4 Paper Jurna

Syukri Indrawansyah, Abdullah, & Cut Zukhrina Oktaviani : Hotel Building
Reliability Towards Building Age
HOTEL BUILDING RELIABILITY TOWARDS BUILDING AGE
Syukri Indrawansyah*, Abdullah**, Cut Zukhrina Oktaviani***

*
Department of Civil Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia,
syukri.indrawansyah@gmail.com
**
abdullahmahmud@unsyiah.ac.id
***
cut.zukhrina@unsyiah.ac.id
Email Correspondence: syukri.indrawansyah@gmail.com
Received : February 5, 2020 Accepted : June 12, 2020 Published : December 31, 2020
Abstract: Mahara Hotel is a tourism-supporting facility and infrastructure first

established in Central Aceh District in 1999. This 3-story hotel used a reinforced
concrete frame structure, and as time goes by, the service capacity of the building would
decrease. This condition was suspected to affect quality and user convenience.
Anticipate the older age of the building, and better maintenance management is applied
so that the proper building’s function can be maintained. The purpose of this study was
to assess the reliability of 20 year-established hotel buildings. The method was a
descriptive analysis. Data were analyzed based on the guidelines of Technical
Procedures for Guidelines for Certificate of Eligibility for Functions (SLF) of Buildings
Regulation of Minister of Public Works No. 25/PRT/M/2007. Based on the results, the
reliability value of the Mahara Hotel building was unreliable (66.75 %), less than the
SLF guidelines (at least 75 %). Some components that caused a low level of reliability
to include utility and fire protection components (20.34 %) and accessibility
components (3.11 %). The effective and efficient component in increasing the reliability
of the building was the utility and fire protection components by not requiring major
demolition.
Keywords: Assessment; Reliability; Care; Building
Abstrak: Hotel Mahara merupakan sarana dan prasarana penunjang pariwisata yang
pertama kali berdiri di Kabupaten Aceh Tengah pada tahun 1999. Hotel berlantai 3 ini
menggunakan struktur rangka beton bertulang dan seiring dengan berjalannya waktu,
daya layan gedung akan semakin menurun. Kondisi ini ditenggarai akan mempengaruhi
kualitas dan kenyamanan pengguna. Untuk mengantisipasi hal tersebut, maka semakin
tua umur bangunan, seharusnya didukung dengan penerapan manajemen pemeliharaan
yang baik agar kelayakan fungsi dari bangunan dapat dipertahankan. Tujuan dari
penelitian ini untuk menilai keandalan bangunan hotel setelah berumur 20 tahun.
Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif. Data dianalisis berdasarkan panduan
Teknis Tata Cara Pedoman Sertifikat Laik Fungsi (SLF) Bangunan Gedung Peraturan
Menteri Pekerjaan Umum No. 25/PRT/M/2007. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, nilai
keandalan bangunan gedung Hotel Mahara termasuk tidak andal yaitu sebesar 66.75 %,
kurang dari yang dipersyaratkan oleh pedoman SLF tersebut yaitu minimal 75 %.
Beberapa komponen yang menyebabkan rendahnya tingkat keandalan anatara lain
komponen utilitas dan proteksi kebakaran sebesar 20.34 % serta komponen aksesibilitas
sebesar 3.11 %. Komponen yang efektif serta efisien dalam menaikkan tingkat
201 | Elkawnie: Journal of Islamic Science and Technology Vol. 6, No. 2, December 2020
(www.jurnal.ar-raniry.ac.id/index.php/elkawnie)
DOI: 10.22373/ekw.v6i2.6313
keandalan bangunan gedung tersebut adalah komponen utilitas dan proteksi kebakaran
dengan tidak mengharuskan pembongkaran yang besar.
Kata kunci: Penilaian; Keandalan; Perawatan; Bangunan Gedung
Recommended APA Citation :

Indrawansyah, S., Abdullah, & Oktaviani, C. Z. (2020). Hotel Building Reliability
Towards Building Age. Elkawnie, 6(2), 201-212.
https://doi.org/10.22373/ekw.v6i2.6313
Introduction
Mahara Hotel was established in 1999 with three floors using reinforced
concrete frame structures. As Mahara hotel has been operating for approximately 20
years, its feasibility of the building might decrease. Therefore, it is necessary to take
special care related to the feasibility of the building. Since hotel establishment,
Earthquakes of magnitude 9.1 and 6.2 occurred in 2004 and 2013 in Central Aceh
Regency. Although visually, Mahara Hotel buildings did not experience significant
damage during the earthquakes but considering the age and the number of damaged
buildings due to earthquakes. It is necessary to conduct a careful assessment, especially
on structural elements.
To construct the reliability and feasibility of building construction function,
technical and administrative requirements must have complied with following the
function of the building itself (Rambe, 2017). Evaluation of building reliability was
carried out using technical guidance parameters on procedures for checking building
reliability (Regulation of the Minister of Public Works No. 25/PRT/M/2007).
Literature Review
Building
According to Law of Building in the Republic of Indonesia No. 28 of 2002, the
definition of the building is a physical form of construction works which integrate with
the land it stands on, partly or wholly stands over and/or underground or water, having a
function as a place for people to do their activities, either for residence or place to live,
religious, business, social, culture or any specific activity.
Building Technical Requirement

The technical requirements for building construction, including
building layout requirements and building reliability requirements (Law of the
Republic of Indonesia No. 28 of 2002 regarding Building), such as:
a. Requirements for building utilization, intensity, architecture, and condition of
environmental impact management. Allotment requirements are the provision
of the location concerned following the regency/city Regional Spatial Plan
(RTRW), Regency Spatial Detail Plan (RDTRK), and Building and
Environmental Planning (RTBL).
DOI: 10.22373/ekw.v6i2.6313
b. Requirements of building reliability, including safety aspect, healthy,

convenience, and facility that meet technical requirements by building
performance.
Building Reliability Assessment

Referring to the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works No.
25/PRT/M/2007, regarding SLF Guidelines for Buildings, there are five crucial
components in observing and testing building reliability, i.e., assessment of architectural,
structural, utility and fire protection, accessibility, and building layout and environmental
components.
a. Architectural Component Assessment
The actual value of the architectural conditions is a separated value based on each
condition in each element of the building architecture. The condition value explains
the quality and quantity of each sub-element when damage or defects occur.
Components that are visually assessed and measured on each element of the building
reliability architecture, including the inner and outer parts.
b. Structural Component Assessment
The actual value of the structure is obtained based on the conditions in each element
of the building structure. The visually assessed and measured components are the
foundation, structural columns, structural beams, joint columns, floor plates, roof
plates, stair beam plates, ceiling hangers, etc.
c. Utility and Fire Protection Components Assessment
The utility and fire protection conditions values are obtained based on the conditions
in each part of the utility element and building fire protection. There are seven
components assessed, including the system of fire prevention devices, vertical
transportation, plumbing, electrical devices, air conditioning devices, lightning rods,
and communication devices.
d. Accessibility Component Assessment
The evaluation of this component is more emphasized in the interests of safety,
convenience, usefulness, and independence in building facilities utilization. Visually
assessed and measured components including the basic parameters of space
utilization, pedestrian and ramp paths, parking area, equipment, and its control, public
toilets, doors, elevator accessibility, communication, and stairs.
e. Building Layout and Environmental Components Assessment
Following the principles of arrangement, use, utilization, and management of
buildings for their ideal and worthy of function, it is necessary to evaluate the
building based on the established regulation. Sub-components of building spatial
planning are Building Floor Coefficient (KLB), Green Base Coefficient (KDH), and
Building Base Coefficient (KDB). The coefficient value of each component
regulated by local regulations, namely Central Aceh Qanun No. 2 of 2016, Regarding
Spatial Planning for Central Aceh Regency in 2016-2036.
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Research methods
Data Collection Method
The process of examining and collecting data was carried out by visual
inspection, measurement of the condition of existing buildings on critical
components of building reliability such as structure, architecture, accessibility,
fire protection utilities, building layout, and environment (Trumansyahjaya, 2012).
Step of Data Collection

Data collection techniques were carried out using standard technical
guidelines for checking the reliability of buildings in 1998, including:
a. Visual check, without or with the help of digital camera equipment and
inspection of damage, especially in damaged parts such as cracks, porous,
peeled, pitted, etc. This activity was carried out for all components of each
architectural and structural elements.
b. Inspection of existing building drawings. In this study, Asbuilt drawing
documents were not available. Thus, all components re-measured to be used
for building reliability assessments.
c. Measurement of existing building plans, architectural and structural elements
using measuring tape equipment. This measurement conducted by data
collection to determine the dimensions of each architectural component and
reinforced concrete structures installed in the field.
Analysis Techniques
Data analysis for determining the total reliability of hotel building
components, conducted by using the guidance of The Regulation of the Minister of
Public Works No. 25/PRT/M/2007 regarding the technical procedure for Certificate
of Eligibility Functions (SLF) guidelines, The Regulation of the Minister of Public
Works No.29/PRT/M/2006 regarding the instructions for building technical
requirements, The centre for research and development of public works
department in 2007 regarding evaluation procedures for vertical houses
components maintenance. Collected data were analyzed with the descriptive
method by determining the calculation value of each component of building
construction reliability according to these guidelines. The stages of the study are
presented in Figure 1.
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Start
Preliminary study
Preparation of survey forms
Primary data collection,

Secondary data collection, 1. Re-measurement of existing building
1. Drawing design 2. Architectural component value
2. IMB & PBB 3. Structure component value
3. Data on utilization of building 4. Utility and fire protection components value
rights and ownership 5. Accessibility component value
6. Building layout and environmental components
value
7.
Data analysis,
1. Descriptive analysis
2. Software Microsoft Office Excel
Building Reliability Criteria Based on Assessment,

a. Reliable (95 to 100 %), the building can be functioned and refined.
b. Less Reliable (75 to 95 %), the building can be used and functioned but repairation.
c. Unreliable (less than 75 %), the building can still function, but particularly
concerned to be immediately rehabilitated or reconstructed.
Conclusion
Figure 1. Scheme of research stages
Result and Discussion

Result
Data collection from the measurement of each building reliability
component, then the results of data calculation were converted by assessing the
ranking scale according to applicable regulations. The values from data analysis
were inputted into the building reliability assessment form that is issued and
socialized by the Cipta Karya Directorate General of Public Works Department.
Administrative Aspect
In terms of administration, the inspection results for Mahara Hotel building
following the Minister of Public Works No. 25/PRT/M/2007 regarding SLF Guidelines
for Buildings, as shown in Table 1.
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Tabel 1. The administrative aspect of building
Functioning Condition Components Status

Building Construction Permit (IMB) Available
Land and Building Tax (PBB) Available
Detail Engineering Design Available
Ownership Documents Available
Operational Permits Available
Environmental impact assessment Available
Year of construction
documents 1999
Based on calculation results, the completeness of the Mahara hotel

building administration has a good level of administrative order, and it was
obtained from an interview with the building owner by showing evidence of all
regulatory documents. It can be concluded that the Mahara Hotel building has
functional administrative requirements.
Architectural Reliability Assessment Analysis

Table 2 shows the results of the building architecture components calculations,
and the values were summed to get the reliability value of the building architecture.
Tabel 2. Architectural reliability value
The maximum value Reliability

