Ans 1

Ethics of Duties

Kantianism

Ethics is one of the things that makes Kant stand out. It focuses on duties in terms of what is
good and what is bad. Good and bad are not the same as right and wrong, which are the most
important deontic categories. Right actions are those we ought to do (are morally required to
do), and wrong actions are those we ought not to do (are morally forbidden to do) (are
morally forbidden from doing). This kind of ethics is called "deontology." Even though value
judgments come from deontic categories, they are still an important part of deontology. As
we'll see, Kant says that all of our duties can be summed up in the categorical imperative.
First, we explain what Kant means by "categorical imperative," and then we look at what the
rule says.

Kant said that in order for something to be moral, it must make sense. His moral compass is
strongly based on scientists' search for universal laws that govern the natural world. In the
same way, a set of universal rules will define what is right and wrong. Kant said that the right
thing to do is the one that makes the most sense. Kant thought that morality was a set of rules
that told us what to do. In his categorical imperative, a "imperative" is a command or a set of
rules. For the first time, these directions don't come from the outside like most do. Instead,
they come from inside. Even so, they both do the same thing: they tell you how to do things.

Ethics of Rights

Natural rights or moral claims

The natural rights movement had its start with John Locke, who was a major proponent of the
theory. Individuals have the right to life, liberty, and property according to him. In addition,
no sovereign may legitimately infringe upon these rights. The establishment of the social
contract was one of Locke's key goals in protecting individual rights. Theorists of the "social
contract" maintained that compliance with the law is based on an agreement reached by all
members of a society. In order to be a part of an organised community, people in a society
must give up some of their discretionary powers and natural freedoms. Civil society members
may expect their rights to be protected, and as a consequence, they can expect a more stable
life than they would have had if they didn't have a government.

For example-

Some of IKEA's suppliers in the developing world use child labour, while others illegally cut
down protected forests. It was because to a Swedish documentary on child weavers in
Pakistan that IKEA first learned about the issue of child labour in 1994. In response to the
allegation, IKEA said that it had no idea what was going on and offered an apology.
Teenagers were employed by IKEA's suppliers across the globe to work in large factories,
small subcontractors, and in homes where the whole family worked to earn extra money. 120
countries have ratified the ILO's Convention 138, which bans child labour, but India,
Pakistan, and Nepal have refused to sign it, therefore condoning the continuance of child
labour in India. So basically Ikea was not aware of this issue but ethics of rights and duties
are being violated here.

Ans 2

For the sake of national security, Apple CEO Tim Cook was forced to choose between
maintaining consumer privacy and disclosing personal information to the FBI (FBI). At the
Inland Centre retail mall in San Bernardino, California, on December 2, 2015, Tashfeen
Malik and her husband Syed Rizwan Farook murdered 14 people. Did. Another twenty-two
persons suffered injuries.

Every year, the company's workers gathered in the conference room for a Christmas
celebration. After arriving for the party, Saeed departed early since he works at a regional
centre in the area. He returned with Tashfeen and opened fire on the construction workers.
Five firearms were utilised by them in their assault. They both links to terrorist organisations
have been established. On August 21, 2017, Enrique Marquez Jr. pled guilty to being an
accomplice to murder and was sentenced to 30 years to life in prison. receive). After that,
they both were slain in a gunfight with the police. Terrorist attacks of this magnitude have not
occurred in the United States since September 11, 2001. The murder case was investigated by
the FBI. Syed and Tashfeen wanted to use a pipe bomb to inflict additional damage. A large-
scale assault was also suspected based on the analysis of the digital equipment in the
residence of the couple. Is there any evidence that the San Bernardino shootings were
imminent? When it came to publicly expressing her support for an Islamic terrorist
organisation on Facebook, she did it twice, in 2012 and 2014. As proof, emails, laptops, and
phones in the residence were all erased or smashed. The FBI discovered that there was an
iPhone in the vehicle of the couple. Syed was the owner of the iPhone that was recovered. It
was something he'd gotten as a result of his work. During the course of their investigation,
the FBI requested the ability to listen in on all incoming and outgoing conversations.
However, the phone was secured with a password. The phone's data will be deleted if the FBI
can't access it after many attempts. No, they couldn't receive the information from Apple.
Apple was requested by the FBI to develop software that would allow them to breach the
security of the iPhone. FBI agents might get access to this "backdoor" for both current and
future investigations using this "backdoor." Security features that erase data after ten
unsuccessful attempts are disabled in this software.

