PHYSICS FORM 4

CHAPTER 2; FORCE AND MOTION

Explain why plasticine -block is hard surface
ball changes shape after -time impact is shorter thus impulsive force is bigger
dropped on block.
How does front bumper • Bumper long and made from material easy to crumple
and airbag helps to • Prolong the time of impact//reduced impulsive force
minimize injury. • Air bags released automatically on impact
• Reduced impulsive force exerted on the driver//increased time of impact
Explain how steel pile is • Both pile driver and steel pile are material with hard surface
driven to ground. • Place the pile driver at a certain height
• Release the pile driver onto the steel pile
• Short time of impact between the pile driver and the steel pile
• Produces high impulsive force to drive the pile into the ground
Explain how the wooden • The hand of the athlete is moving fast.
block is smashed by the • The hand that hit the hard surface of the wood is stopped in split second.
Taekwondo exponent • A high rate of the change in momentum is experience by the wood and thehand.
• A great impulsive force that is generated causes the wood to be broken.
Using the principle of 1. Fuel burns in the combustion chamber
conservationmomentum, 2. Hot gases expelled at high speed backwards
explain the working 3. A large backwards momentum is produced
principle of the rocket. 4. The rocket gains forwards momentum of equal magnitude
explain how the material • Golf ball and stick is made of hard alloy.
of the golf stick able • The hard surface will shorten the time of contact of the stick with the ball.
to swing the ball at a far • Therefore, produce high impulsive force.
distance. • Hence, the ball is able to travel at a far distance
Archery/ boat/ motor Lighter arrow Higher velocity
Aerodynamic shape Reduce air resistance (air)
Greater resultant force (boat)
Bowstring high elasticity Increase elastic potential energy
Stronger bow Don’t break easily
Aiming above target Gravitational force will pull arrow downwards
centre
Flag pole/ train Low density -Light and can be carried easily
-Move faster
High flexibility Can bend during strong wind
High max. tension in Provide bigger force to maintain pole
string
String tied at higher Maintain pole stability
position
Train Superconductor Conduct electricity without electrical resistance (base)
8 short coaches Reduce negative impact of inertia (collision)
Jet engines Large opening air intake More air for combustion and air as fuel for engine
Titanium blades Strong & will not rust
Large combustion More fuel can be burnt thus higher rate of combustion
chamber
Small exhaust opening -Increase velocity of exhaust gas
-Larger backward momentum produce
Small nozzle diameter Gas move with high velocity
Big size Propeller Suck more air in combustion chamber
Fuel; Kerosine/Paraffin Mix with air in C.C
Speed boat/sailboat Material; Fibreglass/C.C Light and strong and don’t break easily
Large engine power Move faster
Large Propeller -Larger thrust thus larger momentum to propel boat
 Sharp and narrow base// Reduce water resistance effect
Smooth surface board
Wider sail More wind are captured
Waterproof sail Sail not get wet easily
Pile driver Large mass of load Produce bigger force during impact
High position Produce high velocity when strikes pile
Steel pile Stronger
Sharp base Produce high pressure to push pile easily into the
ground
Racing cars/Motor Inverted Aerofoil shape -High pressure at top
-Greater downward force = stable
No ridges on tyre Less friction during motion
Spoiler Stabilize the car
High Engine power Greater forward thrust
Light and stiff material Doesn’t break easily on impact
Motorcycle Strong & lighter frame Larger acceleration and doesn’t break easily
More groove on tyre More friction
Disc Brake Avoid skidding
Car seat Fabric cover Absorb heat
Fibre base Don’t break easily on impact
Wide width seat belt Exert less pressure on baby/body
Car seat facing rear Reduce inertia on impact
Bungee Cord Long Rope Increase time of impact
Elastic Extend without breaking
Many safety belts Prevent cord from breaking
Big cord diameter Strong
Mountain bike Have gear Pedal bike easily in diff. terrains
/bicycle Strong frame Don’t break on impact
Light weight frame Easy to climb height
Tyres with grooves Extra grip when breaking
Wider tyres More stable
Have suspension Shock absorbing
Hydraulic Disk Brake Stop in short distance effectively
Airbag Cushion Soft & spongy material Avoid injury
Thicker Lengthen time impact thus reduce impulsive force
Large size Cover large area
Backhoe Big tyre Prevent from sinking into soft ground
Liquid fluid in hydraulic Liquid has very low compressibility
system
Big mass More stable
Big base area Backhoe will not collide
Low centre of gravity Stable from falling
Suitable techniques to Wear glove Reduce painful of the player’s hands when touching
catch ball the
ball with big impulsive force
Soft material for glove Increase the time impact, reduce the impulsive force
Wear cloth with The cloth can absorb more heat when the player is
moderate specific heat sweating to maintain temperature of player
capacity
Base of shoes has stud Player give great pressure to make stud sink into
ground and give stronger support without slipping
When catching, To lengthen the time impact, to reduce the impulsive
goalkeeper move hands force
backwards
Ball have enough air To shorter the time impact between the foot and ball to
pressure increase the impulsive force
Explain suitable liquid
loaded lorry
Modifications for baby
seat
Use ABS/ air brake
Use two tyres
Load is divided to small
tanks
Far distance between
tractor and trailer
Fabric seat cover
Fibre base
Wide width seat belt
Car seat facing rear
-Lorry doesn’t stop immediately thus increase time to
stop
-lorry does not skid and more friction with ABS
Can support heavy load and low pressure bcs surface
area is high
Does not shake easily and increase stability
Prevent collisions between both and reduce force
Can absorb heat
Don’t break easily on impact
Exert less pressure on baby
Reduce inertia on impact

CHAPTER 3
Object of greater mass falls from
same position but remains same
speed like object with lighter mass.
Why?
State effect of low g values in
circulatory system and bone
fragility.
Meaning of escape velocity.
Why Moon is not surrounded by
atmospheric layers like Earth.
Give effect if satellite’s velocity less
than orbital velocity.
Give meaning of gravitational
force.
The meaning of centripetal force
Kepler’s First Law (Law of Orbits)
Kepler’s Second Law (Law of
Areas)
Kepler’s Third Law (Law of Period)
How do planets lose their
atmospheres?
Why does the linear speed of a
satellite orbiting the Earth not
depend on the mass of the
satellite?
Benefits and implication of escape
Velocity
Based on g = GM/𝑟 2 where M is the mass of earth. g is inversely
proportional to 𝑟 2 but does not depend on the mass of object, m.
- decreases the ability to absorb oxygen which slows down the body’s
cardiovascular activity.
- there is no heavy load on back and leg muscles will weaken the
muscles. Individual develops osteoporosis; legs become brittle.
Minimum velocity required by an object on Earth’s surface to overcome
gravitational force and escape to space
Mass of moon is smaller thus the gravitational attraction force is
smaller
Satellite falls back to Earth
universal force that it acts between any two bodies in the universe
For a body in circular motion, a force acts on the body in a direction
towards the centre of the circle
All planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus
A line that connects a planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in
equal times
The square of the orbital period of any planet is directly proportional to
the cube of the radius of its orbit
The hotter the atmosphere, the more molecule can escape.
The smaller the object, the lower the gravity.