Components Condition of each component (%) value
(Absolute) (%)
Use of Room Function 15.00 13.99
Floor Coating 10.00 9.97
Floor Plastering 10.00 10.00
Interior 80 % Wallcovering 10.00 9.94
Wall Plastering 10.00 9.99
Kusen Pintu dan Jendela 10.00 9.61
Ceiling Layer 15.00 14.60
Sub-total 80.00 78.10
Roof cover 10.00 9.80
Exterior Wall Surface Coating 2.00 1.04
Exterior Wall Plastering 0.50 0.41
Exterior 20 %
Exterior Floor Coating 3.00 3.00
Exterior Wall Plastering 2.50 2.23
Ceiling Coating 2.00 2.00
Sub-total 20.00 18.49
Total 100.00 96.59
Based on the Minister of Public Works Regulation No. 29/PRT/M/2006

regarding guidelines for building technical requirements, architectural reliability
plays an important role in the realization of buildings based on environmental
characteristics, building design concepts, and regional culture following their
environment. The priority in the calculation of architectural components, including
DOI: 10.22373/ekw.v6i2.6313
the functional aspects, and interior and exterior conditions become part of
determining the comfort in building reliability aspect (Rosalina, 2011).
The result of Mahara Hotel building architectural reliability analysis was 96.59 %
and concluded as a reliable architectural category according to the specified
reliability value requirements of 95 to 100 %.
A B
Figure 2. A. Overall architectural reliability condition. B. Architectural damage conditions
Utility and Fire Protection Reliability Assessment Analysis

The results of the utility and fire protection reliability of the Mahara Hotel
building are listed in Table 3.
Table 3. Utility and fire protection reliability value
Function Kmax Depreciatio Reliability value

Components Reliability n Factor ɸ
Good Fair Poor (%) (%) Real K Utility
INSTALLATION OF FIRE PREVENTION
A
SYSTEMS
Fire Alarm System - - - 20.00 0.00 0.00
Automatic Sprinkler - - - 20.00 0.00 0.00
Extinguisher Gas - - - 20.00 0.00 0.00
Hydrant - - - 20.00 0.00 0.00
Fife extinguisher √ 20.00 20.00 2.86
Total 20.00 3.33
B VERTICAL TRANSPORT
Elevator / Lift : Availabe/Not
- - - 25.00 0.00 0.00
Available
Escalator : : Availabe/Not
- - - 25.00 0.00 0.00
Available
Stairs; Condition √ 50.00 50.00 7.14
Total 100.00 50.00 7.14
C PLUMBING
Clean water √ 50.00 37.00 5.29
Dirty water √ 50.00 41.40 5.91
Total 100.00 78.40 11.20
D ELECTRICAL DEVICES
Resources from the National
√ 50.00 43.00 7.14
Electric Company (PLN)
Resources from Generators /
√ 50.00 33.00 4.71
Generators
Total 100.00 76.00 11.86
E AIR MANAGEMENT DEVICES
Direct Cooling System - - - 50.00 0.00 0.00
Indirect Cooling System - - - 50.00 0.00 0.00
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Function Kmax Depreciatio Reliability value

Components Reliability n Factor ɸ
Good Fair Poor (%) (%) Real K Utility
Total 100.00 0.00 0.00
F LIGHTNING LIFTER DEVICE
Main Installation of Lightning
- - - 50.00 0.00 0.00
Protection
Lightning Protection
- - - 50.00 0.00 0.00
Installation
Total 100.00 0.00
G COMMUNICATION DEVICES
Telephone & Internet √ 50.00 50.00 7.14
Sound system (Speaker) - - - 50.00 0.00 0.00
Total 100.00 50.00 7.14
Total Utility and Fire Protection Reliability: 40.68
The resulting utility and fire protection components reliability calculation

of the Mahara Hotel building was 40.68 %, concluded as an unreliable category
since the value was less than 85 % according to the specified reliability value
requirements.
A B
Figure 3. Condition of utility and fire protection. A. Lack of lightning protection facilities.
B. Lack of fire-fighting sprinkle facilities
Analysis of Structural Reliability Assessment

Table 4 shows the results of building structure reliability components
calculation, and these values were summed to get the total value of building structure
reliability based on predetermined coefficients.
Table 4. Structural reliability value
The functioning of Structural Kmax Realization of Structural

Components Condition (%) Reliability Value
I Structure of Main Building Elements
Concrete Foundation Structure 25.00 25.00
Concrete Structure Column Pole 20.00 17.96
Concrete Beam Structure 15.00 14.59
Joint Column - Concrete Beam Structure 15.00 14.03
Concrete Floor Plates 4.50 4.50
Concrete Roof Plates 0.50 0.00
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The functioning of Structural Kmax Realization of Structural

Components Condition (%) Reliability Value
Ceiling hanger 5.00 5.00
Total 85.00 81.08
II Buildings Complementary Element Structure
Plates/Beam of Stairs 6.00 6.00
Secondary Beam 5.00 4.38
Óther elements 4.00 4.00
Total 15.00 14.38
Total 100.00 95.45
The results of Mahara Hotel building structural reliability analysis was

95.45 %, concluded in a reliable category according to the specified architectural
reliability values of 95 to 100 %.
A B
Figure 4. Structural reliability condition A and B. Damage is in the beam components

located in the hotel conference room (deflection and cracking).
Accessibility Reliability Assessment Analysis

Table 5 shows the results of building accessibility components calculations, and these
values were summed to get the value of building accessibility reliability.
Tabel 5. Reliability assessment value
The maximum value Factorized Reliability

Accessibility Components
(%) Value (%)
Room size 20.00 20.00
Pedestrian area dan ramp 20.00 0.00
Parking area 20.00 10.40
Tools and equipment 5.00 2.50
Toilet 20.00 16.60
Door 15.00 12.75
Elevator accessibility 0.00 0.00
Telephone 0.00 0.00
Escalator 0.00 0.00
Total 100.00
The total accessibility reliability value 62.25
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The result of Mahara Hotel building accessibility reliability analysis was

62.25 %, concluded as unreliable since the value was less than 75 % according to
the specified reliability value requirements.
Building Layout and Environmental Reliability Assessments Analysis

The calculation of building layout and environmental reliability assessments
analysis adapted to Qanun of Central Aceh District No. 2 of 2016, regarding the
Central Aceh Regional Spatial Planning 2016-2036. Based on the qanun or regional
regulation, the value of each component is 40 % for the Building Base Coefficient
(KDB), 0 – 60 % for the Building Floor Coefficient (KLB), and a minimum of 30 %
for the Green Base Coefficient (KDH). The results of the data analysis shown in table
6.
Table 6. Building layout and environmental reliability value
Maximum
Not Reliability
Components Available Value Reliability
available value
(Absolute)
Compliance with urban planning
administration
Building Base Coefficient (KDB) √ 2.00 2.00 100
Building Floor Coefficient (KLB) √ 2.00 2.00 100
Green Base Coefficient (KDH) √ 1.00 1.00 100
Total value 100.00
The result of building layout and environmental reliability analysis of Mahara

Hotel building was 100 %, concluded as a reliable category according to the
reliability value requirements that had been set at 95-100 %.
Total Reliability Value of Building

Table 7 shows the overall results of the Mahara Hotel building reliability
components assessment.
Table 7. Recapitulation of total reliability value
Criteria of Reliability (Absolute) Perce Total

Aspect/Com
Less Not K- ntage Reliability
ponent Reliable K-value K-value
Reliable Reliable value (%) Value (%)
Architecture 95 - 100 96.59 75 - < 95 < 75 10.00 9.66
Structure 95 - 100 94.13 85 - < 95 < 85 30.00 28.64
Utility, fire
95 - 100 75 - < 95 < 95 40.68 50.00 20.34
protection
Accessibility 95 - 100 75 - < 95 < 75 62.25 5.00 3.11
Building
layout and 95 - 100 100.00 75 - < 95 < 75 5.00 5.00
environment
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Criteria of Reliability (Absolute) Perce Total

Aspect/Com
Less Not K- ntage Reliability
ponent Reliable K-value K-value
Reliable Reliable value (%) Value (%)
Total 100.00 66.75
Building Reliability Value Unreliable
Mahara Hotel building total reliability analysis was 66.75 %, concluded as an

unreliable category since the minimum value required in the total building reliability
is 75 %. However, buildings can still be used and function because architecture,
structure, building layout, and environment were categorized as reliable, and the
security, safety, and comfort of the building remain in proper condition.
Discussion
The value of each component reliability of Mahara Hotel building can be
used as an indicator of whether Mahara Hotel building management needs to be
followed up to improve aspects of each component, which does not meet the
requirement of building reliability. This case especially in the elements of utility
and fire protection and accessibility. Although the results of Mahara Hotel building,
structural reliability assessment were categorized as reliable (94.13 %), however,
it is necessary to maintain and repair some parts of the structure. Based on crack
data that occurs in several parts of the beam structure of the 2nd-floor meeting room,
repairation should be done immediately. Several repairation methods, i.e., crack
epoxy injection and Carbon Fiber Reinforcement Polymer (CFRP), can be utilized
as an alternative (Antonius et al., 2009; Budio et al.). However, this type of
improvement is only for restoring the initial conditions, not for changing or
increasing the strength of the structure itself.
Conclusion
Based on the results of Mahara Hotel building reliability analysis, it can be
concluded that the reliability of building administrative aspects is following the
provisions, but the building technical factors reliability only 66.75 %, which
categorized as unreliable since the value was below specified reliability
requirements of <75 %. Although the total reliability value was classified as
unreliable, the operational of the Mahara Hotel building can still be used and
functioned because the reliability value of architecture, structure, building layout
and environment were included in the reliable category. The improvement of
utility and accessibility components can be conducted for improving the building
reliability.
DOI: 10.22373/ekw.v6i2.6313
Reference
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Mekanikal Elektrikal Pada Bangunan Publik Di Semarang [Laporan
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Kapasitas dan Keandalan Bangunan, Studi Kasus : SMA 1 Madiun.
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Bangunan-Gedung.
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Sertifikat Laik Fungsi Bangunan Gedung Nomor : 25 Tahun 2007.
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https://greenbuilding.jakarta.go.id/files/regulations/permenpu-25-2007-
slf.pdf.
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Gedung Nomor 29 Tahun 2006. Jakarta: Penulis. Accessed from
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Skill Facility Management. Yogyakarta. Penerbit Andi.
Rambe, Y. F. S. (2017). Analisa Keandalan Fisik Bangunan Gedung (Studi Kasus:
Gedung Departemen Teknik Sipil Fakultas Teknik Universitas Sumatera
Utara [Skripsi]. Medan. Universitas Sumatera Utara.
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Jurnal Arsip Rekayasa Sipil dan Perencanaan, 2(4):360-368 (2019)
https://doi.org/10.24815/jarsp.v2i2.14953
Jurnal Arsip Rekayasa Sipil dan Perencanaan (JARSP)

Journal of Archive in Civil Engineering and Planning
E-ISSN: 2615-1340; P-ISSN: 2620-7567
Journal homepage: http://www.jurnal.unsyiah.ac.id/JARSP/index
HUBUNGAN DAN PENGARUH FAKTOR-FAKTOR RISIKO RANTAI