Cook refused to answer the FBI's question, as the agency had requested. The government
wants Apple to create something new, according to him.

An iPhone may be hacked with the help of Apple's software if it fell into the hands of the
wrong people. Adding a backdoor would render encryption completely ineffective.

Finally, Apple would be getting into its own customers' devices and removing whatever
security precautions it had previously done. As a result of these factors, as well as the
possibility of losing consumers if he sided with the FBI, Tim Cook decided to stand up for
the Apple name. It's clear that Apple takes privacy concerns concerning iPhone data very
seriously. Apple may be able to assist the government in its battle against terrorism, which
would be welcome news for the company.

The program's primary objective is to assist the FBI in the battle against terrorism and in
preventing future assaults of this kind.

Stopping criminals from talking on or storing information on their mobile phones can help in
investigations. Having a protected phone might save your life in this case. They claim that
placing the phone in jeopardy might save lives in the long term.

As a result, Tim Cook wanted to make the iPhone as secure as possible.

Ans 3

It was Tim Cook's primary responsibility to act in the best interest of Apple's ardent fans. To
make a regular phone call these days, most people utilise their cell phones. This information
is stored on a user's cell phone. Mobile phones are a window into our life, whether we use
them for texting, emailing, filming videos, using apps, or saving photos. As a result, Apple
began encrypting phone data. Even Apple's own engineers were unable to decipher the
encryption function on the company's smartphones and tablets. Privacy was a major concern
for Apple. In addition, Tim Cook had a particular interest in privacy. Despite becoming CEO
in 2011, Tim Cook did not come out publicly with his sexual orientation until 2014. Tim
Cook owes it to the IT community to preserve his reputation. There are a number of IT
companies that are likely to work with the government to develop backdoors for Apple's
software. Even beyond the United States, it will be a model for the industry as a whole. For
this reason, Apple was afraid that backdoor software may get into the hands of hackers and
other criminals. The data security of the iPhone would be seriously compromised if this
happened, and terrorists planning long-term captivity would benefit from software backdoors.
Finally, Tim owes Apple and its brand shareholders for his actions. In 2016, the iPhone
accounted for two-thirds of Apple's revenue, and it's possible that customers might switch to
a competitor brand if Apple undermined the security of its own phones. In August 2014,
hundreds of nude photographs of celebrities were uploaded online, and Apple had previously
suffered a humiliating iCloud security breach. It was also disclosed that the U.S. government
has been monitoring people without their consent by accessing their emails, photos, videos,
and phone calls in an effort to combat terrorism by former CIA employee Edward Snowden.
The general populace in the United States was shocked to learn that the government was
monitoring even the most private elements of their lives. Customers questioned Apple's
ability to protect their personal information, which led to a public backlash.

Ans 4

He worries that software development might result in a master key that anybody can use to
decode iPhones. To him, terrorists like Syed and Tashfeen would benefit from it. However,
he aids Syed and Tashfeen without opening a back door to help them leave. The FBI may
have learned more about the San Bernardino shootings if it had been able to unlock the
phone. As a result of not building the software, Apple has the ability to prevent future
requests from the FBI of this sort. Apple has also opened the door for future terrorists to use
the iPhone, which raises still another concern. iPhones will be used by terrorists since their
data is secure and cannot be accessed. It's ironic that Tim Cook preaches about preventing
terrorists from using Apple products, but in reality, he actively encourages them to do so.
Apple also sells iPhones. Customers are persuaded to acquire the iPhone because of the
improvements that come with each new generation. Although encryption was demanded by
customers, Apple has reaped the benefits of this technology as well. Before the release of iOS
8, Apple was the subject of many national security probes. Apple's new iOS 8 operating
system encrypts all user data and denies engineers access to it. Due to Apple's denial of
engineers' access, law enforcement has been unable to collect any data, even with a warrant.
The San Bernardino murder victims' deaths are directly attributable to Tim Cook. Since they
were employees of the internal regional centre, these people were his clientele. They had an
Apple corporate account and Syed was given an iPhone by the internal regional centre. As a
result of Apple's funding of the regional centre, Tim Cook bears responsibility for the
fatalities. According to others, it is possible that Tim Cook valued his company above the 14
lives he killed.