So, escape velocity is lower and it is harder to retain an atmosphere
-Satellites fall freely around the Earth with a central acceleration =
acceleration of gravity
-acceleration of gravity does not depend on the mass of the object
Earth’s -The linear speed of air molecules is lower than
atmosphere layer escape velocity of the Earth that is
-Air cannot escape from the Earth into outer
space

State difference between
Geostationary and Non-
Geostationary satellites.
Characteristics of Geostationary
Satellite
CHAPTER 4; HEAT
Pressure of Gases
Volume of Gas
Temperature of Gas
Freezing point
Boiling point
Melting point
Specific latent heat of
vaporization
Specific latent of heat of fusion
Specific heat capacity
Thermal conductivity
How Sea breeze occurs.
Jet fly high w/o As both their linear speed is lower than escape
escaping to outer velocity from the Earth, they can fly high
space without escaping into outer space.
Rocket launch at When a rocket is supplied with large
escape velocity to quantities of fuel to produce high thrust, the
send spacecraft rocket can achieve escape velocity and enable
to send the spacecraft to outer space
Geostationary Non-Geostationary
Orbit period = 24 hours Orbit period = +/- 24 hours
Direction of rotation of Earth Direction not same as rotation of
Earth
Used to communication To get info for weather broadcasting
throughout the world and GPS
Direction of Earth Satellite will always at the same position as
orbit observer by an observer
on the surface of the earth
Orbit period = more same with the period of the earth rotation
Orbiting above position allows the satellite to observe weather
equator and other phenomenon that varies on short time
scale
High The collisions between the particles and the walls of the
container per unit area increase
Low The collisions between the particles and the walls of the
container per unit area decrease
Large When gas expands, the volume of the gas is allowed
to increase freely
Small When gas not expands, the volume of the gas is allowed to
decreases freely
High The average kinetic energy of the gas molecules increase
Low The average kinetic energy of the gas molecules decreases
High Freeze easily // freeze at higher temperature
Low Does not freeze in cold weather easily // freeze at lower
temperature
High Does not evaporate// does not boil easily
Low Evaporate easily /boiling easily
High Does not melt easily // melting at higher temperature
Low Melt easily // melting at lower temperature
High Large amount of heat for boiling // Takes longer time to boil
Low Small amount of heat for boiling // Takes shorter time to boil
High Large amount of heat for melting // Takes longer time to melt
Low Small amount of heat for melting // Takes shorter time to melt
High More amount of heat is absorbed to increase the
temperature // Not easily heated
Low Less amount of heat is absorbed to increase the
temperature // Hot quickly
High More heat lost to the surrounding // Can transfer heat easily
Low To avoid heat lost to the surrounding // Cannot transfer heat
easily
-The land heats up quickly from sea because land has lower specific
heat capacity than sea.

How land breeze occurs
Explain why gel is a good cooling
agent in a cooling pad.
After an hour, the temperature of
the coffee in Diagram 4.1 is equal
to the
temperature of the surrounding.
Explain this situation.
Explain why the volume of air
bubbles increases as it moves
towards the surface of water.
Explain how a doctor
can check her
patient temperature.
Using theory kinetic of matter
explain why the temperature
remain unchanged while the
heating is still on.
using the kinetic theory of
molecule, explain why volume
increases when the temperature
of air increases
using the kinetic theory of
molecule, explain why the
reading of X increases when the
temperature of air in the flask
increases
A column of air is trapped in
capillary tube and heated. State
what will happen if temperature of
water is heated.
How does liquid-in-glass
thermometer
work?
Why wait until liquid level in
thermo no longer changes before
making a mark?
Explain how fish in ice box are
cooled.
Cooling liquid must have high
specific latent heat of
vaporization
Condenser and evaporator pipe
and cooling fans have
-The hot air on land rises up and cold sea air is pushed to land.
• At night, heat is lost from the land and sea
• Sea has a larger specific heat capacity so sea is warmer than land
• Warmer air above the sea rises
• Cooler air from the land moves towards the sea
• Gel has a high / big specific heat capacity.
• When stored in the refrigerator, it experiences a big temperature drop
// releases a large amount of heat.
• Hence it can absorb a large amount of heat from the patient’s body /
head,
• before reaching thermal equilibrium with the patient’s head/body.
• the temperature of coffee is higher than surrounding
• heat from coffee transfers to surrounding
• heat transfers until achieve thermal equilibrium
• rate of heat transfer is equal / /temperature re equal/net rate of
heat transfer is zero.
- The depth of water at the base is high
- The pressure of water at base is high
- The depth of water decrease as the bubble move towards the surface
- The volume of air bubble increase as the pressure decrease
• When the thermometer is put under the tongue (thermal contact)
• The heat energy is transfer from patient’s body to the thermometer
(heat transfer)
• Net flow of heat is zero
• Temperature of thermometer = patient’s body
Heat absorb is to overcome the forces attraction between the molecules
• kinetic energy remains constant and the temperature remain
unchanged
•Temperature increases, Kinetic energy will increases
• Collisions between the molecule increase, thus the volume will
increases
• Kinetic energy // speed of air molecules increases
• Frequency collision between air molecules and wall of the flask
increase
• Rate of change of momentum increase / pressure increase
-The column of sulphuric acid in the capillary tube will raise
-Because the gas trapped in capillary tube has expanded and push the
column up
• The bulb contains a fixed mass of liquid
• The volume of the liquid increases when it absorbs heat
• The liquid expands and rises in the capillary tube
• Therefore the length of the liquid column in the capillary tube indicates
the magnitude of the temperature
To achieve thermal equilibrium
Ice cubes melt because they absorb latent heat which the fish release.
Final temp. is 0°.
Absorbs large latent heat from object to evaporate from liquid to gas
Release large latent heat to the cooling fins while flowing down
condenser pipe to condense hot gas into liquid
Low specific heat Absorb and release heat faster
capacity
What is the working principle pf
refrigerator?
Explain why we cannot use a
cooling system of a refrigerator to
cool the hot room.
Using kinetic theory of molecules,
explain the change in reading of
pressure gauge
Thermometer working principle
based on principle of thermal
equilibrium
How to increase the sensitivity of
liquid-in- glass thermometer?
Modifications for house
Modifications to determine
specific heat capacity of block
Modifications for food container
-cooling liquid flows along the evaporator pipe which absorbs large latent
heat from water and change into gas.
-hot gas continues absorbing heat from lower part of fridge before
entering the compression pump
-compressor pump compress hot gas to increase pressure and temp
-hot gas release large L.H to cooling fins and condense hot gas to colder
liquid
-Hot fluid flows through expansion valve to reduce temp and pressure
• Cooling system of a refrigerator is smaller
• Less cool air from refrigerator flow out compare to the hot air flow in
• Position of refrigerator is on the floor
• The cool air does not flow upward
-reading of pressure gauge increase
-friction between tyre and road produce heat which is absorbed by air
molecules in tyre
-kinetic energy of air molecules increase
-rate of collision between air molecule and walls of tyre increase
• When a thermometer is inserted in hot water
• Heat flowing from hot water to thermometer
• Upon balance transfer rate terms net heat is zero
• Thermometer temperature is the same as the hot water temperature.
