harmonic. Next, an improved PLL is proposed to realize phase
synchronization by using a pre-synchronization module to avoid rush
current when transferring to grid-connected mode. In grid-connected 0.38/0.69kV
AC
mode, a direct current control strategy is developed, which use ...

...
...

...
Grid
second-order general integrator (SOGI) to suppress grid current
harmonic. In the meantime, the real-time current of the grid and the PCC
ESS are detected and they are locked to be the initial value of the
voltage loop in ESS at the moment of transition, which can avoid
PCC voltage oscillation in the case of unplanned transition to island. H2O
Finally, the simulation results based on the RESHP verify the Fig. 2. The topology of HPS
correctness and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Since the thyristor bridge rectifier is utilized in HPS, the 6n ± 1
II. STRUCTURE AND CONTROL TECHNOLOGY OF RESHP order harmonic current will be generated [16]. The greater the firing
angles, the larger the harmonic current. If those harmonic current
The configuration of RESHP is depicted in Fig. 1, in which the flows into RESHP without any suppression measures, power quality
RESHP consists of PV system, wind turbine system, ESS and MW- and safety of the whole system will be inevitably deteriorated.
level alkaline HPS. They are all connected at the PCC. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the harmonic suppression
strategy.
MW-level IG 0.69/10kV Grid
alkaline HPS PCC
H2 C. Energy storage system
0.38/0.69kV
IHPS PV system
0.69/0.38kV As shown in Fig. 3, during grid-connected operation, the switch S
IPV
H2O = 2 and the ESS operates in P/Q control mode; In islanding operation,
ESS
0.38/0.69kV 0.69/0.69kV Wind turbine
Gear S = 1 and the ESS operates in u/f control mode to provide voltage and
IESS IDFIG box
system frequency reference for other DGs and HPS in RESHP.
DFIG

ESS AC
Grid
Cf
Lf Zc PCC Grid
VDC

Fig. 1. The configuration of RESHP idq udq

ABC Power ABC
dq calculation dq

A. Distributed generation system SVM

id
P Q
With advantages of four-quadrant active and reactive power S
1
ud

operation capabilities, lower cost and power losses, the doubly fed GPI_V(s) udref P



dq GPI_I(s)



2
induction generator (DFIG) is adopted in RESHP. DFIG is performed GPI_PQ(s) Pref


iq uq 
by basic vector control [13]. For PV system, controlled current source 1 G (s) uq ref
Q


 PI_V
abc GPI_I(s)



is used to equivalent PV array and booster circuit, and the circuit of 2
GPI_PQ(s) Qref


dc voltage outer loop and current inner loop is used for vector control
[14]. Fig. 3. The control block diagram of ESS in two modes
B. MW-level alkaline HPS
According to Nernst equation and thermodynamics relationship III. HARMONIC SUPPRESSION STRATEGY
[15], the external electrical characteristics of alkaline electrolytic cell
can be expressed as A. Harmonic suppression strategy in islanding mode
The HPS can be equivalent to a harmonic current sources
'G rT generating large number of 6n±1 harmonic currents. Therefore, to
U cell  (r1  2 ) I minimize the voltage drop caused by these harmonic current at PCC,
zF A a low harmonic path should be constructed by reducing the harmonic
(1)
t t I output impedance of the ESS. According to Fig. 3, the output
( s1  s2T  s3T ) log10 ((t1  2  32  D )  1)
2
impedance of ESS can be calculated:
T T A

Where Ucell is the terminal voltage, I is the working current, ΔG

1  GPI _ I ( s)Yp ( s)
is Gibbs energy, F is Faraday constant, z is number of electrons Z ESS (2)
transferred per reaction, T is the working temperature, A is the area of Yo ( s)  GPI _ V ( s)GPI _ I ( s)Yo ( s)
electrode, r1 and r2 are parameters related to ohmic resistance of
electrolyte, s1, s2, s3, t1, t2, t3 and α are coefficients for overvoltage on Where,
electrodes.
According to the external electrical characteristics, the model of
electrolytic cell can be established. As shown in Fig. 2, MW-level 1
HPS can be obtained by combining multiple single electrolytic cells Yp ( s ) (3)
in series and parallel. Z c ( L f C f s 2  1)  L f s