PASOK MATERIAL TERHADAP KINERJA PROYEK PEMBANGUNAN
ISSN:
GEDUNG DI KABUPATEN PIDIE 2088-9860
JAYA DAN BIREUEN
Journal homepage: http://jurnal.unsyiah.ac.id/aijst
ISSN: 2088-9860
Fahmi M. Hasana,*, Mochammad Afifuddinb, Abdullahc
a, Journal homepage: http://jurnal.unsyiah.ac.id/aijst
Magister Teknik Sipil, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
b,c
Jurusan Teknik Sipil, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
*Corresponding author, email address: fahmimh@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Article History: The disaster of an earthquake measuring 6.4 on the Richter Scale (SR) that hit
Received 15 October 2019 Pidie, Pidie Jaya and Bireuen Districts on December 7, 2016 has resulted in
Revised 14 December 2019 damage to infrastructure and facilities. In an effort to accelerate post-disaster
Accepted 22 December 2019 rehabilitation and reconstruction, the Ministry of Public Works and Public
Housing, carried out the rebuilding of the At-Taqarrub Mosque, Ulee Glee
Market in Pidie Jaya District and Al-Aziziyah Islamic College in Bireuen District.
Some of the risks that occur in the implementation of the project are the
Keywords: replacement of material use, the late submission of material proposals from the
Risk executor, material fabrication far from the project location, the disruption of land
Supply chain traffic to the project location, instructions for accelerating work so the building is
Material functional before the contract ends from the owner. and there are limitations to
Performance suppliers in meeting a large demand for material in a short time. This study aims
Rehabilitation to analyze the level of relationship and the form of influence between material
Reconstruction
supply chain risk on project performance. This study uses a combined method,
which combines qualitative and quantitative approaches through questionnaires.
Respondents were directed at 20 planning personnel, 26 implementing personnel,
6 construction management personnel and 13 owner staff. The independent
variables reviewed are supply, control, process and demand factors, while the
dependent variable is project performance. The results showed that all material
supply chain risk factors had a high relation to project performance. All material
supply chain risk factors have a significant effect on project performance, which
is equal to 78.8%. The material supply chain risk factor that predominantly affects
project performance is the demand factor, with a regression coefficient of 0.283.
This means that if the demand factor is handled properly by the executor and the
owner, the project performance will increase by 28.3%.
©2019 Magister Teknik Sipil Unsyiah. All rights reserved
1. PENDAHULUAN
Bencana gempa bumi berkekuatan 6,4 Skala Richter (SR) yang melanda Kabupaten Pidie, Pidie Jaya dan
Bireuen, Provinsi Aceh pada tanggal 7 Desember 2016 telah mengakibatkan kerusakan prasarana dan
sarana. Dalam upaya percepatan rehabilitasi dan rekonstruksi pasca bencana, Kementerian Pekerjaan
Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat (PUPR), melakukan pembangunan kembali Masjid At-Taqarrub, Pasar
Ulee Glee dan Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam (STAI) Al-Aziziyah. Proyek pembangunan tersebut
dilaksanakan dengan sistem rancang bangun (design and build) selama 343 hari, mulai dari 22 September
2017 hingga 30 Agustus 2018.
Proyek di atas didesain dan dilaksanakan oleh PT. Wijaya Karya Bangunan Gedung, dan diawasi
oleh konsultan Manajemen Konstruksi (MK) yaitu PT. Virama Karya (Persero). Untuk mewujudkan
proyek, pelaksana perlu memasok material, peralatan, dan mendatangkan tenaga kerja ke lokasi proyek.
Pengadaan material dalam proyek konstruksi merupakan hal yang rumit dengan bermacam-macam jenis
material dan berbagai sumber yang tersedia.
360
Adapun material yang di datangkan ke lokasi proyek ini seperti baja tulangan, baja profil, beton precast,
beton batching plan, rangka dan penutup kubah (enamel), dan lain sebagainya. Aliran pemasukan
material yang beraneka ragam dan dari berbagai sumber ke lokasi proyek ini dinamakan dengan rantai
pasok material.
Selama pelaksanaan, kegiatan proyek pembangunan Masjid At-Taqarrub, Pasar Ulee Glee dan STAI
Al-Aziziyah ini dihadapkan dengan ketidakpastian (risiko) pada rantai pasok material. Risiko pertama
adalah instruksi pergantian penggunaan material dari rencana awal akibat terjadinya review design. Risiko
kedua adalah terlambatnya pengajuan usulan material dari pelaksana, sehingga terlambatnya persetujuan
material dari owner yang berakibat terlambatnya order material. Risiko ketiga adalah pabrikasi material
yang jauh dari lokasi proyek, dan adanya gangguan lalu-lintas menuju lokasi proyek pembangunan karena
adanya pembangunan kembali jembatan Krueng Tingkeum Kecamatan Kutablang Kabupaten Bireuen.
Risiko keempat owner memerintahkan percepatan pekerjaan agar bangunan dapat difungsikan
(fungsional) sebelum kontrak berakhir dari owner, yang diperhitungkan lebih cepat 2 bulan. Risiko
kelima adanya keterbatasan supplier dalam memenuhi permintaan material yang banyak dalam waktu
singkat. Semua risiko tersebut dapat menyebabkan material terlambat sampai ke lokasi proyek, yang pada
akhirnya dapat mempengaruhi kinerja proyek. Kinerja proyek yang baik ditandai dengan proyek
dikerjakan sesuai dengan kurun waktu, hasil pekerjaan memenuhi spesifikasi dan kriteria, hasil pekerjaan
memenuhi standar quality control, tidak adanya kecelakaan kerja di lingkungan kerja, dan tidak adanya
kesalahan dalam melalukan pekerjaan. Adapun yang menjadi rumusan masalah adalah bagaimana
hubungan dan pengaruh antara faktor-faktor risiko rantai pasok material terhadap kinerja proyek
pembangunan Masjid At-Taqarrub, Pasar Ulee Glee di Kabupaten Pidie Jaya dan STAI Al-Aziziyah di
Kabupaten Bireuen.
2. KAJIAN PUSTAKA
Rantai Pasok (Supply Chain)
Rantai pasok adalah jalinan kerja sama perusahaan yang berinteraksi untuk menyampaikan produk (barang atau
jasa) kepada pelanggan akhir (Vrijhoef, 1999). Rantai pasok lebih menekankan pada semua aktivitas dalam
memenuhi kebutuhan konsumen, yang di dalamnya terdapat aliran dan transformasi barang mulai dari bahan baku
sampai ke konsumen akhir dan disertai dengan aliran informasi dan uang (Li, 2006). Pelaku-pelaku rantai pasok
sebagai berikut.
1. Owner (pelaku hilir)
Jaringan supply chain proyek dimulai dari adanya suatu permintaan atau kebutuhan owner, yang mengawali
dikerjakannya proyek konstruksi bangunan dan berakhir kembali pada owner untuk digunakan saat proyek
telah selesai.
2. Kontraktor (pelaku utama)
Kontraktor adalah perusahaan konstruksi yang memberikan jasa layanan pekerjaan pelaksanaan proyek
konstruksi sesuai dengan perencanaan dan spesifikasi yang telah ditetapkan pada kontrak konstruksi.
3. Subkontraktor, supplier dan mandor (pelaku hulu)
Subkontraktor adalah suatu perusahaan yang berkontrak dengan kontraktor utama untuk mengerjakan satu atau
beberapa bagian pekerjaan utama. Dalam satu proyek kontraktor utama bisa bekerja sama dengan beberapa
subkontraktor. Sejalan dengan perkembangan kontrak kontruksi, saat ini sering terjadi owner yang secara
langsung bekerja sama dengan subkontraktor maupun supplier dengan tujuan menekan biaya konstruksi
(Susilawati, 2005).
Risiko Rantai Pasok

Risiko rantai pasok adalah probabilitas dan kemungkinan dari kejadian yang tidak diharapkan, baik pada
tingkat mikro atau makro yang mempengaruhi secara negatif pada rantai pasok yang berakibat pada
gangguan atau kegagalan tingkat operasional, taktis atau strategis. Risiko makro mengacu pada risiko-
risiko yang sangat buruk dan jarang terjadi yang berdampak negatif, terdiri dari risiko natural (misal
gempa bumi, cuaca ekstrim), dan risiko akibat manusia (perang, terorisme dan ketidakstabilan politik).
Risiko mikro mengacu pada risiko yang berasal dari kegiatan internal perusahaan atau hubungan dengan
mitra di sepanjang rantai pasok (Ho, 2015). Risiko dapat terjadi dalam berbagai bentuk di sepanjang
rantai pasok, namun sumbernya dapat digolongkan ke dalam empat golongan, yairu supply, control,
process, dan demand (Mason, Jones, dan Towill, 2000).
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Faktor-faktor Risiko Rantai Pasok Material

Risiko rantai pasok material terdapat beberapa faktor yaitu faktor supply, control, process, dan demand. Indikator
dari faktor tersebut terangkum dalam Tabel 1.
Tabel 1. Faktor-faktor risiko rantai pasok material (1/2)
No. Faktor Indikator
1 Supply Pengiriman ulang material karena mutu material tidak sesuai spesifikasi seperti pemesanan
Keterlambatan material karena kendala produksi di pabrik
Pengiriman ulang material karena material rusak saat pemasokan
Penundaan pengiriman material karena keterbatasan stok material dari supplier
Pemesanan ulang jumlah material karena ketidakakuratan informasi mengenai harga material
oleh supplier
Pembatalan pengiriman material karena tidak adanya alat angkut
Waktu tunggu material yang lama untuk memenuhi kuota pemesanan karena pengiriman bertahap
dari keterbatasan alat angkut oleh supplier
2 Control Perubahan pemesanan yang mendadak karena jadwal penggunaan material yang tidak sesuai
Perubahan pemesanan pengadaan material karena ketidaktepatannya kontraktor dalam menyusun
jadwal pelaksanaan proyek seperti yang terjadi di lapangan
Kurangnya kemampuan manajerial dari sub kontraktor sehingga pekerjaan tidak selesai tepat
waktu dan terjadi penundaan pengadaan material
Kelalaian dari subkontraktor dan kontraktor dalam penanganan material menyebabkan
pemasokan ulang dari material yang tidak tersimpan dengan penanganan tepat
Material terlalu dini tiba di proyek karena tidak tepatnya waktu pemesanan kebutuhan material,
sehingga memenuhi gudang penyimpanan dan harus membatalkan pemesanan material lain
Pengiriman ulang material karena kesalahan pekerjaan dari instruksi yang diterima tidak jelas
Pengiriman ulang material karena perbedaan gambar dan spesifikasi yang diterima oleh
kontraktor/subkontraktor
Keterlambatan kontraktor utama dalam membayar sub kontraktor
Tertundanya pemesanan material karena kurangnya informasi akan material terpasang dalam
kegiatan konstruksi dari keterlambatan dalam menyerahkan gambar kerja (shop drawing)
3 Process Keterlambatan material karena kepadatan lalu lintas
Keterlambatan material karena kecelakaan tranportasi pengangkut material saat pengiriman
material
Pemesanan ulang material karena material masih kurang untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pekerjaan
Kesalahan dalam spesifikasi material atau perbedaan antara BOQ dan gambar yang
mengakibatkan kurangnya persediaan material di proyek saat dibutuhkan sehingga dilakukan
pemesanan tambahan
Detail desain yang tidak lengkap mengakibatkan tidak matangnya kuantitas dari material yang
akan dipesan sehingga perlu pemesanan ulang material
Kerusakan alat pengangkutan material saat pelaksanaan dapat menyebabkan pekerjaan tertunda
sehingga menunda pemasokan material
Pemesanan ulang material karena kerusakan atau kehilangan material di gudang penyimpanan
Penundaan pengiriman karena kapasitas penyimpanan tidak memadai
4 Demand Kesulitan mencari material
Pemesanan tambahan material karena perubahan spesifikasi
Pemesanan tambahan material karena perubahan fungsi ruang
Pemesanan tambahan material karena perubahan desain yang mendadak oleh owner
Penundaan pengiriman material karena masalah finansial yang tidak lancar
Penundaan pengiriman material karena masalah finansial yang tidak lancar
Sumber: Hatmoko (2017)
Kinerja Proyek
Kinerja (performance) merupakan hasil kerja yang dapat dicapai oleh seseorang atau sekelompok orang
dalam suatu perusahaan, sesuai dengan wewenang dan tanggung jawab masing-masing, dalam upaya
pencapaian tujuan perusahaan (Mutia, 2009). Indikator dari kinerja proyek konstruksi adalah sebagai
berikut.
1. Proyek dikerjakan sesuai dengan kurun waktu yang ditentukan;
2. Hasil pekerjaan memenuhi spesifikasi dan kriteria yang ditentukan;
3. Hasil pekerjaan memenuhi standar quality control;
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4. Tidak adanya kecelakaan kerja di lingkungan kerja; dan