• By the thermometer reading when it is hot water temperature
Thin glass wall of Heat transfer to mercury faster
bulb
Large bulb Increase rate of mercury expansion
Strong glass tube Not easy to break
More windows Good air ventilation
Higher refractive Prevent direct sunlight enter room
index of glass
windows
Higher specific Release more heat
heat capacity of
wall
Strong material durable
roof
Triangle roof Strong pattern / reduce the effect of strong winds
Brick wall Low specific heat capacity/release heat
Liner specific heat Good insulator (asbestos)
capacity is bigger
Use oil to fill up air Able to transfer heat more efficiently
space
High sensitivity of Gives more accurate reading
thermometer
Higher rated power Able to supply more power
of electrical heater
Wrap block with Reduce heat loss to surrounding
thick cloth
Low density Lighter, container able to move from one place to
material another
High melting point Prevent container from melting up
High specific heat Container will not get heat easily thus safe to
capacity touch
Low thermal Good heat insulator, to ensure no heat loss and
conductivity food remains hot
Double wall Prevent heat loss
Modifications for solar cooker Silver color Light will reflect cooker and heat up water
reflector inside
Metal cooker Good conductor
Paint outer part Absorb heat
with black color
Wrap cooker with Avoid heat loss to surrounding
plastic/glass
Trap heat, To absorb heat, water boils faster
temperature will
increase

CHAPTER 5; WAVES
What is resonance?
State X-Ray usage
What is coherent.
How to improve clarity of speech
heard.
A man walks in front of speaker
and hears loud and soft sounds.
Why?
How dark and bright regions are
formed on screen
Explain how a sound wave is
produced
Explain why ultrasonic wave is
used in sonar system instead of
radio wave.
Diagram 3 shows that the glass
breaks when the singer sings.
Explain why it happens.
Interference of light waves
Interference of sound waves
Vibration caused by an external force that has same natural frequency
and oscillates at maximum amplitude.
Detect bone fracture // scan luggage in airport
Two waves have the same phase or constant phase different and same
frequency
-Curtain is hung on windows to reduce sound reflection
Loudspeakers are put at higher position to avoid object from blocking
sound
As man passes through anti nodal line, he hears loud sound. Loud
sound is produced by constructive interference.
As man pass through nodal line, he hears soft sound. Soft sound
produced by destructive interference.
-water acts as lens to produce pattern of bright and dark regions on a
piece of white paper under the tank when light passes through it
-a crest is highest position of wave and acts as convex lens whereas a
through; the lowest position acts as concave lens
- light rays from lamp focus onto white screen below the bright lines
correspond to the crests and the dark lines corresponds to the
throughs
• (When someone speaks the) paper cone will vibrating
(The vibrating paper cone will vibrate) the air molecules
• When the paper cone moves to the right, it will produce a layer of
compressed air
• When the paper cone moves to the left, it will produce a layer of
rarefaction air
• The series of compressions and rarefactions (produces sound waves)
• ultrasonic have high frequency
• ultrasonic is high energy
• ultrasonic can penetrate into deep water
• ultrasonic can be travel far/long distance
• Sound wave transfer to the glass
• Glass vibrate
• Vibration of the glass achieved the natural frequency of the singer
• High amplitude produced, glass broken
When constructive occurs there will be a bright fringe.
When destructive occurs there will be a dark fringe
When constructive occurs there will be a loud sound.
When destructive occurs there will be a soft sound.
Unchanged Frequency, speed and wavelength
 Characteristics of diffraction of decrease Amplitude (energy)
waves
Sound waves to determine High frequency Can penetrate earth and soil and less loss of
thickness of oil layer energy
High energy Stronger signal will be received
Modifications for solar cooker Concave reflector Heat energy can be focus
Big curve reflector More heat energy can be trapped
Facing upright and Can be adjust to sun position
adjustable
Smooth and shiny Will reflect more sunlight
Modifications for school hall Soft surface wall = can reduce reflection of sound
softboard
Soft floor able to absorb parts of the sound energy
coverings = carpet
Far distance distance between two consecutive loud sound is
between two reduced
speakers
Microphone avoid annoying sound produced due to sound
behind from loudspeaker repeatedly entering microphone
loudspeaker
Design a communication system Microwave Can penetrate through the atmosphere
which can improve Higher frequency Higher energy
the quality of signal transmission. Larger diameter Capture more signal
Use relay To overcome damping and amplify signal
station/satellite
Location Hill Top Wide receiving range and less obstacle
Fisherman Boat Modifications Streamline shape Reduce water resistance
Strong material Withstand high pressure
Made of fiberglass Lower density and lighter
Uses ultrasonic Have high energy thus sounds can travel at
waves further distance
Put fish in ice has larger latent heat // fish can be kept at a
polystyrene box low temperature for an extended period of time
with ice
Guitar String Low density less massive string, wave travel faster and
frequency higher
High tension High frequency // high pitch
Smaller string Produce higher frequency // low wavelength
length
Stainless steel Produce bright sound // high corrosion resistance
X-Ray Characteristics Ultrasonic Suitable to detect soft organ
Long wavelength Cut down diffraction and increase reflection
High amplitude More energy can be reflected
Reflection Use different intensity of reflection to map out the
shape of the organ.

CHAPTER 6; LIGHT
1)Why light is refracted? -It is due to the change in the velocity of light as it passes from one
medium into another.
-light travels more slowly in glass than in air
-When a light beam passes from air into glass, the speed of light
decreases. This makes the beam ‘bend’
2)Why man legs loo short in
water.
3)Why pencil looks bend in water.
A piece of paper is placed under
the convex lens. Explain why the
paper burns
Explain why the diamond is
sparkling when the ray of light
pass through
Explain how to use a concave
mirror to heat up water in a
container using solar energy.
Explain how you would estimate
the focal length of a convex lens
in your school laboratory
Explain how total internal
reflection occurs
Explain how a mirage is formed.
1)Name mirror type used to
examine teeth. State suitable
distance between mirror and
teeth.
Explain the experiment of
refraction of light using cup and
water.
Light travels from the feet in the water which is denser to air which is less
dense. Refracted away from normal line
-Light travels from water to air (denser to less dense) and refracted away
from normal line
-Our eyes interpret that light travels in a straight line. It originate from
point, I which is above the object O. It appears to come from a virtual
pencil. (Image of the pencil which is above the real pencil. So it looks
bend in the water.
- The rays of the hot sun are parallel / from infinity
- The rays will converge to a focal point after passing through the lens.
- Light / energy will be focused.
- Light turns to heat and produce flames
- A diamond has a very high refractive index.
- Its critical angle is small.
- The facets of a diamond are cut so that angle of incidence greater than
the critical angle.
- Total internal reflection cause the diamond to sparkle
- parallel light ray hit the concave mirror
- reflection occur
- all the light ray will converge to a focal point
- Light / energy will be focused and turns to heat
- The convex lens is aimed/focused to a distant object (infinity)
- The screen is adjusted until a sharp image is formed on the screen
- The distance between the screen and the lens is measured
- Focal length = distance between the screen and the lens
- Increase the angle of incidence, i then angle of refraction, r will also
increase
- Keep on increasing the angle of incidence until angle of refraction is90°
- The angle of incidence is called critical angle
- Increase the angle of incidence more than the critical angle, the ray will
be reflected.
The layer of air nearer the road warmer
The density of air decreases nearer to the road surface
The light travels from denser area to less dense area
The light refracted away from the normal
When the angle of incidence exceed the critical angle, total internal
reflection occurs
Concave mirror to reflect and focus the light better; produced brighter
image. Distance is less than focal length to produce larger image.