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 Through a low-pass filter, the harmonic components are filtered
L f C f s2  1
Yo ( s) (4) out. Then, by subtracting the fundamental component with grid
Z c ( L f C f s 2  1)  L f s current, the harmonic current flowing into grid can be calculated.
After converting to ESS side, the harmonic current can be suppressed
by the SOGI controller at the resonant frequency.
Where, GPI_I(s)=Kp_I+Ki_I/s, GPI_V(s)= Kp_V+Ki_V/s
With frequency selection ability, SOGI can be used to reduce IV. THE SEAMLESS TRANSFER CONTROL
ZESS at harmonic frequency. The transfer function of SOGI is
A. Improved voltage loop
2 K r Zch s When the RESHP breaks away from the grid and transfers to
GR ( s) ¦ s  2Zch s  Zs
2 2
(5) islanding mode, the control of ESS would switch from P/Q control to
u/f control. However, with the sudden change of outer loop , the PCC
h 6,12,18
voltage would have a shock and a large overshoot, which threatens
Then, the reduced harmonic output impedance can be calculated the safe operation of other DGs and HPS. Therefore, to avoid this
as situation, the shock of current reference in the inner current loop
should be reduced. Hence this paper proposes a control strategy of
adding compensation term to reference current, as shown in Fig. 6.
1  GPI ( s)Yp ( s)
Z ESS _ NEW (6) S S
Yo ( s)  (GPI 1 ( s)  GR ( s))GPI ( s)Yp ( s) igq 1 igq

 
1

 
iqcom iq idcom iq
2 2
Z-1 Z-1
According to equation (2) and (6), a bod diagram can be drawn to
compare the magnitude of ZESS and ZESS_NEW S1
VHcom_d S ref
Bode Diagram 1 id_pqctrl


2 0 idcom ud
0
id
dq  2

 
 udref


GPI_I(s)


GPI_V(s)


ZESS SVM iq
Magnitude(dB)

 ref
GPI_I(s) 1 iq_pqctrl


-20


abc 1
iqcom uq
ZESS_NEW VHcom_q 2 uqref

 



2
GPI_V(s)


0
-40

-60
3 4
10
Frequency (rad/s)
Fig. 4. Magnitude response of the ZESS(s)
As can be seen from Fig. 4, the magnitude of harmonic output
impedance of ESS at harmonic frequency decreases significantly,
indicating that the harmonic impedance decreases. Hence the voltage
drop generated by harmonic current decreases, which can suppresse
the voltage harmonic at the PCC.
B. Harmonic suppression strategy in grid-connected mode
In grid-connected operation, there may existing background
harmonic voltage in grid, with harmonic current generated by HPS at
the same time. Therefore, suppressing harmonics just by adjusting
harmonic output impedance is no longer applicable. In order to avoid
harmonic current flowing into grid, the harmonic current can be
suppressed by ESS directly. The control diagram is shown in Fig. 5.
0 igh_dq
Fig. 6. The control block diagram of ESS based on improved voltage loop
10
For the safe operation of the other DGs and HPS, the power of
each branches should be maintained unchanged at the moment of
transition. Therefore, at the moment, the output current of the ESS
should be changed from the original idq to idq+igdq. Since the line
impedance of the grid is negligible, the PCC voltage is basically
equal to the grid voltage, then the voltage loop output is
approximately close to zero. Hence, the compensation value of
idq+igdq is added to the output of the voltage loop as the given value
of the reference current at the moment of transition, which greatly
reduces the dynamic response time of the transition process.
In order to cope with unplanned transition to islanding mode, the
current compensation loop keeps working during the grid-connected
operation. After receiving the transferring command, switch S
switches to 1, and then the value of compensation term is locked and
output in the form of a constant, so that the output current of the ESS
can quickly reach steady-state and then achieves the seamless
transferring of voltage at PCC.
igabc
igh_abc B. Improved phase locked loop
f0=50Hz igabc


ABC 


VHcom_dq GR(s) 
dq
In the dynamic transferring process of RESHP, especially when
transferring to grid-connected mode, it is necessary to strictly
id P maintain the continuity of its phase. If not, there may existing jump
VHcom_d id_pqctrlref


  Pref of voltage phase at PCC and current shock in each branch, which
GPI_PQ(s)



dq


GPI_I(s) would affect the stability of the whole system. This paper proposes an
SVM
GPI_I(s) iq iq_pqctrlref Q improved PLL with a phase pre-synchronization module and an
Qref


abc  
improved phase calculation module. Its control block diagram is
GPI_PQ(s)


VHcom_q shown in Fig. 7.