5. Tidak adanya kesalahan dalam melalukan pekerjaan (Christina, 2012).
3. METODE PENELITIAN
Lokasi Penelitian
Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kabupaten Pidie jaya dan Bireuen, Provinsi Aceh. Proyek pembangunan
Masjid At-Taqarrub, Pasar Ulee Glee dan STAI Al-Aziziyah, mempunyai lokasi yang berbeda-beda.
Lokasi kegiatan proyek tersebut dapat dilihat pada Tabel 2.
Tabel 2. Lokasi proyek pembangunan
No. Pekerjaan Lokasi Koordinat
1 Masjid At-Taqarrub Desa Titeu, Kecamatan Trieng Gadeng, Kabupaten Pidie Jaya N 5°15’26”
E 96°11’0.61”
2 Pasar Ulee Glee Desa Keude Ulee Glee, Kecamatan Bandar Dua, Kabupaten Pidie Jaya N 5°11’44”
E 96°18’57”
3 STAI Al-Aziziyah Desa Mideuen Jok, Kecamatan Samalanga, Kabupaten Bireuen N 5°12’6”
E 96°21’16”
Proyek pembangunan di atas didesain dan dilaksanakan oleh PT. Wijaya Karya Bangunan Gedung,
dan diawasi oleh konsultan MK PT. Virama Karya (Persero). Proyek tersebut dilaksanakan dengan
363actor rancang bangun (design and build) selama 343 hari kalender, mulai dari 22 September 2017
hingga 30 Agustus 2018, dengan biaya sebesar Rp. 56.116.000.000,- (Lima Puluh Enam Miliar Seratus
Enam Belas Juta Rupiah).
Menentukan Populasi
Populasi dimaksudkan kepada semua personil perencana, pelaksana, konsultan MK dan personil owner,
yang sedang menangani proyek pembangunan Masjid At-Taqarrub, Pasar Ulee Glee dan STAI Al-
Aziziyah. Berdasarkan data dari PT. Wijaya Karya Bangunan Gedung jumlah personil perencana
sebanyak 20 jiwa, dan personil pelaksana sebanyak 26 jiwa, data dari PT. Virama Karya (Persero) jumlah
personil konsultan MK sebanyak 6 jiwa, dan data dari Satuan Kerja Penataan Bangunan Lingkungan
Provinsi Aceh jumlah personil owner sebanyak 13 jiwa. Oleh karena itu, jumlah populasi seluruhnya
adalah 65 responden. Sehubungan dengan jumlah populasi < 100, maka penelitian ini menggunakan
penelitian populasi, tanpa adanya penarikan sampel. Adapun proporsi populasi pada masing-masing
personil dapat dilihat pada Tabel 3.
Tabel 3. Jumlah populasi (1/2)
No. Responden Jabatan Populasi
1 Personil Team leader 1
perencana Tenaga ahli arsitektur 2
Tenaga ahli struktur 2
Tenaga ahli cost estimator 1
Tenaga ahli mekanikal 1
Tenaga ahli elektrikal 1
Tenaga ahli geoteknik 2
Asisten tenaga ahli arsitektur 2
Asisten tenaga ahli struktur 2
Asisten tenaga ahli geoteknik 2
Asisten tenaga ahli cost estimator 2
Asisten tenaga ahli mekanikal 1
Asisten tenaga ahli elektrikal 1
Jumlah personil perencana 20
2 Personil Kepala proyek 1
pelaksana Inspector ahli arsitektur 2
Inspector ahli struktur 2
Inspector ahli cost estimator 2
Inspector ahli quantity control 2
Inspector ahli quality control 2
Inspector ahli mekanikal 1
Inspector ahli elektrikal 1
Tabel 3. Jumlah populasi (1/2)
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No. Responden Jabatan Populasi

Inspector ahli geoteknik 1
Tenaga ahli k3 konstruksi 1
Pelaksana arsitektur 2
Pelaksana sipil 5
Pelaksana mekanikal 2
Pelaksana elektrikal 2
Jumlah personil pelaksana 26
3 Personil MK Team leader 1
Tenaga ahli struktur 1
Tenaga ahli quality control 1
Chief inspector 1
Inspector 2
Jumlah personil MK 6
4 Personil Pejabat Pembuat Komitmen (PPK) Pembinaan 1
owner Teknis Penataan Bangunan dan Lingkungan
Provinsi Aceh
PPK Rekonstruksi Aceh Penataan Bangunan 1
dan Lingkungan Provinsi Aceh
Penelaah Bangunan Gedung dan Permukiman 7
Penata Bangunan Gedung dan Permukiman 4
Jumlah personil owner 13
Jumlah Populasi 65
Menentukan Variabel Penelitian

Variabel dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari 364actor364e bebas (X) dan 364actor364e terikat (Y). Variabel
bebas adalah 364actor-faktor risiko rantai pasok material, sedangkan 364actor364e terikat adalah kinerja
proyek. Variabel yang digunakan dalam kuesioner penelitian, dapat dilihat pada Gambar 1.
Faktor supply (X1)
Faktor control (X3)

Kinerja proyek (Y)
Faktor process (X3)
Faktor demand (X3)

Gambar 1 Variabel penelitian
Penyusunan Kuesioner
Kuesioner yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah jenis kuesioner tertutup. Responden hanya
memilih salah satu jawaban yang telah disediakan dengan memberikan checklist (√). Dalam hal ini
kuesioner terbagi atas tiga bagian, yaitu dapat diuraikan sebagai berikut.
1. Kuesioner bagian A, menanyakan tentang karakteristik responden. Karakterstik responden ini
meliputi jenis kelamin, umur, 364actor364e364n terakhir, dan pengalaman proyek design and
build. Pengukuran jawaban dilakukan sesuai dengan karakteristik masing-masing responden.
2. Kuesioner bagian B, menanyakan tentang 364actor-faktor risiko rantai pasok material sebagai
364actor364e bebas. Pengukuran jawaban menggunakan skala Likert, dimana setiap jawaban
resonden dapat diungkapkan seperti yang terangkum pada Tabel 4.
Tabel 4. Kategori jawaban 364actor364e bebas

No. Kualifikasi Jawaban Skor
1 Sangat Tidak Berpengaruh (STB) 1
2 Tidak Berpengaruh (TB) 2
3 Kurang Berpengaruh (KB) 3
4 Berpengaruh (B) 4
5 Sangat Berpengaruh (SB) 5
364
3. Kuesioner bagian C, kuesioner ini menanyakan tentang kinerja proyek sebagai 365actor365e
terikat. Pengukuran jawaban menggunakan skala Likert, dimana setiap jawaban responden dapat
diungkapkan seperti yang terangkum pada Tabel 5.
Tabel 5. Kategori jawaban 365actor365e terikat
No. Kualifikasi Jawaban Skor
1 Sangat Tidak Sesuai (STS) 1
2 Tidak Sesuai (TS) 2
3 Kurang Sesuai (KS) 3
4 Sesuai (S) 4
5 Sangat Sesuai (SS) 5
Penyebaran Kuesioner
Setelah kuesioner selesai disusun, maka langkah selanjutnya adalah melakukan penyebaran kuesioner.
Penyebaran kuesioner ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh persepsi responden mengenai 365actor-faktor
risiko rantai pasok material dan kinerja proyek. Langkah penyebaran kuesioner ini adalah menyiapkan
kuesioner sebanyak 65 eksemplar untuk ditujukan kepada responden. Responden ditujukan kepada
personil perencana sebanyak 20 jiwa, personil pelaksana sebanyak 26 jiwa, personil konsultan MK
sebanyak 6 jiwa, dan personil owner sebanyak 13 jiwa di Kabupaten Pidie Jaya dan Bireuen. Kemudian
mencari waktu yang tepat untuk menyebarkan kuesioner kepada responden. Kuesioner yang telah diisi
oleh responden selanjutnya dikumpulkan kembali dalam kurun waktu tertentu.
Analisa Data
Analisis data adalah proses penyederhanaan data ke dalam bentuk yang mudah dibaca dipahami dan
diinterupsikan. Analisa data mencakup analisis korelasi sederhana, dan regresi linear berganda dengan
menggunakan bantuan software SPSS versi 22. Analisis ini dapat dijelaskan sebagai berikut.
1. Analisis korelasi sederhana ini digunakan untuk mengetahui tingkat keeratan hubungan antara faktor-
faktor risiko rantai pasok material terhadap kinerja proyek pembangunan Masjid At-Taqarrub, Pasar
Ulee Glee di Kabupaten Pidie Jaya dan STAI Al-Aziziyah di Kabupaten Bireuen secara parsial.
2. Analisis regresi linear berganda, digunakan untuk mengetahui pengaruh antara 365 actor-faktor
365actor-faktor risiko rantai pasok material terhadap kinerja proyek pembangunan Masjid At-Taqarrub,
Pasar Ulee Glee di Kabupaten Pidie Jaya dan STAI Al-Aziziyah di Kabupaten Bireuen.
4. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN

Hubungan Faktor-faktor Risiko Rantai Pasok Material Terhadap Kinerja Proyek
Rantai pasok material adalah aliran pemasukan material yang beraneka ragam dari berbagai sumber, hingga
material tersebut tiba ke lokasi proyek. Adapun material yang di datangkan ke lokasi proyek pembangunan Masjid
At-Taqarrub, Pasar Ulee Glee dan STAI Al-Aziziyah seperti baja tulangan, baja profil, beton precast, beton
batching plan, rangka dan penutup kubah (enamel) dan lain sebagainya. Dalam aliran pemasukan material tersebut
ke lokasi proyek dihadapkan dengan kemungkinan (probabilitas) dari peristiwa buruk yang tidak diinginkan. Hal
tersebut dinamakan dengan risiko rantai pasok material. Dalam hal ini risiko rantai pasok material yang diamati
meliputi 4 faktor yaitu faktor supply, control, process, dan faktor demand. Faktor-faktor risiko rantai pasok
material tersebut, merupakan akar penyebab masalah terhadap kinerja proyek. Kinerja proyek adalah hasil kerja
dalam penyelesaian proyek yang dapat dicapai oleh tim rancang dan bangun (design and build). Dalam hal ini
yang bertindak sebagai tim design and build pada proyek adalah PT. Wijaya Karya Bangunan Gedung. Kinerja
proyek yang baik adalah proyek dikerjakan sesuai dengan kurun waktu yang ditentukan, hasil pekerjaan
memenuhi spesifikasi dan kriteria yang ditentukan, hasil pekerjaan memenuhi standar quality control, tidak adanya
kecelakaan kerja di lingkungan kerja, dan tidak adanya kesalahan dalam melakukan pekerjaan. Hubungan
365ystem-faktor risiko rantai pasok material terhadap kinerja proyek pembangunan Masjid At-Taqarrub, Pasar
Ulee Glee dan STAI Al-Aziziyah telah dianalisis melalui korelasi sederhana. Adapun koefisien korelasi Spearman
yang telah dianalisis melalui software SPSS, dapat dilihat pada Tabel 6.
Tabel 6. Koefisien korelasi Spearman

No. Hubungan Koefisien Tingkat Sig. Hubungan Signifkan
365
Variabel Spearman Hubungan < 0,05

1 X1 – Y 0,697 Tinggi 0,000 Terdapat hubungan signifikan
Tabel 6 menunjukkan bahwa semua 366 ystem-faktor risiko rantai pasok material mempunyai
keeratan hubungan yang tinggi terhadap kinerja proyek. Dalam hal ini koefisien Spearman pada
366ystem supply sebesar 0,697, 366ystem control sebesar 0,635, 366ystem process sebesar 0,731, dan
366ystem demand sebesar 0,745. Dalam hal ini dari 4 faktor risiko rantai pasok material yang ditinjau,
semuanya mempunyai hubungan signifikan terhadap kinerja proyek. Hubungan signifikan ditandai pada
366ystem yang memiliki nilai signifikan < 0,05 (5%). Hasil analisis korelasi sederhana menunjukkan
bahwa hipotesis awal terbukti, dimana semua 366ystem-faktor risiko rantai pasok material secara parsial
mempunyai hubungan signifikan terhadap kinerja proyek.
Pengaruh Faktor-faktor Risiko Rantai Pasok Material Terhadap Kinerja Proyek