During the experiment:
the light traveled from the image through the air,
then through the glass cup into the water, and
finally out of the glass cup and into the air once more before it
reached our eyes.
Light refracts as it passes from one medium to the next because it
travels at different speeds through those mediums.
Light travels fastest through air, a little slower through water, and
even slower through glass.
This means that:
the light bends once when it travels through the glass cup into the
water, and then it bends again when it travels out of the glass cup and
into the air. As a result, the light paths cross and the image appears to
be flipped horizontally (left/right).
Modifications for telescope
Modifications for microscope
Simple camera
Modifications for mirror to use as
outdoor safety at corner road
Modifications of solar cooker
Window modify so direct sunlight
would not be able to enter the
room and be cooler
PHYSICS FORM 5
CHAPTER 1; FORCE AND MOTION II
Big diameter lens
Long focal length
Glass lens
Convex lens as objective
lens
Convex lens as eyepiece
lens
Convex lens
fe > fo
Shorter fo
position of object: fo < u <
2fo
normal adjustment: L > fo +
fe
Stored in dry and cool place
Convex lens
Film
Diaphragm adjustment ring
shutter
Convex mirror
Excellent weather resistance
Excellent impact resistance
of material
Bigger size
Greater reflectivity
Place at sharp road corner at
bending road
Small roof
Concave mirror
Put water container at focal
point of concave mirror
Paint the outside part of the
cooker with black colour
use aluminium foil
// silver colour inside
Wrap the cooker with plastic
Put small stones inside
cooker
Metal
Big refractive index
Thick glass
Low thermal conductivity of
glass
Low glass temperature
allow more light to pass through
higher magnification
higher refractive index
Converge all the rays to one point
Allow more refraction of light and thus
produce brighter image
All the light will be focus (converging)
Low power of lens (eyepiece)
power of lens (objective) higher
1st image RIM (Real, Inverted, Magnified)
To increase magnification and produce
bigger image
To avoid fungus in the lenses
To focus a sharp image onto the film
To record the image
To adjust the size of aperture (control
the brightness of the image)
To open and shut the camera (film is
exposed only for a short time)
wider
Able to withstand bad weather
Save cost and everlasting
Enable a wider view and sharper image
Clearer image even in bad weather
To minimize the accident occur to enable
motorist see oncoming traffic
Protect from rain drop for better image
Converge / focus sun light
All the light rays can be reflected and
focus at the focal point
To absorb heat
So sun light can be reflected back into
the cooker
To trap heat
Absorb heat
Good conductor of heat
So that the critical angle is small and
thus the rays will be easier to be totally
reflected
The ray is harder to refract
Slower conducting the heat into the
room through the glass
Give cooling effect
What is resolution of forces
What is drag
Force meaning.
Meaning of equilibrium force?
By using forces acting on car,
explain how car moves with
Why paraglider can fly forward
with uniform acceleration at
constant height
Why at certain extent, the
spring cannot return to original
length
how the spring constant and
the
elastic potential energy stored
in the spring is measured
Explain why the hovercraft
moves with constant velocity in
terms of the force acting on it.
Explain how shock absorber
able to absorb and damp
shock impulses
Why motorcycle require a
thicker spring wire and smaller
diameter for load.
Modifications for fishing boat
Modifications for inclined plank
with a pulley system
Modifications for cable
carrying traffic light
Modifications for trampoline
The separation of a single force or into two or more , generally resolved
along two mutually perpendicular directions
Pulling force caused by air resistance
Rate of change in momentum
Resultant force is 0N
Constant velocity Engine thrust = drag
Acceleration Engine thrust more than drag. Travels with
increasing speed
-resultant force = thrust – drag. Resultant force is constant
-paraglider can fly forward with uniform acceleration
-lifting force is equal to weight
-fly at constant height
-two forces between atoms in spring are repulsion force and attraction
force
-when compressed, repulsion force returns spring to original state
-when stretched, attraction force returns spring to original state
-spring cannot return to original length if elastic limit exceed
F = kx
From x-F graph, k = 1/gradient
Energy = Area under the graph of x-F
From the graph, E = Area of triangle = ½ Fx
• The forward force = friction // forward thrust = drag
• The resultant force is zero
-Compress when have shock impulses
-Prolong the time of impact and reduce impulsive force
-Shock impulses will have bigger change of momentum
-Lower rate of change of momentum
thicker spring wire has greater stiffness thus compression length is
smaller
small spring diameter has greater spring constant
more force support the big load
High rate of damping Amplitude reduces fast thus less bounce
Thick spring wire Stiffer spring and smaller compression
Steel spring Strong and will not rust
Short spring Higher spring constant thus can support greater
load
Aerodynamic shape -reduce water resistance
-resultant force is greater thus boat moves faster
Fibreglass material -light and move faster
-strong and does not break easily
Large engine power Boat move faster
Sharp and narrow Reduce effect of water resistance
base
Large propeller Larger thrust and momentum to propel boat
Plank type Smooth = reduce friction
Plank angle Small = reduce weight parallel to plane
Mass load Large = increase pulling force
Rope type Inelastic = produce constant force
Larger angle Reduce tension effect on cable
High max. tension Strong enough to support weight
Steel material Stronger than iron and don’t rust
Low rate of oxidation Will no be oxidised and last longer
Parallel springs High elasticity

Modification for Pogo Stick
Modifications for fishing rod
Lawnmower modifications.
Bridge modifications
1)What is elasticity?
2)State Hooke’s Law
Effect on the spring constant
Based on the forces between
atoms, explain why the spring
is elastic
Function of coil spring in a
vehicle
Name energy form in extended
elastic cords
Why balls bounced after
external forces is removed
Spring modifications.
Steel frame Do not break easily
Low spring constant Get more extension
Nylon fabric Not tear easily
Net around trampoline Prevent children from slipping
Non slip material for High hand grip
handle
Frame covered foam Increase impact time and reduce impulsive force
Less stiff spring More compression
Rubber foot peg Better grip
Elastic grip tip Rebound effectively
Steel slide shaft Withstand bigger force
Long handle Better control once fish is hooked
Low density keel Lighter when pulling fish
Small diameter ring Don’t get tangled easily
Nylon fishing line Durable
Fibreglass rod Withstand big force
Push lawnmower 𝐹𝑦 component acted downwards
Large angle increase 𝐹𝑦 component
Big cutter blade cut more grass in shorter time
large mass larger total force downwards to cut grass more
shorter
Longer handle easy to handle lawnmower movement
Steel strong cable Withstand bigger force and not easily rust
Concrete pillar Not easily break
Many cables Withstand more force and increase equilibrium
High tension Bigger force
High pillar height Avoid water spill on bridge
Big pillar diameter Increase stability
More pillars Withstand wave/erosion and increase stability
The property of material that enables an object to return to its original
shape and size after the force applied on it is removed
the extension of a spring is directly proportional to the force applied on the
spring provided the elastic limit of the spring is not exceeded.