Fig. 5. The control diagram of ESS in grid-connected mode

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 THD=2.1% THD=0.3%
ωc 0 θog 1000 1200

Upcc/V
ua uα uα+ uq  500 600

IG/A
1

1
αβ ωc S dq  GPI(s) S
0 0
Mod -500 -600
ub ω0 2π -1000 -1200
θg THD=23.64% THD=23.12% THD=9.21% THD=12.86%
ω0 ud 750 1200
uc uβ uβ+ αβ


IESS/A
IHPS/A
ωc 1 375 600
abc S 0 0
ωc -375 -600
-750 -1200
THD=10.24% THD=0.71% THD=0.7% THD=0.65%
θois 1000 1000

IHPS/A
IDFIG/A
θog 500 500
θog  1 0 0
 Mo Ki θis -500 -500
S  Mod -1000 -1000
2π d
1 0.55 0.575 0.6 0.625 0.65 0.55 0.575 0.6 0.625 0.65
2πf0 S
2π t/s

Fig. 8. Simulation of the harmonic control strategy in island mode

Fig. 7. Improved phase locked loop
1) Improved phase calculation module
The detected phase will be disturbed by harmonics voltage and
then not accurate enough. In this paper, a complex coefficient filter
(CCF) is used to accurately extract the positive sequence fundamental
frequency component of grid voltage without using the symmetrical
component method. CCF has the functions of frequency selection and
polarity selection at the same time. The typical first-order CCF is
shown in equation (7)
As can be seen from Fig. 8, when enabling the proposed
harmonic suppression strategy in islanding mode, the total harmonic
distortion (THD) of the voltage at PCC significantly decreased from
2.1% to 0.3%. Since a low harmonic path had been constructed in
ESS, almost all harmonic current flowed into the ESS and the THD
of DFIG current and PV system current were also decreased. Besides,
the harmonic characteristics of the HPS current were not affected,
whose THD just changed a little.
The harmonic suppression strategy in grid-connected mode is
enabled at 0.6s as shown in Fig. 9.

Zc
THD=0.03% THD=0.01% THD=13.64% THD=0.3%
Upcc/V 1000 1300
G( s) (7) 500 650

IG/A
s r jZ0  Zc 0
-500
0
-650
-1000 -1300
THD=22.88% THD=22.86% THD=0.63% THD=27.49%
750 700

IESS/A
IHPS/A

Where ω0 is the band-pass frequency and it is set as the grid 375 350
0 0
frequency, ωc is a constant, which determines the bandwidth of the -375 -350
filter. The specific implementation structure of CCF is shown in the -750 -700
THD=0.17% THD=0.14% THD=0.7% THD=0.65%
IDFIG/A

green part of Fig. 7. The complex signal j is realized by feeding back 1000 1000

IHPS/A
500 500
the signal with relative phase difference of 90° in static coordinates, 0
-500
0
-500
so as to extract the required positive sequence components. -1000 -1000
0.55 0.575 0.6 0.625 0.65 0.55 0.575 0.6 0.625 0.65
t/s
2) Phase pre-synchronization module
Phase pre-synchronization refers to that the phase difference Fig. 9. Simulation of the harmonic control strategy in grid-connected mode
between the PCC voltage and the grid voltage should be eliminated in
advance before the RESHP is connected to the grid, which can avoid As can be seen from Fig. 9, when enabling the proposed
the instantaneous impact caused by the abrupt change of phase. The harmonic suppression strategy in grid-connected mode, the total
control block diagram of phase pre-synchronization module is shown harmonic distortion (THD) of the current flowing into grid
in the red part of Fig. 7. In order to avoid phase differences of two significantly decreased from 13.65% to 1.64%. Similarly, almost all
polarities caused by the phase subtraction of sawtooth wave form, the harmonic current flowed into the ESS. At the same time, THD of the
phase before taking the remainder will be used to obtain the phase output current in DFIG, PV system and HPS all just changed a little,
difference. Then the phase difference is connected to the integral since the THD of PCC voltage decreased a bit.
controller to realize smooth phase synchronization and maintain the
stability of PCC voltage. Therefore, after the phase adjustment B. Seamless transfer control
process, the PCC voltage is synchronized with grid voltage. The RESHP are separated with the grid and transfers into
islanding mode at 1s.
V. SIMULATION STUDIES Large overshoot Large overshoot
1000 1300
Upcc/V

For the sake of verifying the feasibility and practicability of the 500 650
IG/A

0 0
proposed strategies, a RESHP was built in MATLAB/SIMULINK. -500 -650
-1000 -1300
As shown in Fig. 1, PV system, ESS, DFIG, MW-level alkaline HPS 750 1300
IESS/A

are all connected at PCC in the simulation model. The related

IHPS/A

375 650
0 0
parameters are shown in Table I. -375 -650
-750 -1300
1000 1000
IDFIG/A

A. Harmonic control strategy

IHPS/A

500 500
0 0
The harmonic control strategy in islanding mode is enabled at -500 -500
-1000 -1000
0.6s as shown in Fig. 8. 0.95 0.975 1 1.025 1.05 0.95 0.975 1 1.025 1.05
t/s
(a) Current and voltage waveform in RESHP when the improved voltage loop
is disabled