Risiko rantai pasok material adalah segenap ketidakpastian dari peristiwa buruk yang tidak diinginkan
terjadi dalam aliran pemasukan material ke lokasi proyek, sehingga dapat mempengaruhi kinerja proyek.
Dalam hal ini pengaruh faktor-faktor risiko rantai pasok material terhadap kinerja proyek pembangunan
Masjid At-Taqarrub, Pasar Ulee Glee dan STAI Al-Aziziyah, telah dianalisis melalui regresi linear
berganda. Adapun output regresi linear berganda yang telah dianalisis melalui software SPSS, dapat
dilihat pada Tabel 7.
Tabel 7. Output regresi linear berganda
Koefisien Uji Goodness Of Fit (GOF)
Variabel
Regresi thitung Sig. Fhitung Sig. R R Square
Konstanta -13,736 -5,317 0,000
Faktor supply (X1) 0,190 2,190 0,032
Faktor control (X2) 0,147 2,378 0,021 55,602 0,000 0,887 0,788
Faktor process (X3) 0,271 2,956 0,004
Faktor demand (X4) 0,283 2,167 0,034
Tabel 7 menunjukkan bahwa model regresi linear berganda yang diperoleh adalah Y = -13,736 +
0,190X1 + 0,147X2 + 0,271X3 + 0,283X4. Koefisien regresi linear berganda pada model tersebut
menunjukkan bahwa dari 4 faktor risiko rantai pasok material yang ditinjau, semua 366 ystem
berpengaruh positif terhadap kinerja proyek. Pengaruh positif mengandung arti bahwa bila 366ystem-
faktor risiko rantai pasok material ditangani dengan baik oleh pelaksana dan owner, maka kinerja proyek
akan semakin meningkat. Faktor risiko rantai pasok material yang mempunyai pengaruh positif terhadap
kinerja proyek adalah 366 ystem supply (X1), 366 ystem control (X2), 366 ystem process (X3), dan
366ystem demand (X4). Adapun besarnya peningkatan kinerja proyek, sebanding dengan koefisien regresi
yang dihasilkan oleh masing-masing 366 ystem-faktor risiko rantai pasok material. Dalam hal ini
peningkatan kinerja proyek pada 366 ystem supply sebesar 19%, 366 ystem control sebesar 14,7%,
366ystem process sebesar 27,1%, dan 366ystem demand sebesar 28,3%.
Uji t menunjukkan bahwa 366ystem-faktor risiko rantai pasok material secara parsial semuanya
berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja proyek. Faktor yang berpengaruh signifikan ditandai dengan nilai
thitung > ttabel dan nilai signifikansi < 0,05. Dalam hal ini 366ystem supply mempunyai nilai thitung > ttabel
yaitu 2,190 > 1,671 dan nilai signifikansi 0,032 < 0,05, 366ystem control mempunyai nilai thitung > ttabel
yaitu 2,378 > 1,671 dan nilai signifikansi 0,021 < 0,05, 366ystem process mempunyai nilai thitung > ttabel
yaitu 2,956 > 1,671 dan nilai signifikansi 0,004 < 0,05, 366ystem demand mempunyai nilai thitung > ttabel
yaitu 2,167 > 1,671 dan nilai signifikansi 0,034 < 0,05. Hasil uji t menunjukkan bahwa hipotesis awal
terbukti, dimana semua 366ystem-faktor risiko rantai pasok material secara parsial berpengaruh terhadap
kinerja proyek.
Uji F menunjukkan bahwa 366ystem-faktor risiko rantai pasok material secara simultan berpengaruh
signifikan terhadap kinerja proyek. Faktor yang berpengaruh signifikan ditandai dengan nilai Fhitung > Ftabel
dan nilai signifikansi < 0,05. Dalam hal ini 366ystem supply, control, process, dan 366ystem demand
mempunyai nilai Fhitung > Ftabel yaitu 55,602 > 2,76 dan nilai signifikansi 0,000 < 0,05. Hasil uji F
menunjukkan bahwa hipotesis awal terbukti, dimana semua 366ystem-faktor risiko rantai pasok material
secara simultan berpengaruh terhadap kinerja proyek. Koefisien korelasi berganda menunjukkan bahwa
366
semua 367ystem-faktor risiko rantai pasok material secara simultan mempunyai tingkat hubungan yang
sangat tinggi terhadap kinerja proyek, dengan koefisien korelasi sebesar 0,887. Koefisien determinasi
menunjukkan bahwa semua 367 ystem-faktor risiko rantai pasok material secara simultan telah
memberikan pengaruhnya terhadap kinerja proyek sebesar 78,8%. Adapun sisa sebesar 21,2%
dipengaruhi oleh 367ystem risiko rantai pasok material lainnya yang tidak diteliti dalam penelitian ini.
Adapun 367ystem risiko rantai pasok material lainnya yang diduga dapat mempengaruhi kinerja proyek
adalah 367ystem aliran informasi, dan 367ystem aliran dana.
Perbandingan dengan Penelitian Terdahulu

Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Maddeppungeng (2017) diperoleh hasil bahwa pada perusahan jasa
konstruksi di DKI Jakarta, manajemen rantai pasok dapat mempengaruhi kinerja perusahaan sebesar 67%,
manajemen rantai pasok dapat mempengaruhi daya saing perusahaan sebesar 47%, dan kinerja
perusahaan dapat meningkatkan daya saing perusahaan sebesar 15%. Variabel yang diamati oleh peneliti
terdahulu, berbeda dengan variabel yang peneliti amati yaitu faktor supply, control, process, faktor
demand, dan kinerja proyek. Dalam mencari besar pengaruh antara sesama variabel, Maddeppungeng
(2017) menggunakan analisis Stuctural Equation Modelling (SEM), sedangkan peneliti menggunakan
analisis regresi linear berganda. Analisis regresi ini tidak dapat mencari pengaruh antara sesama variabel
bebas secara sekaligus dalam sebuah permodelan. Adapun pengaruh faktor-faktor risiko rantai pasok
material terhadap kinerja proyek pembangunan Masjid At-Taqarrub, Pasar Ulee Glee dan STAI Al-
Aziziyah untuk faktor supply sebesar 19%, faktor control sebesar 14,7%, faktor process sebesar 27,1%,
dan faktor demand sebesar 28,3%.
Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Dei (2017) diperoleh hasil bahwa risiko dalam aliran supply chain
yang paling mempengaruhi peningkatan biaya proyek konstruksi 367ystem di Bali dengan 367ystem
kontrak tradisional (design bid build) adalah 367ystem aliran informasi. Mitigasi pada 367ystem aliran
informasi dengan memperkuat administrasi proyek seperti shop drawing, ijin kerja, material approval,
kelengkapan kontrak dan juga koordinasi yang rutin. Dalam hal ini 367ystem risiko rantai pasok material
yang paling mempengaruhi kinerja proyek pembangunan Masjid At-Taqarrub, Pasar Ulee Glee dan STAI
Al-Aziziyah dengan 367ystem konrak design and build adalah 367ystem demand, dengan besar pengaruh
sebesar 28,3%. Mitigasi pada 367 ystem demand ini adalah mempertimbangkan material
367ystem367r367ve dengan persetujuan owner, supplier yang dibangun mitra mempunyai lokasi strategis,
pertemuan rutin kontraktor dengan owner, perencanaan design yang matang, keterlibatan awal supplier
dalam proyek, rapat koordinasi rutin antara owner, perencana, pelaksana dan konsultan MK, upaya dana
cadangan finansial oleh kontraktor, membangun kemitraan dengan supplier, dan mempersiapkan usulan
material yang hendak digunakan dengan sesegera mungkin, dan memintai persetujuan owner untuk dapat
367ystem367r.
Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Hatmoko (2017) diperoleh hasil bahwa pada risiko rantai pasok
material yang dominan pada proyek konstruksi 367ystem dengan 367ystem kontrak design bida build
adalah disebabkan oleh keterlambatan pemesanan material tambahan, karena terjadi perubahan desain
yang mendadak oleh owner. Rekomendasi mitigasi risiko meliputi perencanaan desain yang matang, rapat
koordinasi rutin, memperkuat kemitraan dengan supplier, dan keterlibatan awal supplier dalam proyek.
Hasil penelitian tersebut, menunjukkan hal yang berbeda dengan yang peneliti peroleh. Risiko rantai
pasok material yang dominan pada proyek pembangunan Masjid At-Taqarrub, Pasar Ulee Glee dan STAI
Al-Aziziyah dengan 367ystem kontrak design and buid disebabkan oleh adanya keterbatasan supplier
dalam memenuhi permintaan material yang banyak dalam waktu singkat dengan mean sebesar 4,80.
Adapun permintaan material proyek pada supplier seperti baja tulangan, baja profil, beton precast, beton
batching plan, rangka dan penutup kubah (enamel) dan lain sebagainya. Rekomendasi mitigasi pada
risiko dominan tersebut adalah menyusun daftar prioritas supplier sebagai supplier pengganti, dan ikut
memberikan keterlibatan awal pada supplier dalam proyek.
5. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

Kesimpulan
367
1. Faktor-faktor risiko rantai pasok material semuanya mempunyai keeratan hubungan yang tinggi
terhadap kinerja proyek pembangunan Masjid At-Taqarrub, Pasar Ulee Glee di Kabupaten Pidie Jaya
dan STAI Al-Aziziyah di Kabupaten Bireuen.
2. Faktor-faktor risiko rantai pasok material semuanya berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja proyek
pembangunan Masjid At-Taqarrub, Pasar Ulee Glee di Kabupaten Pidie Jaya dan STAI Al-Aziziyah di
Kabupaten Bireuen, yaitu sebesar 78,8%.
3. Faktor risiko rantai pasok material yang dominan mempengaruhi kinerja proyek pembangunan Masjid
At-Taqarrub, Pasar Ulee Glee di Kabupaten Pidie Jaya dan STAI Al-Aziziyah di Kabupaten Bireuen
adalah faktor demand, dengan koefisien regresi sebesar 0,283. Hal ini berarti bahwa bila faktor
demand ditangani dengan baik oleh pelaksana dan owner, maka kinerja proyek akan meningkat
sebesar 28,3%.
Saran
1. Disarankan kepada pelaksana dalam melaksanakan proyek berikutnya, untuk lebih memperhatikan
faktor demand dan menanganinya dengan baik, agar kinerja proyek dapat mencapai kepuasan.
2. Disarankan kepada tim design and build yaitu tim perencana dan pelaksana, dalam pencapaian kinerja
proyek perlu dilakukan penanganan dengan sistematis pada seluruh faktor-faktor risiko rantai pasok
material yang muncul, agar material tiba di lokasi proyek tepat waktu, sesuai kuantitas dan kualitas.
3. Disarankan kepada peneliti selanjutnya, untuk melakukan penelitian yang relevan pada studi kasus
proyek lainnya dengan jumlah sampel yang representatif sebanyak 200 melalui analisis Stuctural
Equation Modelling (SEM).
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Christina, WY 2012, Pengaruh Budaya Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja (K3) Terhadap Kinerja
Proyek Konstruksi, Jurnal Rekayasa Sipil, Vol. 6, No. 1 -2012 ISSN 1978-5658.
Dei, KA 2017, Analisis Risiko Dalam Aliran Supply Chain pada Proyek Konstruksi Gedung di Bali,
Jurnal Spektran, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar. Vol. 5, No. 1, ISSN 2302-259
Hatmoko, J, UD 2017, Model Simulasi Risiko Rantai Pasok Material Proyek Konstruksi Gedung, Jurnal
Media Komunikasi Teknik Sipil, Universitas Diponegoro. Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 1-13,
Ho, W 2015, Supply Chain Risk Management: a Literature Review, International Journal of Production
Research. Pp 5031-5069
Li, S 2006, The Impect Of Supply Chain Management Practies On Competitive Advantage
Organizational Performance, College Od Business Administration, The University Of Toledo.
Maddeppungeng, A 2017, Pengaruh Manajemen Rantai Pasok (MRP) pada Daya Saing dan Kinerja
Perusahaan Jasa Konstruksi di DKI Jakarta, Jurnal Konstruksia, Universitas Sultan Ageng
Tirtayasa. Vol. 8 No. 2, pp 23-36
Mason, Jones, R & Towill, DR 2000, Coping with Uncertainty: Reducing “Bullwip” Behaviour in Global
Supply Chains, An International Journal, pp 40-45
Mutia, N 2009, Usulan Rancangan Kinerja Perusahaan, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta.
Susilawati, 2005, Study Supply Chain Konstruksi pada Proyek Konstruksi Bangunan Gedung, Tesis
Magister Teknik Sipil, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung.
Vrijhoef, 1999, Roles of Supply Chain Management in Construction, Proceedings IGLC-7, University of
California, Bekeley, CA, USA.
368
Jurnal Arsip Rekayasa Sipil dan Perencanaan 1(2):183-188 (2018)
DOI: 10.24815/jarsp.v1i2.10967
Jurnal Arsip Rekayasa Sipil dan Perencanaan (JARSP)