Spring length Low k↑ = hard
High k↓ = soft
Spring diameter Low k↑ = hard
High k↓ = soft
Spring thickness Thick k↑ = hard
Thin k↓ = soft
Spring Parallel k↑ = hard
arrangement series k↓ = soft
-two forces acting between molecules are attractive and repulsive force
-when spring is stretched, attractive force between molecules acts
-when compressed, repulsive force between molecules acts
-when force is released, the spring returns to its original position due to
forces
As a shock absorber to reduce impulsive force
Elastic potential energy
Elastic potential energy change to kinetic energy
-short spring length = large spring constant, hard

Modifications for spring
balance sheet
Modifications for catapult
Modifications for trampoline
Modification for Pogo Stick
CHAPTER 2; PRESSURE
1)How to remove water from
aquarium.
2)Meaning of atmospheric
pressure.
3)Why water stop flowing
when mouth of container is
closed
Working principle of
hydrometer
Working principle of Bunsen
Burner
Working principle of vacuum
cleaner
Working principle of dropper
How chair can be lift up?
- small no. of oscillations = less vibration when shocked
- steel spring = strong and always abide by Hooke’s Law
Spring type Helical = reduce vibration and shorten the time of
damping
Spring constant Small = more sensitive
Obey Hooke’s law Yes = to get uniform scale
Cup material Polystyrene = lighter and does not affect the
weight of object that is being measured
Thicker rubber Increase elastic potential energy
Stretch rubber longer
Stone with smaller Increase stone acceleration
mass
Handle strong material Doesn’t break easily
Parallel springs High elasticity
Steel frame Do not break easily
Low spring constant Get more extension
Nylon fabric Not tear easily
Net around trampoline Prevent children from slipping
Non slip material for High hand grip
handle
Frame covered foam Increase impact time and reduce impulsive force
Less stiff spring More compression
Rubber foot peg Better grip
Elastic grip tip Rebound effectively
Steel slide shaft Withstand bigger force
-pail on floor = create low pressure region
-aquarium on table = create high pressure region
-big hose diameter = large volume of water flowing
-High difference in height = large difference in pressure
Weight of atmosphere on the Earth’s surface
The trapped air pressure will drop if water flows out. Atmospheric pressure
stops the water from flowing out
• Used to measure relative density of liquids
• Lead shots = to weight it down // enable the hydrometer floats vertically in
the liquid
• Lesser density = larger volume of liquid displaced (hydrometer is
submerged)
• Higher density = lower volume of liquid displaced (hydrometer floats)
1.Gas flow at higher speed
2.Creates low pressure near the nozzle
3.Atmospheric air is drawn in and mix with gas to burn completely
• Fan blows air out from vent
• Low pressure inside vacuum cleaner
• High pressure outside vacuum cleaner
• Different in pressure result sucking force
• Press the dropper
• Air inside the dropper is forced out
• Pressure inside the dropper decreases
• Atmospheric pressure pushes the liquid into the dropper tube
-when small piston is pressed down

An Angler fish, a type of fish
that lives only in deep sea.
When it is brought to the
surface of the seawater, the
fish will die. By using physics
concept, explain why the fish
dies.
Explain how the hydraulic jack
can be used to lift a car when
force F1 is applied on the
small piston with cross-section
area A1. In your explanation,
state the reason why force F2
is greater than force F1.
Explain how the lifting force is
produced.
Using the concept of buoyant
force, explain why the wooden
block moves upwards and
then floats on the water
surface.
Characteristics of a hydraulic
brake system in car
Modifications for sailboat
Hydraulic Brake Modifications
Submarine modifications
-pressure is exerted on liquid and transmits uniformly on large piston
-force is produced and pushes chair up
- the ocean is deep so the pressure is high at seabed
- the nature of the fish is to stay in the high pressure surrounding
- when brought towards the surface, the pressure decreases, volume of the
fish increases.
- the gas in the body will expand so the internal organ of the fish will burst.
• Small force exerted on piston A1 produce pressure.
• The pressure is transmitted equally throughout the system.
• The pressure exerted on big piston (A2) produce output force (F2)
• Since the surface area piston A2 > piston A1, thereforeoutput force
produced for big piston is greater.
1. The velocity of air is high and the air pressure is low at the top of the
aerofoil.
2. The velocity of air is low and the air pressure is high at the bottom of the
aerofoil
3. The difference in pressure produces a lifting force
Wooden block moves upwards because:
• Buoyant force > weight of wooden block
• Net force acting upward
Wooden block floats because: buoyant force = weight of block
Oil brake fluid Incompressible and pressure can be
transmitted equally
Steel transmission pipe Long lasting and not easily rust
High spring constant Can withstand high force and easy to return
to original shape
Big ratio of cross sectional Produce bigger output force and easy to slow
are of master to brake down or stop
cylinder
High boiling point Does not vaporize easily and withstand
higher temperature
Smooth / Coated with wax Reduce water friction
board surface
Aerodynamic / Streamlined Increase lift force
Shape
Low Density material Easy to float and travel faster
Waterproof and elastic sail Sail will not absorb water and not easy to tear
off
Wide and large sail Traps more wind and increase resistance
towards air
Oil brake fluid Incompressible
High boiling point brake Not easily vaporated
fluid
Small master piston Small force needed to produce high pressure
Big slave piston Produce bigger force
Stainless steel transmission Not corrode and easily break
pipe
Thick and strong material Withstand high pressure in deep sea
Large volume ballast tank Can increase weight and able to submerge
deeper

Perfume modifications
Ship Modifications
Hot air balloon Modifications
Effects of low atmospheric
pressure
Actions to be taken at higher
altitude for
Effects of high atmospheric
pressure in deep sea
Actions to be taken in deep
sea for
High power water pump Can pump in ad out water in shorter time so
can sink and float quickly
Big surface area Reduce pressure acting towards submarine
Prism periscope Produce clearer and brighter image
Big squeeze bulb To produce more air flow in the tube
Elastic To allow the squeezed bulb return to its
original shape after squeezing
Narrow shape mid tube Produce low pressure, Air travel higher
speed to create lower pressure
Narrow nozzle Liquid carried out from the nozzle in tiny
droplets // large area
Streamline shape To reduce water resistance
High metal strength To withstand high water pressure
Wide bas cross section So that ship can float / prevent from overturn
area
High volume of air space in Produce air buoyant force // ship can
ship float
Large volume To produce bigger buoyant // Increase the
volume of the air displaced
More Bunsen Burners To produce bigger flame // heat up the gas in
the balloon faster
Synthetic Nylon Light-weight // strong
High Temperature of air in Reduce the density // weight of the air in the
balloon balloon
• Increase in the rate of breathing
• Lower absorption of oxygen in the lungs
• Increase in the metabolic rate
• Loss of appetite
Climbers • Prepare and train before climbing
• Prepare equipment such as smartwatch
that can measure altitude, blood pressure
and body temperature
• Climb at a slow rate to allow the body to
adjust to the changes in pressure
• Drink water even when not thirsty to
prevent dehydration
Aeroplane • Increase the pressure in the aircraft cabin to
match the sea level pressure
• Recycle the air in the cabin so that it is
fresh and contains adequate oxygen level
• Remind the passengers to drink enough
water to prevent dehydration during long
distance flights
• Body tissues absorb excess nitrogen gas
• Nitrogen gas dissolves into the blood
• Inability to think clearly
• Formation of nitrogen bubbles in the tissues or
blood vessels if pressure is reduced too rapidly
Divers • Do physical exercises to enable the body to
adapt to a high pressure environment before
diving
• Wear a diving suit to slow down heat loss
from the body
• Slowly ascend to sea level so that nitrogen
bubbles do not form in the tissues and blood
vessels
 Submarine
CHAPTER 3; ELECTRICITY
1)What is meant by specification
240V, 100W?
