DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:  Peritoneum – serous membrane of abdominal
cavity
Composed of:
 Alimentary canal- Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus,
Stomach, Small and Large Intestine
 Accessory digestive
Essential Processes
 Ingestion – eating
 Secretion
 Mixing and Propulsion- push the bolus along
the tract
 Digestion-
o Mechanical- teeth
o Chemical- enzymes
 Absorption
 Defecation
Water, carbohydrates = no need for digestion
HISTOLOGY OF ALIMENTARY CANAL
 Mucosa – innermost epithelia layer that lines
the lumen, Secretion of mucus, absorption of
the end products of digestion, Protection
against infectious diseases
o Lining epithelium – secrete protective
mucus
o Lamina propria – connective tissue that
supports and nourishes the mucosa
o Muscularis mucosae – involuntary, helps
with propulsion
 Submucosa – connective tissue containing
elastic fibers, blood, lymphatic vessels, lymph
nodes, and nerves (regulate activity)
 Muscularis externa – Resonsible for
segmentation and peristalsis
o Skeletal muscle = mouth, pharynx, superior
and middle esophagus, external anal
sphincter
o Smooth muscle = help break down food,
mix with digestive secretions, propel it
along the tract
 Serosa –
o forms a portion of the peritoneum,
o visceral peritoneum,
o superficial layer of suspended digestive
structures in the abdominopelvic cavity,
o replaced by the fibrous adventitia in the
esophagus
PERITONEUM AND PERITONEAL CAVITY
 Slightly damp
o Visceral – external
o Parietal – lines the body wall
o Peritoneal cavity – lubricates organs,
allows them to slide
o Mesentery – double-layered
peritoneum
MOUTH
 Oral or Buccal cavity
o Bounded by lips, cheeks, palate, and
tongue
o Oral orifice = anterior opening
o Continuous with oropharynx
posteriorly
 To withstand abrasions:
o Stratified squamous epithelium
o Keratinized gums, hard palate, dorsum
of the tongue
 Labial frenulum – lips to gums
 Hard palate – palatine bone
 Soft palate – posterior, attachment of uvula
 Tonsil – lingual (2) and palatine (2) tonsil
TONGUE
 Composed of extrinsic and intrinsic muscles
 Gripping and repositioning food during chewing
 Mixing food with saliva and forming bolus
 Initiation of swallowing and speech
o Lingual frenulum = secures tongue at the
floor of the mouth
o Superior surface bears 3 types of papillae:
 Filiform – give the tongue roughness
and provide friction
 Fungiform – scattered widely over the
tongue and give it reddish hue
 Circumvallate – V-shapes row in back
of tongue
SALIVARY GLANDS
 Parotid – lies anterior to the ear, minsan
nagsswell
 Submandibular
 Sublingual
TEETH
 Incisors – chisel shaped, cutting and nipping
 Canines – fanglike teeth that tear and pierce
 Premolars and molars
MECHANICS OF INGESTION
 MASTICATION o Ileum
o Teeth  Structural modifications (inc. in surface area)
o Aid digestion as enzymes o Circular folds – ridges that causes chime to
 DEGLUTITION spiral
o Voluntary stage = swallowing o Villi – fingerlike extensions of mucosa
o Pharangeal stage = pharynx to esophagus o Microvilli
o Esophageal stage
NOTE: 2 hours bago makarating ng large intestines
PHARYNX yung chymes

 Oropharynx and laryngopharynx = digestive and LARGE INTESTINE

respiratory functions
 Subdivided into the cecum, colon, rectum, and
 Chemical digestions and propulsion
anal canal
ESOPHAGUS  HAUSTRUM = sausage-like structure of L.I
o Haustrations = localized mmctx and stx
 Tubular conduit for food transport from mouth  Mass movements (peristalsis) = propels fecal
to stomach matter triggered by stretching or distention. (10
 Enters mediastinum anterior to the vertebral – 30 mins, 1-3x a day)
column  Functions:
 Upper and lower esophageal sphincter o Absorption of water and electrolytes
STOMACH from chime
o Storage of fecal matter until it can be
 Mechanical and chemical breakdown of bolus expelled
converted to chime  Regions:
 PARTS: o Ascending colon
o Cardia – superior opening o Hepatic flexure
o Fundus – dome-shaped o Transverse colon
o Body – mid portion o Splenic flexure – spleen = eliminate
o Pyloric – antrum, canal, pylorus dead blood cells
o Greater and lesser curvature o Descending colon
o Rugae - folds o Sigmoid colon
 HISTOLOGY:
o Goblet (mucus secretion) cells = alkaline DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
mucus (HCO3) – bi-carbonate INSERT TABLE HERE ZZZ
o Gastic glands = inside gastric pits; secrete
gastric juices; mucus; gastrin = hormone
 Chief cells = pepsinogen; becomes
Mouth – absorb carbohydrates
pepsin = precursor
 Parietal cells = gastric lipase, HCL, and
intrinsic factor
 Mucus neck cells = mucus
 Enteroendocrine = gastrin
SMALL INTESTINE
 Runs from pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal
valve
 Bile and pancreatic duct join the duodenum for
digestion
 The ileum joins the large intestines at the
ileocecal valve
 3 subdivisions:
o Duodenum
o Jejunum
 DEFECATION
 Rectum is mostly empty of feces = sphincter
and angulation bet. The sigmoid colon and
rectum.
 Types of sphincter:
o Internal anal sphincter – involuntary
o External anal sphincter – voluntary
 Mass movement forces feces into the rectum,
desire for defecation occurs immediately.
 Reflex control:
o Intrinsic myenteric reflex = distention of
rectum -> initiate peristaltic waves of large
intestines -> feces towards anus -> relaxes
internal anal sphincter.
o Parasympathetic defecation reflex =
distention of rectum -> stimulate nerve
endings -> signals to spinal cord -> reflexive
activation of large intestine peristalsis and
internal anal sphincter anal canal.