Journal of Archive in Civil Engineering and Planning
E-ISSN: 2615-1340; P-ISSN: 2620-7567
Journal homepage: http://www.jurnal.unsyiah.ac.id/JARSP/index
PERILAKU BALOK PROFIL DOUBLE KANAL (C) FERROFOAM

CONCRETE DENGAN PLAT BAJA DAN BAUT SEBAGAI ALAT
PENYAMBUNG (STUDI KASUS : VARIASI JUMLAH BAUT PADA
SAYAP PROFIL
Sornia Dernia,*, Muhammad Afifuddinb, Abdullah Abdullahc

a
Magister Teknik Sipil, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Syiah kuala, Banda Aceh
a,b
Jurusan Teknik Sipil, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Syiah kuala, Banda Aceh
*Corresponding author, email address: neni_art92@yahoo.com
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Article History: Construction of the bridge generally and especially the bridge girders
Recieved 08 April 2018 made of steel, wood and concrete materials. The ferrocement technology
Recieved in revised form 04 June 2018 is not as popular yet as reinforced concrete. In fact, this technology is
Accepted 11 June 2018 more economical and can be applied to various things. Now ferrocement
technology has been applied in various types and structures in various
parts of the country. The use of lightweight concrete in earthquake-prone
Keywords: areas is a good alternative. This is because the lightweight concrete can
Ferrofoam Concrete, Channel C, I reduce the risk that will be caused by the earthquake. The purpose of this
Configuration, Flexture Capacity, Model study was to determine the strength of the cross-section of the ferrofoam
Collapse concrete channel beam profile with the addition of pozzolan to the
variation of the number of bolt connectors on the profile wing. Then the
profile with a variation of some bolts, i.e., 2 bolts (2 specimens) and 4
bolts (2 specimens) 1 each (test specimen) using a joining plate on the
side of the body and 1 (specimen) not wearing a joint plate on the body.
A testing object that uses 6 bolts (1 specimen) is treated without using the
body connector plate. Concrete is planned to have the compressive
strength (f'c) 35 MPa and steel used is D8 threaded iron. The results of
the study were 450.6 larger capacity 103% compared to the 450.2A
profile. Unlike the case with the 450.4A profile after receiving the
maximum load the load slowly drops until the test is stopped, capacity
450.4A is 89% greater than the 450.2A profile.
©2018 Magister Teknik Sipil Unsyiah.All rights reserved
1. PENDAHULUAN
Konstruksi jembatan umumnya dan khususnya gelagar jembatan terbuat dari material baja, kayu dan
beton. Teknologi ferrocement memang belum sepopuler dibanding dengan beton bertulang. Padahal,
teknologi ini lebih ekonomis dan bisa diaplikasikan untuk berbagai hal. Teknologi ini sebenarnya telah
dikenal di Indonesia sejak 30 tahun lalu. Kini teknologi ferrocement telah diaplikasikan dalam berbagai
jenis dan bentuk struktur di berbagai pelosok wilayah di negeri ini. Penggunaan beton ringan pada daerah
rawan gempa merupakan suatu alternatif yang baik, hal ini disebabkan beton ringan dapat mereduksi resiko
yang akan ditimbulkan akibat gempa bumi.
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Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kekuatan dari batang penampang balok profil kanal
ferrofoam concrete dengan penambahan pozzolan terhadap variasi jumlah alat sambung baut pada sayap
profil. Kemudian profil diberi gaya tekan pada sayap profil I.
2. KAJIAN PUSTAKA
2.1 Ferrocement
ferrocement menurut American Concrete Institute Committee (ACI Commitee) yang disetujui oleh
Ferrocement Model Code dan dikeluarkan oleh International Ferrocement Society (IFS), “ Ferosemen
adalah suatu konstruksi beton bertulang tipis, dimana biasanya menggunakan semen hidrolis yang ditulangi
dengan lapisanlapisan kawat anyam jala yang bergaris tengah kecil dan menerus”.
Ferrofoam Concrete
Ferrofoam concrete adalah merupakan material yang dimodifikasi dari material ferosemen. Prinsip
dasar dari material ferrofoam concrete adalah dengan mengganti bahan mortar pada ferosemen dengan
bahan foam concrete (beton busa) (Nazliza, 2013).
2.2 Pasir Pozzolan Alami

Menurut Abdullah (2010), penggunaan beton busa pada specific gravity (SG) tertentu dengan
penambahan pasir pozzolan pada persentase tertentu pula menunjukan adanya peningkatan yang siginifikan
pada sifat mekanis beton busa, terutama pada kuat tekannya. Hal ini terjadi pada SG 1,6 dan factor air
semen 0,4 pada persentase pasir pozzolan 10% diperoleh kekuatan sebesar 31,38 MPa. Dari hasil ini
ditemukan bahwa beton busa dengan tambahan 10% pozzolan dapat digunakan sebagai bahan srtuktural
karena kuat tekannya telah melebihi dari 27,5 MPa.
2.3 Jaringan Kawat (Wiremesh)

Pada ferrofoam concrete diberi tulangan jaringan kawat yang relatif kecil diameternya dan tersebar
merata dalam beberapa lapisan (Naaman, 2000).
2.4 Tulangan Rangka

Tulangan rangka juga dapat menambah keamanan terhadap gaya tarik secara signifikan pada ferrofoam
concrete (Naaman, 2000).
2.5 Analisa Kekuatan Penampang

Menurut Hicks (2002) karakteristik mekanik untuk penampang kanal (C) dan I homogen diperlihatkan
pada Gambar 1 dan dapat dihitung menggunakan persamaan sebagai berikut :
B
b b b
Iy Iy
t
Ix
H
h
h
c
c1 c2 B
Gambar 1.
Karakteristik Mekanik Profil C dan I
Sumber : Hicks
𝐴 = (𝐻 𝑥 𝑡) + (2(𝑏 𝑥 𝑡)) (1)

1
𝑐= 𝐻 (2)
2
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1 2𝑡𝐵2 +ℎ𝑡 2
𝑐1 = ( ) (3)
2 2𝑡𝐵+ℎ𝑡
𝑐2 = 𝐵 − 𝑐1 (4)
𝑦 = 𝑐1 − 𝑡 (5)
𝐵𝐻 3 −𝑏ℎ3
𝐼𝑥 = (6)
12
1
𝐼𝑦 = (𝐻𝑐13 − ℎ𝑦 3 + 2𝑡𝑐23 ) (7)
3
𝐼𝑥
𝑊𝑥 = (8)
𝑐1
𝐼𝑥
𝑊𝑦 = (9)
𝑐2
𝐼
𝑖𝑥 = √ 𝑥 (10)
𝐴
𝐼
𝑖𝑦 = √ 𝑦 (11)
𝐴
2.6 Sambungan Baut

Berdasarkan SNI 03-1729-2002, dua tipe dasar baut mutu tinggi yang distandarkan oleh ASTM adalah
tipe A325 dan A490. Baut ini mempunyai kepala berbentuk segi enam. Baut A325 terbuat dari baja karbon
yang memiliki kuat leleh 560-630 Mpa, baut a490 terbuat dari baja alloy dengan kuat leleh 790-900 Mpa
tergantung pada diameternya. Diameter baut mutu tinggi berkisar antara ½ in - 1½ in, dalam desain
jembatan sering digunakan 7⁄8 in hingga 1 in.
2.7 Lendutan
Dipohusodo (1996) berpendapat analisis lentur balok bertulang rangkap menyangkut penentuan kuat
nominal momen suatu penampang (Mn) dengan nilai-nilai b,d , d’, As, As’, f’c dan fy dapat ditulis dengan
persamaan :
M n1 = As1.fy (d-a/2) (12)

M n2 = As1.fy (d-d’) (13)
M n = M n1 + M n2 (14)
Tinggi balok tegangan beton :

𝐴𝑠𝑡.𝑓𝑦
a= (15)
(0,85.𝑓 ′𝑐.𝑏)
Letak garis netral :
𝑎
c= (16)
𝛽
Dengan :
Mn = Kuat nominal momen lentur (kg.cm)
a = Tinggi balok tegangan tekan (cm)
c = Letak garis netral (cm)
d = Jarak dari sisi tekan terluar ke pusat tulangan tarik (mm)
d’ = Jarak dari sisi tekan terluar ke pusat tulangan tekan (mm)
3. METODE PENELITIAN
3.1 Material dan Peralatan
Material yang akan digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah semen portland tipe I, foam agent, air, besi
tulangan ukuran D8 (baja ulir), kawat jala (wiremesh), BCS , electric strain gauge yang akan digunakan
adalah produksi Tokyo Kyowa Electronic Instruments Co. Ltd. tipe KFG-5-120-C1-11 dengan panjang
gauge 5 mm digunakan untuk mengukur regangan baja.
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Peralatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini umumnya telah tersedia di Laboratorium Konstruksi
dan Bahan Bangunan Jurusan Teknik Sipil Fakultas Teknik Universitas Syiah Kuala.
3.2 Rancangan Benda Uji

Ukuran penampang benda uji profil kanal yang digunakan adalah lebar 100 mm, panjang bersih 2000
mm, panjang keseluruhan 2200 mm dengan tinggi 300 mm, 450 mm, dan 600 mm. Data perencanaan profil
kanal dan dapat dilihat Gambar 2 berikut. Variasi jumlah benda uji diperlihatkan pada Tabel 1.
Gambar 2.
Tipikal Profil Kanal (C) yang Diuji
Tabel 1.
Variasi Benda Uji Ferrofoam Concrete
Jumlah
NO. Kode Benda Uji
Baut
1. 450.2A 2
2. 450.4A 4
3. 450.6 6
3.3 Rancangan Campuran

Mix design untuk foam concrete didasarkan pada target SG sebesar 1,6 dengan FAS 0,4 dan persentase
cangkang sawit sebesar 10% dari berat volume beton.
3.4 Pengujian Benda Uji

Pengaturan dimulai dengan mengkonfigurasikan 2 profil kanal (C) menjadi profil I. Profil
digabungkan menggunakan dua unit baut Ø 3/8” pada bagian ujung-ujung profil. Benda uji yang telah
dirangkai menjadi profil I tersebut ditempatkan pada tumpuan sendi-rol.
Sistem pembebanan yang dilakukan terhadap profil yaitu dengan memberikan memberikan
pembebanan dua titik dengan jarak antar pembebanan 600 mm, dan jarak pembebanan dengan tumpuan
700 mm. Untuk pembacaan lendutan ditempatkan dua LVDT pada 250 mm dari tumpuan dan satu LVDT
pada tengah bentang, seperti diperlihatkan pada Gambar 3.
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1. Loading frame 6. Strain gauge