Meaning of potential difference
Explain why coiled filament
produce more light
Explain why it is more dangerous
to touch the live wire of a mains
supply, rather than the
neutral wire.
Explain why the bulb connected
to two dry cells lights up brighter
than one bulb connected to
one dry cell.
Explain what will happen to the
ping pong ball when it is brought
to touch the metal disc
connected to positive terminal of
EHT?
Explain the advantages of parallel
circuit in a house wiring system
Batteries with internal resistance
connected in series and in
parallel will affect the brightness
of the bulbs.
• Submarine is made of steel or titanium with
a circular cross section to withstand the high
pressure of surroundings
• Pressure in the cabin of the submarine is
controlled to almost the same level as sea
level for the comfort of the crew
• Oxygen tanks or electrolytic oxygen
generators are provided so that the oxygen
supply is adequate
100 J of energy is used in 1s // 100W of power dissipated when
connected to a 240V power supply // 240J of energy to move 1C of
charge
The work done in moving one Coulomb of charge from one point to the
other
-coil shape. The length increase
-the resistance increase the more heat is produced
-heat energy is then converted to light energy
• Our bodies are at earth potential (0 V)
• If we touch the live wire, there will be a large potential difference (p.d)
the live wire and our body.
• A large current flow through it, probably fatal.
• The neutral wire stays at earth potential (0 V), roughly at the same
potential as our bodies.
• If we touch the neutral wire, there is no p.d. across us and so no
current flows
• The two dry cells are connected in parallel
• The effective e.m.f. remains the same
• The effective internal resistance of the two cells is smaller
• A larger current will flow through the bulb to make it brighter
• Charges on the disc neutralize the negative charges on the ping pong
ball
• Likes charges on the disc and the ball repelled each other
• The ball attracted by the positively charged disc
• The ball oscillates between the two plates
• A parallel circuit can run several devices using the full voltage of the
supply.
• If one device fails, the others will continue running normally
• If the device shorts, the other devices will receive no voltage,
preventing overload damage.
• A failure of one component does not lead to the failure of the other
components.
• More components may be added in parallel without the need for more
voltage.
• Each electrical appliance in the circuit has its own switch
• Bulb is brighter using 4 batteries in parallel.
• 4 batteries in parallel has the same emf as 2 batteries in series.
• Internal resistance for batteries in parallel is less
• Current flow is higher when 4 batteries are connected parallel.
Describe the graph of the • Filament bulbs: Gradient graph increases
potential difference graph against • resistance increases when temperature increases
current for constantan wire and • Constantans wire: gradient constant
filament bulb. In your description, • temperatures increases resistance constant
explain in terms of resistance and
temperature.
Explain why a three pin plug is • Two pin plug has no earth wire // three pin plug has earth wire
more suitable compared with a • using 2 pin plug, if there is leakage of current it will also flow through
two pin plug. the metal body // using
3 pin plug if there is leakage of current it will flow to the ground
• The person who touches the metal body will experiences electric shock
// using 3 pin plug,
the current will be earthed
• using 2 pin is not safe to the consumer // Using 3 pin plug is more safer
to the consumer
State one disadvantage of series Once one of the bulb is burnt, the rest of bulb will not light up
connection
State two precautionary steps -make sure our eye perpendicular to the reading of ammeter to avoid
that must be taken when taking parallax error
the reading through the ammeter - switch off the circuit the after taking the reading to avoid over heating
Explain the working principle of • Current flows through a coil of conductor in the rheostat
the rheostat • The length of wire through which by changing the position of the slider
• When the position of the slider changed, the resistance of the rheostat
(Resistance) in the
circuit change
• As the result, the current in the circuit change
3)e.m.f cell More Supply bigger current through the same resistor
Less Supply smaller current through the same resistor
4)resistance High Less current flow
Low More current flow
5)resistivity of wire High More heat is produced // higher resistance for the filament in order to
generate light and heat.
Low A large current flow // less energy dissipated as heat
6)electric devices power High Use more electric energy in one second
Low Use less electric energy in one second
7)voltmeter range Big Require smaller current to generate power
Small Require bigger current to generate power
8)ammeter range Big Have lower sensitivity level // can measure bigger potential difference
(voltage)
Small Have higher sensitivity level // can measure smaller current
9)melting point of wire High Wire can withstand the greater heat when current flows through it
Low the wire easily melt // electric shock occur
10)density of wire High Wire is more heavy
low Wire is lighter // to reduce the weight of the wire//easier to be carried
around
11) Ammeter is connected in Has a low resistance so that its existence has little effect on the
series with bulb or devices magnitude of current flowing
because
12) Voltmeter is connected in Has a high resistance, current flowing through it is negligible
parallel with bulb or devices
because
13)Copper wire Good conductor of electricity // It has low resistance and less energy is
lost as heat // lower specific heat capacity
14) Bulb/device is connected in Voltage across each bulb or devices is the same// If one of the branches
parallel because is defective, the flow of electricity will not be broken in the other
branches // Can be switch on individually
15) Bulb connected in series
16) Factor affecting R for metal
(conductor)
Modifications for heating element
Modifications for filament lamps
Modifications for ammeter scale
CHAPTER 4; ELECTROMAGNET
1)Explain operation’s principle of
a transformer.
Explain the working principle of
the direct current generator
How to increase magnetic force
One of the bulb is broken, the current flows in entire circuit ceases (stop
flowing) // All voltage of bulb are not equal
Length of wire, l Resistance also increases
increases
Cross-sectional area, A Resistance decrease
increases
Type of substance R silver <R copper < R constantan < R
nichrome < R tungsten
Temperature increases Resistance also increase
More no. of loop Increase surface area of heating element
Nichrome as material of High resistance which produce more heat
heating element
Heating panels arranged If one panel is damage, the others can still
in parallel function
High melting pint Can withstand high temperature without melt
Tungsten wire Higher resistance per unit length and higher
melting point than Cu
Thin wire Greater resistance and become hot easily
Coiled wire More efficient bcs very long wire can be fitted
into glass bulb, concentrating the heat and
produce brighter light from hot filament
Glass lamp filled with Tungsten filament will not evaporate easily at
nitrogen gas at low high temperature
pressure
Small scale Can detect smallest change in current flow
Mirror strip To avoid parallax error
Zero adjuster To avoid zero error and adjust the pointer
Lighter needle (pointer) Easy to detect current and sensitive to
change of current flow
- Alternating current flows through primary coils which produced
electromagnet
- The electromagnet always change magnitudes and directions
produced at core
- Secondary coils are cut by magnetic flux
- The induced voltage/e.m.f is generated on secondary coil.
