Research Methods

(basic laboratory techniques and methods)

Microscopy
a technique used to observe small objects or organisms that cannot be seen
with the naked eye. Microscopes can magnify the image of the specimen,
allowing it to be viewed in detail. There are several types of microscopes,
including light microscopes, electron microscopes, and confocal
microscopes.

Microscopy
These microscopes have different magnifications and resolutions, which
enable scientists to observe different types of specimens at varying levels
of detail.

Tissue culture
is a technique used to grow and maintain cells or tissues in a controlled
environment outside of an organism.

Tissue culture
This technique allows scientists to study the behavior of cells and tissues
under different conditions, and it has numerous applications in medical and
biological research.

Aseptic Technique
a method used to prevent contamination during laboratory procedures. It
involves sterilizing equipment and surfaces, wearing sterile clothing, and
working in a sterile environment.

Aseptic Technique
Aseptic technique is essential in microbiology and tissue culture, where
contamination can have a significant impact on the results of an
experiment.

Dissection
a technique used to study the anatomy of an organism by cutting it open
and examining its internal structures.

Dissection
Dissection can be used to study the organs and tissues of animals, and it is
often used in medical research to understand the effects of disease or
injury on the body.

Agarose Electrophoresis
a technique used to separate and analyze DNA fragments of different sizes.
DNA is loaded onto a gel made of agarose, and an electric current is
applied.

Agarose Electrophoresis
The DNA fragments move through the gel at different rates based on their
size, allowing scientists to separate and analyze them.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
PCR is a technique used to amplify DNA sequences. It involves heating the
DNA to separate the two strands, adding primers to the single strands, and
then using DNA polymerase to extend the primers and synthesize a new
strand of DNA.

Spectrophotometry
a technique used to measure the absorbance or transmittance of light by a
sample.

Spectrophotometry
It is commonly used in chemistry and biochemistry to measure the
concentration of a compound in a solution, as well as to study the
interaction between light and molecules.

Extraction
a technique used to isolate a compound or a group of compounds from a
mixture. It involves dissolving the mixture in a suitable solvent and then
separating the desired compound or compounds from the solvent.

Titration
a technique used to determine the concentration of a substance in a
solution. It involves adding a solution of known concentration to a solution
of unknown concentration until a reaction occurs.

Qualitative test for secondary metabolites

Qualitative tests are techniques used to identify the presence of a
particular compound or group of compounds in a sample.
Weighing
a technique used to measure the mass of an object or substance. It is
commonly used in chemistry and biochemistry to measure the amount of a
particular compound or substance.

Grinding
a technique used to reduce the size of a substance or material. It is
commonly used in chemistry and biochemistry to prepare samples for
analysis or to extract compounds from a sample.

Drying
a technique used to remove water or other solvents from a sample. It is
commonly used in chemistry and biochemistry to prepare samples for
analysis or to preserve a sample for future use.

Centrifugation
a technique used to separate particles in a solution based on their density.
It is commonly used in chemistry and biochemistry to isolate cells, proteins,
or other substances from a sample.

Distillation
a technique used to separate a mixture of substances based on their boiling
points. It is commonly used in chemistry and biochemistry to purify liquids
or to extract compounds from a mixture.
Filtration
a technique used to separate particles or solids from a liquid or gas. It is
commonly used in chemistry and biochemistry to isolate cells, proteins, or
other substances from a sample.

Chromatography
technique used to separate a mixture of substances based on their
chemical properties. It is commonly used in chemistry and biochemistry to
analyze and purify compounds.

pH measurement
a technique used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It is
commonly used in chemistry and biochemistry to determine the pH of a
sample or to monitor changes in pH during a reaction