2. Loading jack 7. Tumpuan
3. Loading cell 8. LVDT
4 . Profil yang diuji 9. Hidraulyc loading pump
5 . Baut pelekat ½ “ 10. Data logger
Gambar 3.
Posisi Alat dan Benda Uji
4. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN

4.1 Pengujian Kuat Tekan
Hasil kuat tekan benda uji silinder ferrofoam concrete dengan penambahan BCS, dimensi silinder
Ø100 mm x 200 mm didapat berkisar 353 kg/cm2.
4.2 Pengujian Kuat Tarik Tulangan, Plat dan Baut

Data hasil uji tarik tulangan rangka pada pengujian kuat tarik tulangan rangka D8 ini didapatkan
tegangan luluh (fyb) dari tulangan yang di uji, yaitu 422 MPa dengan modulus elastisitas hasil sebesar 239
GPa, regangan luluhnya sebesar 0,0017. Tulangan ini termasuk baja lunak, hal ini dibuktikan dengan
terlihatnya daerah leleh (yield) pada grafik. Pengujian kuat tarik wiremesh didapatkan tegangan luluh (fyw)
dari wiremesh yang di uji, yaitu 420 MPa dengan modulus elastisitas sebesar 350 GPa dan regangan luluh
wiremesh sebesar 0,0018.
Pengujian kuat tarik baut diameter 12 mm didapatkan tegangan luluh (fyw) dari baut yang di uji, yaitu
367 MPa dengan modulus elastisitas sebesar 204 GPa dan regangan luluh wiremesh sebesar 0,0018
termasuk kedalam kategori baja lunak. Pengujian kuat tarik pelat tebal 5 mm didapatkan tegangan luluh (fyw)
dari dari pelat dengan tebal 5 mm yang di uji, yaitu 258 MPa dengan modulus elastisitas sebesar 220 GPa
dan regangan luluh wiremesh sebesar 0,0012 termasuk kedalam kategori baja lunak.
4.3 Perbandingan hasil pengujian panel

Grafik gabungan hubungan beban-lendutan variasi tinggi profil diperlihatkan pada Gambar 4.
20 42.95, 18.17
15
Beban (ton)
44.06, 16.90
10
5 31.43, 8.96
450.2A
0 450.4A
0 10 20 30
Lendutan 40
(mm) 50 60 70
Gambar 4
Grafik Gabungan Hubungan Beban-Lendutan Variasi Jumlah Baut pada Sayap Profil
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Berdasarkan gambar diatas dapat dilihat kekakuan masing-masing profil dengan ukuran plat pada
bagian atas untuk semua profil sama, namun jumlah bautnya berbeda, mulai dari 2, 4 dan 6 baut. Masing-
masing profil menunjukkan kapasitas dan kekakuan yang berbeda, profil 450.6 adalah profil yang paling
kaku dimana setelah daerah linear terlampaui profil mampu berdeformasi, namun masih terjadi kenaikan
beban sebelum profil hancur dan pengujian dihentikan, kapasitas 450.6 lebih besar 103% dibandingkan
dengan profil 450.2A. Berbeda halnya dengan profil 450.4A setelah menerima beban maksimum beban
perlahan turun sampai pengujian dihentikan, kapasitas 450.4A lebih besar 89% dibandingkan profil 450.2A.
Untuk profil 450.2A setelah menerima beban maksimum profil mampu berdeformasi dengan beban yang
stabil sampai pengujian dihentikan. Dari Tabel 4.1 dapat disimpulkan bahwa dengan penambahan jumlah
baut pada bagian sayap profil menambah kekakuan dan kapasitas dari profil dalam menerima beban.
Tabel 4.1
Perbandingan Kapasitas Profil Variasi Jumlah Baut pada Sayap Profil
Beban Rasio
Nama Benda Uji
(ton) (%)
450.2A 8,96 100
450.4A 16,90 189
450.6 18,17 203
5. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

5.1 Kesimpulan
Kesimpulan yang dapat diambil dari hasil penelitian adalah kapasitas 450.6 lebih besar 103% dibandingkan
dengan profil 450.2A. Berbeda halnya dengan profil 450.4A setelah menerima beban maksimum beban perlahan
turun sampai pengujian dihentikan, kapasitas 450.4A lebih besar 89% dibandingkan profil 450.2A.
5.2 Saran
Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat dilanjutkan oleh peneliti lain, dengan memperhatikan Penelitian selanjutnya
diharapkan untuk lubang baut diset pada saat pengecoran profil.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Abdullah, dkk., 2010, Pemanfaatan Bahan Limbah Sebagai Pengganti Semen Pada Beton Busa Mutu
Tinggi, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Darussalam Banda Aceh.
Hicks, T.G., 2002, Civil Engineering Formulas, McGraw Hill TLFeBook, New York.
Naaman, A.E., 2000, Ferrocement and Laminated Cementitious Composites, Techno Press 3000,
Michigan.
Nawy, E.G., 2005, Reinforced Concrete : A Fundamental Approach, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Nazliza. (2013). Perilaku Balok Profil Kanal (C) Ferrofoam concrete dengan Penambahan Pozzolan
Alami Akibat Beban Lentur (Studi Kasus Dengan Beda Tinggi 150 mm, 200 mm, dan 300 mm). Banda
Aceh: Skripsi Fakultas Teknik Universitas Syiah Kuala.
188
Advances in Engineering Research, volume 192
EduARCHsia & Senvar 2019 International Conference (EduARCHsia 2019)
Thermal Performance of Precast Foam

Concrete Integrated with Green Roofs System
Abdul Munir Abdullah Mochammad Afifuddin
Department of Architecture and Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
Planning Syiah Kuala University Syiah Kuala University
Syiah Kuala University Banda Aceh, Indonesia Banda Aceh, Indonesia
Banda Aceh, Indonesia abdullahmahmud @unsyiah.ac.id m.afifuddin @unsyiah.ac.id
munirsyadi@unsyiah.ac.id
Muslimsyah
Department of Architecture and
Planning
Syiah Kuala University
Banda Aceh, Indonesia
muslimsyah@unsyiah.ac.id
Abstract—The increase in urban temperature because of the most appropriate sustainable solutions to resolve the UHI-
urban heat island phenomenon affected energy usage for the related issues [2,3,4].
building sector. Most of the energy usage in the building is for
the air conditioning system to achieve thermal comfort. It is Passive design with a green roof system reduces heat gain
necessary to reduce the cooling load by minimizing heat gain to from solar radiation through the roof so it can reduce the
the building so that the air conditioning system uses less energy cooling load for the air conditioning system. Green roofs offer
consumption. Passive design with a green roof system offers a a natural and sustainable way to cover building envelopes with
solution to reduce heat gain from solar radiation through the vegetation to bring multiple environmental benefits [4,5,6,7].
roof. However, only a few buildings have implemented a green Besir and Cuce (2018) state that green roofs and green facades
roof system in the tropics, especially in Indonesia, and the are key solutions to mitigate building-related energy
literature found on this subject is also inadequate. This research consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Heat flow
studies the thermal performance of precast lightweight foamed through the building roofs in summer reduces by
concrete as a roof structure integrated with a green roof system approximately 80% via green roofs [2].
through experimental modeling. We constructed two prototype
rooms with the precast foam concrete panel as the roof. One Other important performances of a green roof, particularly
prototype uses a green roof and the other without a green roof. in the tropics, are the ability of rainwater detention and
We expose the prototypes to an open environment with direct retention and reduction in energy consumption
sunlight for 3 days. The air and surface temperatures inside and [4,8,9,10,11,12]. Tsang and Jim (2011) found that the thermal
outside the models were measured continually at the 10-second performance of humid-tropical green roofs is twice more
intervals. The thermal performance of the green roof is effective than the temperate zones. High rain intensity in the
evaluated by comparing the thermal responses of the models tropics will store high water content in the growing medium
during the exposure. The results show that the green roofs of green roof systems [5]. The availability of soil and water
significantly reduce the heat load from solar radiation during affects the heat storage capacity of the green roof. However,
the day. the utilization of green roofs in Indonesia is still very minimal,
and the literature found in this topic is inadequate. Some
Keywords: green roof, extensive, precast foamed concrete,
reasons for the limited implementation are the expensive
vegetation
construction and maintenance costs. Also, green roofs add
I. INTRODUCTION more weight to the structural load, which leads to changes in
the structural design of columns, beams, and slabs, resulting
Urban temperatures continue to rise due to the in a more expensive structural cost [13].
phenomenon of urban heat islands (UHI) and the effects of
climate change. Researchers have known this phenomenon for Considering building weight restriction and cost, shallow-
almost a century because of higher urban temperatures substrate extensive green roofs are much more common than
compared to neighboring suburbs and rural areas [1]. As a deeper intensive roofs [11]. The weight of the extensive green
result, energy consumption has increased over the past four roof is 50–160 kg/m2 and substrate depth 5 - 20 cm [2,6,14].
decades. The International Energy Agency reports that the rise To reduce more structural self-weight, lightweight foamed
of global energy uses from 1971 to 2014 was around 93%. The concrete is a solution. Manufacturing lightweight foam
building sector is responsible for the largest part of this concrete is by introducing air through a proprietary foam
increase, accounting for 40% of total energy expenditure [2]. process to control concrete density. The density of foamed
Most of the energy usage is for the air conditioning system to concrete ranges from 300 to 1800 kg/m3, which is
lower the indoor air temperature and humidity for thermal significantly lower than normal concrete (2400 kg/m3).
comfort. Researchers consider green roofs to be one of the Cement, water, and foam compose foam concrete. The
Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Atlantis Press SARL.

This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license -http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. 202
foamed concrete has the main advantage as roof material characteristics in terms of their specific gravity and
because of its low density and low thermal conductivity. The compressive strength. The curing treatment of the samples
thermal conductivity of foamed concrete ranges of 0.1 - 0.7 was by wet covering method (moist curing) in the shaded area
W/m.K for a dry density of 600-1600 kg/m3, decreasing for 28 days before the test.
according to its density [15,16,17].
B. Prototype Model Building
This study is an experimental modeling research using We built two cubical models to represent the indoor spaces
foamed concrete panels as roof material integrated with a beyond the roof as the building models to measure the thermal
green roof to determine its thermal behavior. By comparing behavior of the buildings with and without a green roof. The
the variations in the indoor thermal conditions between the models used L-shaped steel for structural frame and styrofoam
model with and without a green, it will show the thermal board (20 mm in thickness) for the walls and the floors
behavior of the green roof in reducing heat gain from solar insulation. Styrofoam board provides thermal insulation for
radiation energy. the wall and the floor so that the heat flows to/from the room
. mainly through the top side (foamed concrete panel). Based
on this assumption, the heat flow rate value through the roof
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS into the room and the temperature changes will express the
thermal performance of each building model.
A. Precast Foamed Concrete
Fresh concrete mix pour to the prepared mold to form the Fig. 1(b) shows the schematic layers of the green roof
precast roof panels. We create the panels in a rectangular system that comprise vegetation layer (plant), substrate
shape in a specific form that sets up an area to fill a growing (growing medium) layer, soil filter, a drainage layer, root
medium for the green roof. The panels use Ø8 mm steel and protection layer, waterproof layer, and foamed concrete roof
galvanized welded wire mesh (wire diameter 1.0 mm, opening panel. Figure 2 shows the models with the foamed concrete
square 1 inch) for reinforcement, as detailed in Fig.1(a). panels on the top part and the styrofoam board as an insulated
wall that had been set up for field evaluation. The
Materials used for concrete mix are Portland cement Type- measurement of thermal parameters took place in 3 days by
I, foam agent, and water. The foam generator produced foam placing the building prototypes in direct sunlight in the open
from the foam agent and a certain volume. Concrete mixture air. The plant used as the vegetation layer is portulaca
was poured into the mold immediately after preparation to get grandiflora, also known as ten o’clock flower, which is a fast-
a target density of 1,400 kg/m3 of fresh concrete. To improve growing and drought-tolerant plant that thrives in dry.
workability, we introduce a small amount of super-plasticizer
that does not influence the characteristics of foamed concrete. C. Measurements Conditions
The composition of foamed concrete mix is calculated based The measurement variables include ambient air temperature,
on specific gravity (SG 1.4) and water to cement ratio (w/a surface temperatures, medium temperature, and heat flow.
0.4) comprises 1000 kg/m3 of Portland cement, 400 kg/m3 of The measurement used thermocouple and heat flux sensors
water, and 282.5 litter/m3 of foam. Three cylindrical
specimens (Ø15-30) were molded to characterize the concrete
(a)
Fig. 2. Cubical model with and without green roof system.
TABLE I. MEASUREMENT ITEMS AND INSTRUMENT