-direct current consist of rectangular coil placed between magnet poles
-coil is connected to external load via a carbon brush that touches
commutator slowly
-when coil rotates, it cuts off magnetic field and produce d.g.e induction
in it
Increase dry cells To increase current
Decrease distance Stronger magnetic field
between magnet
bar
Increase no. of Increase magnetic field
magnet
Low density of Cu Lighter//easy to move when small force acting on
rod it
2)Modify an electrical laminated soft iron easy to magnetized and demagnetized
transmission system. core
Aluminium low resistance and good conductor
transmission wire
Steel pylon Long lasting
High tower Easy to do maintenance
Large diameter Reduce resistant and prevent energy loss to
surrounding
Porslin ball Prevent current leakage
Generator modifications. stronger magnet produce stronger magnetic field
Increase no. of turn increase magnetic flux cutting
of coil
copper wire low resistance
large cross reduce resistance
sectional area
change commutator = produce alternating current
w slip ring
6)Modifications for transformer. -copper wire coil = low electrical resistance
-Laminated iron core = reduce eddy current
-Soft iron = easily magnetized and demagnetized
-Secondary coil windings on top of primary coil = reduce the leakage of
magnetic lux
-thick wire = low resistance
7)Modifications for a step=down No. of turns in 2nd < -to produce step-down transformer
transformer primary -decrease output voltage
Rectangle core Induced current will link to 2nd coil
Soft iron core Easy to magnetized and demagnetized
Modifications for bicycle dynamo Stronger magnet Stronger magnetic field
Increase no. of Rate of cutting of magnetic flux increase
turns of coil
Low resistance coil Produce more induced current
Thicker wire Lower resistance

CHAPTER 5; ELECTRONIC
Meaning of semiconductor Material that has electrical conductivity that is between of a conductor and
an insulator
Doping of semiconductor A process of adding a certain amount of specific impurities to semiconductor
to increase their conductivity
Depletion layer neutral region which has no charge carriers and poor conductor of electricity
Retification A process to convert an alternating current (ac) into a direct current (dc) by
using diode
Capacitor smoothing The discharge current from a capacitor helps to maintain a steady output
voltage across a resistor by supplying current at all time.
Diode Allows the current to flow easily in only one direction
Alternating current Current flows in two directions consecutively
Forward bias - When a p-type semiconductor is connected to the positive terminal and a
n-type semiconductor is connected to the negative terminal of a cell
- electrons from the n-type are pulled across the p-n junction,
- this will cause the current to flow
Reverse bias - When a n-type material is connected to the positive terminal and a p-type
material is connected to the negative terminal of a cell
- electrons from the n-type are pulled toward the positive terminal of cell
- the junction becomes wider and the current stop to flow
Transistor function
NPN Transistors
PNP Transistors
Why NPN is mostly used than
PNP transistor?
What happen when diode is in
reverse bias
What is the use of capacitor
Factors that influence the rate
of thermionic emission
Explain how the air conditioner,
M, to be switched on
Explain why the air conditioner
is not connected directly to the
transistor circuit.
The circuit is connected with a
diode. When switch is on, what
happen to bulb?
Function of semiconductor
diode?
Why extra high voltage is used
How does sound amplifier
works?
Explain the working principle of
transistor circuit in daylight.
Explain the working principle of
transistor circuit in nightime
How does transistor works as
current amplifier when
connected to microphone
Current amplifier // automatic switch
mainly used in switching applications
- used in amplification circuits and robotic applications
- PNP transistors to control current flow in heavy applications
-The majority charge carriers in an NPN transistor are electrons
- The majority carriers in a PNP transistor are holes
- The electrons have better mobility than hole
No current flow
- When the current pass through the resistor and capacitor, the capacitor is
charged and stores energy.
- When there is no current pass through the resistor and capacitor, the
capacitor discharge.
- The energy from it is used to produce voltage across the resistor.
- As a result it produces a smooth dc output
Temperatu When the temperature of the cathode increases, the rate of
re of thermionic emission increases.
cathode
Surface A larger surface area of the cathode increases the rate of
Area of thermionic emission.
cathode
Potential The rate of thermionic emission is unchanged, when the
difference potential difference increases, but the emitted electrons
accelerate faster towards the anode
When LDR detect light, resistance of LDR ⬇
• Resistance S ⬆
• Vs ⬆. Ib flow to switch on the transistor
• Ic flow and relay is activated air conditioner, M is on
Air conditioner needs higher voltage to activate which is 240 V
Bulb will light up, because circuit is in forward biased.
Allow current flow in one direction only
To accelerate the electron
1. Microphone converts audio (sound) signal to electrical
2. Capacitor allows the varying current flow it
3. 𝐼𝐵 changes and 𝐼𝑐 flow
4. Sound waves with higher amplitude is produced𝐼𝐵
1. In daylight, the LDR has very low resistance as exposed to sunlight.
2.Low resistance of LDR will cause a smaller share of battery voltage across
it.
3. This low voltage across the base-emitter does not switch the transistor on.
4. Therefore, the transistor circuit is not complete and the lamp does not
light up
1.In night time, the LDR has very high resistance as the surrounding is dark.
2. High resistance of LDR will cause a high share of battery voltage across it.
3.This high voltage across the LDR will drive a base current through the
transistor and switch it on.
4.Therefore, the transistor circuit is complete and the lamp lights up.
-The microphone is to convert the sound energy into electrical energy. This
electrical energy will be sent to capacity.
-The capacitor will block the steady current and allow the a.c current to pass

How does Thermistor and Light-
controlled Switch works
CHAPTER 6; NUCLEAR
CHARACTERISTICS
1)Meaning of radioactivity
2)What is radioactive decay
3)Give the meaning or radiation
4)Meaning of ionizing effect.
5)What is half-life?
6)Explain what is radioisotopes.
7)What is atomic mass
unit(amu)
8)Meaning of Nuclear Fission
9)What is chain reaction.
10)Give the meaning of Nuclear
Fusion
11)Explain the Einstein’s
Principle
3)Half-life Long
short
4)Penetrating power Alpha
Beta
Gamm
a
through it.
-The small a.c current will pass to the base of transistor will cause a big
amplification to the output current.
Here, the transistor is act as current amplifier.
-The loudspeaker now converts the electrical signal back to sound energy
again.
Hot ➢ Base current, IB will flow
➢ Transistor is switched ON.