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 1000 1300 impedance at harmonic frequency, a low harmonic path is provided
Upcc/V

500 650

IG/A
0 0 for the harmonic current and the harmonic voltage drop in RESHP is
-500 -650
-1000 -1300 reduced. In grid-connected mode, the ESS is used to suppress the
750 1200 harmonic current in grid directly, and the control target of sinusoidal
IHPS/A

IESS/A
375 600
0 0 grid current is realized.
-375 -600
-750 -1200 On basis of that, a seamless transfer control with improved
1000 1000 voltage loop and improved PLL is proposed. The improved voltage
IDFIG/A

IHPS/A
500 500
0
-500
0
-500
loop enables the voltage loop to pre-estimate and set the initial output
-1000 -1000 of the regulator before transferring, which realizes the seamless
0.95 0.975 1 1.025 1.05 0.95 0.975 1 1.025 1.05
t/s transition from grid connected mode to islanding mode. And the
improved PLL provides phase reference for the ESS, which can
(b) Current and voltage waveform in RESHP when the improved voltage loop ensure the continuity and smoothness of PCC voltage phase during
is enabled transition process. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the
proposed control strategies.
Fig. 10. Simulation of the seamless transfer control
TABLE I. PARAMATERS IN RESHP
As can be seen from Fig. 10, when enabling the proposed transfer
control, the overshoot in each branch has been greatly reduced. Unit in Parameters
During the transition process, almost all the harmonic current RESHP Items name value
Shunt RH 0.004Ω
generated by HPS flows into the ESS. At the same time, the power
capacitor
quality of the current in DFIG, PV and the grid are not affected. branch CH 300uF
The RESHP is connected to the grid at 1s. The phase pre-
r1 0.783e-4
synchronization module started to work at 0.55s.
1000 1200 r2 -0.507e-7
Upcc/V

500 600
IG/A

0 0 s1 1.936e-1
-500 -600
-1000 -1200 s2 1.762e-3
750 1200
s3 -0.421e-5
IESS/A
IHPS/A

375 600
0 0 HPS
-375 -600 t1 3.959e-2
-750 -1200 Electrolysis
1000 1000 t2 -1.284e-2
IDFIG/A

cell
IHPS/A

500 500
0 0 t3 1.824e-3
-500 -500
-1000
0.95 0.975 1 1.025 1.05
-1000
0.95 0.975 1 1.025 1.05
A 0.25m2
t/s N 250
(a) Current and voltage waveform in RESHP when the pre-synchronization
T 50°C
module is disabled
F 96,485C mol-1
Upcc/V

1000 1200
IG/A

500 600 α 0.001

0 0
-500 -600 Rated power Ppv 500kW
-1000 -1200 PV
750 1200 system Rated voltage Vpv 311V
IHPS/A

IESS/A

375 600
0 0 Rated power Pdfig 500kW
-375 -600 DFIG
-750 -1200 Rated voltage Vdfig 564V
1000 1000
IDFIG/A

500 500 Impedance of

IHPS/A

0 0 Zc 0.00035Ω
-500 -500 collector line
-1000 -1000
0.95 0.975 1 1.025 1.05 0.95 0.975 1 1.025 1.05 Cf 0.02F
t/s Filter circuit
Lf 0.9684mH
(b) Current and voltage waveform in RESHP when the pre-synchronization
module is enabled PI parameters Kp_I 40
of current loop Ki_I 80
Fig. 11. Simulation of the seamless transfer control
PI parameters Kp_V 7.5
of voltage loop Ki_V 30
As can be seen from Fig. 11, at transition moment, when there is
a phase difference between PCC voltage and grid voltage, the ESS PI parameters Kp_P 6
RESHP is unstable. When enabling the proposed transfer strategy, of power loop Ki_P 90
there is no phase difference between PCC voltage and grid voltage,
Kr_6 0.5305
and the system operates stably. During the transition process,
harmonic suppression strategies are performed normally, and the ωc_6 25rad/s
power quality of the current in DFIG, PV and the grid are not ωs 6 600πrad/s
affected. Kr 12 0.1326
SOGI ωc 12 25rad/s
VI. CONCLUSIONS ωs 12 1200πrad/s
Kr 18 0.0884
In this paper, a seamless transfer control with harmonic ωc 18 25rad/s
suppression considered is proposed for the RESHP. ωs 18 1800πrad/s
In islanding mode, the output impedance of ESS is analyzed Power
grid f0 50Hz
theoretically, and then by reducing the magnitude of the output frequency

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