Item Instrument
Surface temperature concrete Thermocouple (T type, 0.3 mm
a
panel (inside and outside) in diameter)
Ambient air temperature
Indoor air temperature
Medium temperature b
Surface medium temperature c
Heat Flux a Heat Sensor (P01e, FluxTreq
Instrument)
Data Acquisition Data logger (GL800, Graphtec
(b) Instrument)
Fig. 1. (a) Cross section of roof panel in detail, (b) layers of the green a
pasted the sensors on the surface using aluminum tape
roof and the measuring points of temperature (thermocouples) and b
buried in mid of medium
heat flow (heat flux sensor) c
buried about 0.5 cm in medium surface
203
connected to a data logger. Fig 1(b) and Table 1 summarize

the details of measurement items and measurement points.
While exposed to an open ambient environment with
direct sunlight, the data logger recorded the data in 10 seconds
intervals for 3 day's experiment to observe thermal responses
of the models continually. The experiment took place in the
inner court of a building where direct sunlight was available
during the days. Only the direct sunlight of early morning
(until 8:30 am) and late afternoon (from 5:00 pm) did not
reach the models. Temperature measurements use
thermocouples attached to each layer of the green roof system
and on the concrete panel surfaces on both sides, indoor and
outdoor, as illustrated on Fig.1(b). The measurement starts
from 8:00 am and finishes after 3 days. Fig. 3 Temperature profile in 3-day measurement
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION B. Environmental Conditions

A. Foam concrete characteristics The environmental variable measured was ambient air
Table 1 presents the properties of foamed concrete from temperature around the models. Fig 3 illustrates the
three cylindrical specimens made when casting the roof temperatures in three days measurement, including ambient
panels. The specific gravity of dry foamed concrete is air temperature, indoor air temperatures, and indoor surface
1395.85±15.09 kg/m3 calculated based on the weight and temperatures. Because of instrument limitation, there is no
volume of the specimens. Compressive strength testing was solar intensity data in this experiment. However, the ambient
after 28 days of concrete age and the average value was air temperature can considerably represent the environmental
12.76±0.55 MPa. This result categorizes the foamed concrete condition during the experiments. Data analysis in this
as lightweight moderate-strength concretes (7–14 MPa). Fig. experiment only uses data for days with sunny weather. The
2 displays the setting of the foamed concrete panel model that air temperature will rise when the solar intensity increases. In
had been prepared for the specimen for measuring the Fig 3, the indoor temperature rises to respond to the increasing
performance of the green roof. outdoor air temperature.
C. Temperature Profile
Figure 3 illustrates the temperature profile of the roofing
system in the three days’ experiment. Table 2 compiles the
TABLE II. COMPRESSIVE TEST RESULT OF CYLINDRICAL SAMPLES maximum temperatures achieved as peak hours. The external
Specific
Cylindrical Max load Compressive
gravity
specimen (Ton) strength (MPa) TABLE III. PEAK TEMPERATURE
(Kg/m3)
Specimen-1 1380.76 23.0 12.76 non-green roof green roof
temperature diff.
Specimen -2 1410.94 22.0 12.21 day1 day2 day3 day1 day2 day3
Specimen -3 1395.85 24.0 13.32 external surface 58.4 54.8 47 35.4 34.1 33.4 19.1
Average 1395.85 23.00 12.76 internal surface 57.7 53.9 46.7 36.3 34.7 34 17.8
SD 15.09 1.00 0.55 indoor air 50.4 47.3 42.2 37.9 36.3 35.2 10.2
Fig. 4 Temperature gradient of the roof in 4-hour interval.
204
surface of the concrete roof panel without green roof reaches

the highest maximum temperatures up to 58.4ºC, 54.8ºC and
47.0ºC for all the days in sequence. The surface absorbed
maximum solar energy from direct sunlight and transferred to
the chamber beyond the roof. No substantial reduction in
temperature for the internal surface, since the variation is less
than 1ºC. The internal surface conditions are 57.7ºC, 53.9ºC,
and 46.4ºC. The smallest peak temperatures are for external
concrete panel (under the growing medium) of the green roof
model, i.e. 35.4ºC, 34.1ºC, and 33.4ºC for all the days in
sequence. The green roof layers reduced the heat stored in the
concrete panel.
The internal surface temperature of the green roof model
is considerably smaller at peak with 10.2 ºC of temperature
differences on average compared to the base model. In
contrast, the indoor temperature is higher than the surface
temperature during the day and lower at midnight. It suggests
that the green roof does not transfer heat to the room during
the daytime and discharge the heat to the room at night-time.
This result reveals that most solar energy is absorbed and
released by the green roof system. The green roof system only Fig. 5. Measured heat flow for both green roof and non-green roof
stores a little of the solar energy and then transmits it into the model, which is directly proportional to the temperature difference
room. This result conforms with the simulation conducted by between the surface and indoor air.
Feng et al. (2010) that absorbed solar energy dissipated to measurement results of the second day by considering fewer
surrounding environment by evapotranspiration of soil weather fluctuations. Figure 4 depicts the results of heat flow
systems for about 58.4%, and only 1.2% stored by plants and measurements from the surface of the inside roof panel to
soil, or transferred to the room [20]. indoor air and also shows the temperature difference between
the panel surface and the air in the test chamber. Both
D. Temperature Gradient
variables show a similarity in the pattern of change
As described in the preceding section, the green roof layers consistently. Figure 5 shows a graph of the relationship
prevent heat from solar energy so that the indoor temperature between heat flow and temperature differences, which can be
appears not to accelerate sharply. Fig. 4 shows the gradient written in the following equation:
temperature in the layers from the outdoors to the indoor
points captured in the 4-hour interval to illustrate the different 𝑄 = ℎ. 𝛥𝑇 (1)
thermal behavior between the models during heat gain 𝑄 = 9.475Δ𝑇 (2)
(daytime) and heat loss (night-time) to/from the systems.
where Q is the amount of heat flow (W/m2), h is the heat
The two models show different trends in responding to transfer coefficient (W/m2.°C), and dT is the temperature
changing environmental conditions. For the morning time difference (°C). Fig.5 shows the relationship of the amount of
before being exposed to direct sunlight, the green roof system heat flow to the temperature difference for the green roof
temperature is higher than the base model. As for the green model. The heat transfer coefficient is 9.475 W/m2.C. This
roof model, the surface temperature is still higher than the value is a total heat transfer coefficient, which is a combined
indoor air temperature, so that there is releasing heat from the convective heat transfer coefficient (hc) and radiative heat
roof into the room. For the base model, the indoor air transfer coefficients (hr).
temperature is higher than the surface temperature. After
receiving direct solar heat until noon, the air temperature
becomes higher than the surface temperature which shows that
the heat received indoor is more through the wall than that
from the roof. Indoor air transmits the heat to the roof, so the
temperature of the internal surface is higher than the external
surface of the panel. For the base model, the temperature
gradients for 12:00 and 16:00 indicate the accumulation of
heat flowing through the roof so that the surface temperature
becomes more than 50°C. This also shows that most heat gain
flows through the roof, not the wall. This phenomenon might
be because the wall insulation was not working perfectly, so
that the transmission of heat through the wall still occurs.
However, these results show the performance of a green roof
in reducing the heat load from solar radiation during the day.
E. Heat Transfer
The tendency of temperature and heat flow changes in
response to environmental changes are similar for all three
days measurement. Therefore, heat flow analysis only uses the Fig. 6. The relationship between heat flow and temperature
difference.
205
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Syukri Indrawansyah, Abdullah, & Cut Zukhrina Oktaviani : Hotel Building

Reliability Towards Building Age

HOTEL BUILDING RELIABILITY TOWARDS BUILDING AGE

Syukri Indrawansyah*, Abdullah**, Cut Zukhrina Oktaviani***

Email Correspondence: syukri.indrawansyah@gmail.com

Abstract: Mahara Hotel is a tourism-supporting facility and infrastructure first

Recommended APA Citation :

Building Technical Requirement

b. Requirements of building reliability, including safety aspect, healthy,

Building Reliability Assessment

Step of Data Collection

Preparation of survey forms

Primary data collection,

Building Reliability Criteria Based on Assessment,

Figure 1. Scheme of research stages

Result and Discussion

Tabel 1. The administrative aspect of building

Functioning Condition Components Status

Based on calculation results, the completeness of the Mahara hotel

Architectural Reliability Assessment Analysis

Tabel 2. Architectural reliability value

The maximum value Reliability

Based on the Minister of Public Works Regulation No. 29/PRT/M/2006

Utility and Fire Protection Reliability Assessment Analysis

Table 3. Utility and fire protection reliability value

Function Kmax Depreciatio Reliability value

Function Kmax Depreciatio Reliability value

The resulting utility and fire protection components reliability calculation

Analysis of Structural Reliability Assessment

Table 4. Structural reliability value

The functioning of Structural Kmax Realization of Structural

The functioning of Structural Kmax Realization of Structural

The results of Mahara Hotel building structural reliability analysis was

Figure 4. Structural reliability condition A and B. Damage is in the beam components

Accessibility Reliability Assessment Analysis

Tabel 5. Reliability assessment value

The maximum value Factorized Reliability

The result of Mahara Hotel building accessibility reliability analysis was

Building Layout and Environmental Reliability Assessments Analysis

Table 6. Building layout and environmental reliability value

The result of building layout and environmental reliability analysis of Mahara

Total Reliability Value of Building

Table 7. Recapitulation of total reliability value

Criteria of Reliability (Absolute) Perce Total

Criteria of Reliability (Absolute) Perce Total

Mahara Hotel building total reliability analysis was 66.75 %, concluded as an

Jurnal Arsip Rekayasa Sipil dan Perencanaan (JARSP)

Journal homepage: http://www.jurnal.unsyiah.ac.id/JARSP/index

HUBUNGAN DAN PENGARUH FAKTOR-FAKTOR RISIKO RANTAI

Risiko Rantai Pasok

Faktor-faktor Risiko Rantai Pasok Material

4. Tidak adanya kecelakaan kerja di lingkungan kerja; dan

No. Responden Jabatan Populasi

Menentukan Variabel Penelitian

Faktor supply (X1)

Faktor control (X3)

Faktor demand (X3)

Tabel 4. Kategori jawaban 364actor364e bebas

4. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN

Tabel 6. Koefisien korelasi Spearman

Variabel Spearman Hubungan < 0,05

Pengaruh Faktor-faktor Risiko Rantai Pasok Material Terhadap Kinerja Proyek

Perbandingan dengan Penelitian Terdahulu

5. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

Syukri Indrawansyah, Abdullah, Cut Zukhrina Oktaviani