Senate and disaccharides a ae il tig, mM ‘This isa selfstudy union the biochemistry of simple carbohydrates. The three worksheets iv some ofthe information you need, and selftest questions (STQS) are provided fr you to test yout ‘understanding as you work tough. The questions tha stat FIND OUT. guide you to finding arther information trom a textbook, When you have finished, the unt wil fom a se of notes on mono saccharides, disaccharides and reducing suger. Monosaccharides ‘All carboyrates are elther monosaccharides or thay ae formed rom monersccharides. Mona ‘means one’ and monosaccharies are the simplest earbotydaes. They are soluble, sweettasting ‘molecules and have the general molecular formula CHO). In biology tre important mono ‘secharides are toes (where m3), pentoes and hexoses, sTqu (@) Namo the elements present in carbohydrates, () Wte down the molecular forma o tose (© Suggest how many earbon atoms there are in a pentose. (@ Figure 81 shows the incomplete structural formula ofa monosaccharide, aa Inf AL 2 Figure 4 Isthis molecule a wise, pentose ora hexose? (QD Complete the diagram by inserting H for hydrogen in the appropriate laces, (Qin: The number of bonds formed is hydrogen I, oxygen 2 and carton 4) calls & cell biology 69oyna and disacch: he FIND OUT... 4 Use your textbook to help you ta complete the table ononaccari | NBT Ver unm tng rename encode Thatta rosa amas seers 3a | pooe a= cells & cell biology 70£o3 woonsemnamis and disaccharides Disaccharides ‘wo monosaccharides may oin together to form a disecharide, A disaccharide has the genera molecular formula C,(H,0)q,. Two glucose molecules join together to form maltose Clucose and Fructose jin together to ou sucrose. stQ2 (2) Give the molecular formula for sucrose. (©) What isthe name ofthe molecule lost when two monosaccharides join together? (Hint: Look at the general formula or 2 monosaccharide) fhicoe moeclesein‘ogeber ah When maltose stormed he : though paiculr bon tos. og e Figure 82 showstwo gucose 7% yw ‘molecules where the carbon re YY LI Honshavebeen sumberdin OC NL ov ow NI the standard way, rom 110 6. ia rot owe 82 4 Now. BE atone gmc, dra snr agra to show how the wo glucose molecules in ger om, maltese 4: Woat is the name of this kindof reaction? £5 Whats the name of the typeof bond formed between the two glucose molecules? rtp tan Ups cells & coll biology alCe rides and disaccharides STQ3 Figure 83 shows the cisaccharide sucrose, ‘The two monosaccharides ‘of which itis composed are Incomplete and so ae called monosaccharide residues (@) On the diagram: () draw a ving around the glycosidic bon (GD writ in the names of the two monosaccharide residues (©) When the bonds broken, which atoms would need tobe replaced in onder to price complete monosaccharides? YZ © Fructosehasa vesded or pentagonshaped rng Why is rutose a hexose and nota pense? FIND OUT, ee 6 Whats the name of the kind of rseton involved in breaking a ycosice bons? | ; GE scree the common gars fo swecenng od an tsabo he mnie cxbtydate SGE__‘seanporad npn Maule of icse arto ag fae tough ama merase a the ml nein coe tye by teense sae ae auc can he De strobe. ins texte dancer an bed by toting in pon ce 8 (a) Find out the name of another disaccharide not mentioned in this un, (©) Where i this disaccharide found in ting organisms? (© Give one function ofthis saccharide Pip Aan Utes cells & cell biology 72encom and disaccharides SEE Reducing sugars ‘All monosaccharides and some disaccharides are called reducing ugersbecause when boiled with blue Benedict’ reagent they reduce the blue copper) compound toa red ccpper() compound. “The‘reducing centre’ is carbon alom {In glucose an carbon atom 2 fructose, These can ony act as reducing centres when they are not involved in a glycosidic bond. STQS ook atthe diagrams of maltose and sucrose on wotksteet We Explain why maltose isa reducing “sugar but sucrose snot = Analysis and application Use he knowledge guined inthis unit to help you answer the folowing quesion, Samples of sb liferent sugar solutions were tested using Benedict’ reagent, Another mpc of each solution was boiled with hydrochloric acl, neutralised and then ested with Benedict reagent. Te dearee of «colour change was recorded as (no colour change), +, ++ and ++-= (maximum colour change). Some of the results are shown inthe table. (Note: A 2% sugar solution Is 2g sugar in 100 em of solution) ‘Sugar solution | Result before boling in acd | Result ater boling acid 0.5% gcse + + 1% ghoose + + 2 ohcose +e ae Pe tacose 2 matose 2h sucrose (@) Using the same method of recording, complete the table showing the expscted rests forthe ‘other three sugar solutions, (plain the reasons or your answers 2% et nn PF MANOS one BR et cn Phe aan Ue cells & cell biology 73