➢ Large collector current, IC flows
➢ Alarm/Bulb is turned ON
cold ➢ No Base current, IB flow
➢ Transistor is switched
➢ OFF
➢ No collector current, IC flows
➢ Alarm/Bulb does not turned ON
EXPLANATION
The spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nucleus accompanied by
the emission of an energetic particle or a photon (or radioactive emission)
The process in which an unstable nucleus changes into a more stable
nucleus by emitting radiation
The energy given out by an unstable nucleus in the form of energetic
particles or photon
The production of charged particles called ions when the energetic
particle or photon passes through a medium, it can knock electrons out of
the atoms and molecules of the medium
The time taken for the number of the undecayed nuclei in the sample to
be reduced to half of its original number
Unstable nuclei of an element which have the same number of protons but
different number of neutrons which decay and give out radioactive
emission
1/12 of the mass of the carbon-12 atom
The process of splitting a heavy nucleus into two lighter nuclei which
releases enormous amount of energy
Self-sustaining reaction in which the products of a reaction can initiate
another similar reaction
The process of combining two lighter nuclei to form a heavier nucleus
which releases enormous amount of energy
Mass and energy are not conserved separately and can be exchanged
one for the other by using this equation :
E = mc 2
where E = energy released(J), m = mass defect(kg) c = speed of light (3 x
108 m s -1 )
decompose slowly// Long lasting radioactivity// no need to replaced often
decompose quickly// Short radioactivity
stopped by a sheet of paper or a few cm of air
stopped by a few mm of Aluminium
stopped by a few cm of lead
 Long Can penetrate the body to be detected externally (gamma rays-can
penetrate deep into the skin and Inflict damage onto the cells)
short Cannot penetrate the body to be detected externally (alpha particles)
6)Ionizing power High Alpha particles have the strong ionizing effect
low Gamma ray have weaker ionizing effect on air molecules
7)Effect of electric field High Beta particles have the deflection is greater due to the small mass of
electron // deflected towards the positive plate
Low Gamma ray not deflected because has no charge
8)Effect of magnetic High Beta particles Greater deflection because beta particle has a very small
field mass
Low Gamma ray no deflection because gamma has no charge
5)Radioisotope in solid It is easy to handle // easily to use/stored// safer
9)Alpha Particle High ionization power // able to ionize the air easily
10)Beta Particle Fast moving electrons // very small mass // lighter
11)Gamma Rays Its high penetrating power // less dangerous inside body // do not ionize the cells
1)explain how nuclear 1⃣ nuclear FISSIONS occurs when Uranium-235 are bombarded by a neutrons
reaction continuous 2⃣ heat energy produced and boils the water become steam
and how can be used 3⃣ the steam rotate the turbine
to generate electrical 4⃣ rotating turbine switch on the dynamos that generate the electrical energy
energy.
How is heat energy -heat energy produced and boils the water to become steam
converted to kinetic -the steam rotates the turbine
energy in the turbine
rotation?
The kinetic energy Rotating turbine switch on the dynomos that generate the electrical energy based
produce electrical on the electromagnetic induction
energy, how?
High cooling towers -water as a cooling agent and has high specific heat capacity
are built at nuclear -absorb and release more heat
power stations. Why? -to prevent overheating // serious radioactive leakage disasters
Advantages of using § Nuclear power costs about the same as coal, so it is not expensive.
nuclear fission § It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide. It does not contribute to the
greenhouse effect. It produces less waste than fossil fuels.
§ It produces huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel.
§ Nuclear power stations need less fuel than stations which use fossil fuels.
Disadvantages of § The initial cost to design and build a nuclear power station is very high.
nuclear fission § There is always a risk of accidents. If a chain reaction goes out of control,
explosion or leakage or large amounts of radioactive substance may
happen.
§ Used fuel rods are very hot and highly radioactive with very long half-lives.
§ Expensive procedures are required to cool down the rods and store them
You are required to • Observed the reading on the scale without an absorber
carry out investigation • Put a piece of paper, aluminium and lead between the source and the detector in
to identify the types of turns
radiation by using • For each kind absorber, record the reading on the rate meter
Geiger-Muller tube • Carry out the same procedure for the three substances
• α radiation will be stopped by all three kinds of absorber
• β radiation will be stopped by aluminium and lead
• γ will be stopped by lead only
2)Build a nuclear Boron control absorb excess neutron/ensure fission continuously occur to
reactor. rod maintain stable power output
Graphite slow down fast-moving neutron
moderator
Uranium fuel produce large amount of energy
 Concrete
reactor wall
building
Coolant
material
heavy water
Location by
sea
Waste
management
Safety
precautions
CHAPTER 7; QUANTUM PHYSICS
State one characteristics of line
spectrum.
What is a black body?
What is the meaning of quantum.
What is threshold frequency, fo?
What is the ideal radiation?
What is black body emission’
Meaning of continuous spectrum.
What is line spectrum?
Give meaning of photoelectric effect.
Describe a laboratory experiment to
demonstrate the photoelectric effect.
Explain the photoelectric effect using
Gold-Leaf electroscope.
Explain why the leaves of
electroscope collapse
Explain why the leaves do not
collapse when the zinc is covered by
a piece of ordinary glass
Explain why the leaves don’t collapse
when zinc is illuminated with green
light
prevent dangerous radiation emitted to surrounding
-as moderator to slow down neutrons
-high specific heat capacity thus absorb heat energy to generate
steam
-control reactor temperature
Abundance of water act as cooling agent
-radioactive wates are buried at disposal at certain depth
-facility site is situated far from residential areas
-accordance to IAEA standard
-to ensure the safety of mankind and environment
Lines formed a large separation gap between the lines are for
colours (wavelength or specific frequency only)
An idealised body that is able to absorb all electromagnetic radiation
that falls on it
The quantity of energy that discrete directly proportional to the
frequency radiated.
The minimum frequency of light photon required to produce
photoelectric effect.
radiation absorbed = radiation emitted
An ideal electromagnetic radiation in the form of heat or light
The visible light is considered continues because there is NO gap
separation between each colour in the spectrum
The line spectrum shows the electromagnetic radiation of specific
frequencies
Emission of photoelectrons from a metal surface when light at a
certain frequency illuminates the meta
Apparatus: Gold leaf electroscope with zinc plate on top.
Procedure:
Charge the electroscope negatively.
Shine ultraviolet light on the zinc plate.
Result: The leaves fall together
1. Gold-leaf and zinc plate
- negatively charge
- gold lead will repelling
2. UV light brought to the zinc plate
- UV light has higher frequency (more photon energy)
- photoelectron will be emitted from zinc plate
- less electron at zinc plate
- gold leaf will collapse
-photoelectrons emitted from the surface of the metal
-the leaves lose their excess charge
The glass absorbs UV light
-f (green light) < f (UV light)
-energy (green light) < energy (UV light)
-photoelectrons are not emitted thus no photoelectric effect
Meaning of work function.
what happens to maximum kinetic
energy if light intensity increase?
What is meant by Wave-Particle
Duality?
State characteristics of electron
which enable them to form pattern on
screen.
Suggest modification for microscope
with high magnification power.
At the Threshold Frequency
The minimum energy required for a photoelectron to be emitted
from a metal surface
Remains unchanged
Wave-particle duality is condition where light and matter exhibit
properties of both waves and particles
-electron shows wave nature
-electron beam has wavelength
electrons used shorter wavelength produced
Shorter wavelength higher image magnification
Vacuum for e no obstruction to movement
movements
high voltage power e can accelerate at higher speed
Higher speed of e shorter wavelength
Credits to this resources; (none are mine of course)
- MPP Jabatan Pendidikan Terengganu SPM 3 Paper 2 2021
- Trial Paper Sarawak 2021
- Program Semarak Kasih 2.0 JPN Sarawak Paper 2
- Amazing Physics KSSM Dictionary by tc. Alina
- Amazing Physics Telegram Channel
- 1.2 Resolution of Forces (AP)
- 1.4 Elasticity (AP)
- Slides Fizik Mozac
- Revision SPM 2021 = electricity + heat (AP)
- Paper 2 Trial SPM Compilations 2021 (AP)
- Physics Handbook KSSM 2020 – Part 1 (AP)
- Awesome physics with tc Alina (AP)
- Physics Textbook KSSM Form 5
- Smart Notes Gravitation (AP)
- Revision SPM 2017 (AP)
- Heat (AP)
- HANDBOOK SKILL (AP)

P.S (from compiler ) : I wish and pray for all SPM Candidates 2021 for Straight A+. I know you can do it dear,
I really believe in you. GOODLUCK!!