Ans 5

It is my opinion that Tim Cook's answer to this situation is the most instructional and least
harmful. Although the FBI has definitely been damaged by the government's unwillingness to
comply with its demands, Apple has reaped the biggest benefit. Consideration must be given
to both the near- and long-term social consequences. When it comes to future litigation
against snipers, it is harmful to have no backdoor. It's possible that the FBI has uncovered
evidence that may aid in the investigation and provide some solace to the victim's family at
this difficult time. Having backdoors might help the FBI in the future with investigations and
prevent future terrorist crimes. Noncompliance, on the other hand, does more damage than
good to the FBI. Since Tim Cook took over as CEO, the Apple brand and investors have
benefited greatly. Apple was spared the time and money required to create a backdoor. They
were able to persuade customers that privacy was a top priority when making the purchase of
an iPhone. They avoided breaking the law since there was no specific laws on the matter.
Legislators' ability to restrict tech companies' ability to share encrypted data will make Tim's
decision more difficult. After the Snowden revelations, the Obama administration came up
with a bill to do so, but it was never implemented. Clinton administration restrictions forced
phone firms to create massive digital networks that government agents could access. Aside
from the hands of the wrongdoers, it may have been utilised illegally. Moreover, when the
FBI and other government agencies place more demands on the software, Apple's income
will remain static as a consequence. Between 750 and 999 national security inquiries were
made by the US government to Apple in the first six months of 2015. Apple will very
certainly find a way to increase this number once they find a way to build a backdoor.
Apple's only drawback is that the public values security above privacy, and as a result,
customers loathe the corporation. The FBI's probe was backed by public opinion soon after
the murder. Because the vast majority of Americans agreed that the FBI should be allowed
access to iPhone data, this is a legitimate request. Apple should agree with the FBI's backdoor
request, according to a February 2016 PEW Research Center research, whereas just 38
percent of respondents say Apple should not unlock their phones. A prison sentence for FBI
agent Tim Cook might put Apple's commitment to protecting customer privacy to the test. To
avoid any negative consequences for themselves or their company, the group decided to take
on the FBI head-on. In addition, no fines or other penalties were imposed. Consequently, the
company and its shareholders were spared any negative consequences since no penalties or
fines were applied to management. When Tim Cook took action, he did it for the greater good
of the tech industry, not just Apple. Tim Cook's fight against the FBI was supported by a
number of tech CEOs. Forcing a firm to hack might jeopardise customer privacy," Google
CEO Pinchai Sundar stated. Your data is safe and law enforcement may access it in
accordance with the rules when you use our security solutions. However, this is not the same
as asking companies to tolerate the hacking of their equipment and customer data."
Washington D.C. residents are siding with the FBI in this struggle. For Donald Trump,
"Apple must protect the security of this phone above everything else." Apple should be
boycotted until the security code is provided, but Tim Cook stayed true to his principles. On
December 2, 2015, four people were shot down in San Bernardino; nonetheless, Cook said in
2010 that the right to privacy is critical. According to him in 2013, "The business has always
had a very different attitude of privacy than its Valley contemporaries." All third-party data
stored on consumer phones was encrypted by Apple's default by the end of 2013. Tim Cook's
predecessor, Steve Jobs, was renowned for his ingenuity and cutting-edge inventions at
Apple. At the time, Tim Cook was CEO, this focus had been reversed. Managing privacy has
been one of Tim Cook's top priorities at Apple. Apple's operating systems will keep become
more secure and less vulnerable to backdoors. Stanford computer scientist and lawyer
Jonathan Mayer believes that any attempt to create a backdoor would just serve to exacerbate
the arms race. We'll be able to stay one step ahead of the curve if we use reliable, secure
software."

Given the situation, Apple's strategy made sense. In the absence of government backdoor
restrictions, Tim Cook chose the most logical commercial decision. When it comes to Tim
Cook's function as CEO of Apple, he is the company's most prominent spokesperson. To
comply with the FBI's request would cost his company money because of the potential loss of
customers due to an iPhone security breach and  data breaches and litigation if hackers get
backdoor access. Apple would not get any financial compensation from the government as a
result of its usage of the backdoor. For the sake of the company's future growth, its
employees, and its investors, Tim has made the right choice.